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Dahlke P, Peltner LK, Jordan PM, Werz O. Differential impact of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein antagonists on the biosynthesis of leukotrienes and of specialized pro-resolving mediators. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1219160. [PMID: 37680719 PMCID: PMC10481534 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1219160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX) transform arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) into bioactive lipid mediators (LMs) that comprise not only pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (LTs) but also the specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) that promote inflammation resolution and tissue regeneration. The 5-LOX-activating protein (FLAP) is known to provide AA as a substrate to 5-LOX for generating LTs, such as LTB4, a potent chemoattractant and activator of phagocytes. Notably, 5-LOX is also involved in the biosynthesis of certain SPMs, namely, lipoxins and D-resolvins, implying a role of FLAP in SPM formation. FLAP antagonists have been intensively developed as LT biosynthesis inhibitors, but how they impact SPM formation is a matter of debate. Here, we show that FLAP antagonism suppresses the conversion of AA by 5-LOX to LT and lipoxins, while the conversion of DHA to SPM is unaffected. Screening of multiple prominent FLAP antagonists for their effects on LM formation in human M1- and M2-monocyte-derived macrophages by comprehensive LM profiling showed that all nine compounds reduced the production of 5-LOX-derived LTs but increased the formation of SPMs from DHA, e.g., resolvin D5. Some FLAP antagonists, especially those that contain an indole or benzimidazole moiety, even elicited SPM formation in resting M2-monocyte-derived macrophages. Intriguingly, in coincubations of human neutrophils and platelets that produce substantial AA-derived lipoxin and DHA-derived RvD5, FLAP antagonism abolished lipoxin formation, but resolvin D5 levels remained unaffected. Conclusively, antagonism of FLAP suppresses the conversion of AA by 5-LOX to LTs and lipoxins but not the conversion of DHA by 5-LOX to SPM, which should be taken into account for the development of such compounds as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Dahlke
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Lukas K. Peltner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Paul M. Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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2
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Monga J, Subramani D, Bharathan A, Ghosh J. Pharmacological and genetic targeting of 5-lipoxygenase interrupts c-Myc oncogenic signaling and kills enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells via apoptosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6649. [PMID: 32313135 PMCID: PMC7171151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62845-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of the morbidity and mortality due to prostate cancer happen because of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) which invariably develops after anti-androgenic therapy. FDA-approved enzalutamide is commonly prescribed for CRPC which works by blocking androgen receptor function. However, even after initial good response, enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer (ERPC) develops which eventually leads to widespread metastasis. Management of ERPC is extremely difficult because available therapeutic regimen cannot effectively kill and eliminate ERPC cells. Though the mechanism behind enzalutamide-resistance is not properly understood, over-activation of c-Myc has been found to be a common event which plays an important role in the maintenance and progression of ERPC phenotype. However, direct-targeting of c-Myc poses special problem because of its non-enzymatic nature and certain amount of c-Myc activity is needed by non-cancer cells as well. Thus, c-Myc has emerged as an elusive target which needs to be managed by novel agents and strategies in a cancer-specific way. We investigated the effects of pharmacological and genetic inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-Lox) on cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasive potential of enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells. Transcriptional activity of c-Myc was analyzed by DNA-binding, luciferase-assays, and expression of c-Myc-target genes. We found that 5-Lox regulates c-Myc signaling in enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells and inhibition of 5-Lox by Quiflapon/MK591 or shRNA interrupts oncogenic c-Myc signaling and kills ERPC cells by triggering caspase-mediated apoptosis. Interestingly, MK591 does not affect normal, non-cancer cells in the same experimental conditions. Our findings indicate that inhibition of 5-Lox may emerge as a promising new approach to effectively kill ERPC cells sparing normal cells and suggest that development of a long-term curative therapy of prostate cancer may be possible by killing and eliminating ERPC cells with suitable 5-Lox-inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Monga
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, United States
| | - Dhatchayini Subramani
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, United States
| | - Ajay Bharathan
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, United States
| | - Jagadananda Ghosh
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, United States.
- Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, United States.
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3
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Prasher P, Mudila H, Sharma M, Khati B. Developmental perspectives of the drugs targeting enzyme-instigated inflammation: a mini review. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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4
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Sarveswaran S, Varma NRS, Morisetty S, Ghosh J. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase downregulates stemness and kills prostate cancer stem cells by triggering apoptosis via activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Oncotarget 2019; 10:424-436. [PMID: 30728896 PMCID: PMC6355185 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) concept suggests that neoplastic clones are maintained exclusively by a rare group of cells possessed with stem cell properties. CSCs are characterized by features that include self-renewal, pluripotency and tumorigenicity, and are thought to be solely responsible for tumor recurrence and metastasis. A hierarchically organized CSC model is becoming increasingly evident for various types of cancer, including prostate cancer. The CD44 (+), CD133 (+) cell subpopulations were isolated from human prostate tumors which exhibit stem-like properties showing therapeutic-resistance, capacity of self-renewal, and exact recapitulation of the original tumor in vivo. Thus, an important challenge is to find measures to eliminate these cancer stem cells, which will stop tumor growth and prevent disease-recurrence. However, knowledge about molecular features critical for the survival of prostate cancer stem cells (PCSC) is meager. Here we report that inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-Lox) by shRNA or MK591 dramatically kills PCSC by inducing apoptosis, suggesting that 5-Lox plays an essential role in the survival of PCSC. Interestingly, MK591 treatment decreases protein levels and inhibits transcriptional activities of Nanog and c-Myc. Since Nanog and c-Myc play important roles as stemness factors, our findings indicate that the 5-Lox activity plays a causal role in maintaining prostate cancer stemness via regulation of Nanog and c-Myc, and suggest that further exploration of 5-Lox-mediated signaling in PCSC may lead to development of novel, target-based, durable strategies to effectively block development and growth of prostate tumors, and prevent prostate cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivalokanathan Sarveswaran
- Vattikuti Urology Institute and Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Nadimpalli R S Varma
- Vattikuti Urology Institute and Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Shravan Morisetty
- Vattikuti Urology Institute and Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Jagadananda Ghosh
- Vattikuti Urology Institute and Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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5
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Drug discovery approaches targeting 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) for inhibition of cellular leukotriene biosynthesis. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 153:34-48. [PMID: 28784429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes are proinflammatory lipid mediators associated with diverse chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma, COPD, IBD, arthritis, atherosclerosis, dermatitis and cancer. Cellular leukotrienes are produced from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in which the 5-lipoxygenase activating protein, also named as FLAP, plays a critical role by operating as a regulatory protein for efficient transfer of arachidonic acid to 5-lipoxygenase. By blocking leukotriene production, FLAP inhibitors may behave as broad-spectrum leukotriene modulators, which might be of therapeutic use for chronic inflammatory diseases requiring anti-leukotriene therapy. The early development of FLAP inhibitors (i.e. MK-886, MK-591, BAY-X-1005) mostly concentrated on asthma cure, and resulted in promising readouts in preclinical and clinical studies with asthma patients. Following the recent elucidation of the 3D-structure of FLAP, development of new inhibitor chemotypes is highly accelerated, eventually leading to the evolution of many un-drug-like structures into more drug-like entities such as AZD6642 and BI665915 as development candidates. The most clinically advanced FLAP inhibitor to date is GSK2190918 (formerly AM803) that has successfully completed phase II clinical trials in asthmatics. Concluding, although there are no FLAP inhibitors reached to the drug approval phase yet, due to the rising number of indications for anti-LT therapy such as atherosclerosis, FLAP inhibitor development remains a significant research field. FLAP inhibitors reviewed herein are classified into four sub-classes as the first-generation FLAP inhibitors (indole and quinoline derivatives), the second-generation FLAP inhibitors (diaryl-alkanes and biaryl amino-heteroarenes), the benzimidazole-containing FLAP inhibitors and other FLAP inhibitors with polypharmacology for easiness of the reader. Hence, we meticulously summarize how FLAP inhibitors historically developed from scratch to their current advanced state, and leave the reader with a positive view that a FLAP inhibitor might soon reach to the need of patients who may require anti-LT therapy.
