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Di Teodoro G, Marruchella G, Di Provvido A, D'Angelo AR, Orsini G, Di Giuseppe P, Sacchini F, Scacchia M. Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: A Comprehensive Overview. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:476-489. [PMID: 32390522 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820921818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a respiratory disease of cattle that is listed as notifiable by the World Organization for Animal Health. It is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and causes important productivity losses due to the high mortality and morbidity rates. CBPP is caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) and is characterized by severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleural effusion during the acute to subacute stages and by pulmonary sequestra in chronic cases. Additional lesions can be detected in the kidneys and in the carpal and tarsal joints of calves. Mmm infection occurs through the inhalation of infected aerosol droplets. After the colonization of bronchioles and alveoli, Mmm invades blood and lymphatic vessels and causes vasculitis. Moreover, Mmm can be occasionally demonstrated in blood and in a variety of other tissues. In the lung, Mmm antigen is commonly detected on bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells, in lung phagocytic cells, within the wall of blood and lymphatic vessels, inside necrotic areas, and within tertiary lymphoid follicles. Mmm antigen can also be present in the cytoplasm of macrophages within lymph node sinuses, in the germinal center of lymphoid follicles, in glomerular endothelial cells, and in renal tubules. A complete pathological examination is of great value for a rapid presumptive diagnosis, but laboratory investigations are mandatory for definitive diagnosis. The purpose of this review is to describe the main features of CBPP including the causative agent, history, geographic distribution, epidemiology, clinical course, diagnosis, and control. A special focus is placed on gross and microscopic lesions in order to familiarize veterinarians with the pathology and pathogenesis of CBPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Teodoro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale," OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marruchella
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Loc. Piano d'Accio, Teramo, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Provvido
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale," OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Anna Rita D'Angelo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale," OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Orsini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale," OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Paola Di Giuseppe
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale," OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Flavio Sacchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale," OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo Scacchia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale," OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
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Soayfane Z, Houshaymi B, Nicholas RA. Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, the cause of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, comprises two distinct biochemical groups. Open Vet J 2018; 8:393-400. [PMID: 30538929 PMCID: PMC6243207 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, the cause of the World Organisation of Animal Health- listed contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, is a member of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster which comprises five pathogenic mycoplasmas of ruminants. These mycoplasmas are closely related immunologically and genetically which can lead to difficulties for differential diagnosis. The patterns of substrate metabolism of strains of M. c. capripneumoniae, gathered from diverse geographic regions, were studied by measurement of oxygen uptake rates. The strains fell into two major biochemical groups: one which only oxidised organic acids and glycerol and the other which could additionally metabolise sugars. Furthermore when DNA-DNA hybridisation tests were carried out these two groups of strains could be separated by their degree of DNA homology, the mean hybridisation value between members of the two groups was 86% well above the value of 70% normally used to indicate separate species. DNA-DNA hybridisation was also carried out between M. c. capripneumoniae strains and other members of the M. mycoides cluster. These experiments used labelled DNA from two representative subsp. capripneumoniae strains; these were 7/1a (organic acid-oxidising) and 4/2 LC (glucose-oxidising). The results showed a particularly close relationship of the glucose-oxidising strain to M leachii strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Soayfane
- Microbiology Department, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bilal Houshaymi
- Microbiology Department, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Robin A.J. Nicholas
- Consultant, The Oaks, Nutshell Lane, Upper Hale, Farnham, Surrey GU9 0HG, UK
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Blötz C, Lartigue C, Valverde Timana Y, Ruiz E, Paetzold B, Busse J, Stülke J. Development of a replicating plasmid based on the native oriC in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018; 164:1372-1382. [PMID: 30252643 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma have recently attracted considerable interest as model organisms in synthetic and systems biology. In particular, Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most intensively studied organisms in the field of systems biology. However, the genetic manipulation of these bacteria is often difficult due to the lack of efficient genetic systems and some intrinsic peculiarities such as an aberrant genetic code. One major disadvantage in working with M. pneumoniae is the lack of replicating plasmids that can be used for the complementation of mutants and the expression of proteins. In this study, we have analysed the genomic region around the gene encoding the replication initiation protein, DnaA, and detected putative binding sites for DnaA (DnaA boxes) that are, however, less conserved than in other bacteria. The construction of several plasmids encompassing this region allowed the selection of plasmid pGP2756 that is stably inherited and that can be used for genetic experiments, as shown by the complementation assays with the glpQ gene encoding the glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase. Plasmid-borne complementation of the glpQ mutant restored the formation of hydrogen peroxide when bacteria were cultivated in the presence of glycerol phosphocholine. Interestingly, the replicating plasmid can also be used in the close relative, Mycoplasma genitalium but not in more distantly related members of the genus Mycoplasma. Thus, plasmid pGP2756 is a valuable tool for the genetic analysis of M. pneumoniae and M. genitalium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Blötz
