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Wainwright SH, Cunha CW, Webb B, McGregor B, Drolet B, Welch JB. Reemerging/Notifiable Diseases to Watch. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2024; 40:317-335. [PMID: 38453550 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Reemerging and notifiable diseases of cattle and bison continue to pose potential risks to their health and lives and affecting production and the livelihoods of producers. It is essential to understand the clinical presentation of these diseases to watch for possible incursions and infections and to immediately report your suspicions to your State and Federal Animal Health Officials. Three of these reemerging and notifiable diseases of cattle and bison, malignant catarrhal fever, bluetongue virus, and New World screwworm, are presented in this article for increased awareness to consider as a differential if examinations present suggestive clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherrilyn H Wainwright
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
| | - Cristina W Cunha
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Disease Research Unit, 3003 ADBF, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Brett Webb
- North Dakota State University, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 4035 19th Avenue North, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Bethany McGregor
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Barbara Drolet
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - John B Welch
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, International Services, Action Programs, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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Herndon DR, Herndon MK, Cunha CW. Coding complete genome of a strain of ovine herpesvirus-2 associated with a clinical case of malignant catarrhal fever in a domestic lamb. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0110723. [PMID: 38376221 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01107-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovine herpesvirus-2 causes sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever, a fatal disease of ruminants and pigs. The virus is carried by sheep, and infection is typically subclinical. Here, we report the coding complete genome sequence of a strain of OvHV-2 obtained from a clinically affected domestic lamb.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Herndon
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Maria K Herndon
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Cristina W Cunha
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Silva LE, Dall Agnol AM, Rodriguez MC, Xavier AAC, Silva IV, Kioquetta JA, Guimarães NS, Rodrigues RV, Pereira PFV, Almeida RF, Alfieri AA, Headley SA. Characterization of ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 in a goat by nanoplate digital PCR and other diagnostic methods. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:855-866. [PMID: 37999912 PMCID: PMC10920513 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Macavirus, ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvGHV2), is the cause of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF). Although SA-MCF occurs in a wide range of mammalian hosts, there are few descriptions of this disease and/or infection in goats. This report describes the findings observed in a goat that was infected by OvGHV2 and adds to the rare description of this infection in this animal species. A 6.5-year-old, female, Anglo Nubian goat, with a neurological syndrome, that was euthanized after severe esophageal obstruction was investigated to determine the cause of the brain disease. Histopathology revealed cerebral cortical edema, hemorrhagic rhombencephalitis, severe hepatic necrosis, and atrophic enteritis. An immunohistochemical (IHC) assay identified intracytoplasmic antigens of a malignant catarrhal fever virus (MCFV) within epithelial cells of the intestine, liver, lungs, and kidneys. A semi-nested PCR assay amplified the partial fragment of the OvGHV2 tegument protein gene from the intestine, confirming that the MCFV identified by IHC was OvGHV2. A qPCR assay that targeted the OvGHV2 polymerase gene revealed an elevated quantification cycle (Cq), while nanoplate-based digital PCR (dPCR) detected low viral copy load within the OvGHV2 DNA. Furthermore, the nucleic acids of several disease pathogens associated with diseases in ruminants were not amplified. However, the exact cause of the neurological syndrome remained obscure since nucleic acids of neurological disease pathogens such as bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 and 5, Histophilus somni, and OvGHV2 were not detected from the brain. Collectively, the results of the Cq and dPCR confirmed that this goat was infected with a low viral load of OvGHV2, which probably was insufficient to induce the typical histopathological alterations and subsequent clinical manifestations associated with SA-MCF and/or infections by OvGHV2. Therefore, elevated viral loads of OvGHV2 would have been required for the development of histological lesions and/or clinical manifestations of SA-MCF in this goat. Furthermore, the dPCR methodology can be used for the efficient detection and quantification of OvGHV2 DNA in animals with or without clinical and/or histopathological evidence of SA-MCF. Additionally, since previous cases of OvGHV2 infections in goats did not have the typical clinical manifestations of SA-MCF, one wonders if this Macavirus can induce SA-MCF in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luara Evangelista Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Alais Maria Dall Agnol
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Constanza Rodriguez
- Marcos Enrietti Diagnostic Center, Agência de Defesa Agropecuária Do Paraná (ADAPAR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Aparecida Correa Xavier
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | | | - Júlio Adriano Kioquetta
- Large Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Silva Guimarães
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael Vince Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaelli Ferreira Almeida
- Universidade Pitágoras UNOPAR Anhanguera, Arapongas, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory (LAMSA), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory (LAMSA), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
- Universidade Pitágoras UNOPAR Anhanguera, Arapongas, Paraná, Brazil.
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory (LAMSA), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Bianchessi L, Flach E, Monacchia G, Dagleish M, Maley M, Turin L, Rocchi MS. Identification and characterisation of Gamma-herpesviruses in zoo artiodactyla. Virol J 2024; 21:49. [PMID: 38395934 PMCID: PMC10893651 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses within the γ-herpesviruses subfamily include the causative agents of Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) in several species of the order Artiodactyla. MCF is a usually fatal lymphoproliferative disease affecting non-adapted host species. In adapted host species these viruses become latent and recrudesce and transmit during times of stress or immunosuppression. The undetected presence of MCF-causing viruses (MCFVs) is a risk to non-adapted hosts, especially within non-sympatric zoological collections. This study investigated the presence of MCFVs in six different zoological collections in the UK, to evaluate the presence of subclinical/latent MCFVs in carrier animals. METHODS One-hundred and thirty eight samples belonging to 54 different species of Artiodactyla were tested by Consensus Pan-herpes PCR. The positive samples were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analyses to understand their own evolutionary relationships and those with their hosts. RESULTS Twenty-five samples from 18 different species tested positive. All viruses but one clustered in the γ-herpesvirus family and within the Macavirus as well as the non-Macavirus groups (caprinae and alcelaphinae/hippotraginae clusters, respectively). A strong association between virus and host species was evident in the Macavirus group and clustering within the caprinae group indicated potential pathogenicity. CONCLUSION This study shows the presence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic MCFVs, as well as other γ-herpesviruses, in Artiodactyla species of conservation importance and allowed the identification of new herpesviruses in some non-adapted species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bianchessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Milan, Italy
| | - Edmund Flach
- Wildlife Health Services, Zoological Society of London (retired), Regents Park, NW1 4RY, London, UK
| | - Giulia Monacchia
- CIRM Italian Malaria Network, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mark Dagleish
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Public Health and Disease Investigation, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, G61 1QH, Glasgow, UK
| | - Madeleine Maley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 OPZ, Penicuik, UK
| | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Milan, Italy.
| | - Mara Silvia Rocchi
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 OPZ, Penicuik, UK
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Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Cabello J, Lopez R, Vergara-Wilson V, Vera F, Valencia C, Sanchez C, Celis S, Silva A, Cariñanos A, Barria I, Vicencio R, Muñoz-Leal S, Aravena P, Lagos R, Toro-Letelier J, Verasay-Caviedes S, Garnham A, Peña I, Sánchez F, Moreira-Arce D, Vergara PM, Alegria-Moran R, Cortés-Hinojosa G. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of herpesviruses in endangered free-ranging cervids of Chile: ovine gammaherpesvirus-2-A novel threat to wild and domestic animal health in Chilean Patagonia. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1321172. [PMID: 38362467 PMCID: PMC10867328 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1321172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Herpesvirus infections have been highlighted as emerging diseases affecting wildlife health and the conservation of several taxa. Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) and infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) are two viruses that infect wild ruminants. Nevertheless, epidemiological data on herpesviruses in South American wild ruminants are limited. An outbreak of caprine gammaherpesvirus-2 (CpHV-2) that recently was suspected as the cause of MCF in southern pudus (Pudu puda) prompted the need to conduct molecular screenings in Chilean cervids to understand the epidemiology of herpesviruses. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and genetic diversity of herpesviruses in free-ranging cervids from Chile. Methods Herpesvirus infection was assessed in antemortem blood samples (n = 86) from pudus (n = 81) and huemuls (Hippocamelus bisulcus) (n = 5), as well as postmortem samples of spleen (n = 24) and lung (n = 3) from pudus, using a nested pan-herpesvirus PCR assay. Results Combining all suitable sample types, DNA of pudu gammaherpesvirus-1 was detected in five pudues and five huemuls, with an overall prevalence of 9.90% (n = 10/101; 95% CI = 5.11-17.87%). One pudu tested positive for ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (n = 1/96; 1.04%; 95% CI = 0.05-6.49%), and one pudu tested positive for a Macavirus sequence with 98.63 similarity to ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (n = 96; 1.04%; 95% CI = 0.05-6.49%). Discussion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a herpesvirus in huemul and of ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 in Chile. Our results also confirm the active circulation of herpesvirus in free-ranging cervids in Chilean Patagonia, and as such, MCF should be considered as a possible cause of disease in free-ranging Chilean pudus and livestock species. Further research is necessary to develop a plan of systematic monitoring (serological and pathological screening) of herpesviruses in Chilean wild and domestic ruminants to understand their diversity and impact on animal health and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Cabello
- Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad Chiloé-Silvestre, Ancud, Chile
| | | | | | - Frank Vera
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastian, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Carola Valencia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastian, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Carlos Sanchez
- Veterinary Medical Center, Oregon Zoo, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sebastian Celis
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Parque Zoológico Buin Zoo, Buin, Chile
| | - Alejandra Silva
- Departamento de Areas Silvestres Protegidas, Corporacion Nacional Forestal, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Aintzane Cariñanos
- Departamento de Areas Silvestres Protegidas, Corporacion Nacional Forestal, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Ismael Barria
- Departamento de Areas Silvestres Protegidas, Corporacion Nacional Forestal, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Rocio Vicencio
- Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad Chiloé-Silvestre, Ancud, Chile
| | - Sebastián Muñoz-Leal
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Paula Aravena
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Rocio Lagos
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Veterinario SOS Buin Zoo, Buin, Chile
| | - Juan Toro-Letelier
- Facultad de Cs Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Univeridad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Antonio Garnham
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irene Peña
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Sánchez
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dario Moreira-Arce
- Departamento de Gestión Agraria, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo M. Vergara
- Departamento de Gestión Agraria, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Raul Alegria-Moran
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede Santiago, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Galaxia Cortés-Hinojosa
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Patho B, Grant DM, Percival A, Russell GC. Ivermectin inhibits replication of the malignant catarrhal fever virus alcelaphine herpesvirus 1. Virology 2024; 590:109958. [PMID: 38071929 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever is a lymphoproliferative disease of cattle and other ungulates that is caused by genetically and antigenically related gamma herpesviruses of the genus Macavirus. Infection of the natural host species is efficient and asymptomatic but spread to susceptible hosts is often fatal with clinical signs including fever, depression, nasal and ocular discharge. There is no recognised treatment for MCF but a vaccine for one MCF virus, alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1), has been described. In this paper we describe the inhibition of AlHV-1 replication and propagation by the anthelminthic drug ivermectin. Concentrations of 10 μM or greater led to significant reductions in both copy number and viable titre of virus tested in culture medium, with little replication detected at over 20 μM ivermectin. In the absence of alternative treatments, further testing of ivermectin as a candidate antiviral treatment for MCF may therefore be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Patho
- Moredun research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Dawn M Grant
- Moredun research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Ann Percival
- Moredun research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - George C Russell
- Moredun research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK.