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6
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Werz O, Gerstmeier J, Garscha U. Novel leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors (2012-2016) as anti-inflammatory agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:607-620. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1276568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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7
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Garscha U, Voelker S, Pace S, Gerstmeier J, Emini B, Liening S, Rossi A, Weinigel C, Rummler S, Schubert US, Scriba GKE, Çelikoğlu E, Çalışkan B, Banoglu E, Sautebin L, Werz O. BRP-187: A potent inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis that acts through impeding the dynamic 5-lipoxygenase/5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) complex assembly. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 119:17-26. [PMID: 27592027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (LTs) are formed from arachidonic acid (AA) in activated leukocytes, where 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) translocates to the nuclear envelope to assemble a functional complex with the integral nuclear membrane protein 5-LO-activating protein (FLAP). FLAP, a MAPEG family member, facilitates AA transfer to 5-LO for efficient conversion, and LT biosynthesis critically depends on FLAP. Here we show that the novel LT biosynthesis inhibitor BRP-187 prevents the 5-LO/FLAP interaction at the nuclear envelope of human leukocytes without blocking 5-LO nuclear redistribution. BRP-187 inhibited 5-LO product formation in human monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharide plus N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (IC50=7-10nM), and upon activation by ionophore A23187 (IC50=10-60nM). Excess of exogenous AA markedly impaired the potency of BRP-187. Direct 5-LO inhibition in cell-free assays was evident only at >35-fold higher concentrations, which was reversible and not improved under reducing conditions. BRP-187 prevented A23187-induced 5-LO/FLAP complex assembly in leukocytes but failed to block 5-LO nuclear translocation, features that were shared with the FLAP inhibitor MK886. Whereas AA release, cyclooxygenases and related LOs were unaffected, BRP-187 also potently inhibited microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (IC50=0.2μM), another MAPEG member. In vivo, BRP-187 (10mg/kg) exhibited significant effectiveness in zymosan-induced murine peritonitis, suppressing LT levels in peritoneal exudates as well as vascular permeability and neutrophil infiltration. Together, BRP-187 potently inhibits LT biosynthesis in vitro and in vivo, which seemingly is caused by preventing the 5-LO/FLAP complex assembly and warrants further preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Garscha
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Susanna Voelker
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Simona Pace
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Besa Emini
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Liening
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Antonietta Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Christina Weinigel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Silke Rummler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany; Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Gerhard K E Scriba
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Erşan Çelikoğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler, 06330 Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Çalışkan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler, 06330 Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Erden Banoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler, 06330 Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Lidia Sautebin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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8
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Mazaleuskaya LL, Lawson JA, Li X, Grant G, Mesaros C, Grosser T, Blair IA, Ricciotti E, FitzGerald GA. A broad-spectrum lipidomics screen of antiinflammatory drug combinations in human blood. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27547824 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current methods of drug screening in human blood focus on the immediate products of the affected pathway and mostly rely on approaches that lack sensitivity and the capacity for multiplex analysis. We have developed a sensitive and selective method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to scan the effect of drugs on the bioactive eicosanoid lipidome in vitro and ex vivo. Using small sample sizes, we can reproducibly measure a broad spectrum of eicosanoids in human blood and capture drug-induced substrate rediversion and unexpected shifts in product formation. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is an antiinflammatory drug target alternative to COX-1/-2. Contrasting effects of targeting mPGES-1 versus COX-1/-2, due to differential substrate shifts across the lipidome, were observed and can be used to rationalize and evaluate drug combinations. Finally, the in vitro results were extrapolated to ex vivo studies by administration of the COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, to volunteers, illustrating how this approach can be used to integrate preclinical and clinical studies during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila L Mazaleuskaya
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John A Lawson
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xuanwen Li
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory Grant
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tilo Grosser
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emanuela Ricciotti
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Blevitt JM, Hack MD, Herman K, Chang L, Keith JM, Mirzadegan T, Rao NL, Lebsack AD, Milla ME. A Single Amino Acid Difference between Mouse and Human 5-Lipoxygenase Activating Protein (FLAP) Explains the Speciation and Differential Pharmacology of Novel FLAP Inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12724-12731. [PMID: 27129215 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.725325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) plays a critical role in the metabolism of arachidonic acid to leukotriene A4, the precursor to the potent pro-inflammatory mediators leukotriene B4 and leukotriene C4 Studies with small molecule inhibitors of FLAP have led to the discovery of a drug binding pocket on the protein surface, and several pharmaceutical companies have developed compounds and performed clinical trials. Crystallographic studies and mutational analyses have contributed to a general understanding of compound binding modes. During our own efforts, we identified two unique chemical series. One series demonstrated strong inhibition of human FLAP but differential pharmacology across species and was completely inactive in assays with mouse or rat FLAP. The other series was active across rodent FLAP, as well as human and dog FLAP. Comparison of rodent and human FLAP amino acid sequences together with an analysis of a published crystal structure led to the identification of amino acid residue 24 in the floor of the putative binding pocket as a likely candidate for the observed speciation. On that basis, we tested compounds for binding to human G24A and mouse A24G FLAP mutant variants and compared the data to that generated for wild type human and mouse FLAP. These studies confirmed that a single amino acid mutation was sufficient to reverse the speciation observed in wild type FLAP. In addition, a PK/PD method was established in canines to enable preclinical profiling of mouse-inactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Blevitt
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Michael D Hack
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Krystal Herman
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121
| | | | | | - Tara Mirzadegan
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121
| | | | | | - Marcos E Milla
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121.
