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Abaya A, Zaro GC, De la Mora Pena A, Hsiang T, Goodwin PH. Phenotypic and Genotypic Variation of Cultivated Panax quinquefolius. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:300. [PMID: 38276757 PMCID: PMC10821518 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is widely used due to its medicinal properties. Ontario is a major producer of cultivated American ginseng, where seeds were originally collected from the wild without any subsequent scientific selection, and thus the crop is potentially very diverse. A collection of 162 American ginseng plants was harvested from a small area in a commercial garden and phenotyped for morphological traits, such as root grade, stem length, and fresh and dry weights of roots, leaves, stems, and seeds. All of the traits showed a range of values, and correlations were observed between root and stem weights, root dry weight and leaf dry weight, as well as root and leaf fresh weights. The plants were also genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the PW16 locus. SNP analysis revealed 22 groups based on sequence relatedness with some groups showing no SNPs and others being more diverse. The SNP groups correlated with significant differences in some traits, such as stem length and leaf weight. This study provides insights into the genetic and phenotypic diversity of cultivated American ginseng grown under similar environmental conditions, and the relationship between different phenotypes, as well as genotype and phenotype, will aid in future selection programs to develop American ginseng cultivars with desirable agronomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul H. Goodwin
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.A.); (G.C.Z.); (A.D.l.M.P.); (T.H.)
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Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, no study has systematically reviewed and analyzed the research trends of wild-simulated ginseng (WSG) used for food or medicinal purposes in many countries. WSG, a non-timber forest product, has been traditionally produced using agroforestry practices, and it has been consumed in various ways for a long time. WSG has a great demand in the market due to its medicinal effects, particularly in improving forest livelihoods and human health. Due to the significance of WSG, we conducted this research to explore the global research trends on WSG using systematic review methodology and keyword analysis. We used two international academic databases, the Web of Science and SCOPUS, to extract 115 peer-reviewed articles published from 1982 to 2020. The research subjects, target countries, and keywords were analyzed. Our results indicate four categories of WSG research subjects, namely growth conditions, components, effects on humans/animals, and the environment of WSG, and the case studies were mainly from the Republic of Korea, China, and the USA. Through topic modelling, research keywords were classified into five groups, namely medicinal effects, metabolite analysis, genetic diversity, cultivation conditions, and bioactive compounds. We observed that the research focus on WSG changed from the biological properties and cultivation conditions of WSG to the precise identification and characterization of bioactive metabolites of WSG. This change indicates an increased academic interest in the value-added utilization of WSG.
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Hoi QV, Tien TV, Trieu LN, Duy NV, Chac LD, Chinh HV, Thinh BB. Use of Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) Markers to Assess the Genetic Diversity of Panax bipinnatifidus Seem. Collected from Northern Vietnam. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795421030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yu H, Zhao J, You J, Li J, Ma H, Chen X. Factors influencing cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) bioactive compounds. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223763. [PMID: 31618238 PMCID: PMC6795439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of genome, age, and soil factors on cultivated Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (CPG) compounds under identical climate and agronomic practices. Eight populations of CPG from different years and rhizosphere soils were collected from garden and cropland in the city of Ji'an, China. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were used to detect genetic diversity and identity, and soil microbial community diversity. Soil enzyme activities and nutrients were also measured. The contents of total ginsenosides (TG), Rg1, Re, Rf, Rd, and ginsenoside extractions of CPG were analyzed by spectrophotometry and HPLC. The relative importance of each factor was analyzed by mathematical methods such as correlation analysis, stepwise line regression, and path analysis. Regression equations of similarity values of HPLC fingerprint (SVHF), richness index of HPLC fingerprint (RIHF) and the TG, Rg1, Re, Rf, and Rd contents with their respective significant correlation factors were obtained. For SVHF, the relative importance is age>microbial community diversity>genetic diversity. For RIHF, the relative importance is age>genetic diversity>microbial community diversity. For TG, Rg1, and Rf contents, the relative importance is age>microbial community diversity. Ginseng age and genetic identity influenced Rd content, and age was more important. Total phosphorus was the only directly negative effect on Re. According to regression equations and path analysis, increasing age and decreasing Shannon (H') could improve the TG, Rg1, and Rf contents, with little effect on SVHF. Adding age, genetic diversity, and decreasing Shannon (H') increased RIHF. Adding age and genetic identity could also improve Rd content. Appropriate decreases in total phosphorus might increase Re content. These findings are significant for CPG scientific cultivation methods, through which CPG bioactive ingredients could be finely controlled via regulation of genotypes and cultural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yu
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhao
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jian You