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Frucchi APS, Dall Agnol AM, Caldart ET, Bronkhorst DE, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA, Headley SA. The Role of Mycoplasma bovirhinis in the Development of Singular and Concomitant Respiratory Infections in Dairy Calves from Southern Brazil. Pathogens 2024; 13:114. [PMID: 38392852 PMCID: PMC10892079 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of Mycoplasma bovirhinis in the development of pulmonary disease in cattle is controversial and was never evaluated in cattle from Latin America. This study investigated the respiratory infection dynamics associated with M. bovirhinis in suckling calves from 15 dairy cattle herds in Southern Brazil. Nasal swabs were obtained from asymptomatic (n = 102) and calves with clinical manifestations (n = 103) of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and used in molecular assays to identify the specific genes of viral and bacterial disease pathogens of BRD. Only M. bovirhinis, bovine coronavirus (BCoV), ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvGHV2), Histophilus somni, Pasteurella multocida, and Mannheimia haemolytica were detected. M. bovirhinis was the most frequently diagnosed pathogen in diseased (57.8%; 59/102) and asymptomatic (55.3%; 57/103) calves at all farms. BCoV-related infections were diagnosed in diseased (52%; 53/102) and asymptomatic (51.4%; 53/103) calves and occurred in 93.3% (14/15) of all farms. Similarly, infectious due to OvGHV2 occurred in diseased (37.2%; 38/102) and asymptomatic (27.2%; /28/103) calves and were diagnosed in 80% (12/15) of all farms investigated. Significant statistical differences were not identified when the two groups of calves were compared at most farms, except for infections due to OvGHV2 that affected five calves at one farm. These results demonstrated that the respiratory infection dynamics of M. bovirhinis identified in Southern Brazil are similar to those observed worldwide, suggesting that there is not enough sufficient collected data to consider M. bovirhinis as a pathogen of respiratory infections in cattle. Additionally, the possible roles of BCoV and OvGHV2 in the development of BRD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Souza Frucchi
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.P.S.F.); (A.M.D.A.); (D.E.B.); (A.F.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Alais Maria Dall Agnol
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.P.S.F.); (A.M.D.A.); (D.E.B.); (A.F.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Eloiza Teles Caldart
- Laboratory of Protozoology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil;
| | - Dalton Everton Bronkhorst
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.P.S.F.); (A.M.D.A.); (D.E.B.); (A.F.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.P.S.F.); (A.M.D.A.); (D.E.B.); (A.F.A.); (A.A.A.)
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory (LAMSA), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT–LEITE), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.P.S.F.); (A.M.D.A.); (D.E.B.); (A.F.A.); (A.A.A.)
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory (LAMSA), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT–LEITE), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory (LAMSA), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT–LEITE), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
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Westermann T, Demeter EA, Diel DG, Renshaw RW, Laverack MA, Gerdes RS, Peters-Kennedy J. Granulomatous mural folliculitis in 16 domestic goats: Infection with malignant catarrhal fever viruses and colocalization with ovine herpesvirus-2 using in situ hybridization. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:876-887. [PMID: 37515544 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231189303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Granulomatous mural folliculitis (GMF) is an uncommon reaction pattern occasionally observed in nonadapted ruminant hosts infected with malignant catarrhal fever viruses. This report characterizes GMF and concurrent cutaneous lesions in 16 goats with crusting dermatitis using histochemistry including hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and Grocott's methenamine silver, and immunohistochemistry for CD3, CD20, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1, and cytokeratin AE1/3. Infiltrates in all 16 GMF cases consisted of macrophages and fewer T lymphocytes, and variably included eosinophils, multinucleated histiocytic giant cells, and/or neutrophils. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded skin and fresh skin samples from caprine GMF cases were tested using pan-herpesvirus nested conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and partial sequencing, ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) real-time PCR, and OvHV-2 colorimetric in situ hybridization (ISH). Five of 16 goats with GMF (31%) were PCR positive for malignant catarrhal fever viruses, including caprine herpesvirus 3 in 1 goat and OvHV-2 in 4 goats. Three goats also had positive intranuclear OvHV-2 hybridization signal in follicular keratinocytes, among other cell types, localized to areas of GMF. Herpesviruses were not detected in the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded skin of 9 goats without GMF. This case series describes relatively frequent detections of malignant catarrhal fever viruses in the skin of goats with GMF, including the first report of caprine herpesvirus 3, and localizes OvHV-2 infected follicular keratinocytes within areas of GMF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diego G Diel
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | | | | | - Rhea S Gerdes
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
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Xavier AAC, Queiroz GR, Lisbôa JAN, Cunha CW, Headley SA. Immunohistochemical identification of a malignant catarrhal fever virus in cattle with renal diseases from Paraná state, Southern Brazil: a retrospective epidemiological study. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:344. [PMID: 37782428 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a viral infectious disease caused by specific members of the Macavirus genus that are referred to as the MCF virus (MCFV) complex group. This study determined the prevalence of MCFV-associated infections in cattle within the mesoregions of the state of Paraná, Southern Brazil, by analyzing the histopathologic patterns of renal lesions in association with positive immunoreactivity to intralesional antigens of MCFV. Intracytoplasmic MCFV antigens were identified in 41.7% (48/115) of the kidneys of cattle evaluated. Lymphocytic interstitial nephritis, vascular degeneration, and ballooning degeneration of the renal tubules were the principal histopathological findings associated with positive immunoreactivity to MCFV. The results indicate that MCFV infections are endemic within the state of Paraná and suggest that the kidney can be of diagnostic value in suspected cases of MCF-associated infections in cattle. Furthermore, the utilization of an in situ diagnostic technique resulted in the detection of a greater number of cases of infections by MCFV than previously identified using other diagnostic methods. Additionally, degenerative vascular lesions of the kidney should be considered during the establishment of a histological diagnosis of MCFV-induced infections in cattle in the absence of fibrinoid change or necrotizing vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo Rodrigues Queiroz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Norte do Paraná, Arapongas, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Júlio Augusto Naylor Lisbôa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cristina Wetzel Cunha
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Norte do Paraná, Arapongas, Paraná, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Headley SA, Dall Agnol AM, Bessegato JA, Frucchi APS, Maturana ÉFL, Rodrigues RV, Xavier AAC, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Association of ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 with an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in dairy cattle. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5623. [PMID: 37024495 PMCID: PMC10078036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30133-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the cause of an outbreak of an acute respiratory disease syndrome followed by episodes of diarrhea in a dairy cattle herd from Southern Brazil. Deep nasal swabs (DNS) from asymptomatic calves, calves with pulmonary discomfort, and diarrheic calves after episodes of respiratory distress were used in molecular assays designed to detect the principal pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Fecal samples were used for the molecular detection of bovine enteric disease agents. Pulmonary tissues from three calves and a cow that died were evaluated by molecular assays to identify 11 agents associated with the development of BRD. The intestinal and pulmonary fragments of one calf and the cow revealed atrophic enteritis and interstitial pneumonia by histopathology, respectively. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) identified intralesional antigens of a malignant catarrhal fever virus, genus Macavirus, within epithelial cells of the lungs and intestines. Molecular assays amplified ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvGHV2) from most of the DNS, and the pulmonary and intestinal fragments from the animals that died, confirming that the Macavirus identified by IHC was OvGHV2. Concomitant pulmonary infections of OvGHV2 with bovine gammaherpesvirus 6 and bovine coronavirus were identified. Additionally, bovine viral diarrhea virus 1b and Aichivirus B were detected in the fecal samples. These findings demonstrated that OvGHV2, a Macavirus, was the disease agent most frequently (81.2%; 13/16) associated with singular pulmonary infections during this outbreak of BRD, suggesting that this virus may be another potential agent of respiratory disease of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT - LEITE), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
- Multi‑User Animal Health Laboratory, Tissue Processing Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Alais Maria Dall Agnol
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT - LEITE), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Bessegato
- Consulting Veterinarian, Herd Bovinos - Consultoria Pecuária, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Souza Frucchi
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Érika Fernandes Lopes Maturana
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Rafael Vince Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Ana Aparecida Correa Xavier
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT - LEITE), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi‑User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT - LEITE), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi‑User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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11
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Gong M, Myster F, van Campe W, Roels S, Mostin L, van den Berg T, Vanderplasschen A, Dewals BG. Wildebeest-Derived Malignant Catarrhal Fever: A Bovine Peripheral T Cell Lymphoma Caused by Cross-Species Transmission of Alcelaphine Gammaherpesvirus 1. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020526. [PMID: 36851740 PMCID: PMC9968110 DOI: 10.3390/v15020526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses (γHVs) include viruses that can induce lymphoproliferative diseases and tumors. These viruses can persist in the long term in the absence of any pathological manifestation in their natural host. Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) belongs to the genus Macavirus and asymptomatically infects its natural host, the wildebeest (Connochaetes spp.). However, when transmitted to several susceptible species belonging to the order Artiodactyla, AlHV-1 is responsible for the induction of a lethal lymphoproliferative disease, named wildebeest-derived malignant catarrhal fever (WD-MCF). Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the induction of WD-MCF is important to better control the risks of transmission and disease development in susceptible species. The aim of this review is to synthesize the current knowledge on WD-MCF with a particular focus on the mechanisms by which AlHV-1 induces the disease. We discuss the potential mechanisms of pathogenesis from viral entry into the host to the maintenance of viral genomes in infected CD8+ T lymphocytes, and we present current hypotheses to explain how AlHV-1 infection induces a peripheral T cell lymphoma-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijiao Gong
- Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Françoise Myster
- Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Willem van Campe
- Sciensano, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Stefan Roels
- Sciensano, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Laurent Mostin
- Sciensano, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Thierry van den Berg
- Sciensano, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Benjamin G. Dewals
- Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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12
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Histophilus somni disease conditions with simultaneous infections by ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 in cattle herds from Southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2023:10.1007/s42770-023-00915-5. [PMID: 36759491 PMCID: PMC9911339 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00915-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This report investigated the cause of cattle mortality in two farms in Southern Brazil. The tissues of one animal from each farm (animals #1 and #2) respectively were used in pathological and molecular investigations to determine the possible cause of death. The principal pathological findings observed in animal #1 were pulmonary, myocardial, and encephalitic hemorrhages with vasculitis, and lymphoplasmacytic interstitial pneumonia with proliferative vascular lesions (PVL). The main pathological findings observed in animal #2 were purulent bronchopneumonia, hemorrhagic myocarditis, and lymphoplasmacytic interstitial pneumonia with PVL. An immunohistochemical assay detected intralesional antigens of a malignant catarrhal fever virus (MCFV) from multiple tissues of animal #2 while PCR confirmed that the MCFV amplified was ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvGHV2), genus Macavirus, subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae; OvGHV2 was also amplified from multiple tissues of animal #1. Furthermore, PCR assays amplified Histophilus somni DNA from multiple fragments of both animals. However, the nucleic acids of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Mycoplasma bovis, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine alphaherpesvirus virus 1 and 5, bovine coronavirus, and bovine parainfluenza virus 3 were not amplified from any of the tissues analyzed, suggesting that these pathogens did not participate in the development of the lesions herein described. These findings demonstrated that both animals were concomitantly infected by H. somni and OvGHV2 and developed the septicemic and encephalitic manifestations of H. somni. Furthermore, the interstitial pneumonia observed in cow #2 was more likely associated with infection by OvGHV2.