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10
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Song J, Liu X, Zhu J, Tootoonchi M, Keith JM, Meduna SP, Dvorak CA, Eccles W, Krawczuk PJ, Blevitt JM, Wu J, Rao NL, Lebsack AD, Milla ME. Polypharmacology of Small-Molecule Modulators of the 5-Lipoxygenase Activating Protein (FLAP) Observed via a High-throughput Lipidomics Platform. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:127-35. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057115607815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) and related species are proinflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid (AA) that have pathological roles in autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. 5-Lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) plays a critical accessory role in the conversion of AA to LTA4, and its subsequent conversion to LTC4 by LTC4 synthase. Pharmacological inhibition of FLAP results in a loss of LT production by preventing the biosynthesis of both LTB4 and LTC4, making it an attractive target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases in which LTs likely play a role. Small-molecule (SM) drugs often exhibit polypharmacology through various pathways, which may explain the differential therapeutic efficacies of compounds sharing structural similarity. We have profiled a series of SM FLAP modulators for their selectivity across enzymes of AA cascade in human whole blood (HWB), using a recently developed LC/MS (liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry)-based high-throughput lipidomics platform that monitors 122 eicosanoids in multiplex. Highly efficient data acquisition coupled with fast and accurate data analysis allowed facile compound profiling from ex vivo study samples. This platform allowed us to quantitatively map the effects of those SMs on the entire AA cascade, demonstrating its potential to discriminate structurally related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Song
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xuejun Liu
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jian Zhu
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - John M. Keith
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven P. Meduna
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Curt A. Dvorak
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Eccles
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul J. Krawczuk
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Jiejun Wu
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Navin L. Rao
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alec D. Lebsack
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marcos E. Milla
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
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11
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Song J, Liu X, Rao TS, Chang L, Meehan MJ, Blevitt JM, Wu J, Dorrestein PC, Milla ME. Phenotyping drug polypharmacology via eicosanoid profiling of blood. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1492-500. [PMID: 26022804 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m058677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that small-molecule drugs, despite their selectivity at primary targets, exert pharmacological effects (and safety liabilities) through a multiplicity of pathways. As such, it has proved extremely difficult to experimentally assess polypharmacology in an agnostic fashion. Profiling of metabolites produced as part of physiological responses to pharmacological stimuli provides a unique opportunity to explore drug pharmacology. A total of 122 eicosanoid lipids in human whole blood were monitored from 10 different donors upon stimulation with several inducers of immunological responses and treatment with modulators of prostaglandin (PG) and leukotriene biosynthesis, including clinical and investigational molecules. Such analysis revealed differentiation between drugs nominally targeting different eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes, or even those designed to target the same enzyme. Profiled agents, some of them marketed products, affect eicosanoid biosynthesis in ways that cannot be predicted from information on their intended targets. As an example, we used this platform to discriminate drugs based on their ability to silence PG biosynthesis in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide, resulting in differential pharmacological activity in an in vivo model of endotoxemia. Some of the observed effects are subject to variability among individuals, indicating a potential application of this methodology to the patient stratification, based on their responses to benchmark drugs and experimental compounds read on the eicosanome via a simple blood test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Song
- Discovery Sciences Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA
| | - Xuejun Liu
- Immunology Research Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA
| | - Tadimeti S Rao
- Immunology Research Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA
| | - Leon Chang
- Immunology Research Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA
| | - Michael J Meehan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Jiejun Wu
- Discovery Sciences Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Marcos E Milla
- Discovery Sciences Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA
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12
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Sarveswaran S, Chakraborty D, Chitale D, Sears R, Ghosh J. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase selectively triggers disruption of c-Myc signaling in prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:4994-5006. [PMID: 25540201 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.599035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myc is up-regulated in almost all cancer types and is the subject of intense investigation because of its pleiotropic effects controlling a broad spectrum of cell functions. However, despite its recognition as a stand-alone molecular target, development of suitable strategies to block its function is hindered because of its nonenzymatic nature. We reported earlier that arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (5-Lox) plays an important role in the survival and growth of prostate cancer cells, although details of the underlying mechanisms have yet to be characterized. By whole genome gene expression array, we observed that inhibition of 5-Lox severely down-regulates the expression of c-Myc oncogene in prostate cancer cells. Moreover, inhibition of 5-Lox dramatically decreases the protein level, nuclear accumulation, DNA binding, and transcriptional activities of c-Myc. Both the 5-Lox inhibition-induced down-regulation of c-Myc and induction of apoptosis are mitigated when the cells are treated with 5-oxoeicosatetraenoic acid, a metabolite of 5-Lox, confirming a role of 5-Lox in these processes. c-Myc is a transforming oncogene widely expressed in prostate cancer cells and maintains their transformed phenotype. Interestingly, MK591, a specific 5-Lox inhibitor, strongly affects the viability of Myc-overactivated prostate cancer cells and completely blocks their invasive and soft agar colony-forming abilities, but it spares nontransformed cells where expression of 5-Lox is undetectable. These findings indicate that the oncogenic function of c-Myc in prostate cancer cells is regulated by 5-Lox activity, revealing a novel mechanism of 5-Lox action and suggesting that the oncogenic function of c-Myc can be suppressed by suitable inhibitors of 5-Lox.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dhananjay Chitale
- Pathology,; The Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202 and
| | - Rosalie Sears
- the Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Jagadananda Ghosh
- From the Departments of Urology and; The Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202 and.
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13
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Prasher P, Pooja, Singh P. Lead modification: Amino acid appended indoles as highly effective 5-LOX inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1642-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Di Gennaro A, Haeggström JZ. Targeting leukotriene B4 in inflammation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 18:79-93. [PMID: 24090264 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.843671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leukotriene (LT) B(4) is a powerful proinflammatory lipid mediator and triggers adherence to the endothelium, activates and recruits leukocytes to the site of injury. When formed in excess, LTB(4) plays a pathogenic role and may sustain chronic inflammation in diseases such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Recent investigations have also indicated that LTB(4) is involved in cardiovascular diseases. AREAS COVERED As the 5-lipoxygenase pathway involves several discrete, tightly coupled, enzymes, which convert the substrate, 'step by step', into bioactive products, several different strategies have been used to target LTB(4) as a means to treat inflammation. Here, we discuss recent findings regarding the development of selective enzyme inhibitors and antagonists for LTB(4) receptors, as well as their application in preclinical and clinical studies. EXPERT OPINION Components of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway have received considerable attention as candidate drug targets resulting in one new class of medications against asthma, that is, the antileukotrienes. However, efforts to specifically target LTB(4) have not yet been fruitful in the clinical setting, in spite of very promising preclinical data. Recently, crystal structures along with hitherto unknown functions of key enzymes in the leukotriene cascade have emerged, offering new opportunities for drug development and, with time, pharmacological intervention in LTB(4)-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Gennaro
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2 , Scheeles väg 2, Stockholm, S-171 77 , Sweden
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15
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16
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Hofmann B, Steinhilber D. 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors: a review of recent patents (2010-2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:895-909. [PMID: 23600432 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.791678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is a crucial enzyme of the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade and catalyzes the formation of bioactive leukotrienes (LTs) with the help of FLAP, the 5-LO-activating protein. LTs are inflammatory mediators playing a pathophysiological role in different diseases like asthma, allergic rhinitis as well as cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer. With the rising number of indications for anti-LT therapy, 5-LO inhibitor drug development becomes increasingly important. AREAS COVERED Here, both recent findings regarding the pathophysiological role of 5-LO and the patents claimed for 5-LO inhibitors are discussed. Focusing on direct inhibitors, several patents disclosing FLAP antagonists are also subject of this review. Novel compounds include 1,5-diarylpyrazoles, indolizines and indoles and several natural product extracts. EXPERT OPINION Evaluation of the patent activities revealed only quite moderate action. Nevertheless, several auspicious drug-like molecules were disclosed. It seems that in the near future, FLAP inhibitors can be expected to enter the market for the treatment of asthma. With the resolved structure of 5-LO, structure-based drug design is now applicable. Together with the identification of downstream enzyme inhibitors and dual-targeting drugs within the AA cascade, several tools are at hand to cope with 5-LOs increasing pathophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hofmann