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiangnan Li
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Jilin Provincial Joint Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountain Biocoenosis and Biodiversity, Academy of Science of Changbai Mountain, Yanbian, Jilin, China
| | - Xia Chen
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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5
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Review: Molecular techniques to assess genetic variation within and between Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius. Fitoterapia 2019; 138:104343. [PMID: 31472181 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A variety of methods have been used to examine genetic differences in P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius. They have shown genetic differences within populations of P. ginseng (within and between elite cultivars, landraces and wild accessions), within populations of P. quinquefolius (within and between wild and cultivated accessions) and between P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius as well as other Panax species. Some examples of their applications have been to show that some elite cultivars are not uniform, there are possible founder effects in certain populations, there has been the spread of cultivated types into wild populations, relative diversity differs between different populations and identification of the source and purity of commercial samples. More work in the use of molecular markers for ginseng are needed, however, particularly the use of Next Generation Sequencing. Potential applications are the use of sequence analysis for genetic selection, breeding to develop new cultivars and providing traceability from field to consumer. Research on molecular markers in ginseng has lagged compared to other crops probably because of less of an emphasis on breeding for cultivar development and relatively small areas of production. The many potential benefits for ginseng production have yet to be realized.
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Manzanilla V, Kool A, Nguyen Nhat L, Nong Van H, Le Thi Thu H, de Boer HJ. Phylogenomics and barcoding of Panax: toward the identification of ginseng species. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:44. [PMID: 29614961 PMCID: PMC5883351 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The economic value of ginseng in the global medicinal plant trade is estimated to be in excess of US$2.1 billion. At the same time, the evolutionary placement of ginseng (Panax ginseng) and the complex evolutionary history of the genus is poorly understood despite several molecular phylogenetic studies. In this study, we use a full plastome phylogenomic framework to resolve relationships in Panax and to identify molecular markers for species discrimination. RESULTS We used high-throughput sequencing of MBD2-Fc fractionated Panax DNA to supplement publicly available plastid genomes to create a phylogeny based on fully assembled and annotated plastid genomes from 60 accessions of 8 species. The plastome phylogeny based on a 163 kbp matrix resolves the sister relationship of Panax ginseng with P. quinquefolius. The closely related species P. vietnamensis is supported as sister of P. japonicus. The plastome matrix also shows that the markers trnC-rps16, trnS-trnG, and trnE-trnM could be used for unambiguous molecular identification of all the represented species in the genus. CONCLUSIONS MBD2 depletion reduces the cost of plastome sequencing, which makes it a cost-effective alternative to Sanger sequencing based DNA barcoding for molecular identification. The plastome phylogeny provides a robust framework that can be used to study the evolution of morphological characters and biosynthesis pathways of ginsengosides for phylogenetic bioprospecting. Molecular identification of ginseng species is essential for authenticating ginseng in international trade and it provides an incentive for manufacturers to create authentic products with verified ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Manzanilla
- The Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - A Kool
- The Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - L Nguyen Nhat
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - H Nong Van
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - H Le Thi Thu
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - H J de Boer
- The Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Lee J, Waminal NE, Choi HI, Perumal S, Lee SC, Nguyen VB, Jang W, Kim NH, Gao LZ, Yang TJ. Rapid amplification of four retrotransposon families promoted speciation and genome size expansion in the genus Panax. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9045. [PMID: 28831052 PMCID: PMC5567358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome duplication and repeat multiplication contribute to genome evolution in plants. Our previous work identified a recent allotetraploidization event and five high-copy LTR retrotransposon (LTR-RT) families PgDel, PgTat, PgAthila, PgTork, and PgOryco in Panax ginseng. Here, using whole-genome sequences, we quantified major repeats in five Panax species and investigated their role in genome evolution. The diploids P. japonicus, P. vietnamensis, and P. notoginseng and the tetraploids P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius were analyzed alongside their relative Aralia elata. These species possess 0.8-4.9 Gb haploid genomes. The PgDel, PgTat, PgAthila, and PgTork LTR-RT superfamilies accounted for 39-52% of the Panax species genomes and 17% of the A. elata genome. PgDel included six subfamily members, each with a distinct genome distribution. In particular, the PgDel1 subfamily occupied 23-35% of the Panax genomes and accounted for much of their genome size variation. PgDel1 occupied 22.6% (0.8 Gb of 3.6 Gb) and 34.5% (1.7 Gb of 4.9 Gb) of the P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius genomes, respectively. Our findings indicate that the P. quinquefolius genome may have expanded due to rapid PgDel1 amplification over the last million years as a result of environmental adaptation following migration from Asia to North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nomar Espinosa Waminal