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13
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Headley SA, Dall Agnol AM, Oliveira TES, Bon VR, Scuisato GS, Xavier AAC, Yasumitsu CY, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Possible Association of Bovine Gammaherpesvirus 6 with Pulmonary Disease in a Cow. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030417. [PMID: 36766305 PMCID: PMC9913070 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine gammaherpesvirus 6 (BoGHV6), previously known as bovine lymphotropic virus, is a member of the Macavirus genus, subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae. Other members of the genus Macavirus include viruses that produce malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in mammalian hosts, collectively referred to as the MCF virus (MCFV) complex, and the porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus (PLHV). However, the current role of BoGHV6 in the development of diseases and/or disease syndromes remains uncertain and controversial. This paper investigated the participation of BoGHV6 in the development of pulmonary disease in a cow with interstitial pneumonia by histopathology and molecular testing. Tissue antigens of common viral agents of respiratory diseases and Mycoplasma bovis were not identified by immunohistochemistry. Additionally, molecular assays designed to amplify common bacterial and viral pathogens of pulmonary disease did not amplify the nucleic acids of these agents. However, a pan-PCR assay amplified the DNA of the herpesvirus polymerase gene, while the specific BoGHV6 nested-PCR assay amplified the partial fragment of the BoGHV6 polymerase gene derived from the pulmonary tissue with interstitial pneumonia. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the BoGHV6 strain herein identified had 99.8% nucleotide (nt) sequence identity with reference strains of BoGHV6, but only 72.2-73.5% and 67.9-68.6% nt identity with reference strains of MCFV and PLHV, respectively. Consequently, these results suggest that BoGHV6 was associated with the pulmonary disease observed in this cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Tissue Processing Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Produção, Animal, Universidade Pitágoras-Universidade Norte do Paraná, Arapongas 86700-020, Paraná, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Alais Maria Dall Agnol
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thalita Evani Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Rodrigues Bon
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Sanches Scuisato
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Aparecida Correa Xavier
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carolina Yuka Yasumitsu
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
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14
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Cunha CW, Baker KN, O’Toole D, Cole E, Shringi S, Dewals BG, Vanderplasschen A, Li H. A Vaccine Targeting Ovine Herpesvirus 2 Glycoprotein B Protects against Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122156. [PMID: 36560568 PMCID: PMC9786699 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a complex and often fatal disease of ungulates. Effective vaccines are needed to avoid MCF outbreaks and mitigate losses. This study aimed to evaluate a sheep-associated MCF (SA-MCF) vaccine candidate targeting ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) glycoprotein B (gB). Rabbits were used as a laboratory animal model to test the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of a chimeric virus consisting of a recombinant, non-pathogenic strain of alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 encoding OvHV-2 ORF8 to express gB (AlHV-1∆ORF73/OvHV-2-ORF8). Viral-vectored immunizations were performed by using the AlHV-1∆ORF73/OvHV-2-ORF8 chimera alone or as a DNA prime (OvHV-2-ORF8)-virus boost regimen. The viral vector was inoculated by intravenous or intramuscular routes and the DNA was delivered by intradermal shots using a gene gun. The vaccine candidates were deemed safe as no clinical signs were observed following any of the immunizations. Anti-OvHV-2 gB antibodies with neutralizing activity were induced by all immunogens. At three weeks post-final immunization, all animals were challenged intranasally with a lethal dose of OvHV-2. MCF protection rates ranging from 66.7% to 71.4% were observed in vaccinated rabbits, while all mock-vaccinated animals developed the disease. The significant protective efficacy obtained with the vaccine platforms tested in this study encourages further trials in relevant livestock species, such as cattle and bison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina W. Cunha
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-509-335-6072
| | - Katherine N. Baker
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Donal O’Toole
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA
| | - Emily Cole
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Smriti Shringi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Benjamin G. Dewals
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Hong Li
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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15
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Molecular Tools to Identify and Characterize Malignant Catarrhal Fever Viruses (MCFV) of Ruminants and Captive Artiodactyla. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122697. [PMID: 36560701 PMCID: PMC9787554 DOI: 10.3390/v14122697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Herpesviridae includes viruses identified in mammals, birds and reptiles. All herpesviruses share a similar structure, consisting of a large linear double-stranded DNA genome surrounded by a proteic icosahedral capsid further contained within a lipidic bilayer envelope. The continuous rise of genetic variability and the evolutionary selective pressure underlie the appearance and consolidation of novel viral strains. This applies also to several gamma(γ)-herpesviruses, whose role as primary pathogen has been often neglected and, among these to newly emerged viruses or virus variants responsible for the development of Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) or MCF-like disease. The identification of γ-herpesviruses adapted to new zoological hosts requires specific molecular tools for detection and characterization. These viruses can cause MCF in livestock and wild animals, a disease generally sporadic but with serious welfare implications and which, in many cases, leads to death within a few days from the appearance of the clinical signs. In the absence of a vaccine, the first step to improve disease control is based on the improvement of molecular tools to identify and characterize these viruses, their phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary interaction with the host species. A Panherpes PCR-specific test, based on the conserved DNA polymerase gene, employing consensus/degenerate and deoxyinosine-substituted primers followed by sequencing, is still the preferred diagnostic test to confirm and characterize herpesviral infections. The drawback of this test is the amplification of a relatively short sequence, which makes phylogenetic analysis less stringent. Based on these diagnostic requirements, and with a specific focus on γ-herpesviruses, the present review aims to critically analyze the currently available methods to identify and characterize novel MCFV strains, to highlight advantages and drawbacks and to identify the gaps to be filled in order to address research priorities. Possible approaches for improving or further developing these molecular tools are also suggested.
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Iván M, María P, Gorka A, Pere O, Javier DF. Malignant catarrhal fever in cattle in Spain. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mato Iván
- Laboratorios HIPRA S.A. Amer Girona Spain
| | | | - Aduriz Gorka
- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario (NEIKER) Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia Derio Bizkaia Spain
| | - Ordis Pere
- Laboratorios HIPRA S.A. Amer Girona Spain
| | - Diéguez Fco. Javier
- Departamento de Anatomía Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias Universidad de Santiago de Compostela Facultad de Veterinaria Lugo Spain
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17
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Headley SA, Fritzen JTT, Bon VR, Xavier AAC, Agnol AMD, Zucoloto NZ, Silva FHP, Figueiredo JRX, Alfieri AF, Okano W, Alfieri AA. Detection of bovine gammaherpesvirus 6 in tissues of aborted fetuses from dairy cows concomitantly infected by Histophilus somni. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105621. [PMID: 35688413 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Rose EC, Tse TY, Oates AW, Jackson K, Pfeiffer S, Donahoe SL, Setyo L, Barrs VR, Beatty JA, Pesavento PA. Oropharyngeal Shedding of Gammaherpesvirus DNA by Cats, and Natural Infection of Salivary Epithelium. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030566. [PMID: 35336972 PMCID: PMC8950464 DOI: 10.3390/v14030566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Felis catus gammaherpesvirus-1 (FcaGHV1), a novel candidate oncogenic virus, infects cats worldwide. Whether the oropharynx is a site of virus shedding and persistence, and whether oronasal carcinomas harbor FcaGHV1 nucleic acid were investigated. In a prospective molecular epidemiological study, FcaGHV1 DNA was detected by cPCR in oropharyngeal swabs from 26/155 (16.8%) of cats. Oropharyngeal shedding was less frequently detected in kittens ≤3 months of age (5/94, 5.3%) than in older animals; >3 months to ≤1 year: 8/26, 30.8%, (p = 0.001, OR 7.91, 95% CI (2.320, 26.979)); >1 year to ≤6 years: 10/20, 50%, (p < 0.001, OR 17.8 95% CI (5.065, 62.557)); >6 years: 3/15, 33% (p = 0.078). Provenance (shelter-owned/privately owned) was not associated with shedding. In situ hybridization (ISH) identified FcaGHV1-infected cells in salivary glandular epithelium but not in other oronasal tissues from two of three cats shedding viral DNA in the oropharynx. In a retrospective dataset of 11 oronasopharyngeal carcinomas, a single tumor tested positive for FcaGHV1 DNA by ISH, a papillary carcinoma, where scattered neoplastic cells showed discrete nuclear hybridization. These data support the oronasopharynx as a site of FcaGHV1 shedding, particularly after maternal antibodies are expected to decline. The salivary epithelium is identified as a potential site of FcaGHV1 persistence. No evidence supporting a role for FcaGHV1 in feline oronasal carcinomas was found in the examined tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Rose
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.C.R.); (T.Y.T.); (A.W.O.); (K.J.); (P.A.P.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Tiffany Y. Tse
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.C.R.); (T.Y.T.); (A.W.O.); (K.J.); (P.A.P.)
| | - Andrew W. Oates
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.C.R.); (T.Y.T.); (A.W.O.); (K.J.); (P.A.P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ken Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.C.R.); (T.Y.T.); (A.W.O.); (K.J.); (P.A.P.)
| | - Susanne Pfeiffer
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Shannon L. Donahoe
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.L.D.); (L.S.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Laura Setyo
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.L.D.); (L.S.); (V.R.B.)