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
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17
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Chu L, Armstrong HM, Chang LL, Cheng AF, Colwell L, Cui J, Evans J, Galka A, Goulet MT, Hayes N, Lo J, Menke J, Ok HO, Ondeyka DL, Patel M, Quaker GM, Sings H, Witkin SL, Zhao A, Ujjainwalla F. Evaluation of endo- and exo-aryl-substitutions and central scaffold modifications on diphenyl substituted alkanes as 5-lipoxygenase activating protein inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4133-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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18
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Greiner C, Hörnig C, Rossi A, Pergola C, Zettl H, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Steinhilber D, Sautebin L, Werz O. 2-(4-(Biphenyl-4-ylamino)-6-chloropyrimidin-2-ylthio)octanoic acid (HZ52)--a novel type of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor with favourable molecular pharmacology and efficacy in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:781-93. [PMID: 21506958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (LTs) representing a potential target for pharmacological intervention with inflammation and allergic disorders. Although many LT synthesis inhibitors are effective in simple in vitro test systems, they frequently fail in vivo due to lack of efficacy. Here, we attempted to assess the pharmacological potential of the previously identified 5-LO inhibitor 2-(4-(biphenyl-4-ylamino)-6-chloropyrimidin-2-ylthio)octanoic acid (HZ52). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We evaluated the efficacy of HZ52 in vivo using carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rats and platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced lethal shock in mice. We also characterized 5-LO inhibition by HZ52 at the cellular and molecular level in comparison with other types of 5-LO inhibitor, that is, BWA4C, ZM230487 and hyperforin. KEY RESULTS HZ52, 1.5 mg·kg⁻¹ i.p., prevented carrageenan-induced pleurisy accompanied by reduced LTB(4) levels and protected mice (10 mg·kg⁻¹, i.p.) against PAF-induced shock. Detailed analysis in cell-based and cell-free assays revealed that inhibition of 5-LO by HZ52 (i) does not depend on radical scavenging properties and is reversible; (ii) is not impaired by an increased peroxide tone or by elevated substrate concentrations; and (iii) is little affected by the cell stimulus or by phospholipids, glycerides, membranes or Ca²⁺. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS HZ52 is a promising new type of 5-LO inhibitor with efficacy in vivo and with a favourable pharmacological profile. It possesses a unique 5-LO inhibitory mechanism different from classical 5-LO inhibitors and seemingly lacks the typical disadvantages of former classes of LT synthesis blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Greiner
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Universität Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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19
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Ferguson AD. Structure-based drug design on membrane protein targets: human integral membrane protein 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 841:267-290. [PMID: 22222457 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-520-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Leukotrienes are biologically active lipid metabolites of arachidonic acid that are involved in inflammation and play a significant role in respiratory and cardiovascular disease. The integral nuclear membrane protein 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) is essential for leukotriene biosynthesis in response to cellular activation. The crystal structures of human FLAP with two inhibitors were recently determined. Inhibitors are bound within the lipid-exposed portion of FLAP, and the unexpected location of the inhibitor-binding site suggests a transport mechanism for arachidonic acid and provides functional insights into leukotriene biosynthesis. This chapter describes how this human integral membrane crystal structure was solved by pushing the limits of low-resolution structure determination and refinement, demonstrating how a low-resolution structure can impact biology and chemistry, and discusses future opportunities for structure-based drug design for this therapeutic target.
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20
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Hadi NR, Al-amran FG, Hussein AA. Effects of thyroid hormone analogue and a leukotrienes pathway-blocker on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. BMC Nephrol 2011; 12:70. [PMID: 22196041 PMCID: PMC3259032 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-12-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute renal failure (ARF) is an important clinical problem with a high mortality and morbidity. One of the primary causes of ARF is ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Inflammatory process and oxidative stress are thought to be the major mechanisms causing I/R. MK-886 is a potent inhibitor of leukotrienes biosynthesis which may have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects through inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) infiltration into renal tissues. 3, 5-diiodothyropropionic acid (DITPA) have evidences of improving effects on I/R in heart through modulation of cellular signaling in response to ischemic stress. The objective of present study was to assess the effects of MK-886 and DITPA on renal I/R injury. METHODS A total of 24 Adult males of Swiss albino mice were randomized to four groups: I/R group (n = 6), mice underwent 30 minute bilateral renal ischemia and 48 hr reperfusion. Sham group (n = 6), mice underwent same anesthetic and surgical procedures except for ischemia induction. MK-886-treated group: (n = 6), I/R + MK-886 (6 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection. DITPA-treated group: (n = 6), I/R + DITPA (3.75 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection.After the end of reperfusion phase mice were sacrificed, blood samples were collected directly from the heart for determination of serum TNF-a, IL-6, urea and Creatinine. Both kidney were excised, the right one homogenized for oxidative stress parameters (MDA and GSH) measurements and the left kidney fixed in formalin for histological examination. RESULTS Serum TNF-α, IL-6, urea and Creatinine, kidney MDA levels and scores of histopathological changes were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in I/R group as compared with that of sham group. Kidney GSH level was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in I/R group as compared with that of sham group. MK-886 treated group has significantly (P < 0.05) lowered levels of all study parameters except for GSH level which was significantly (P < 0.05) higher as compared with that of I/R group. DITPA caused non-significant (P > 0.05) changes in levels of all study parameters as compared with that of I/R group. CONCLUSION The results of the present study show that MK-886 significantly ameliorated kidney damage that resulted from I/R. For DITPA, as its administration might not be successful, administration using a different protocol may give different effects on I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najah R Hadi
- Department of pharmacology and therapeutics, Kufa medical college, Najaf kufa street, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Fadhil G Al-amran
- Surgical department, Kufa medical college, Najaf kufa street, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Ayad A Hussein
- Department of pharmacology and therapeutics, Kufa medical college, Najaf kufa street, Najaf, Iraq
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21
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Stock NS, Bain G, Zunic J, Li Y, Ziff J, Roppe J, Santini A, Darlington J, Prodanovich P, King CD, Baccei C, Lee C, Rong H, Chapman C, Broadhead A, Lorrain D, Correa L, Hutchinson JH, Evans JF, Prasit P. 5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Protein (FLAP) Inhibitors. Part 4: Development of 3-[3-tert-Butylsulfanyl-1-[4-(6-ethoxypyridin-3-yl)benzyl]-5-(5-methylpyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropionic Acid (AM803), a Potent, Oral, Once Daily FLAP Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8013-29. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2008369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S. Stock
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Gretchen Bain
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Jasmine Zunic
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Yiwei Li
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Jeannie Ziff
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Jeffrey Roppe
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Angelina Santini
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Janice Darlington
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Pat Prodanovich
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Christopher D. King
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Christopher Baccei
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Catherine Lee
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Haojing Rong
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Charles Chapman
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Alex Broadhead
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Dan Lorrain
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Lucia Correa
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - John H. Hutchinson
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Jilly F. Evans
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Peppi Prasit
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
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22
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Haeggström JZ, Funk CD. Lipoxygenase and leukotriene pathways: biochemistry, biology, and roles in disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5866-98. [PMID: 21936577 DOI: 10.1021/cr200246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Z Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Li L, Berthelette C, Chateauneuf A, Ouellet M, Sturino CF, Wang Z. Potent and selective 5-LO inhibitor bearing benzothiophene pharmacophore: Discovery of MK-5286. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7440-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Stock N, Baccei C, Bain G, Chapman C, Correa L, Darlington J, King C, Lee C, Lorrain DS, Prodanovich P, Santini A, Schaab K, Evans JF, Hutchinson JH, Prasit P. 5-Lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitors. Part 3: 3-{3-tert-Butylsulfanyl-1-[4-(5-methoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-benzyl]-5-(5-methyl-pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethyl-propionic acid (AM643)—A potent FLAP inhibitor suitable for topical administration. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4598-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Ducharme Y, Blouin M, Brideau C, Châteauneuf A, Gareau Y, Grimm EL, Juteau H, Laliberté S, MacKay B, Massé F, Ouellet M, Salem M, Styhler A, Friesen RW. The discovery of setileuton, a potent and selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:170-4. [PMID: 24900191 DOI: 10.1021/ml100029k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of novel and selective inhibitors of human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) is described. These compounds are potent, orally bioavailable, and active at inhibiting leukotriene biosynthesis in vivo in a dog PK/PD model. A major focus of the optimization process was to reduce affinity for the human ether-a-go-go gene potassium channel while preserving inhibitory potency on 5-LO. These efforts led to the identification of inhibitor (S)-16 (MK-0633, setileuton), a compound selected for clinical development for the treatment of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Ducharme