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Il Choi
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sampath Perumal
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Sang-Choon Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Binh Nguyen
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojong Jang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hoon Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Li-Zhi Gao
- Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tae-Jin Yang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Crop Biotechnology Institute/GreenBio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Proctor JT, Palmer JW. Optimal light for greenhouse culture of American ginseng seedlings. J Ginseng Res 2017; 41:370-372. [PMID: 28701879 PMCID: PMC5489744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Three greenhouse experiments with American ginseng seedlings growing under light levels from 4.8% to 68% showed a quadratic response for root dry weight, giving an optimal root dry weight of 239 mg (range 160–415 mg) at an optimal light level of 35.6% (range 30.6–43.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- John T.A. Proctor
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author. Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - John W. Palmer
- Nelson Research Centre, Plant and Food Research Limited, Motueka, New Zealand
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Jo IH, Kim YC, Kim DH, Kim KH, Hyun TK, Ryu H, Bang KH. Applications of molecular markers in the discrimination of Panax species and Korean ginseng cultivars ( Panax ginseng). J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:444-449. [PMID: 29021689 PMCID: PMC5628328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of molecular markers is one of the most useful methods for molecular breeding and marker-based molecular associated selections. Even though there is less information on the reference genome, molecular markers are indispensable tools for determination of genetic variation and identification of species with high levels of accuracy and reproducibility. The demand for molecular approaches for marker-based breeding and genetic discriminations in Panax species has greatly increased in recent times and has been successfully applied for various purposes. However, owing to the existence of diverse molecular techniques and differences in their principles and applications, there should be careful consideration while selecting appropriate marker types. In this review, we outline the recent status of different molecular marker applications in ginseng research and industrial fields. In addition, we discuss the basic principles, requirements, and advantages and disadvantages of the most widely used molecular markers, including restriction fragment length polymorphism, random amplified polymorphic DNA, sequence tag sites, simple sequence repeats, and single nucleotide polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ick Hyun Jo
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27715, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chang Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27715, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwi Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27715, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hong Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27715, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Hyun
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Ryu
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Hwan Bang
- Department of Planning and Coordination, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
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Trieu LN, Mien NT, Van Tien T, Van Ket N, Van Duy N. Genetic diversity of Panax stipuleanatus Tsai in North Vietnam detected by inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1157448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Le Ngoc Trieu
- Biotechnology Lab., Faculty of Biology, Dalat University, Da Lat, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tuong Mien
- Biotechnology Lab., Faculty of Biology, Dalat University, Da Lat, Vietnam
| | - Tran Van Tien
- Biotechnology Lab., Faculty of Biology, Dalat University, Da Lat, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Ket
- Biotechnology Lab., Faculty of Biology, Dalat University, Da Lat, Vietnam
| | - Nong Van Duy
- Plant Resources Department, Tay Nguyen Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Da Lat, Vietnam
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11
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Discrimination of cultivation ages and cultivars of ginseng leaves using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis. J Ginseng Res 2013; 38:52-8. [PMID: 24558311 PMCID: PMC3915324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether Fourier transform (FT)-IR spectral analysis combined with multivariate analysis of whole-cell extracts from ginseng leaves can be applied as a high-throughput discrimination system of cultivation ages and cultivars, a total of total 480 leaf samples belonging to 12 categories corresponding to four different cultivars (Yunpung, Kumpung, Chunpung, and an open-pollinated variety) and three different cultivation ages (1 yr, 2 yr, and 3 yr) were subjected to FT-IR. The spectral data were analyzed by principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis. A dendrogram based on hierarchical clustering analysis of the FT-IR spectral data on ginseng leaves showed that leaf samples were initially segregated into three groups in a cultivation age-dependent manner. Then, within the same cultivation age group, leaf samples were clustered into four subgroups in a cultivar-dependent manner. The overall prediction accuracy for discrimination of cultivars and cultivation ages was 94.8% in a cross-validation test. These results clearly show that the FT-IR spectra combined with multivariate analysis from ginseng leaves can be applied as an alternative tool for discriminating of ginseng cultivars and cultivation ages. Therefore, we suggest that this result could be used as a rapid and reliable F1 hybrid seed-screening tool for accelerating the conventional breeding of ginseng.