- 1Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carole Lartigue
- 2INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,3University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Yanina Valverde Timana
- 2INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,3University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Estelle Ruiz
- 2INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,3University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Bernhard Paetzold
- 4Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,†Present address: S-Biomedic N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Julia Busse
- 1Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Stülke
- 1Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Di Teodoro G, Marruchella G, Di Provvido A, Orsini G, Ronchi GF, D'Angelo AR, D'Alterio N, Sacchini F, Scacchia M. Respiratory explants as a model to investigate early events of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia infection. Vet Res 2018; 49:5. [PMID: 29329577 PMCID: PMC5766988 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a severe disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm). Knowledge on CBPP pathogenesis is fragmented and hampered by the limited availability of laboratory animal and in vitro models of investigation. The purpose of the present study is to assess respiratory explants as useful tools to study the early stages of CBPP. Explants were obtained from trachea, bronchi and lungs of slaughtered cattle, tested negative for Mycoplasma spp. and for the major bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens. The interaction of Mmm with explant cells was studied by immunohistochemistry (IHC), double-labelling indirect immunofluorescence (DLIIF) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). Mmm capability to survive and proliferate within the explants was evaluated by standard microbiological procedures. Finally, the putative cellular internalization of Mmm was further investigated by the gentamicin invasion assay. IHC and DLIIF indicated that Mmm can colonize explants, showing a marked tropism for lower airways. Specifically, Mmm was detected on/inside the bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells, the alveolar macrophages and the endothelial cells. The interaction between Mmm and explant cells was abolished by the pre-incubation of the pathogen with bovine anti-Mmm immune sera. Mmm was able to survive and proliferate in all tracheal, bronchial and lung explants, during the entire time course of the experiments. LSCM and gentamicin invasion assay both confirmed that Mmm can enter non-phagocytic host cells. Taken together, our data supports bovine respiratory explants as a promising tool to investigate CBPP, alternative to cattle experimental infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Teodoro
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marruchella
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Andrea Di Provvido
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Orsini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Federico Ronchi
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Anna Rita D'Angelo
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola D'Alterio
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Flavio Sacchini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo Scacchia
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
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Blötz C, Stülke J. Glycerol metabolism and its implication in virulence in Mycoplasma. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:640-652. [PMID: 28961963 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol and glycerol-containing compounds such as lipids belong to the most abundant organic compounds that may serve as nutrient for many bacteria. For the cell wall-less bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, glycerol derived from phospholipids of their human or animal hosts is the major source of carbon and energy. The lipids are first degraded by lipases, and the resulting glycerophosphodiesters are transported into the cell and cleaved to release glycerol-3-phosphate. Alternatively, free glycerol can be transported, and then become phosphorylated. The oxidation of glycerol-3-phosphate in Mycoplasma spp. as well as in related firmicutes involves a hydrogen peroxide-generating glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase. This enzyme is a key player in the virulence of Mycoplasma spp. as the produced hydrogen peroxide is one of the major virulence factors of these bacteria. In this review, the different components involved in the utilization of lipids and glycerol in Mycoplasma pneumoniae and related bacteria are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Blötz
- Department for General Microbiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Stülke
- Department for General Microbiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Whole-Genome Sequencing of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Italian Strain 57/13, the Causative Agent of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/2/e00197-15. [PMID: 25814605 PMCID: PMC4384145 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00197-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides is generally considered one of most pathogenic Mycoplasma species, and it is the etiological agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). Here, we present the annotated genome sequence of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides Italian strain 57/13, isolated in 1992 during CBPP outbreaks in Italy.