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9H 3L1
| | - Marc Blouin
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9H 3L1
| | - Christine Brideau
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9H 3L1
| | - Anne Châteauneuf
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9H 3L1
| | - Yves Gareau
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9H 3L1
| | - Erich L. Grimm
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9H 3L1
| | - Hélène Juteau
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9H 3L1
| | - Sébastien Laliberté
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9H 3L1
| | - Bruce MacKay
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9H 3L1
| | - Frédéric Massé
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9H 3L1
| | - Marc Ouellet
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9H 3L1
| | - Myriam Salem
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9H 3L1
| | - Angela Styhler
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9H 3L1
| | - Richard W. Friesen
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9H 3L1
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26
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Mirshafiey A, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Immunopharmacological role of the Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists and inhibitors of leukotrienes generating enzymes in Multiple Sclerosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 32:219-27. [DOI: 10.3109/08923970903283662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Steinbrink SD, Pergola C, Bühring U, George S, Metzner J, Fischer AS, Häfner AK, Wisniewska JM, Geisslinger G, Werz O, Steinhilber D, Maier TJ. Sulindac sulfide suppresses 5-lipoxygenase at clinically relevant concentrations. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:797-806. [PMID: 20091083 PMCID: PMC11115735 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Revised: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sulindac is a non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenases (COX) used to treat inflammation and pain. Additionally, non-COX targets may account for the drug's chemo-preventive efficacy against colorectal cancer and reduced gastrointestinal toxicity. Here, we demonstrate that the pharmacologically active metabolite of sulindac, sulindac sulfide (SSi), targets 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of proinflammatory leukotrienes (LTs). SSi inhibited 5-LO in ionophore A23187- and LPS/fMLP-stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (IC(50) approximately 8-10 microM). Importantly, SSi efficiently suppressed 5-LO in human whole blood at clinically relevant plasma levels (IC(50) = 18.7 microM). SSi was 5-LO-selective as no inhibition of related lipoxygenases (12-LO, 15-LO) was observed. The sulindac prodrug and the other metabolite, sulindac sulfone (SSo), failed to inhibit 5-LO. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that SSi directly suppresses 5-LO with an IC(50) of 20 muM. Together, these findings may provide a novel molecular basis to explain the COX-independent pharmacological effects of sulindac under therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja D. Steinbrink
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Carlo Pergola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bühring
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sven George
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Julia Metzner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Astrid S. Fischer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Häfner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Joanna M. Wisniewska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Thorsten J. Maier
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Tavridou A, Manolopoulos VG. Inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase activating protein: WO 2008/030369. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 19:1473-6. [PMID: 19456278 DOI: 10.1517/13543770903008569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) has been implicated in a number of different pathophysiological conditions owing to its involvement in leukotriene synthesis. Development of FLAP inhibitors has attracted considerable attention in recent years owing to genetic data supporting their potential as a valid pharmacological approach in prevention or treatment of atherosclerotic disease. OBJECTIVE/METHOD Since 2005, among other companies, Merck applied for several FLAP inhibitor patents. Patent WO 2008/030369 is the most recent and discloses novel molecules that act as potent inhibitors of FLAP. These compounds are claimed to be useful in the treatment of atherosclerosis, asthma, symptoms of allergic rhinitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease either in monotherapy or in combination with established treatments for the above-mentioned disorders. Although data for the potency of representative molecules from the current patent are reported, it is difficult to compare these compounds with previously described compounds. CONCLUSION Two FLAP inhibitors are already in clinical development for the treatment of respiratory and atherosclerotic disease by other pharmaceutical companies. Based on the in vitro activities of representative tested compounds from this patent, it is probable that these agents could be of therapeutic value but further preclinical studies are needed to evaluate their therapeutic potential and safety before clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tavridou
- Lab of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana Campus, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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Stock N, Baccei C, Bain G, Broadhead A, Chapman C, Darlington J, King C, Lee C, Li Y, Lorrain DS, Prodanovich P, Rong H, Santini A, Zunic J, Evans JF, Hutchinson JH, Prasit P. 5-Lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitors. Part 2: 3-{5-((S)-1-Acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-ylmethoxy)-3-tert-butylsulfanyl-1-[4-(5-methoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-benzyl]-1H-indol-2-yl}-2,2-dimethyl-propionic acid (AM679)—A potent FLAP inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:213-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hutchinson JH, Li Y, Arruda JM, Baccei C, Bain G, Chapman C, Correa L, Darlington J, King CD, Lee C, Lorrain D, Prodanovich P, Rong H, Santini A, Stock N, Prasit P, Evans JF. 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitors: development of 3-[3-tert-butylsulfanyl-1-[4-(6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl)-benzyl]-5-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethyl-propionic acid (AM103). J Med Chem 2009; 52:5803-15. [PMID: 19739647 DOI: 10.1021/jm900945d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The potent and selective 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein leukotriene synthesis inhibitor 3-[3-tert-butylsulfanyl-1-[4-(6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl)-benzyl]-5-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethyl-propionic acid (11j) is described. Lead optimization was designed to afford compounds with superior in vitro and in vivo inhibition of leukotriene synthesis in addition to having excellent pharmacokinetics and safety in rats and dogs. The key structural features of these new compounds are incorporation of heterocycles on the indole N-benzyl substituent and replacement of the quinoline group resulting in compounds with excellent in vitro and in vivo activities, superior pharmacokinetics, and improved physical properties. The methoxypyridine derivative 11j has an IC(50) of 4.2 nM in a 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) binding assay, an IC(50) of 349 nM in the human blood LTB(4) inhibition assay, and is efficacious in a murine ovalbumin model of allergen-induced asthma. Compound 11j was selected for clinical development and has successfully completed phase 1 trials in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Hutchinson
- Departments of Chemistry, Amira Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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Kreft AF, Schiehser GA, Skotnicki JS. Patent Update: Anti-inflammatory Patent Highlights from the Second Half of 1992. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.3.5.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Brooks DW. Progress with investigational drugs for the treatment of pulmonary and inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.3.2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Substituted 2,2-bisaryl-bicycloheptanes as novel and potent inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase activating protein. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2023-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Whatling C, McPheat W, Herslöf M. The potential link between atherosclerosis and the 5-lipoxygenase pathway: investigational agents with new implications for the cardiovascular field. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 16:1879-93. [PMID: 18041998 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.12.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The 5-lipoxygenase pathway is responsible for the production of leukotrienes--inflammatory lipid mediators that have a role in innate immunity, but that can also have pathological effects in inflammatory diseases. Recently, a potential link between leukotriene production and atherosclerosis has been proposed. The expression of leukotriene biosynthetic enzymes and leukotriene receptors has been identified in coronary and carotid atherosclerotic plaques, and the levels of biosynthetic enzymes have been correlated with the clinical symptoms of unstable plaques. Genetic variants in 5-lipoxygenase pathway genes have also been associated with a relative risk of developing myocardial infarction and stroke. On the basis of these discoveries, antileukotriene compounds are now being evaluated for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Several tool compounds have been shown to limit the progression of lesion development in preclinical models of atherosclerosis, and three compounds, including two drugs previously developed for asthma, are undergoing clinical trials in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Whatling
- AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Bioscience Department, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden.