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12
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Punja ZK. American ginseng: research developments, opportunities, and challenges. J Ginseng Res 2013; 35:368-74. [PMID: 23717082 PMCID: PMC3659538 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.3.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is grown in some regions of the USA and Canada and marketed for its health promoting attributes. While cultivation of this plant species has taken place in North America for over 100 years, there are many challenges that need to be addressed. In this article, the current production method used by growers is described and the challenges and opportunities for research on this valuable plant are discussed. These include studies on pharmacological activity, genetic diversity within the species, genetic improvement of currently grown plants, molecular characterization of gene expression, and management of diseases affecting plant productivity. The current research developments in these areas are reviewed and areas requiring further work are summarized. Additional research should shed light on the nature of the bioactive compounds and their clinical effects, and the molecular basis of active ingredient biosynthesis, and provide more uniform genetic material as well as improved plant growth, and potentially reduce losses due to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamir K Punja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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13
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Zheng Z, Han J, Pang W, Hu J. G-quadruplex DNAzyme molecular beacon for amplified colorimetric biosensing of Pseudostellaria heterophylla. SENSORS 2013; 13:1064-75. [PMID: 23325167 PMCID: PMC3574721 DOI: 10.3390/s130101064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With an internal transcribed spacer of 18 S, 5.8 S and 26 S nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA ITS) as DNA marker, we report a colorimetric approach for authentication of Pseudostellaria heterophylla (PH) and its counterfeit species based on the differentiation of the nrDNA ITS sequence. The assay possesses an unlabelled G-quadruplex DNAzyme molecular beacon (MB) probe, employing complementary sequence as biorecognition element and 1:1:1:1 split G-quadruplex halves as reporter. In the absence of target DNA (T-DNA), the probe can shape intermolecular G-quadruplex structures capable of binding hemin to form G-quadruplex-hemin DNAzyme and catalyze the oxidation of ABTS2− to blue-green ABTS•− by H2O2. In the presence of T-DNA, T-DNA can hybridize with the complementary sequence to form a duplex structure, hindering the formation of the G-quadruplex structure and resulting in the loss of the catalytic activity. Consequently, a UV-Vis absorption signal decrease is observed in the ABTS2−-H2O2 system. The “turn-off” assay allows the detection of T-DNA from 1.0 × 10−9 to 3.0 × 10−7 mol·L−1 (R2 = 0.9906), with a low detection limit of 3.1 × 10−10 mol·L−1. The present study provides a sensitive and selective method and may serve as a foundation of utilizing the DNAzyme MB sensor for identifying traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhu Zheng
- Institute of Drug Research, Fujian Academy of Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350003, China; E-Mails: (Z.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Jing Han
- Institute of Drug Research, Fujian Academy of Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350003, China; E-Mails: (Z.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Wensheng Pang
- The College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China; E-Mail: (W.P.)
- The Second People's Hospital of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Juan Hu
- Institute of Drug Research, Fujian Academy of Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350003, China; E-Mails: (Z.Z.); (J.H.)