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Pritchard RE, Prassinos AJ, Osborne JD, Raviv Z, Balish MF. Reduction of hydrogen peroxide accumulation and toxicity by a catalase from Mycoplasma iowae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105188. [PMID: 25127127 PMCID: PMC4134286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma iowae is a well-established avian pathogen that can infect and damage many sites throughout the body. One potential mediator of cellular damage by mycoplasmas is the production of H2O2 via a glycerol catabolic pathway whose genes are widespread amongst many mycoplasma species. Previous sequencing of M. iowae serovar I strain 695 revealed the presence of not only genes for H2O2 production through glycerol catabolism but also the first documented mycoplasma gene for catalase, which degrades H2O2. To test the activity of M. iowae catalase in degrading H2O2, we studied catalase activity and H2O2 accumulation by both M. iowae serovar K strain DK-CPA, whose genome we sequenced, and strains of the H2O2-producing species Mycoplasma gallisepticum engineered to produce M. iowae catalase by transformation with the M. iowae putative catalase gene, katE. H2O2-mediated virulence by M. iowae serovar K and catalase-producing M. gallisepticum transformants were also analyzed using a Caenorhabditis elegans toxicity assay, which has never previously been used in conjunction with mycoplasmas. We found that M. iowae katE encodes an active catalase that, when expressed in M. gallisepticum, reduces both the amount of H2O2 produced and the amount of damage to C. elegans in the presence of glycerol. Therefore, the correlation between the presence of glycerol catabolism genes and the use of H2O2 as a virulence factor by mycoplasmas might not be absolute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Pritchard
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - John D. Osborne
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ziv Raviv
- Department of Veterinary Preventative Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mitchell F. Balish
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Tardy F, Gaurivaud P, Manso-Silván L, Thiaucourt F, Pellet MP, Mercier P, Le Grand D, Poumarat F. Extended surveillance for CBPP in a free country: Challenges and solutions regarding the potential caprine reservoir. Prev Vet Med 2011; 101:89-95. [PMID: 21620492 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a severe respiratory disease of cattle and buffalo caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides "Small Colony" (MmmSC). The agent of CBPP has been isolated from goats in different countries including CBPP-free areas. Goats can therefore be regarded as a putative MmmSC reservoir. No diagnostic test for CBPP surveillance in goats has been proposed as yet. Furthermore, serological tests could be seriously hampered by a widespread caprine infection due to the subspecies M. mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc), which is antigenically very close to MmmSC and displays high levels of genetic variability. A competition ELISA (cELISA) is currently used to screen for CBPP in cattle at the herd level in infected areas. The aim of this study was to see if the same cELISA would be specific enough to be used to screen goats despite the potential concomitant infection with Mmc. The cELISA titers of goats from Mmc-infected and non-infected herds were comparable and negative using the accepted cutoff for bovine sera. In contrast, seroconversion was observed in goats experimentally inoculated with an Mmc strain that cross-reacted with a monoclonal antibody targeting the same epitope as that used in cELISA. The probability of such false positivity occurring under field conditions is very low since Mmc strains with such an atypical antigenic profile emerge only rarely as a result of random nucleotide variation of the epitope-coding region. In conclusion, the commercially available cELISA can be considered specific enough to be used as a primary test to monitor passage of the CBPP agent in goats, but its sensitivity in goats requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Tardy
- Anses, Lyon Laboratory, UMR Mycoplasmoses of Ruminants, 31 Avenue Tony Garnier F-69364 Lyon cedex 07, France.