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35
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Xu S, McKeever BM, Wisniewski D, Miller DK, Spencer RH, Chu L, Ujjainwalla F, Yamin TT, Evans JF, Becker JW, Ferguson AD. Expression, purification and crystallization of human 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein with leukotriene-biosynthesis inhibitors. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:1054-7. [PMID: 18084092 PMCID: PMC2344111 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309107055571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear membrane protein 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) plays an essential role in leukotriene synthesis. Recombinant full-length human FLAP with a C-terminal hexahistidine tag has been expressed and purified from the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli. Diffraction-quality crystals of FLAP in complex with leukotriene-synthesis inhibitor MK-591 and with an iodinated analogue of MK-591 have been grown using the sitting-drop vapor-diffusion method. The crystals exhibit tetragonal symmetry (P42(1)2) and diffracted to a resolution limit of 4 A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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36
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Fischer L, Hornig M, Pergola C, Meindl N, Franke L, Tanrikulu Y, Dodt G, Schneider G, Steinhilber D, Werz O. The molecular mechanism of the inhibition by licofelone of the biosynthesis of 5-lipoxygenase products. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:471-80. [PMID: 17704828 PMCID: PMC2050828 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Licofelone is a dual inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway, and has been developed for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibition by licofelone of the formation of 5-LO products. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The efficacy of licofelone to inhibit the formation of 5-LO products was analysed in human isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) or transfected HeLa cells, as well as in cell-free assays using respective cell homogenates or purified recombinant 5-LO. Moreover, the effects of licofelone on the subcellular redistribution of 5-LO were studied. KEY RESULTS Licofelone potently blocked synthesis of 5-LO products in Ca(2+)-ionophore-activated PMNL (IC(50)=1.7 microM) but was a weak inhibitor of 5-LO activity in cell-free assays (IC(50)>>10 microM). The structures of licofelone and MK-886, an inhibitor of the 5-LO-activating protein (FLAP), were superimposable. The potencies of both licofelone and MK-886 in ionophore-activated PMNL were impaired upon increasing the concentration of arachidonic acid, or under conditions where 5-LO product formation was evoked by genotoxic, oxidative or hyperosmotic stress. Furthermore, licofelone prevented nuclear redistribution of 5-LO in ionophore-activated PMNL, as had been observed for FLAP inhibitors. Finally, licofelone as well as MK-886 caused only moderate inhibition of the synthesis of 5-LO products in HeLa cells, unless FLAP was co-transfected. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data suggest that the potent inhibition of the biosynthesis of 5-LO products by licofelone requires an intact cellular environment and appears to be due to interference with FLAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fischer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Hornig
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Pergola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - N Meindl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany
| | - L Franke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Y Tanrikulu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - G Dodt
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany
| | - G Schneider
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - D Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany
| | - O Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8 Tuebingen, Germany
- Author for correspondence:
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Cao RY, Adams MA, Habenicht AJ, Funk CD. Angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm occurs independently of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2007; 84:34-42. [PMID: 17643886 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic association studies and pathological analysis of cardiovascular disease specimens implicate a role for the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO)/leukotriene (LT) pathway in human cardiovascular disease. Previously, we had detected a role for this pathway in the incidence and severity of hyperlipidemic, cholate-containing, diet-induced aortic aneurysm in mice. The goal of the present study was to assess the importance of the 5-LO/LT pathway in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced murine abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation. Mice with either genetic (5-LO(-/-)) or pharmacological (MK-0591) inhibition of the 5-LO pathway on an apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) background were subjected to a normal chow diet with infusion of Ang II (500 ng/kg/min) for 28 days for assessment of AAA incidence and severity. Ang II-induced marked aortic wall remodeling with an incidence of 32, 29 and 40% AAA formation in 5-LO(-/-) apoE(-/-), 5-LO(+/+)apoE(-/-) and 5-LO(+/+)apoE(-/-) mice treated with FLAP inhibitor MK-0591, respectively, with no statistically significant differences in incidence or severity between groups. Abrogation of the 5-LO pathway in mice indicates a lack of role of leukotrienes in Ang II-induced AAA pathogenesis stressing the need for additional non-rodent AAA pre-clinical models to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Yang Cao
- Department of Physiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont. K7L 3N6, Canada
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38
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Werz O, Steinhilber D. Therapeutic options for 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 112:701-18. [PMID: 16837050 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) into leukotriene (LT) A(4) and 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid. LTA(4) can then be converted into LTB(4) by LTA(4) hydrolase or into LTC(4) by LTC(4) synthase and the LTC(4) synthase isoenzymes MGST2 and MGST3. LTB(4) is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes leading to adherence of phagocytes to vessel walls, neutrophil degranulation and release of superoxide anions. LTC(4) and its metabolite, LTD(4), are potent bronchoconstrictors that increase vascular permeability and stimulate mucus secretion from airways. Recent data also suggest that LT have an immunomodulatory role. Due to these properties, the increased biosynthesis of LT in asthma, and based upon clinical data obtained with CysLT(1) receptor antagonists in asthma patients, there is a consensus that CysLT play a prominent role in asthma. In this review, we summarize the knowledge on possible functions of the 5-LO pathway in various diseases like asthma, cancer and cardiovascular events and review the corresponding potential therapeutic roles of 5-LO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Werz
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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39
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Frohberg P, Drutkowski G, Wobst I. Monitoring eicosanoid biosynthesis via lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways in human whole blood by single HPLC run. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1317-24. [PMID: 16621414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids play an important role as lipid mediators for physiological and pathological processes. Inhibitors of their biosynthesis have been developed as drugs for various diseases with major health political relevance. The search for more efficient inhibitors of eicosanoid formation requires simultaneous monitoring of various metabolic pathways. We developed an HPLC-based assay system, which quantifies lipoxygenase metabolites leukotriene B4 (LTB4), 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) and cyclooxygenase metabolite 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (12-HHT) in whole human blood. Eicosanoid formation in blood is initiated with calcium ionophore A23187, arachidonic acid and calcium and magnesium ions. After solid phase extraction the different eicosanoids were separated by isocratic RP-HPLC using prostaglandin B1 as authentic standard. To verify the assay we determined the IC50 of known inhibitors of eicosanoid biosynthesis (zileuton, indomethacin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid). The test system is simple. It does not require extensive methodological experience and can be carried out in any biochemical laboratory. The analytical procedure can be robotized and thus, the assay appears suitable for medium-throughput testing of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Frohberg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany.
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40
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Grimm EL, Brideau C, Chauret N, Chan CC, Delorme D, Ducharme Y, Ethier D, Falgueyret JP, Friesen RW, Guay J, Hamel P, Riendeau D, Soucy-Breau C, Tagari P, Girard Y. Substituted coumarins as potent 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2528-31. [PMID: 16464579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors have potential as therapeutic agents for asthma and inflammatory diseases. A novel series of substituted coumarin derivatives has been synthesized and the structure-activity relationship was evaluated with respect to their ability to inhibit the formation of leukotrienes via the human 5-lipoxygenase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich L Grimm
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Hwy, Kirkland, Que., Canada H9H 3L1.