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.L.D.); (L.S.); (V.R.B.)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Julia A. Beatty
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.L.D.); (L.S.); (V.R.B.)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Patricia A. Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.C.R.); (T.Y.T.); (A.W.O.); (K.J.); (P.A.P.)
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Headley SA, de Lemos GAA, Dall Agnol AM, Xavier AAC, Depes VCA, Yasumitsu CY, Oliveira TES, Silva LE, Faccin TC, Alfieri AA, Lisboa JAN. Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 infections in cattle without typical manifestations of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever and concomitantly infected with bovine coronavirus. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 53:433-446. [PMID: 34780031 PMCID: PMC8590972 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF) is a severe, frequently fatal, lymphoproliferative disease that affects a wide variety of ruminants and is caused by ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), a member of the MCF virus (MCFV) complex. The typical clinical manifestations of SA-MCF are well known and easily recognized by veterinarians, resulting in clinical diagnosis of MCF when characteristic clinical signs are present. This article describes the findings observed in cattle infected with OvHV-2 but without typical clinical manifestations of SA-MCF. Three calves with episodes of diarrhea before death and a yearling that died suddenly were investigated. Gross alterations were not suggestive of SA-MCF. Histopathology revealed a combination of proliferating vascular lesions (PVLs) and necrotizing vasculitis in three animals (two calves and the yearling); with PVLs being identified only at the carotid rete mirabile of two calves infected with OvHV-2. Additional significant histopathologic lesions included atrophic enteritis, portal lymphocytic hepatitis, interstitial pneumonia, suppurative bacterial bronchopneumonia, and pulmonary hemorrhage. An immunohistochemical assay designed to identify only antigens of MCFV revealed, positive, intralesional, intracytoplasmic immunoreactivity within epithelial cells of multiple tissues of all animals with PVLs. PCR assays amplified OvHV-2 DNA from multiple tissues of the animals that contained MCFV proteins, confirming the MCFV identified as OvHV-2. Additionally, bovine coronavirus (BCoV) nucleic acids were amplified from tissues of all animals, including the animal not infected by OvHV-2. Collectively, these findings confirmed the participation of OvHV-2 in the development of the disease patterns observed in these animals that were concomitantly infected by BCoV and provide additional confirmation that cattle can be subclinically infected with OvHV-2. Consequently, the real occurrence of OvHV-2-related disease may be more elevated than reported, since asymptomatic or subclinically infected animals are not likely to be investigated for OvHV-2. Furthermore, PVLs should be included as possible histologic indicators of OvHV-2-related diseases in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil. .,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Tissue Processing Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Gisele Augusta Amorim de Lemos
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Alais Maria Dall Agnol
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Aparecida Correa Xavier
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Yuka Yasumitsu
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thalita Ernani Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Luara Evangelista Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Cargnin Faccin
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Júlio Augusto Naylor Lisboa
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Large Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Tryland M, Sánchez Romano J, Nymo IH, Breines EM, Ancin Murguzur FJ, Kjenstad OC, Li H, Cunha CW. A Screening for Virus Infections in Eight Herds of Semi-domesticated Eurasian Tundra Reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Norway, 2013-2018. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:707787. [PMID: 34712719 PMCID: PMC8546225 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.707787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous serological screenings have indicated that Eurasian semi-domesticated tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Finnmark, Northern Norway, are exposed to alphaherpesvirus, gammaherpesvirus and pestivirus. Alphaherpesvirus (i.e., Cervid herpesvirus 2; CvHV2) has been identified as the transmissible component of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC). Limited knowledge exists on the presence and prevalence of virus infections in other herding regions in Norway, which are hosting ~67,000 semi-domesticated reindeer and have contact with other species and populations of wildlife and livestock than those present in Finnmark. Methods: Blood samples (n = 618) were obtained over five winter seasons (2013-2018), from eight different herds representing summer pasture districts in Tana, Lakselv, Tromsø, Lødingen, Hattfjelldal, Fosen, Røros, and Filefjell, distributed from North to South of the reindeer herding regions in Norway. Blood samples were investigated for specific antibodies against five viral pathogen groups, alphaherpesvirus, gammaherpesvirus (viruses in the malignant catarrhal fever group; MCFV), pestivirus, bluetongue virus (BTV), and Schmallenberg virus (SBV), by using commercial multispecies serological tests (ELISA). In addition, swab samples obtained from the nasal mucosal membrane from 486 reindeer were investigated by PCR for parapoxvirus-specific DNA. Results: Antibodies against aphaherpesvirus and MCFV were found in all eight herds, with a total prevalence of 42% (range 21-62%) and 11% (range 2-15%), respectively. Anti-Pestivirus antibodies were detected in five of eight herds, with a total prevalence of 19% (range 0-52%), with two of the herds having a particularly high seroprevalence. Antibodies against BTV or SBV were not detected in any of the animals. Parapoxvirus-specific DNA was detected in two animals representing two different herds in Finnmark. Conclusions: This study confirmed that alphaherpesvirus and MCFV are enzootic throughout the geographical reindeer herding regions in Norway, and that pestivirus is present in most of the herds, with varying seroprevalence. No exposure to BTV and SBV was evident. This study also indicated that semi-domesticated reindeer in Finnmark are exposed to parapoxvirus without disease outbreaks being reported from this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Tryland
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | - Javier Sánchez Romano
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Eva Marie Breines
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Ole Christian Kjenstad
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hong Li
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Cristina W Cunha
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 infection associated with chronic interstitial pneumonia in a sheep. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105220. [PMID: 34606919 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sheep Associated-Malignant Catarrhal Fever (SA-MCF) is severe, frequently lethal, lymphoproliferative disease predominantly of ruminants, that is caused by ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2), a member of the MCF virus (MCFV) complex. However, SA-MCF in sheep is a rare entity with few demonstrations of natural diseases worldwide. This report documents the clinical, radiographical, pathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings of SA-MCF in a sheep. A 4-year-old, female, mixed-breed sheep with progressive emaciation for at least one month was humanely euthanized due to poor prognosis. Clinically, the animal had tachypnea, ruminal hypomotility, productive coughing with bilateral muffling sounds during pulmonary auscultation. Radiographical evaluation revealed alveolar opacity of the cranioventral pulmonary region. Grossly, there were distinct rib impressions on the pleural surface of the lungs, suggestive of interstitial pneumonia. Histopathologic evaluation of the lungs revealed several disease patterns including 1) chronic interstitial pneumonia with vasculitis and proliferating vascular lesions, and thrombosis; 2) pulmonary abscesses associated with embolic dissemination of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis from superficial lymph node due to caseous lymphadenitis, CLA; 3) granulomatous pneumonia associated with pulmonary nematodes; and 4) chronic pleuritis, probably due to caseous lymphadenitis. Additional significant histologic findings included widespread lymphocytic vasculitis and proliferating vascular lesions in multiple tissues, atrophic enteritis, segmental degeneration of myocardial fibers with lymphocytic pericarditis, lymphocytic interstitial nephritis, and non-suppurative encephalitis. An immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay, based on the monoclonal antibody 15A (MAb-15A), that is specific to all MCFV known to cause MCF, revealed positive, intracytoplasmic, intralesional immunoreactivity, predominantly within bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells of the lungs and cryptal epithelial cells of the small intestine, followed by the renal tubular epithelium, cardiomyocytes, and with patchy immunolabelling within neurons of the cerebral cortex. Molecular testing done to detect a wide range of bacterial and viral agents of ruminant diseases, only amplified OvHV-2 DNA from fresh tissue fragments of the lungs, kidney, liver, spleen, and cerebrum. Direct sequencing confirmed that the PCR amplicon derived from the pulmonary fragments had 99.2-99.7% nucleotide sequence identity with OvHV-2 reference strains and strains of OvHV-2 from Brazil. The clinical, radiographical, gross, histopathologic, IHC, and molecular findings in the lungs are consistent with chronic interstitial pneumonia associated with infection by OvHV-2. Furthermore, the non-detection of other viral agents associated with pulmonary diseases in ruminants suggest that OvHV-2 was directly associated with the development of chronic pneumonia in this sheep. Additionally, the dental alterations, CLA, and the pulmonary nematode may have contributed towards the reduced immunological statue of the animal and facilitated the occurrence of SA-MCF. These findings may indicate that OvHV-2 may be a major participant in the pathogenesis of pulmonary disease of sheep under special conditions. Moreover, the proliferating vascular lesions identified in multiple tissues are additional evidence of chronic manifestations of OvHV-2 infections as described in chronic SA-MCF of cattle, while the widespread vasculitis is consistent with SA-MCF. Additionally, the IHC findings using the MAb-15A confirmed that this diagnostic approach is efficient to identify intralesional antigens of OvHV-2.