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Pilo P, Frey J, Vilei EM. Molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC. Vet J 2007; 174:513-21. [PMID: 17157043 PMCID: PMC2628566 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC, the aetiological agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), is considered the most pathogenic of the Mycoplasma species. Its virulence is probably the result of a coordinated action of various components of an antigenically and functionally dynamic surface architecture. The different virulence attributes allow the pathogen to evade the host's immune defence, adhere tightly to the host cell surface, persist and disseminate in the host causing mycoplasmaemia, efficiently import energetically valuable nutrients present in the environment, and release and simultaneously translocate toxic metabolic pathway products to the host cell where they cause cytotoxic effects that are known to induce inflammatory processes and disease. This strategy enables the mycoplasma to exploit the minimal genetic information in its small genome, not only to fulfil the basic functions for its replication but also to damage host cells in intimate proximity thereby acquiring the necessary bio-molecules, such as amino acids and nucleic acid precursors, for its own biosynthesis and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joachim Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Langgass-strasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Li Y, Xin J, Gao Y, Zhang J, Nicholas RAJ, Lin Y. Strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type isolated in China between 1953 and 1960 show close similarity to strains of the Africa/Australia cluster. Vet J 2007; 179:137-41. [PMID: 17936044 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, six Chinese strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type (MmmSC) isolated between 1953-1960 were analysed and their molecular characteristics compared to those of the African PG1 and Afade strains, the European C305 and 138/5 strains and the closely related caprine M. mycoides subsp.mycoides large colony type Y-goat strain. PCR amplification of long DNA fragments showed that the six Chinese strains, the PG1 strain and the Y-goat strain, just like Afade, did not have the 8.84 kb deletion characteristic of the European strains C305 and 138/5. In comparison, the lppB gene sequence of the six MmmSC Chinese strains was found to be 99% homologous to that of PG1and Afade, but <93% homologous to the Y-goat sequence. The anti-rLppB antiserum reacted with PG1, Y-goat and the six Chinese strains at 67 kDa sites in Western blot, indicating that the lppB gene and its encoding protein exist in the Chinese strains. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of MmmSC strains from various regions confirmed that the Chinese strains were identical to the African and Australian cluster. This finding was further supported by the outcome of selective primer amplification. Based on these results, it is suggested that CBPP in China may have originated from Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- National Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Reference Laboratory, National Key laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin 150001, China
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11
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Lin YC, Miles RJ, Nicholas RAJ, Kelly DP, Wood AP. Isolation and immunological detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in sheep with atypical pneumonia, and lack of a role for Mycoplasma arginini. Res Vet Sci 2007; 84:367-73. [PMID: 17662318 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae NCTC 10151(T) and four new isolates from UK sheep flocks were compared. Only glucose and pyruvate were used as energy sources by the five strains: glucose was the best energy source for the type strain, pyruvate supported better growth of the new strains. Whole cell protein patterns and antigenic profiles showed high similarity between all five strains. The new isolates fell into two groups in ELISA tests. Serum samples from 30 pneumonic sheep were assessed for M. ovipneumoniae infection and Mycoplasma arginini co-infection. Fourteen (out of 30) serum samples were positive for M. ovipneumoniae both by ELISA and immunoblotting. Twelve antigenic proteins of M. ovipneumoniae were detected in infected serum samples: the antigen patterns were unique, with between one and at least seven occurring in any one sample. All serum samples were designated as negative for M. arginini antibodies by both ELISA and immunoblotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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12
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Vilei EM, Correia I, Ferronha MH, Bischof DF, Frey J. Beta-D-glucoside utilization by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC: possible involvement in the control of cytotoxicity towards bovine lung cells. BMC Microbiol 2007; 7:31. [PMID: 17439646 PMCID: PMC1855930 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-7-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small-colony type (SC) is among the most serious threats for livestock producers in Africa. Glycerol metabolism-associated H2O2 production seems to play a crucial role in virulence of this mycoplasma. A wide number of attenuated strains of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC are currently used in Africa as live vaccines. Glycerol metabolism is not affected in these vaccine strains and therefore it does not seem to be the determinant of their attenuation. A non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the bgl gene coding for the 6-phospho-β-glucosidase (Bgl) has been described recently. The SNP differentiates virulent African strains isolated from outbreaks with severe CBPP, which express the Bgl isoform Val204, from strains to be considered less virulent isolated from CBPP outbreaks with low mortality and vaccine strains, which express the Bgl isoform Ala204. Results Strains of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC considered virulent and