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Gyllfors P, Kumlin M, Dahlén SE, Gaber F, Ehrs PO, Dahlén B. Relation between bronchial responsiveness to inhaled leukotriene D4 and markers of leukotriene biosynthesis. Thorax 2005; 60:902-8. [PMID: 16055619 PMCID: PMC1747244 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2005.041913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While clinical trials with antileukotrienes have shown overall beneficial effects in asthma, the factors that determine leukotriene dependent asthma are still unclear. A study was undertaken to determine whether or not leukotriene responsiveness in the airways correlates with endogenous leukotriene biosynthesis. METHODS Bronchial responsiveness to leukotriene (LT) D4 was assessed as PD20FEV1 in 20 subjects with mild asthma and 10 healthy controls, and compared with bronchial responsiveness to methacholine and two global measures of leukotriene production-urinary LTE4 and ex vivo production of LTB4 in whole blood. RESULTS In patients with asthma the bronchoconstrictor activity of LTD4 was about 1300 times greater than methacholine (geometric mean PD20 0.69 nmol v 887 nmol). Those who were most responsive to LTD4 were relatively less responsive to methacholine (p<0.01). There was, however, no correlation between bronchial responsiveness to LTD4 and urinary LTE4 or blood ex vivo LTB4 levels in asthmatic subjects or healthy controls. Subjects with asthma treated with inhaled corticosteroids produced higher levels of LTB4 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS General measures of leukotriene production cannot predict bronchial responsiveness to LTD4. The unique bronchoconstrictive potency of LTD4 on human airways may relate to the locally regulated expression of the cysteinyl LT1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gyllfors
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Cenyre for Allergy Research at Karolinska Instituet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Davis MS, McCulloch S, Myers T, Freed AN. Eicosanoids modulate hyperpnea-induced late phase airway obstruction and hyperreactivity in dogs. RESPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 129:357-65. [PMID: 11788138 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5687(01)00317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A canine model of exercise-induced asthma was used to test the hypothesis that the development of a late phase response to hyperventilation depends on the acute production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Peripheral airway resistance, reactivity to hypocapnia and aerosol histamine, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell and eicosanoid content were measured in dogs approximately 5 h after dry air challenge (DAC). DAC resulted in late phase obstruction, hyperreactivity to histamine, and neutrophilic inflammation. Both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors administered in separate experiments attenuated the late phase airway obstruction and hyperreactivity to histamine. Neither drug affected the late phase inflammation nor the concentrations of eicosanoids in the BALF obtained 5 h after DAC. This study confirms that hyperventilation of peripheral airways with unconditioned air causes late phase neutrophilia, airway obstruction, and hyperreactivity. The late phase changes in airway mechanics are related to the hyperventilation-induced release of both prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and appear to be independent of the late phase infiltration of inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Davis
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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43
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Manji JS, O'Kelly CJ, Leung WI, Olson DM. Timing of hyperoxic exposure during alveolarization influences damage mediated by leukotrienes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 281:L799-806. [PMID: 11557583 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2001.281.4.l799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperoxic exposure of rat pups during alveolarization (postnatal days 4-14) severely retards alveolar development. Some aspects of this inhibition are mediated by leukotrienes (LTs) and may be time sensitive. We determined 1) the effects of exposure to hyperoxia (O(2)) during discrete periods before and during alveolarization on developing alveoli and 2) whether a relationship exists between O(2) and LTs in these periods. Pups were exposed to >95% O(2) from days 1 to 4, 4 to 9, 9 to 14, or 4 to 14 in the absence and presence of the LT synthesis inhibitor MK-0591. Both the level of in vitro lung tissue LT output on days 4, 9, and 14 and the degree of alveolarization on day 14 were determined. Pups exposed to O(2) from days 4 to 9 had a more profound inhibition of alveolarization on day 14 compared with those exposed to O(2) from days 1 to 4 or 9 to 14. Peptido-LT levels were significantly higher in pups exposed to O(2) on days 9 and 14 compared with pups in air and returned to normal once normoxia was restored. LT inhibition from days 4 to 14, 4 to 9, or 9 to 14 in pups exposed to O(2) from days 4 to 14 prevented the O(2)-induced inhibition of alveolarization. These data suggest that developing alveoli are sensitive to LTs shortly before and after day 9, significantly retarding certain parameters of alveolarization on day 14. We conclude that some of the effects of O(2) are not uniform throughout different stages of alveolarization and that this is likely related to the timing of LT exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Manji
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
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Kehrer JP, Biswal SS, La E, Thuillier P, Datta K, Fischer SM, Vanden Heuvel JP. Inhibition of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha by MK886. Biochem J 2001; 356:899-906. [PMID: 11389700 PMCID: PMC1221919 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3560899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although MK886 was originally identified as an inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP), recent data demonstrate that this activity does not underlie its ability to induce apoptosis [Datta, Biswal and Kehrer (1999) Biochem. J. 340, 371--375]. Since FLAP is a fatty-acid binding protein, it is conceivable that MK886 may affect other such proteins. A family of nuclear receptors that are activated by fatty acids and their metabolites, the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), have been implicated in apoptosis and may represent a target for MK886. The ability of MK886 to inhibit PPAR-alpha, -beta and -gamma activity was assessed using reporter assay systems (peroxisome-proliferator response element--luciferase). Using a transient transfection system in monkey kidney fibroblast CV-1 cells, mouse keratinocyte 308 cells and human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, 10--20 microM MK886 inhibited Wy14,643 activation of PPAR alpha by approximately 80%. Similar inhibition of PPAR alpha by MK886 was observed with a stable transfection reporter system in CV-1 cells. Only minimal inhibitory effects were seen on PPAR beta and PPAR gamma. MK886 inhibited PPAR alpha by a non-competitive mechanism as shown by its effects on the binding of arachidonic acid to PPAR alpha protein, and a dose-response study using a transient transfection reporter assay in COS-1 cells. An assay assessing PPAR ligand-receptor interactions showed that MK886 prevents the conformational change necessary for active-complex formation. The expression of keratin-1, a protein encoded by a PPAR alpha-responsive gene, was reduced by MK886 in a culture of mouse primary keratinocytes, suggesting that PPAR inhibition has functional consequences in normal cells. Although Jurkat cells express all PPAR isoforms, various PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma agonists were unable to prevent MK886-induced apoptosis. This is consistent with MK886 functioning as a non-competitive inhibitor of PPAR alpha, but may also indicate that PPAR alpha is not directly involved in MK886-induced apoptosis. Although numerous PPAR activators have been identified, the results show that MK886 can inhibit PPAR alpha, making it the first compound identified to have such an effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Kehrer
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of atopic disease (AD) is controversial in humans and dogs. In humans, leukotrienes (LT) are thought to play an important role in this disease and LT inhibitors are commonly used as treatment for AD. Leukotrienes are a heterogeneous group of biologically active compounds that mediate many aspects of inflammatory and allergic reactions. This paper will review the role of LT in atopic disease in a comparative manner. Leukotriene inhibitors and their therapeutic use in the management of atopic disease in humans and dogs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marsella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL 32610-126, USA.