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Riaz A, Dry I, Dalziel R, Rehman SU, Shah MA, Akhtar HMN, Yousaf A, Baig R. Molecular detection and characterization of ovine herpesvirus-2 using heminested PCR in Pakistan. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e51. [PMID: 34170092 PMCID: PMC8318789 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a highly fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle, deer, bison, water buffalo, and pigs caused by the gamma-herpesviruses alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AlHV-1) and ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2). Objectives This study aimed to determine the prevalence of OvHV-2 in sheep, goats, cattle, and buffalo in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan, by applying molecular and phylogenetic methods. Methods Blood samples were aspirated from sheep (n = 54), goat (n = 50), cattle (n = 46) and buffalo (n= 50) at a slaughterhouse and several farms. The samples were subjected to heminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the OvHV-2 POL gene and the OvHV-2 ORF75 tegument protein gene. Results The highest percentage of MCF positive samples was in sheep (13%), whereas goat, cattle, and buffalo had lower positive percentages, 11%, 9%, and 6.5%, respectively. Four OvHV-2-positive PCR products obtained from sheep samples were sequenced. The sequences obtained were submitted to the NCBI GenBank database (MK852173 for the POL gene; MK840962, MK852171, and MK852172 for the ORF75 tegument protein gene). Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close similarity of study sequences with those of worldwide samples. Conclusions This study is the first cross-sectional study on the prevalence and molecular detection of OvHV-2 in apparently healthy cattle and buffalo that could be carrying OvHV-2 acquired from OvHV-2-positive sheep and goats. The results indicate that OvHV-2 is circulating in Pakistan. Further studies are needed to characterize OvHV-2 and elucidate further its prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayesha Riaz
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan.
| | - Inga Dry
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Robert Dalziel
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Saif Ur Rehman
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Shah
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Naeem Akhtar
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Arfan Yousaf
- Department of Clinical studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Ruqia Baig
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
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Mananguit IR, Bartolome NDF, Tubalinal GAS, Mingala CN. Molecular detection and genetic characterization of ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) in sheep in the Philippines. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Analysis of immune responses to attenuated alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 formulated with and without adjuvant. Vaccine X 2021; 8:100090. [PMID: 33912826 PMCID: PMC8065228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2021.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MCF vaccine was tested with and without adjuvant and containing inactivated virus. Adjuvant was required for optimal virus neutralising antibody responses. Storage of AlHV-1 with Emulsigen adjuvant significantly reduced virus viability. Vaccination with adjuvant-inactivated AlHV-1 did not reduce antibody responses.
The experimental vaccine for bovine malignant catarrhal fever consists of viable attenuated alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) derived by extensive culture passage, combined with an oil-in-water adjuvant, delivered intramuscularly. This immunisation strategy was over 80% effective in previous experimental and field trials and protection appeared to be associated with induction of virus-neutralising antibodies. Whether the vaccine virus is required to be viable at the point of immunisation and whether adjuvant is required to induce the appropriate immune responses remains unclear. To address these issues two studies were performed, firstly to analyse immune responses in the presence and absence of adjuvant and secondly, to investigate immune responses to vaccines containing adjuvant plus viable or inactivated AlHV-1. The first study showed that viable attenuated AlHV-1 in the absence of adjuvant induced virus-specific antibodies but the titres of virus-neutralising antibodies were significantly lower than those induced by vaccine containing viable virus and adjuvant, suggesting adjuvant was required for optimal responses. In contrast, the second study found that the vaccine containing inactivated (>99.9%) AlHV-1 induced similar levels of virus-neutralising antibody to the equivalent formulation containing viable AlHV-1. Together these studies suggest that the MCF vaccine acts as an antigen depot for induction of immune responses, requiring adjuvant and a suitable antigen source, which need not be viable virus. These observations may help in directing the development of alternative MCF vaccine formulations for distribution in the absence of an extensive cold chain.
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Field Observations and Genetic Characterization of Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Egypt, 2018. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040201. [PMID: 33322397 PMCID: PMC7768452 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) causes a lethal disease in cattle and some wild ruminants called malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), which affects the epithelial and lymphoid tissues of the respiratory and digestive tracts and has an important impact on the livestock industry. In this study, MCF was diagnosed in 18 of 427 cattle from different sites in Egypt by its typical clinical signs, found in all 18 animals: corneal opacity, fever, erosions in the buccal cavity, lymphadenitis, and purulent nasal discharge. All affected cattle had been reared in contact with clinically inconspicuous sheep. Of the 18 clinically ill cattle, 13 succumbed to the disease, resulting in estimated morbidity and case fatality rates of 4.2% and 72.2%, respectively. Five samples collected from the affected cattle were positive for OvHV-2 by real-time PCR and were used for sequencing of an 832-bp fragment of the ORF27/gp48 gene. The ORF27 nucleotide sequence of all Egyptian samples was identical, but distinct from viruses found in other parts of Africa and the Mediterranean.
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Saura-Martinez H, Al-Saadi M, Stewart JP, Kipar A. Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever: Role of Latent Virus and Macrophages in Vasculitis. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:332-345. [PMID: 33280543 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820978310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a sporadic, generally fatal disease caused by gammaherpesviruses in susceptible dead-end hosts. A key pathological process is systemic vasculitis in which productively infected cytotoxic T cells play a major role. Nonetheless, the pathogenesis of MCF vasculitis is not yet clear. We hypothesized that it develops due to an interaction between virus-infected cells and immune cells, and we undertook a retrospective in situ study on the rete mirabile arteries of confirmed ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2)-associated MCF cases in cattle, buffalo, and bison. Our results suggest that the arteritis develops from an adventitial infiltration of inflammatory cells from the vasa vasorum, and recruitment of leukocytes from the arterial lumen that leads to a superimposed infiltration of the intima and media that can result in chronic changes including neointimal proliferation. We found macrophages and T cells to be the dominant infiltrating cells, and both could proliferate locally. Using RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistology, we showed that the process is accompanied by widespread viral infection, not only in infiltrating leukocytes but also in vascular endothelial cells, medial smooth muscle cells, and adventitial fibroblasts. Our results suggest that OvHV-2-infected T cells, monocytes, and locally proliferating macrophages contribute to the vasculitis in MCF. The initial trigger or insult that leads to leukocyte recruitment and activation is not yet known, but there is evidence that latently infected, activated endothelial cells play a role in this. Activated macrophages might then release the necessary pro-inflammatory mediators and, eventually, induce the characteristic vascular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Al-Saadi
- 223914University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Current address: 362928University of Al-Qadisiya, Iraq
| | | | - Anja Kipar
- 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,223914University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Hierweger MM, Boujon CL, Kauer RV, Meylan M, Seuberlich T, Oevermann A. Cerebral Ovine Herpesvirus 2 Infection of Cattle Is Associated With a Variable Neuropathological Phenotype. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:384-395. [PMID: 33205708 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820970493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cross-species infection with ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) in cattle causes malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). MCF may involve the central nervous system (CNS) with necrotizing arteritis and/or vasculitis described to be unique to MCF and discriminatory compared to other viral CNS infections. However, a systematic histopathological characterization of the neural form of MCF in cattle is lacking. We examined medulla oblongata (n = 9) or the entire brain (n = 9) of 18 cattle in which OvHV-2 was identified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), in order to pinpoint potential variations in neuropathology. In 2/18 animals (11%) no lesions were identified, while 16/18 cattle (89%) had brain lesions of varying severity. Presence and quantities of OvHV-2 nucleic acid were determined by in situ hybridization and qPCR, respectively, and were related to the severity of lesions. Fifteen of 18 animals (83%) showed vasculitis, which was mainly of the lymphohistiocytic type, while pathognomonic necrotizing arteritis was only rarely present. Neuroparenchymal lesions included gliosis and/or neuronal changes in 7/16 brains with lesions (44%). The number of CD3+ lymphocytes was highest in animals with simultaneous vascular and neuroparenchymal lesions and high viral genome load. In one animal, OvHV-2 was exclusively observed in CD3+ lymphocytes but not in neurons or microglia. In conclusion, the neuropathological phenotype of bovine MCF in the brain was variable. In some cases, lesions mimicked neurotropic viral encephalitis, while pathognomonic necrotizing arteritis was not a consistent feature of neural MCF. Therefore, molecular detection of OvHV-2 is warranted in the presence of nonsuppurative encephalitis and in the absence of necrotizing arteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Hierweger
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, 54179Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Céline L Boujon
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, 54179Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ronja V Kauer
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, 54179Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mireille Meylan
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, 54179Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 54179Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Torsten Seuberlich
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, 54179Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Oevermann
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, 54179Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Headley SA, Müller MC, de Oliveira TES, Barros Gil Duarte CA, Valente Pereira PF, Vieira MV, Cunha CW, Flores EF, Lisbôa JAN, Pretto-Giordano LG. Diphtheric aspergillosis tracheitis with gastrointestinal dissemination secondary to viral infections in a dairy calf. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104497. [PMID: 32910985 PMCID: PMC7476962 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diphtheric aspergillosis tracheitis is an uncommon syndrome described in human pathology, usually associated with immunosuppression in the affected individuals. Interestingly, no comparative/equivalent cases were found in domestic animals. This report describes the pathological and mycological findings associated with diphtheric aspergillosis tracheitis in an immunocompromised calf. The main pathological findings were diphtheric tracheitis and rhinitis, and necrotizing ruminitis associated with intralesional septate, acute branching fungal hyphae consistent with Aspergillus spp. Mycological culture and isolation confirmed the fungal hyphae as A. fumigatus due to characteristic features. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays identified intralesional antigens of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and malignant catarrhal fever virus (MCFV) at the trachea and small intestine; IHC detected intralesional antigens of bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) only at the trachea. These findings confirmed the simultaneous occurrence of A. fumigatus with concomitant infections due to BVDV, MCFV, and BoHV-1 in this calf. Since ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) is the cause of MCF in Brail, it is likely that the intralesional MCFV antigens identified were those of OvHV-2. In this case, disseminated aspergillosis was probably associated with the undeveloped immunological status of the calf that was further impaired due to the combined immunodepressive effects of BVDV and BoHV-1 infections. Although BVDV and BoHV-1 are infectious disease pathogens frequently associated with the development of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in feedlot and dairy cattle, the identification of intralesional OvHV-2-like antigens in several parts of the lungs suggest that this MCFV also played a role in the BRD-associated lesions identified in this calf. An unusual presentation of fungal diphtheric tracheitis associated with Aspergillus fumigatus is described in a dairy calf. A Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus, most likely, OvHV-2, was associated with the development of pneumonia in this calf. Simultaneous infections in dairy calves may be more frequent than previously reported. OvHV-2 should be considered as a possible disease pathogen associated with the development of bovine respiratory disease. The immunodepressive effects of BVDV and BoHV-1 were fundamental for the development of the fungal disease observed in this calf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Comparative Pathology Shared Resources Laboratory, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
| | - Melissa Cristina Müller
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thalita Evani Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcos Vinícius Vieira
- Laboratory of Animal Mycology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cristina Wetzel Cunha
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology and Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Virology Section, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Júlio Augusto Naylor Lisbôa
- Large Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucienne Garcia Pretto-Giordano
- Laboratory of Animal Mycology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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das Neves CG, Sacristán C, Madslien K, Tryland M. Gammaherpesvirus in Cervid Species from Norway: Characterization of a New Virus in Wild and Semi-Domesticated Eurasian Tundra Reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Viruses 2020; 12:E876. [PMID: 32796534 PMCID: PMC7471987 DOI: 10.3390/v12080876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesvirus infections have been described in cervids worldwide, mainly the genera Macavirus or Rhadinovirus. However, little is known about the gammaherpesviruses species infecting cervids in Norway and Fennoscandia. Blood samples from semi-domesticated (n = 39) and wild (n = 35) Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus), moose (Alces alces, n = 51), and red deer (Cervus elaphus, n = 41) were tested using a panherpesvirus DNA polymerase (DPOL) PCR. DPOL-PCR-positive samples were subsequently tested for the presence of glycoprotein B (gB) gene. The viral DPOL gene was amplified in 28.2% (11/39) of the semi-domesticated reindeer and in 48.6% (17/35) of the wild reindeer. All moose and red deer tested negative. Additionally, gB gene was amplified in 4 of 11 semi-domesticated and 15 of 17 wild Eurasian reindeer DPOL-PCR-positive samples. All the obtained DPOL and gB sequences were highly similar among them, and corresponded to a novel gammaherpesvirus species, tentatively named Rangiferine gammaherpesvirus 1, that seemed to belong to a genus different from Macavirus and Rhadinovirus. This is the first report of a likely host-specific gammaherpesvirus in semi-domesticated reindeer, an economic and cultural important animal, and in wild tundra reindeer, the lastpopulation in Europe. Future studies are required to clarify the potential impact of this gammaherpesvirus on reindeer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G. das Neves
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway; (C.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Carlos Sacristán
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway; (C.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Knut Madslien
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway; (C.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Morten Tryland
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9019 Tromsø, Norway;
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Dangerous Liaisons: Gammaherpesvirus Subversion of the Immunoglobulin Repertoire. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080788. [PMID: 32717815 PMCID: PMC7472090 DOI: 10.3390/v12080788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A common biologic property of the gammaherpesviruses Epstein–Barr Virus and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus is their use of B lymphocytes as a reservoir of latency in healthy individuals that can undergo oncogenic transformation later in life. Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) employ an impressive arsenal of proteins and non-coding RNAs to reprogram lymphocytes for proliferative expansion. Within lymphoid tissues, the germinal center (GC) reaction is a hub of B cell proliferation and death. The goal of a GC is to generate and then select for a pool of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes that will provide a protective humoral adaptive immune response. B cells infected with GHVs are detected in GCs and bear the hallmark signatures of the mutagenic processes of somatic hypermutation and isotype class switching of the Ig genes. However, data also supports extrafollicular B cells as a reservoir engaged by GHVs. Next-generation sequencing technologies provide unprecedented detail of the Ig sequence that informs the natural history of infection at the single cell level. Here, we review recent reports from human and murine GHV systems that identify striking differences in the immunoglobulin repertoire of infected B cells compared to their uninfected counterparts. Implications for virus biology, GHV-associated cancers, and host immune dysfunction will be discussed.