possessing the Bgl isoform Val204, but not strains with the Bgl isoform Ala204, do trigger elevated levels of damage to embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cells upon incubation with the disaccharides (i.e., β-D-glucosides) sucrose and lactose. However, strains expressing the Bgl isoform Val204 show a lower hydrolysing activity on the chromogenic substrate p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPbG) when compared to strains that possess the Bgl isoform Ala204. Defective activity of Bgl in M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC does not lead to H2O2 production. Rather, the viability during addition of β-D-glucosides in medium-free buffers is higher for strains harbouring the Bgl isoform Val204 than for those with the isoform Ala204. Conclusion Our results indicate that the studied SNP in the bgl gene is one possible cause of the difference in bacterial virulence among strains of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC. Bgl does not act as a direct virulence factor, but strains possessing the Bgl isoform Val204 with low hydrolysing activity are more prone to survive in environments that contain high levels of β-D-glucosides, thus contributing in some extent to mycoplasmaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edy M Vilei
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, Postfach, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ivone Correia
- Laboratório Nacional de Investigação Veterinária, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Estrada de Benfica 701, P-1549-011 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Helena Ferronha
- Laboratório Nacional de Investigação Veterinária, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Estrada de Benfica 701, P-1549-011 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniela F Bischof
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, Postfach, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, Postfach, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
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13
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March JB. Improved formulations for existing CBPP vaccines--recommendations for change. Vaccine 2004; 22:4358-64. [PMID: 15474729 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an economically important transboundary disease, widely present in sub-saharan Africa. Social, cultural and economic factors mean that effective vaccination is the only viable control policy at present. Unfortunately, contemporary live attenuated vaccines are reportedly of limited efficacy and have been unable to control recent outbreaks. Efforts to develop newer vaccine technologies are currently underway, although with little success to date. This review examines the prospects of success for such approaches, and argues that alternative strategies, based upon simple and inexpensive changes to current vaccines and protocols are likely to prove far more effective in the foreseeable future. Such changes include the use of HEPES-buffer systems and the inclusion of pH indicators in vaccine media, together with restrictions in the use of 1M MgSO4 as a vaccine diluent. These changes can increase vaccine yields 10-fold and stability several 100-fold, increase the ease of production, provide a significant level of end user-enforceable quality control, and ultimately produce a vaccine which should prove effective in the field immediately.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B March
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK.
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14
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Vilei EM, Frey J. Differential clustering of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC strains by PCR-REA of the bgl locus. Vet Microbiol 2004; 100:283-8. [PMID: 15145506 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2003] [Revised: 02/03/2004] [Accepted: 02/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop a specific tool differentiating the African field strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC from other potentially less virulent strains, including the vaccine strains, we have developed a PCR followed by a restriction enzyme analysis (PCR-REA). This approach also differentiates the African field strains from the Australian strains and the type strain PG1. The genomic marker detected by the PCR-REA is based on a single nucleotide change in the bgl gene that codes for 6-phospho-beta-glucosidase (Bgl), an enzyme that is involved in sugar metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edy M Vilei
- Department of Research, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Postfach, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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15
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Lorenzon S, Arzul I, Peyraud A, Hendrikx P, Thiaucourt F. Molecular epidemiology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia by multilocus sequence analysis of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides biotype SC strains. Vet Microbiol 2003; 93:319-33. [PMID: 12713894 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(03)00043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is a bacterial disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC (MmmSC), and included in list A of the Office International des Epizooties. It is one of the major constraints to cattle raising in sub-Saharan and south-western Africa and also a threat to all countries currently free of the disease. MmmSC strains were considered very homogeneous until 1995, when various techniques such as enzymatic restriction of whole DNA or Southern blotting showed that this was not the case. These techniques are unfortunately difficult to standardize and require the extraction of DNA from an MmmSC culture. We therefore decided to investigate the possibility of constructing a molecular epidemiology tool based on multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) with PCR amplification of various loci followed by sequencing. Six loci were found suitable for this purpose and an additional PCR was designed to detect the presence of an 8.8kb deletion described by others in some strains. Fifteen different MLSA profiles were evidenced in our study. They allowed a clear distinction between European, south-western African and sub-Saharan strains. In addition, the results obtained on strain PO1967 confirmed its European origin, even though it does not exhibit the 8.8kb deletion. This new tool for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia may prove particularly useful for identifying MmmSC strains in countries at risk from contamination. It can also easily be refined by adding more strains or other loci of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lorenzon