- The College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China; E-Mail: (W.P.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-591-8357-0397
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14
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Distinguishing Ontario ginseng landraces and ginseng species using NMR-based metabolomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:4499-509. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6582-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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15
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Tripathi N, Chouhan DS, Saini N, Tiwari S. Assessment of genetic variations among highly endangered medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri (L.) from Central India using RAPD and ISSR analysis. 3 Biotech 2012. [PMCID: PMC3482445 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-012-0059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variations of 15 Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri L.) accessions were evaluated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. During RAPD analysis, amplification of genomic DNA of the 15 accessions by 22 primers generated 197 fragments, of which 187 were polymorphic with an average of 8.95 bands per primer. The amplified products varied in size from 2,200 to 250 bp. Twenty-five selected ISSR primers produced 284 bands across 15 accessions, of which 270 were polymorphic with an average of 10.80 bands per primer. The PIC value ranges from 0.363 to 0.908 for RAPD primers, while 0.419 to 0.836 in case of ISSR. The size of amplified bands ranged from 2,800 to 240 bp. Similarity index values ranged from 0.16 to 0.95 (RAPD), 0.18 to 0.98 (ISSR) and 0.179 to 0.945 for pooled ISSR and RAPD markers data. Mantel test revealed the similar distribution pattern of the polymorphism between RAPD and ISSR markers and the correlation co-efficient (r) was 0.71384. The results indicated that both of the marker systems RAPD and ISSR, individually or combined can be effectively used in determination of genetic relationship among B. Monnieri accessions collected from different parts of Central India. It could be concluded that the information of genetic similarities and diversity among Brahmi accessions is necessary for their conservation and breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Tripathi
- Biotechnology Centre, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, Jabalpur, 482004 India
| | | | - Navinder Saini
- Vivekananda Hill Agricultural Research Institute, Almora, 263601 India
| | - Sharad Tiwari
- Biotechnology Centre, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, Jabalpur, 482004 India
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Ngezahayo F, Wang X, Yu X, Jiang L, Chu Y, Shen B, Yan Z, Liu B. Habitat-induced reciprocal transformation in the root phenotype of Oriental ginseng is associated with alteration in DNA methylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-011-4484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Niu L, Mantri N, Li CG, Xue C, Wohlmuth H, Pang ECK. Detection of Panax quinquefolius in Panax ginseng using 'subtracted diversity array'. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:1310-1315. [PMID: 21337580 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food adulteration remains a major global concern. DNA fingerprinting has several advantages over chemical and morphological identification techniques. DNA microarray-based fingerprinting techniques have not been used previously to detect adulteration involving dried commercial samples of closely related species. Here we report amplification of low-level DNA obtained from dried commercial ginseng samples using the Qiagen REPLI-g Kit. Further, we used a subtracted diversity array (SDA) to fingerprint the two ginseng species, Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius, that are frequently mixed for adulteration. RESULTS The two ginseng species were successfully discriminated using SDA. Further, SDA was sensitive enough to detect a deliberate adulteration of 10% P. quinquefolius in P. ginseng. Thirty-nine species-specific features including 30 P. ginseng-specific and nine P. quinquefolius-specific were obtained. This resulted in a feature polymorphism rate of 10.5% from the 376 features used for fingerprinting the two ginseng species. The functional characterization of 14 Panax species-specific features by sequencing revealed one putative ATP synthase, six putative uncharacterized proteins, and two retroelements to be different in these two species. CONCLUSION SDA can be employed to detect adulterations in a broad range of plant samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhai Niu
- School of Applied Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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18
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Abstract
Ginseng occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products in the world. Because of its complex constituents, multidisciplinary techniques are needed to validate the analytical methods that support ginseng's use worldwide. In the past decade, rapid development of technology has advanced many aspects of ginseng research. The aim of this review is to illustrate the recent advances in the isolation and analysis of ginseng, and to highlight new applications and challenges. Emphasis is placed on recent trends and emerging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Wen Qi