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Freed AN, McCulloch S, Wang Y. Eicosanoid and muscarinic receptor blockade abolishes hyperventilation-induced bronchoconstriction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000; 89:1949-55. [PMID: 11053348 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to test the hypothesis that hyperventilation-induced bronchoconstriction (HIB) results from the combined effects of prostanoid and leukotriene metabolism. A bronchoscope was used in anesthetized dogs to record peripheral airway resistance and HIB before and after combined treatment with inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (indomethacin) and 5-lipoxygenase (MK-0591). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells and mediators from hyperventilated and control airways were also measured. Pretreatment with MK-0591 and indomethacin significantly attenuated, but did not abolish, HIB. However, addition of atropine nearly eliminated the residual response. Blockade of eicosanoid metabolism markedly reduced the concentrations of eicosanoids recovered in BALF after hyperventilation. Positive correlations between posthyperventilation BALF prostanoid and epithelial cell concentrations are suggestive of mucosal injury-induced mediator production and release. We conclude that HIB is prevented in the presence of eicosanoid and muscarinic-receptor blockade and that both classes of eicosanoids contribute similarly to the development of HIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Freed
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Steele VE, Holmes CA, Hawk ET, Kopelovich L, Lubet RA, Crowell JA, Sigman CC, Kelloff GJ. Potential use of lipoxygenase inhibitors for cancer chemoprevention. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000; 9:2121-38. [PMID: 11060797 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.9.9.2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that lipoxygenase (LO)-catalysed metabolites have a profound influence on the development and progression of human cancers. Compared with normal tissues, significantly elevated levels of LO products have been found in breast tumours, colon cancers, lung, skin and prostate cancers, as well as in cells from patients with both acute and chronic leukaemias. LO-mediated products elicit diverse biological activities needed for neoplastic cell growth, influencing growth factor and transcription factor activation, oncogene induction, stimulation of tumour cell adhesion and regulation of apoptotic cell death. Agents that block LO catalytic activity may be effective in preventing cancer by interfering with signalling events needed for tumour growth. In the past ten years, pharmaceuticals agents that specifically inhibit the 5-LO metabolic pathway have been developed to treat inflammatory diseases such as asthma, arthritis and psoriasis. Some of these compounds possess anti-oxidant properties and may be effective in preventing cancer by blocking free radical-induced genetic damage or by preventing the metabolic activation of carcinogens. Other compounds may work by negatively modulating DNA synthesis. Pharmacological profiles of potential chemopreventive agents are compiled from enzyme assays, in vitro testing (e.g., cell proliferation inhibition in human cancer cells) and in vivo animal carcinogenesis models (e.g., N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced rat mammary cancer, benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung tumours in strain A/J mice and hormone-induced prostate tumours in rats). In this way, compounds are identified for chemoprevention trials in human subjects. Based on currently available data, it is expected that the prevention of lung and prostate cancer will be initially studied in human trials of LO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Steele
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Kolasa T, Gunn DE, Bhatia P, Basha A, Craig RA, Stewart AO, Bouska JB, Harris RR, Hulkower KI, Malo PE, Bell RL, Carter GW, Brooks CD. Symmetrical bis(heteroarylmethoxyphenyl)alkylcarboxylic acids as inhibitors of leukotriene biosynthesis. J Med Chem 2000; 43:3322-34. [PMID: 10966751 DOI: 10.1021/jm000180n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Symmetrical bis(quinolylmethoxyphenyl)alkylcarboxylic acids were investigated as inhibitors of leukotriene biosynthesis and 4, 4-bis(4-(2-quinolylmethoxy)phenyl)pentanoic acid sodium salt (47.Na) met our design parameters for a drug candidate (ABT-080). This compound was readily synthesized in three steps from commercially available diphenolic acid. Against intact human neutrophils, 47.Na inhibited ionophore-stimulated LTB(4) formation with an IC(50) = 20 nM. In zymosan-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages producing both LTC(4) and PGE(2), 47.Na showed 9000-fold selectivity for inhibition of LTC(4) (IC(50) = 0.16 nM) over PGE(2) (IC(50) = 1500 nM). Preliminary pharmacokinetic evaluation in rat and cynomolgus monkey demonstrated good oral bioavailability and elimination half-lives of 9 and 5 h, respectively. Pharmacological evaluation of leukotriene inhibition with oral dosing was demonstrated in a rat pleural inflammation model (ED(50) = 3 mg/kg) and a rat peritoneal passive anaphylaxis model (LTB(4), ED(50) = 2.5 mg/kg; LTE(4), ED(50) = 1.0 mg/kg). In a model of airway constriction induced by antigen challenge in actively sensitized guinea pigs, 47.Na dosed orally blocked bronchoconstriction with an ED(50) = 0.4 mg/kg, the most potent activity we have observed for any leukotriene inhibitor in this model. The mode of inhibitory action of 47.Na occurs at the stage of 5-lipoxygenase biosynthesis as it blocks both leukotriene pathways leading to LTB(4) and LTC(4) but not PGH(2) biosynthesis. However, 47.Na does not inhibit 5-lipoxygenase catalysis in a broken cell enzyme assay; therefore it is likely that 47.Na acts as a FLAP inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kolasa
- Immunoscience Research, Abbott Laboratories, D41K, R13-4, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
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Abstract
Inflammation is an essential component of asthma pathophysiology. While beta(2)-agonists are often used for short-term relief of acute bronchospasm, anti-inflammatory agents are required for the long-term management of chronic inflammation in this disease. Corticosteroids have emerged as the first-line anti-inflammatory therapy for asthma management. However, in some patients, especially children, the high doses of corticosteroids that may be required to control features of hyperresponsiveness, including exercise-induced asthma, raise safety concerns. Thus, there is a need for complementary anti-inflammatory, steroid-sparing agents in asthma therapy. Several inflammatory mediators have been targeted in an attempt to thwart this inflammatory process, but so far with little success. The cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLT), LTC(4), LTD(4), and LTE(4), have been shown to be essential mediators in asthma, making them obvious targets for therapy. These cysteinyl leukotrienes, previously known as the slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), mediate many of the features of asthma, including bronchial constriction, bronchial hyperreactivity, edema, and eosinophilia. Data show that selective cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists (CysLTRAs) effectively reverse these pathologic changes. Corticosteroids do not inhibit the production of CysLTs in vivo, suggesting that CysLTRAs and corticosteroids affect different targets. The bronchodilator properties of CysLTRAs seem to be additive to those of beta(2)-agonists and corticosteroids. These data suggest that CysLTs are important therapeutic targets in the management of inflammation in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bisgaard
- Department of Pediatrics, National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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50
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Kolasa T, Gunn DE, Bhatia P, Woods KW, Gane T, Stewart AO, Bouska JB, Harris RR, Hulkower KI, Malo PE, Bell RL, Carter GW, Brooks CD. Heteroarylmethoxyphenylalkoxyiminoalkylcarboxylic acids as leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors. J Med Chem 2000; 43:690-705. [PMID: 10691695 DOI: 10.1021/jm9904102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of heteroarylmethoxyphenylalkoxyiminoalkylcarboxylic acids was studied as leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors. A hypothesis of structure-activity optimization by insertion of an oxime moiety was investigated using REV-5901 as a starting point. A systematic structure-activity optimization showed that the spatial arrangement and stereochemistry of the oxime insertion unit proved to be important for inhibitory activity. The promising lead, S-(E)-11, inhibited LTB(4) biosynthesis in the intact human neutrophil with IC(50) of 8 nM and had superior oral activity in vivo, in a rat pleurisy model (ED(50) = 0.14 mg/kg) and rat anaphylaxis model (ED(50) = 0.13 mg/kg). In a model of lung inflammation, S-(E)-11 blocked LTE(4) biosynthesis (ED(50) of 0.1 mg/kg) and eosinophil influx (ED(50) of 0.2 mg/kg). S-(E)-11 (A-93178) was selected for further preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kolasa
- Immunoscience Research, Abbott Laboratories, D47K, AP10, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 600064, USA.
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