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Département d'élevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des pays Tropicaux (CIRAD-EMVT), Santé Animale, FAO World Reference Laboratory for CBPP, Montpellier, France
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16
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Gonçalves R, Ferreira-Dias G, Belo A, Correia J, Ferreira M, Durão J, Goulão J. Pathological and immunological characteristics of ewes experimentally infected with Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC strains isolated from cattle and sheep. Small Rumin Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(02)00172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Rice P, Houshaymi BM, Abu-Groun EA, Nicholas RA, Miles RJ. Rapid screening of H(2)O(2) production by Mycoplasma mycoides and differentiation of European subsp. mycoides SC (small colony) isolates. Vet Microbiol 2001; 78:343-51. [PMID: 11182500 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma mycoides strains were screened for the ability to produce H(2)O(2) from glucose and glycerol metabolism using rapid and simple colorimetric assays. In quantitative assays, H(2)O(2) production by washed cell suspensions was detected by the oxidation of o-dianisidine in the presence of peroxidase. In qualitative assays, a 3,3'-diaminobenzidine-peroxidase reagent was applied to colonies on agar plates. Both methods enabled differentiation of European subsp. mycoides SC (small colony) isolates from other M. mycoides strains by their inability to produce H(2)O(2) from glycerol metabolism. In addition, two strains of subsp. capri were identified which produced large amounts of H(2)O(2) from glucose oxidation. In lysed cells of these strains, NADH oxidation gave approximately 1 mol H(2)O(2) per mol NADH oxidised whereas in 36 subsp. mycoides and 10 other subsp. capri strains, the quantity produced was 0.01-0.20mol H(2)O(2) per mol NADH oxidised.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rice
- Division of Life Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 8WA, London, UK
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18
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Vilei EM, Frey J. Genetic and biochemical characterization of glycerol uptake in mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC: its impact on H(2)O(2) production and virulence. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 8:85-92. [PMID: 11139200 PMCID: PMC96015 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.1.85-92.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Highly virulent strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC belonging to the African cluster contain an operon with the genes gtsA, gtsB, and gtsC, encoding membrane ATP binding cassette transporter proteins GtsA, GtsB, and GtsC, which are involved in glycerol transport. Strain Afadé from the African cluster incorporated [U-(14)C]glycerol with a time-dependent increase. The less virulent strain L2 of the European cluster, which lacks gtsB and gtsC, failed to incorporate glycerol. Antibodies against GtsB noncompetitively inhibited glycerol uptake. L-alpha-Glycerophosphate was not transported by M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC. It is postulated to be synthesized by phosphorylation of glycerol during transport and subsequently metabolized further to dihydroxyacetone phosphate accompanied by release of H(2)O(2). Peroxide production in glycerol-containing growth medium was high for the African strain Afadé but very low for the European strain L2. Virtually no H(2)O(2) was produced by both strains without glycerol. Hence, the efficient glycerol uptake system found in the virulent strain of the African cluster leads to a strong release of peroxide, a potential virulence factor which is lacking in the less virulent European strains. M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC might have adopted, as a strategy for virulence, a highly efficient uptake system for glycerol which allows the production of an active metabolic intermediate that damages host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Vilei
- Institute for Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
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19
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Megid R, Nicholas RA, Miles RJ. Biochemical characterization of Mycoplasma bovirhinis, Mycoplasma dispar and recent bovine isolates of Mycoplasma canis. Vet Res Commun 2001; 25:1-12. [PMID: 11214667 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026706732081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The pattern and kinetics of substrate utilization by the type strains of Mycoplasma canis, M. bovirhinis and M. dispar and ten recent M. canis isolates from cattle were determined. Metabolism of a range of sugars and organic acids by M. dispar was detectable by measurement of oxygen uptake. Organic acids were not utilized by M. bovirhinis or M. canis, and there was no oxygen uptake during metabolism of glucose or other sugars, as monitored by a pH-change method. The M. canis strains varied in their ability to metabolize sugars; seven of the isolates from cattle had the distinctive ability to metabolize sucrose, and one isolate, plus the type strain (from a dog), metabolized N-acetylglucosamine. The M. bovirhinis strain metabolized maltose. However, all the test strains oxidized glycerol at high rates and with a high affinity. Oxidation of glycerol has been reported for other mycoplasmas from the bovine respiratory tract and leads to the production of hydrogen peroxide, a potential virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Megid