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Headley SA, de Oliveira TES, Cunha CW. A review of the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological aspects of malignant catarrhal fever in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1405-1432. [PMID: 32542424 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), the form of MCF that occurs in Brazil, is a severe, frequently fatal, infectious disease caused by ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2), in which sheep are the asymptomatic hosts and cattle and other cloven-hoofed animals are the accidental hosts. This review provides a critical analysis of the historical, epidemiological aspects and the estimated economic impacts associated with SA-MCF in Brazil. Moreover, the clinical manifestations and pathological lesions associated with SA-MCF in cattle are reviewed and discussed and the phylogenetic distribution of OvHV-2 in Brazil is presented. OvHV-2 is the only MCF virus identified in animals from Brazil. It is recommended that a histopathologic diagnosis of SA-MCF be based on all aspects of vascular disease in the affected animal and not only lymphocytic/necrotizing vasculitis and/or fibrinoid change. Conformation of the intralesional participation of OvHV-2 in these alterations can be achieved by immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization assays. Additionally, it is proposed that OvHV-2 should be considered as a possible infectious disease agent associated with the development of bovine respiratory disease in cattle. Furthermore, the possible role of the small intestine in the dissemination of OvHV-2 is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Thalita Evani Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Cristina Wetzel Cunha
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, 99164-6630, USA
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Abstract
Introduction Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a rare, under-explored lethal viral infection of cattle with gammaherpesvirus aetiological agents. Most often, the disease occurs on farms where cattle and sheep are kept together. However, other trigger mechanisms and environmental factors contribute. This study investigates the causation of MCF. Material and Methods An outbreak of MCF occurred in June - August 2017 in Kharchev village in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. In this paper, we provide epidemiological (sanitary status of pastures, watering places, and premises) and weather data during the outbreak, and descriptions of the clinical signs and post-mortem changes in cattle. The virus was detected and isolated from pathological material samples and identified by molecular methods. Results Extreme weather conditions, mixed-herd cattle and sheep farming, and unsatisfactory feed quality contributed to the outbreak. A virus related to herpesvirus OvHV2 was isolated and typed (MCF/Irkutsk/2017). Phylogenetic analysis showed its close genetic relationship to isolates from cattle and sheep in Germany, USA, and the Netherlands. Conclusion Sporadic outbreaks of MCF caused by biotic and abiotic factors together are typical for the Russian Federation, and the Irkutsk outbreak epitomised this. Temperature anomalies caused pasture depletion, resulting in feed and water deficiency for grazing animals and dehydration and acidosis. Heat stress in animals ultimately led to the occurrence of MCF in the herd.
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Ovine Herpesvirus 2 Encodes a Previously Unrecognized Protein, pOv8.25, That Targets Mitochondria and Triggers Apoptotic Cell Death. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01536-19. [PMID: 32024777 PMCID: PMC7108854 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01536-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) circulates among sheep without causing disease. However, upon transmission to cattle, the same virus instigates a frequently lethal disease, malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). While the cause of death and pathogenesis of tissue lesions are still poorly understood, MCF is characterized by the accumulation of lymphocytes in various tissues, associated with vasculitis and cell death. As infectious virus is hardly present in these lesions, the cause of cell death cannot be explained simply by viral replication. The significance of our research is in identifying and characterizing a previously overlooked gene of OvHV-2 (Ov8.25), which is highly expressed in animals with MCF. Its encoded protein targets mitochondria, causing apoptosis and necrosis, thus contributing to an understanding of the source and nature of cell death. As the corresponding genetic locus is also active in the context of MCF due to a different macavirus, we may have detected a common denominator of the disease phenotype. Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a rare but frequently lethal disease of certain cloven-hoofed animals. At least 10 different viruses, all members of the Macavirus genus in the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae, are known as causative agents of MCF. Among these, ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is the most frequent and economically most important MCF agent. Phenotypically, MCF is characterized by severe lymphocytic arteritis-periarteritis, which leads to the accumulation of activated lymphocytes accompanied by apoptosis and necrosis in a broad range of tissues. However, a viral factor that might be responsible for tissue damage has not yet been identified. We have studied a seemingly intergenic locus on the OvHV-2 genome, which was previously shown to be transcriptionally highly active in MCF-affected tissue. We identified by 5′ and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) a conserved, double-spliced transcript that encoded a 9.9-kDa hydrophobic protein. The newly detected gene, Ov8.25, and its splicing pattern were conserved among OvHV-2 strains of different origins. Upon transient expression of synthetic variants of this gene in various cell types, including bovine lymphocytes, the protein (pOv8.25) was shown to target mitochondria, followed by caspase-dependent apoptosis and necrosis. Notably, a deletion mutant of the same protein lost these abilities. Finally, we detected pOv8.25 in brain-infiltrating lymphocytes of cattle with MCF. Thus, the cell death-causing properties of pOv8.25 in affected cells may be involved in the emergence of typical MCF-associated apoptosis and necrosis. Thus, we have identified a novel OvHV-2 protein, which might contribute to the phenotype of MCF-related lesions. IMPORTANCE Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) circulates among sheep without causing disease. However, upon transmission to cattle, the same virus instigates a frequently lethal disease, malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). While the cause of death and pathogenesis of tissue lesions are still poorly understood, MCF is characterized by the accumulation of lymphocytes in various tissues, associated with vasculitis and cell death. As infectious virus is hardly present in these lesions, the cause of cell death cannot be explained simply by viral replication. The significance of our research is in identifying and characterizing a previously overlooked gene of OvHV-2 (Ov8.25), which is highly expressed in animals with MCF. Its encoded protein targets mitochondria, causing apoptosis and necrosis, thus contributing to an understanding of the source and nature of cell death. As the corresponding genetic locus is also active in the context of MCF due to a different macavirus, we may have detected a common denominator of the disease phenotype.
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Khudhair I, Al-Husseiny S, Jawad A. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of ovine herpesvirus-2 in sheep and goats of Al-Qadisiyah Province. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2019-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify ovine herpesvirus 2 (OHV-2) infections in sheep and goats in Al-Qadisiyah Province of Iraq, using molecular and phylogenetic methods. Nasal discharge swabs were collected from 60 sheep and 60 goats from 3 different animal sale bars. The samples were subjected to semi-nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequencing, and phylogenetic tests involving OHV-2 tegument protein gene (OHV-2T). The results of the semi-nested PCR showed the presence of OHV-2 in all 60 (100%) sheep and 52 (86.6%) goats. The samples from both sheep and goats were sent for partial-gene-based sequencing to confirm the PCR results. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted and 6 PCR amplicons (10%) of positive samples from each goat and sheep were submitted for sequencing. The sequence results were reassembled and deposited in the NCBI-GenBank database under the accession numbers of MF004402.1 for sheep and MG875327.1 and MG875328.1 for goats. Multiple alignments of sequences showed close identities with some global isolates of this virus. This study not only reports new sequences from the local OHV-2 isolates that have been deposited in the NCBI GenBank, but also provides important data about the presence and shedding of OHV-2 in the nasal discharge of healthy sheep and goats, and suggests OHV-2 as the major cause of malignant catarrhal fever in cattle.