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
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Reunova GD, Kats IL, Muzarok TI, Zhuravlev YN. Polymorphism of RAPD, ISSR and AFLP markers of the Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) genome. RUSS J GENET+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795410080053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhuravlev YN, Reunova GD, Kats IL, Muzarok TI, Bondar AA. Genetic variability and population structure of endangered Panax ginseng in the Russian Primorye. Chin Med 2010; 5:21. [PMID: 20540716 PMCID: PMC2898772 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-5-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The natural habitat of wild P. ginseng is currently found only in the Russian Primorye and the populations are extremely exhausted and require restoration. Analysis of the genetic diversity and population structure of an endangered species is a prerequisite for conservation. The present study aims to investigate the patterns and levels of genetic polymorphism and population structures of wild P. ginseng with the AFLP method to (1) estimate the level of genetic diversity in the P. ginseng populations in the Russian Primorsky Krai, (2) calculate the distribution of variability within a population and among populations and (3) examine the genetic relationship between the populations. Methods Genetic variability and population structure of ten P. ginseng populations were investigated with Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The genetic relationships among P. ginseng plants and populations were delineated. Results The mean genetic variability within populations was high. The mean level of polymorphisms was 55.68% at the population level and 99.65% at the species level. The Shannon's index ranged between 0.1602 and 0.3222 with an average of 0.2626 at the population level and 0.3967 at the species level. The analysis of molecular variances (AMOVA) showed a significant population structure in P. ginseng. The partition of genetic diversity with AMOVA suggested that the majority of the genetic variation (64.5%) was within populations of P. ginseng. The inter-population variability was approximately 36% of the total variability. The genetic relationships among P. ginseng plants and populations were reconstructed by Minimum Spanning tree (MS-tree) on the basis of Euclidean distances with ARLEQUIN and NTSYS, respectively. The MS-trees suggest that the southern Uss, Part and Nad populations may have promoted P. ginseng distribution throughout the Russian Primorye. Conclusion The P. ginseng populations in the Russian Primorye are significant in genetic diversity. The high variability demonstrates that the current genetic resources of P. ginseng populations have not been exposed to depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri N Zhuravlev
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Soil Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
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22
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The pollen metamorphosis phenomenon in Panax ginseng, Aralia elata and Oplopanax elatus; an addition to discussion concerning the Panax affinity in Araliaceae. ZYGOTE 2009; 17:1-17. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199408004851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SummaryTo find more morphological characteristics useful for discussion on aralian or non-aralian Panax affinity, pollen morphological diversity was comparatively analysed in P. ginseng, Aralia elata and Oplopanax elatus collected during their pollination periods. In the anthers of both the buds and open flowers, the pollen average diameter varied between some species-specific maximum and minimal measurement. However, the larger pollen grains were typically found in the buds whereas the smaller pollen prevailed in the open flowers, testifying to the pollen size diminution during anther maturation. Based on this finding, the subsequent examination of pollen according to size decrease was put into operation as a method of pollen modification for the study. The structural mechanisms of pollen metamorphosis were identified as not being species specific but rather universal. These mechanisms are suggested to be the shrinkage of the pollen vegetative cytoplasm, the intine enlargement, the deepening of three colporate apertures provided by exine sunken into enlarged intine areas, the aperture accretion as well as the transformation of the exine from thick/sculptured into thin/less sculptured. During ‘size-reducing metamorphosis’, the pollen grains changed dramatically, going through a species-specific set of intermediate morphs to the final species-specific morphotype. In P. ginseng this morphotype is round (diameter is about 16 μm), in A. elata it is round with a single projection (diameter is about 15 μm) and in O. elatus it is ovoid with a single projection (average diameter is about 18 μm). In addition, every species is peculiar in having the unique vegetative cytoplasm inclusions and individual construction of the largest pollen exine. From a phylogenetic perspective, these findings presumably add support to the option of equal remoteness of P. ginseng from A. elata and O. elatus. The characteristics found seem to be suitable for examination of Panax affinity, by the subsequent study of more Araliaceae representatives.