- Division of Life Sciences, King's College London, UK
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20
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March JB, Brodlie M. Comparison of the virulence of European and African isolates of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony type. Vet Rec 2000; 147:20-1. [PMID: 10975348 DOI: 10.1136/vr.147.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J B March
- Moredun Research Institute, Bush Loan, Penicuik
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21
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March JB, Clark J, Brodlie M. Characterization of strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type isolated from recent outbreaks of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Botswana and Tanzania: evidence for a new biotype. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:1419-25. [PMID: 10747118 PMCID: PMC86456 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.4.1419-1425.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/1999] [Accepted: 01/24/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Four strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type (MmmSC) isolated from recent outbreaks of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in Africa have been investigated. One Botswanan strain, M375, displayed numerous and significant phenotypic differences from both contemporary field isolates and older field and vaccine strains (African, Australian, and European strains dating back to 1936). Differences include altered morphology, reduced capsular polysaccharide production, high sensitivity to MmmSC rabbit hyperimmune antisera in vitro, and unique polymorphisms following immunoblotting. While insertion sequence analysis using IS1634 clearly indicates a close evolutionary relationship to west African strains, hybridization with IS1296 shows the absence of a band present in all other strains of MmmSC examined. The data suggest that a deletion has occurred in strain M375, which may explain its altered phenotype, including poor growth in vitro and a relative inability to cause septicemia in mice. These characteristics are also exhibited by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (causal agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia [CCPP]), against which M375 antiserum exhibited some activity in vitro (unique among the various MmmSC antisera tested). These findings may have evolutionary implications, since CCPP is believed to be lung specific and without a septicemic phase (unlike CBPP). Since M375 was isolated from a clinical case of CBPP, this novel biotype may be fairly widespread but not normally isolated due to difficulty of culture and/or a potentially altered disease syndrome. Bovine convalescent antisera (obtained from contemporary naturally infected cattle in Botswana) were active against strain M375 in an in vitro growth inhibition test but not against any other strains of MmmSC tested. There exists the possibility therefore, that strain M375 may possess a set of protective antigens different from those of other strains of MmmSC (including vaccine strains). These findings have implications for the control of the current CBPP epidemic in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B March
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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22
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Thiaucourt F, Lorenzon S, David A, Breard A. Phylogeny of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster as shown by sequencing of a putative membrane protein gene. Vet Microbiol 2000; 72:251-68. [PMID: 10727835 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Mycoplasma mycoides cluster is made of six species that are closely related both genetically and phenotypically. Two are of particular importance, M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC causing contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae causing contagious caprine pleuropneumonia. The sequences of a putative membrane protein gene and partial flanking open reading frames have been obtained from various strains in this cluster, including all reference strains. Sequence analysis showed this locus is present and fully conserved in all strains of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC isolated from geographically most distant places worldwide. In M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae polymorphism in this locus has been found at seven positions and revealed that they can be used as epidemiological markers. Conserved regions were used to define a primer pair that enables the amplification by PCR of two fragments 302 and 1298bp long, respectively. The 302bp long fragment contains an intergenic sequence that can be used for phylogenetic studies or for identification purposes. Parsimony analysis on an alignment of 49 DNA sequences show a subdivision of the M. mycoides cluster into two subgroups that is in accordance with results obtained by phenotypic methods. Two lineages exist within the capricolum subgroup, one of them clustering strains identified as M. capricolum subsp. capricolum, M. capricolum subsp. capricolum and M. sp Bovine Group 7. However M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae strains can readily be identified by three specific nucleotide positions or by sequencing the 1298bp long fragment. There is no clear subdivision within the mycoides subgroup, supporting the idea that M. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC and M. mycoides subsp. capri should not be separated into two subspecies. Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC strains can easily be distinguished as they bear an insertion sequence 15bp downstream from the stop codon of the membrane protein gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Thiaucourt
- CIRAD-EMVT, Pathotrop, BP 5035, 34032, Montpellier, France.