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Headley SA, Oliveira TES, Li H, Lisbôa JAN, Queiroz GR, Fritzen JTT, Flores EF, Alfieri AA, Cunha CW. Immunohistochemical Detection of Intralesional Antigens of Ovine Gammaherpesvirus-2 in Cattle with Sheep-associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever. J Comp Pathol 2019; 174:86-98. [PMID: 31955809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF) is a severe lymphoproliferative disease of ruminants caused by ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2). Since the initial identification of SA-MCF there has been extensive research related to the pathogenesis of OvHV-2, based primarily on serological and molecular assays associated with typical histopathological findings. The monoclonal antibody (MAb-15A) binds to a common epitope in MCF viruses and is used frequently in serological investigations. However, the utilization of this antibody to detect antigens of OvHV-2 in tissues has not been examined. Accordingly, this study standardized an immunohistochemical assay using MAb-15A to identify antigens of OvHV-2 in tissues of cattle (n = 5) with SA-MCF. All animals developed acute neurological signs, without ocular and nasal manifestations, and had nucleic acids of OvHV-2 in brain tissue detected by polymerase chain reaction. The principal histopathological findings were lymphocytic nephritis (n = 5), widespread arterial proliferation and vasculitis (n = 5), lymphocytic portal hepatitis (n = 3), non-suppurative meningoencephalitis (n = 2) and atrophic enteritis with cryptal necrosis and dilation (n = 2). Intralesional intracytoplasmic antigens of OvHV-2 were identified within multiple epithelial cells of the kidneys of all animals, the intestines of animals with and without atrophic enteritis, and within epithelial cells of bile ducts in animals with lymphocytic hepatitis. Additionally, there was positive intracytoplasmic immunoreactivity within histiocytes and lymphocytes in several tissues. These findings suggest that the MAb-15A detects antigens of OvHV-2 within epithelial cells and leucocytes in several organs. Moreover, this assay would contribute significantly towards understanding of the pathogenesis of SA-MCF and may be used for retrospective studies. Additionally, angiopathy in SA-MCF may be a progressive lesion, which may terminate in luminal occlusion and probably occurs irrespectively of the eye and head form of MCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Norte do Paraná, Arapongas, Paraná, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociência Animal, Universidade de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - T E S Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - H Li
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - J A N Lisbôa
- Large Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - G R Queiroz
- Large Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Norte do Paraná, Arapongas, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J T T Fritzen
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - E F Flores
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A A Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - C W Cunha
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Pinheiro de Oliveira TF, Laguardia-Nascimento M, Xavier FG, do Amaral Pinto C, Ferreira LR, de Castro Campos de Souza I, Hammerschmitt ME, Bianchi RM, Wronski JG, Etges RN, Rigon GM, Camargos MF, Júnior AVR, Fonseca Junior AA. Quantification of ovine herpesvirus 2 by digital PCR in an outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever. Arch Virol 2019; 164:3045-3050. [PMID: 31520217 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infection with ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is generally asymptomatic in sheep; however, when it crosses the species barrier, it causes malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in cattle. In the present study, we developed a real-time PCR assay and a droplet digital PCR assay and use both methods to study an outbreak caused by OvHV-2. Both PCR methods showed high sensitivity and specificity and were able to detect low copy numbers of OvHV-2 in sheep and cattle. The present study describes the first digital PCR quantification of OvHV-2 genome copies in samples collected from sheep and cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateus Laguardia-Nascimento
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, CEP 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Galtarossa Xavier
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, CEP 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Carla do Amaral Pinto
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, CEP 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Rabello Ferreira
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, CEP 33600-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Nestor Etges
- Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Grazziane Maciel Rigon
- Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fernandes Camargos
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, CEP 33600-000, Brazil
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Zhu H, Sun N, Li Y, Feng T, Jiang L, Yu X, Zhang J, Chen G, Cheng S, Zhang X. Malignant catarrhal fever: An emerging yet neglected disease in captive sika deer (Cervus nippon) herds in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:149-158. [PMID: 31433123 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a fatal lymphoproliferative disease that represents a serious problem in the deer-rearing industry. To better understand an MCF-like disease that has emerged in northern China since 2015, we investigated ten cases by documenting clinical and epidemiological data and analysing causative agents and histopathological changes. In addition, a retrospective screen for Macavirus DNA and a questionnaire-based survey were conducted. Epizootic MCF in Chinese sika deer herds has emerged with a low morbidity of 3.8% (95% CI: 2.5%-5.1%) and a high mortality of 93.2% (95% CI: 86.6%-99.9%). The disease course varied from 3 to 12 days. Aetiologically, OvHV-2 was predominant in the MCFV, accounting for most MCF cases (21/23). In contrast, only two CpHV-2 isolates were phylogenetically closely related to CpHV-2. Diarrhoea and nasal discharges were the most frequent manifestations, although clinical signs varied in some cases. Pathologically typical lesions of haemorrhage, necrosis and lymphoid cell infiltration were readily observed in a variety of organs. Vasculitis caused by vascular and perivascular lymphoid cell infiltration was common. The retrospective survey suggested a low positive rate (3/275) of MCFV DNA in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). The questionnaire-based survey suggested the disease was neglected by local veterinarians, who did not acknowledge the risk of co-rearing deer with reservoir species. Collectively, the emerging epizootic MCF in Chinese sika deer herds remains neglected, emphasizing the urgency of initiating full-field diagnoses and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China.,Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Na Sun
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Youzhi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jianlong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Guozhong Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Shipeng Cheng
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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Cunha CW, O’Toole D, Taus NS, Shringi S, Knowles DP, Li H. A Rabbit Model for Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever Research: from Virus Infection to Pathogenesis Studies and Vaccine Development. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-019-00126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) is the causative agent of the sheep-associated form of malignant catarrhal fever, a usually fatal lymphoproliferative disease of bison, deer and cattle. Malignant catarrhal fever is a major cause of cattle loss in Africa with approximately 7% affected annually; and in North America has significant impact on bison farming. Research into the mechanisms by which OvHV-2 induces disease in susceptible species has been hampered by a lack of a cell culture system for the virus. Ov2 is a bZIP protein encoded by OvHV-2. Proteins with bZIP domains in other herpesviruses, such as the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K8 protein and the BZLF1 protein of Epstein-Barr virus are known to play important roles in lytic virus replication. Using a reporter based system, we demonstrate that Ov2 can modulate the activity of the major virus transactivator (Replication and Transcriptional Activator protein, RTA) to 1) drive expression of viral genes predicted to be required for efficient reactivation of the virus, including ORF49; and 2) differentially regulate the expression of the two virus encoded Bcl-2 homologues Ov4.5 and Ov9.
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Ortiz K, Javaux J, Simon M, Petit T, Clavel S, Lamglait B, Blanc B, Brunet A, Myster F, Li H, Dewals BG. Seroprevalence of malignant catarrhal fever virus in captive wildebeest (Connochaetes sp.) in France. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1697-1704. [PMID: 29962104 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a gammaherpesvirus carried asymptomatically by wildebeests (Connochaetes sp.) in sub-Saharan Africa. Although asymptomatic in wildebeest, AlHV-1 infection in a number of other ruminant species causes a severe and fatal lymphoproliferative disease named wildebeest-derived malignant catarrhal fever (WD-MCF). Several endangered species of captive ruminants are highly susceptible to developing WD-MCF if infected by AlHV-1, which is a critical concern in zoos, game reserves and wildlife parks where wildebeests are also kept in captivity. Here, we investigated the seroprevalence of AlHV-1 in 52 captive wildebeests randomly sampled from five different zoos in France. We found 46% (24/52) seropositive animals and detected AlHV-1 DNA in one of them, demonstrating that AlHV-1 infection is present in captive wildebeests in France. In an interesting manner, the repartition of seropositive wildebeests was not homogenous between zoos with 100% (20/20) of seronegative animals in three parks. These results further highlight the importance of considering WD-MCF as a threat for clinically susceptible species and encourage for testing AlHV-1 infection in captive wildebeests as a management control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Ortiz
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle UMR 7205, Réserve Zoologique de la Haute-Touche, Obterre, France
| | - Justine Javaux
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Blanc
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle UMR 7205, Réserve Zoologique de la Haute-Touche, Obterre, France
| | - Alice Brunet
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle UMR 7205, Réserve Zoologique de la Haute-Touche, Obterre, France
| | - Françoise Myster
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Benjamin G Dewals
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Alhajri SM, Cunha CW, Knowles DP, Li H, Taus NS. Evaluation of glycoprotein Ov8 as a potential antigen for an OvHV-2-specific diagnostic assay. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200130. [PMID: 29966004 PMCID: PMC6028116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses in the genus Macavirus establish clinically unapparent persistent infections in reservoir species. Transmission of some of these viruses, including alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) and ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), to clinically susceptible species in the order Artiodactyla can result in malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), a usually fatal lymphoproliferative disease. Serology can be used to identify MCF virus (MCFV)-infected carrier animals. However, all current serological assays utilize AlHV-1 antigens, thus none is specific for OvHV-2. In situations where sheep and other MCFV carriers are present, such as in zoos and game farms, an OvHV-2-specific assay would determine if OvHV-2 is present in the population. In this study, a recombinant protein containing a truncated OvHV-2 Ov8 glycoprotein was expressed and evaluated as a suitable target antigen to specifically detect OvHV-2 infection using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A competitive inhibition (CI)-ELISA that detects an epitope conserved among all MCFVs was used to categorize, as positive or negative, sera from 205 domestic sheep. The Ov8 assay showed 100% diagnostic sensitivity, 98.97% diagnostic specificity, 99.07% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value and very high agreement (kappa = 0.990 and 95% CI = 0.971–1.000) with the CI-ELISA. Sera from animals infected with MCFVs other than OvHV-2 did not cross-react with Ov8 (100% negative predictive value). These data support the use of the Ov8 ELISA as an OvHV-2-specific diagnostic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim M. Alhajri
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Cristina W. Cunha
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Donald P. Knowles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Naomi S. Taus
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Phillips IL, Cunha CW, Galbraith D, Highland MA, Bildfell RJ, Li H. High copy number of ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 DNA associated with malignant catarrhal fever-like syndrome in a lamb. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:623-627. [PMID: 29621943 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718766976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Domestic and wild sheep are the natural reservoirs for ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF). Virtually all adult sheep are infected with OvHV-2 under natural flock conditions, and infection is normally subclinical. MCF-like clinical signs and typical histologic lesions in sheep have been linked during case investigations at veterinary diagnostic laboratories; however, the confirmation of naturally occurring MCF in sheep is problematic. To date, the assays for detection of OvHV-2-specific antibodies or DNA are usually positive in sheep, regardless of health status, so mere detection of antibodies or the agent is of minimal diagnostic significance in this species. We document herein a naturally occurring MCF case in a 4-mo-old domestic lamb and demonstrate that the affected animal had 100-1,000 times more OvHV-2 copy numbers in tissues than in healthy adult and age-matched sheep. These results indicate that high copy numbers of viral DNA in tissues associated with characteristic lesions can be used to confirm the diagnosis of MCF in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida L Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Phillips, Bildfell).,Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA (Cunha; Highland, Li).,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health (Cunha, Highland), Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology (Li), Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Highland), Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Valley Veterinary Clinic, Rainier, OR (Galbraith)