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Choi YE, Ahn CH, Kim BB, Yoon ES. Development of Species Specific AFLP-Derived SCAR Marker for Authentication of Panax japonicus C. A. MEYER. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:135-8. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Eui Choi
- Division of Forest Resources, Colleges of Forest Sciences, Kangwon National University
| | - Chang Ho Ahn
- Division of Forest Resources, Colleges of Forest Sciences, Kangwon National University
| | - Bo-Bae Kim
- Department of Biology, Kongju National University
| | - Eui-Soo Yoon
- Department of Biology, Kongju National University
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Mooney EH, McGraw JB. Effects of self-pollination and outcrossing with cultivated plants in small natural populations of American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius (Araliaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2007; 94:1677-1687. [PMID: 21636364 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.94.10.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
For rare plants, self-pollination and inbreeding can increase in small populations, while unusual levels of outcrossing can occur through restoration efforts. To study both inbreeding and outcrossing, we performed experimental pollinations using Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng), a wild-harvested plant with a mixed mating system. For inbreeding, plants were either cross-pollinated within the population or self-pollinated, which resulted in a higher proportion of seeds from self-pollinated flowers. For outcrossing, wild plants were either cross-pollinated within the population or with cultivated plants from West Virginia or Wisconsin. Offspring of all crosses were followed for 4 yr. Two-yr-old seedlings from self-pollination had 45% smaller leaf areas and 33% smaller heights relative to those from cross-pollination. Leaf area is a positive predictor of longer-term survival in wild populations. Our results suggest inbreeding depression, which is unexpected in this self-fertile species. Seedlings from crosses with cultivated plants had 127% greater leaf area and 165% greater root biomass relative to outcrosses within the population. The accelerated growth suggests genetic differences between wild and cultivated populations, but outbreeding depression may not appear until later generations. Assessment of the ultimate fitness consequences of introducing cultivated genotypes requires monitoring over longer time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Mooney
- West Virginia University, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 6057, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 USA
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Hao B, Li W, Linchun M, Li Y, Rui Z, Mingxia T, Weikai B. A study of conservation genetics in Cupressus chengiana, an endangered endemic of China, using ISSR markers. Biochem Genet 2006; 44:31-45. [PMID: 16670947 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-006-9011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
ISSR markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic structure of eight natural populations of Cupressus chengiana in China. ISSR analysis using 10 primers was carried out on 92 different samples. At the species level, 136 polymorphic loci were detected. The percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was 99%. Genetic diversity (He) was 0.3120, effective number of alleles (Ae) was 1.5236, and Shannon's information index (I) was 0.4740. At the population level, PPB = 48%, Ae = 1.2774, He = 0.1631, and I = 0.2452. Genetic differentiation (Gst) detected by Nei's genetic diversity analysis suggested 48% occurred among populations. The partitioning of molecular variance by AMOVA analysis indicated significant genetic differentiation within populations (54%) and among populations (46%; P < 0.0003). The average number of individuals exchanged between populations per generation (Nm) was 0.5436. Samples from the same population clustered in the same population-specific cluster, and two groups of Sichuan and Gansu populations were distinguishable. A significantly positive correlation between genetic and geographic distance was detected (r = 0.6701). Human impacts were considered one of the main factors to cause the rarity of C. chengiana, and conservation strategies are suggested based on the genetic characters and field investigation, e.g., protection of wild populations, reestablishment of germplasm bank, and reintroduction of more genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Hao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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26
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Zhou S, Brown DCW. High efficiency plant production of North American ginseng via somatic embryogenesis from cotyledon explants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2006; 25:166-73. [PMID: 16283406 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-005-0043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Revised: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An efficient in vitro protocol for plant production of North American ginseng has been established. The pretreatment of cotyledon explants with 1.0 M sucrose at 4 degrees C resulted in an improvement of embryo quality and, combined with a higher sucrose content (7%) in induction medium, improved the embryogenesis frequency from 40% to 75% and the number of embryos per explant from 10 to 21. The frequency of secondary embryogenesis from somatic embryo-derived tissues cultured on MS medium with 1.0 mg l(-1) 2, 4-D and 1.0 mg l(-1) NAA is up to 90%. Somatic embryos can further develop to maturity on SH medium supplemented with 1% activated charcoal and half of them can germinate. About 85% of the germinated embryos will convert into plants with well-developed taproot systems on 1/2 SH medium with 0.5% activated charcoal. The growth chamber and field establishment rates were 95.6 and 93.7%, respectively. The plants transplanted to growth chambers and field plots appear normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijun Zhou
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada.