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23
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Vilei EM, Abdo EM, Nicolet J, Botelho A, Gonçalves R, Frey J. Genomic and antigenic differences between the European and African/Australian clusters of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2000; 146 ( Pt 2):477-486. [PMID: 10708386 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-2-477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small-colony type (SC), the aetiological agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), can be grouped into two major, epidemiologically distinct, clusters. One cluster contains strains isolated from different European countries since 1980 and a second cluster contains African and Australian strains collected over the last 50 years. Genetic analysis of representative strains from the two clusters revealed a genomic segment of 8.84 kb, located close to a copy of IS1296, which is present in all strains of the African cluster but lacking in all strains of the European cluster. This segment contains a copy of IS1634, a gene for a potential lipoprotein, IppB, open reading frames encoding a putative surface-located membrane protein and a hypothetical proline-rich membrane protein, and two open reading frames showing similarity to putative ABC transporters. The product of the IppB gene, lipoprotein B (LppB), has an apparent molecular mass of 70 kDa and was shown to be surface located. It is detected with monospecific antibodies in all strains of the African cluster tested, but not in European-cluster strains. DNA sequence analysis of the splicing site at which European strains differ from African-cluster strains by the lack of the 8.84 kb segment showed that the European cluster has arisen by deletion from a strain of the African cluster. Hence, M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC strains isolated in different European countries from the newly reemerging outbreaks of CBPP, which occurred after the eradication of the epizootic in Europe in the middle of the 20th century, represent a phylogenetically newer cluster that has been derived from a strain of the older cluster of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC which is still endemic on the African continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edy M Vilei
- Institute for Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland1
| | - El-Mostafa Abdo
- Institute for Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland1
| | - Jacques Nicolet
- Institute for Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland1
| | - Ana Botelho
- Laboratório Nacional de Investigação Veterinária, Estrada de Benfica 701, 1500 Lisbon, Portugal2
| | - Rosário Gonçalves
- Laboratório Nacional de Investigação Veterinária, Estrada de Benfica 701, 1500 Lisbon, Portugal2
| | - Joachim Frey
- Institute for Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland1
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24
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Nicolet J, Miserez R, Gonçalves R, Regalla J, Griot C, Bensaide A, Krampe M, Frey J. Humoral and bronchial immune responses in cattle experimentally infected with Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type. Vet Microbiol 1998; 59:109-22. [PMID: 9549852 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(97)00184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The course of immune reactions of the manifold antigens of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type (SC) was analysed in serum and bronchial lavage of cattle experimentally infected with the African strain Afadé and the European strain L2 using Western-blots and complement fixation. Western-blot analysis of total antigens of both strains with sera from animals infected with the homologous and heterologous strain revealed the common dominant immunogenic antigens with the molecular masses of 110, 95, 85, 80, 72, 62, 48 and 39 kDa. The sequential sampling of the blood and bronchial lavages before and after contact infections allowed us to identify the antigens of 85, 80, 72, 48 and 39 kDa as particularly early immunogens. The IgA Western blots of the bronchial lavages showed distinct, early and persistent reactions to the 110, 85, 80, 72, 48 and 45 kDa proteins. These proteins were the predominant lipoproteins as determined by [14C]palmitic acid labelling. Only relatively weak reactions of the bronchial lavages were detected with IgG. In general immune responses were significantly stronger in the animals infected with the African strain Afadé, which gave positive results two weeks after contact infection. In contrast, the animals infected with the European strain L2 induced much lower reactions with a delay of three months after contact infection. In one animal strain L2 caused no sero-conversion and no infection. The results indicate a difference in virulence between the African strain Afadé and the European strain L2.
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