| | - Cristina W Cunha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Phillips, Bildfell).,Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA (Cunha; Highland, Li).,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health (Cunha, Highland), Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology (Li), Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Highland), Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Valley Veterinary Clinic, Rainier, OR (Galbraith)
| | - Dustin Galbraith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Phillips, Bildfell).,Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA (Cunha; Highland, Li).,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health (Cunha, Highland), Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology (Li), Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Highland), Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Valley Veterinary Clinic, Rainier, OR (Galbraith)
| | - Margaret A Highland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Phillips, Bildfell).,Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA (Cunha; Highland, Li).,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health (Cunha, Highland), Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology (Li), Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Highland), Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Valley Veterinary Clinic, Rainier, OR (Galbraith)
| | - Robert J Bildfell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Phillips, Bildfell).,Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA (Cunha; Highland, Li).,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health (Cunha, Highland), Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology (Li), Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Highland), Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Valley Veterinary Clinic, Rainier, OR (Galbraith)
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Phillips, Bildfell).,Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA (Cunha; Highland, Li).,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health (Cunha, Highland), Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology (Li), Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Highland), Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Valley Veterinary Clinic, Rainier, OR (Galbraith)
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Zhu H, Huang Q, Hu X, Chu W, Zhang J, Jiang L, Yu X, Zhang X, Cheng S. Caprine herpesvirus 2-associated malignant catarrhal fever of captive sika deer (Cervus nippon) in an intensive management system. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:38. [PMID: 29391011 PMCID: PMC5796589 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caprine herpesvirus 2 (CpHV-2) infection usually induces chronic malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in sika deer (Cervus nippon), with the primary signs of weight loss, dermatitis and alopecia. Case presentation Here, we report a case of CpHV-2-associated acute MCF in a sika deer herd raised in an intensive management system distant to the reservoir goats. Affected deer developed clinical signs of high fever (41 °C) followed by nasal discharge and lameness. Severe lesions of hemorrhage, necrosis and infiltration of lymphoid cells could readily be observed in the lung, kidney, heart valves and subcutaneous tissue surrounding a tendon. Etiologically, identical CpHV-2 specific DNA sequences were detected in peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) from the affected deer and reservoir goats. Conclusion In summary, domestic goats were the reservoir of the CpHV-2, which is the causative agent of the outbreak of MCF in the three hinds. The disease was probably transmitted via aerosol infection. In addition, necrosis and inflammation in subcutaneous tissue surrounding a tendon was the reason for lameness. Therefore, MCF should be put into a differential diagnostic list when similar disease occurs in sika deer herds. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1365-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, No. 186 Hongqi Middle Rd., Zhifu District, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Qingrong Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, No. 186 Hongqi Middle Rd., Zhifu District, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xiaoliang Hu
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Wenhui Chu
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899 Juye St., Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Jianlong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, No. 186 Hongqi Middle Rd., Zhifu District, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, No. 186 Hongqi Middle Rd., Zhifu District, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, No. 186 Hongqi Middle Rd., Zhifu District, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, No. 186 Hongqi Middle Rd., Zhifu District, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Shipeng Cheng
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899 Juye St., Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, China.
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Peek SF, Mcguirk SM, Sweeney RW, Cummings KJ. Infectious Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract. REBHUN'S DISEASES OF DAIRY CATTLE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7152230 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39055-2.00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gammaherpesvirus (Type 1 Ruminant Rhadinovirus) in Muskox ( Ovibos moschatus) in Greenland. J Wildl Dis 2017; 54:400-402. [PMID: 29148883 DOI: 10.7589/2017-03-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The world's native distribution of muskox ( Ovibos moschatus) is restricted to Canada and Greenland, and a muskox-specific gammaherpesvirus has been described from Canadian populations. We analyzed spleen samples from the Kangerlussuaq muskox population in Greenland and identified muskox gammaherpes by PCR and sequencing.
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Ochirkhuu N, Konnai S, Odbileg R, Murata S, Ohashi K. Molecular epidemiological survey and genetic characterization of ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 in Mongolian livestock. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:2040-2042. [PMID: 29046495 PMCID: PMC5745187 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), caused by
ovinegammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2), is a fatal disease
in all ruminants. The epidemiological survey and molecular characterization of OvHV-2 in
Mongolian livestock were performed. Of 928 blood samples, 14 were positive for OvHV-2 in
sheep and native cattle from Tsenkher County and in sheep from Lun County. Phylogenetic
analyses revealed that the tegument gene of OvHV-2 sequences from Mongolian animals is
identical to that in animals from Egypt, India, and Turkey, and is 98.0% similar to that
in animals from Germany and Brazil. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report
of OvHV-2 in Mongolian livestock, and could provide useful information for controlling
SA-MCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyamsuren Ochirkhuu
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Raadan Odbileg
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolia University of Life Science, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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Neuropathological survey reveals underestimation of the prevalence of neuroinfectious diseases in cattle in Switzerland. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:137-145. [PMID: 28888628 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinfectious diseases in livestock represent a severe threat to animal health, but their prevalence is not well documented and the etiology of disease often remains unidentified. The aims of this study were to generate baseline data on the prevalence of neuroinfectious diseases in cattle in Switzerland by neuropathological survey, and to identify disease-associated pathogens. The survey was performed over a 1-year period using a representative number of brainstem samples (n=1816) from fallen cattle. In total, 4% (n=73) of the animals had significant lesions, the most frequent types of which were indicative of viral (n=27) and bacterial (n=31) etiologies. Follow-up diagnostics by immunohistochemistry, PCR protocols and next-generation sequencing identified infection with Listeria monocytogenes (n=6), ovine herpesvirus 2 (n=7), bovine astrovirus CH13 (n=2), bovine herpesvirus 6 (n=6), bovine retrovirus CH15 (n=2), posavirus 1 (n=2), and porcine astroviruses (n=2). A retrospective questionnaire-based investigation indicated that animals' owners observed clinical signs of neurological disease in about one-third of cases with lesions, which was estimated to correspond to approximately 85 cases per year in the adult fallen cattle population in Switzerland. This estimate stands in sharp contrast to the number of cases reported to the authorities and reveals a gap in disease surveillance. Systematic neuropathological examination and follow-up molecular testing of neurologically diseased cattle could significantly enhance the efficiency of disease detection for the purposes of estimating the prevalence of endemic diseases, identifying new or re-emerging pathogens, and providing "early warnings" of disease outbreaks.
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Ovine Herpesvirus 2 Glycoproteins B, H, and L Are Sufficient for, and Viral Glycoprotein Ov8 Can Enhance, Cell-Cell Membrane Fusion. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02454-16. [PMID: 28053110 PMCID: PMC5331822 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02454-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is a gammaherpesvirus in the genus Macavirus that is carried asymptomatically by sheep. Infection of poorly adapted animals with OvHV-2 results in sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever, a fatal disease characterized by lymphoproliferation and vasculitis. There is no treatment or vaccine for the disease and no cell culture system to propagate the virus. The lack of cell culture has hindered studies of OvHV-2 biology, including its entry mechanism. As an alternative method to study OvHV-2 glycoproteins responsible for membrane fusion as a part of the entry mechanism, we developed a virus-free cell-to-cell membrane fusion assay to identify the minimum required OvHV-2 glycoproteins to induce membrane fusion. OvHV-2 glycoproteins B, H, and L (gB, gH, and gL) were able to induce membrane fusion together but not when expressed individually. Additionally, open reading frame Ov8, unique to OvHV-2, was found to encode a transmembrane glycoprotein that can significantly enhance membrane fusion. Thus, OvHV-2 gB, gH, and gL are sufficient to induce membrane fusion, while glycoprotein Ov8 plays an enhancing role by an unknown mechanism.IMPORTANCE Herpesviruses enter cells via attachment of the virion to the cellular surface and fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes. Virus-cell membrane fusion is an important step for a successful viral infection. Elucidating the roles of viral glycoproteins responsible for membrane fusion is critical toward understanding viral entry. Entry of ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), the causative agent of sheep associated-malignant catarrhal fever, which is one of the leading causes of death in bison and other ungulates, has not been well studied due to the lack of a cell culture system to propagate the virus. The identification of OvHV-2 glycoproteins that mediate membrane fusion may help identify viral and/or cellular factors involved in OvHV-2 cell tropism and will advance investigation of cellular factors necessary for virus-cell membrane fusion. We found that OvHV-2 glycoproteins B, H, and L are sufficient for, and viral glycoprotein Ov8 can significantly enhance, cell-cell membrane fusion.
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Molecular and Serological Survey of Selected Viruses in Free-Ranging Wild Ruminants in Iran. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168756. [PMID: 27997620 PMCID: PMC5173247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular and serological survey of selected viruses in free-ranging wild ruminants was conducted in 13 different districts in Iran. Samples were collected from 64 small wild ruminants belonging to four different species including 25 Mouflon (Ovis orientalis), 22 wild goat (Capra aegagrus), nine Indian gazelle (Gazella bennettii) and eight Goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) during the national survey for wildlife diseases in Iran. Serum samples were evaluated using serologic antibody tests for Peste de petits ruminants virus (PPRV), Pestiviruses [Border Disease virus (BVD) and Bovine Viral Diarrhoea virus (BVDV)], Bluetongue virus (BTV), Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), and Parainfluenza type 3 (PI3). Sera were also ELISA tested for Pestivirus antigen. Tissue samples including spleen, liver, lung, tonsils, mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes and white blood cells (WBCs) were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for PPRV, Foot and Mouth Disease virus (FMDV), Pestivirus, BTV, Ovine herpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2) and BHV-1. Serologic tests were positive for antibodies against PPRV (17%), Pestiviruses (2%) and BTV (2%). No antibodies were detected for BHV-1 or PI3, and no Pestivirus antigen was detected. PCR results were positive for PPRV (7.8%), FMDV (11%), BTV (3%), OvHV-2 (31%) and BHV-1 (1.5%). None of the samples were positive for Pestiviruses.
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Fernández-Aguilar X, Esperón F, Cabezón O, Velarde R, Mentaberre G, Delicado V, Muñoz MJ, Serrano E, Lavín S, López-Olvera JR. Identification of a gammaherpesvirus belonging to the malignant catarrhal fever group of viruses in Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica). Arch Virol 2016; 161:3249-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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