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27
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Canter PH, Thomas H, Ernst E. Bringing medicinal plants into cultivation: opportunities and challenges for biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 2005; 23:180-5. [PMID: 15780709 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of herbal medicines is widespread and increasing. Harvesting from the wild, the main source of raw material, is causing loss of genetic diversity and habitat destruction. Domestic cultivation is a viable alternative and offers the opportunity to overcome the problems that are inherent in herbal extracts: misidentification, genetic and phenotypic variability, extract variability and instability, toxic components and contaminants. The use of controlled environments can overcome cultivation difficulties and could be a means to manipulate phenotypic variation in bioactive compounds and toxins. Conventional plant-breeding methods can improve both agronomic and medicinal traits, and molecular marker assisted selection will be used increasingly. There has been significant progress in the use of tissue culture and genetic transformation to alter pathways for the biosynthesis of target metabolites. Obstacles to bringing medicinal plants into successful commercial cultivation include the difficulty of predicting which extracts will remain marketable and the likely market preference for what is seen as naturally sourced extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Canter
- Complementary Medicine Group, Peninsula Medical School, Universities of Exeter & Plymouth, 25 Victoria Park Rd, Exeter EX2 4NT, UK.
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Qin J, Leung FC, Fung Y, Zhu D, Lin B. Rapid authentication of ginseng species using microchip electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004; 381:812-9. [PMID: 15750870 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-2889-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng is one of the most expensive Chinese herbal medicines and the effectiveness of ginseng depends strongly on its botanical sources and the use of different parts of the plants. In this study, a microchip electrophoresis method coupled with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-short tandem repeats (STR) technique was developed for rapid authentication of ginseng species. A low viscosity hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) solution was used as the sieving matrix for separation of the amplified STR fragments. The allele sizing of the amplified PCR products could be detected within 240 s or less. Good reproducibility and accuracy of the fragment size were obtained with the relative standard deviation for the allele sizes less than 1.0% (n=11). At two microsatellite loci (CT 12, CA 33), American ginseng had a different allele pattern on the electropherograms compared with that of the Oriental ginseng. Moreover, cultivated and wild American ginseng can be distinguished on the basis of allele sizing. This work establishes the feasibility of fast genetic authentication of ginseng species by use of microchip electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Qin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongsham Road, 116023 Dalian, P.R. China
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29
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Ginseng Conservation Program in Russian Primorye:Genetic Structure of Wild and Cultivated Populations. J Ginseng Res 2004. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2004.28.1.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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30
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BAUERT MR, KÄLIN M, BALTISBERGER M, EDWARDS PJ. No genetic variation detected within isolated relict populations of
Saxifraga cernua
in the Alps using RAPD markers. Mol Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. BAUERT
- Geobotanical Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich (ETH), Zollikerstrasse 107, CH‐8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. KÄLIN
- Geobotanical Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich (ETH), Zollikerstrasse 107, CH‐8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. BALTISBERGER
- Geobotanical Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich (ETH), Zollikerstrasse 107, CH‐8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P. J. EDWARDS
- Geobotanical Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich (ETH), Zollikerstrasse 107, CH‐8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Abstract
Using conserved plant sequences as primers, the DNA sequences in the ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region have been amplified and determined for six Panax species, P. ginseng C. A. Mey. (Oriental ginseng), P. quinquefolius L. (American ginseng), P. notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen (Sanchi), P. japonicus C. A. Mey. (Japanese ginseng), P. trifolius L. and P. major Ting, as well as two common adulterants of ginseng, Mirabilis jalapa L. and Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. An authentication procedure based upon the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the region is able to differentiate between P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius, and to discriminate the ginsengs from the two common poisonous adulterants. Broader application of this approach to authenticate other morphologically similar Chinese medicinal materials is rationalised.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ngan
- Department of Biochemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, People's Republic of China
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