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Isla E. Animal-Energy Relationships in a Changing Ocean: The Case of Continental Shelf Macrobenthic Communities on the Weddell Sea and the Vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050659. [PMID: 37237473 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The continental shelves of the Weddell Sea and the Antarctic Peninsula vicinity host abundant macrobenthic communities, and the persistence of which is facing serious global change threats. The current relationship among pelagic energy production, its distribution over the shelf, and macrobenthic consumption is a "clockwork" mechanism that has evolved over thousands of years. Together with biological processes such as production, consumption, reproduction, and competence, it also involves ice (e.g., sea ice, ice shelves, and icebergs), wind, and water currents, among the most important physical controls. This bio-physical machinery undergoes environmental changes that most likely will compromise the persistence of the valuable biodiversity pool that Antarctic macrobenthic communities host. Scientific evidence shows that ongoing environmental change leads to primary production increases and also suggests that, in contrast, macrobenthic biomass and the organic carbon concentration in the sediment may decrease. Warming and acidification may affect the existence of the current Weddell Sea and Antarctic Peninsula shelf macrobenthic communities earlier than other global change agents. Species with the ability to cope with warmer water may have a greater chance of persisting together with allochthonous colonizers. The Antarctic macrobenthos biodiversity pool is a valuable ecosystem service that is under serious threat, and establishing marine protected areas may not be sufficient to preserve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Isla
- Institut de Ciències del Mar-CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Thomsen S, Hansen MH, Lillethorup JP, Tirsgaard FS, Flytkjær A, Melvad C, Rysgaard S, Carlson DF. An affordable and miniature ice coring drill for rapid acquisition of small iceberg samples. HARDWAREX 2020; 7:e00101. [PMID: 35495204 PMCID: PMC9041166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2020.e00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Icebergs account for approximately half of the freshwater flux from the Greenland Ice Sheet and they can impact marine ecosystems by releasing nutrients and sediments into the ocean as they drift and melt. Parameterizing iceberg fluxes of nutrients and sediments to fjord and ocean waters remains a difficult task due to the complexity of ice-ocean interactions and is complicated by a lack of observations. Acquiring iceberg samples can be difficult and dangerous, as icebergs can break apart and roll without warning. Here we present open source design files for a small, lightweight ice coring drill that can be reproduced using modern computer numerical control (CNC) machining and 3D printing technology. This ice core drill can rapidly acquire small ice samples from icebergs and bergy bits using a standard commercial, off-the-shelf battery-operated hand drill. Design files and a recent field expedition to Northwest Greenland are described. Ice core collection required only 30 s, thereby minimizing risks to scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Adam Flytkjær
- School of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus Melvad
- School of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Rysgaard
- Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel F. Carlson
- Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Geesthacht, Germany
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3
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Hopwood MJ, Carroll D, Höfer J, Achterberg EP, Meire L, Le Moigne FAC, Bach LT, Eich C, Sutherland DA, González HE. Highly variable iron content modulates iceberg-ocean fertilisation and potential carbon export. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5261. [PMID: 31748607 PMCID: PMC6868171 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine phytoplankton growth at high latitudes is extensively limited by iron availability. Icebergs are a vector transporting the bioessential micronutrient iron into polar oceans. Therefore, increasing iceberg fluxes due to global warming have the potential to increase marine productivity and carbon export, creating a negative climate feedback. However, the magnitude of the iceberg iron flux, the subsequent fertilization effect and the resultant carbon export have not been quantified. Using a global analysis of iceberg samples, we reveal that iceberg iron concentrations vary over 6 orders of magnitude. Our results demonstrate that, whilst icebergs are the largest source of iron to the polar oceans, the heterogeneous iron distribution within ice moderates iron delivery to offshore waters and likely also affects the subsequent ocean iron enrichment. Future marine productivity may therefore be not only sensitive to increasing total iceberg fluxes, but also to changing iceberg properties, internal sediment distribution and melt dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Hopwood
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Dustin Carroll
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San José State University, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - Juan Höfer
- Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Lorenz Meire
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, Yerseke, The Netherlands
- Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Frédéric A C Le Moigne
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Lennart T Bach
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Charlotte Eich
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and University of Amsterdam, Texel, The Netherlands
| | | | - Humberto E González
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
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Hochella MF, Mogk DW, Ranville J, Allen IC, Luther GW, Marr LC, McGrail BP, Murayama M, Qafoku NP, Rosso KM, Sahai N, Schroeder PA, Vikesland P, Westerhoff P, Yang Y. Natural, incidental, and engineered nanomaterials and their impacts on the Earth system. Science 2019; 363:363/6434/eaau8299. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are critical components in the Earth system’s past, present, and future characteristics and behavior. They have been present since Earth’s origin in great abundance. Life, from the earliest cells to modern humans, has evolved in intimate association with naturally occurring nanomaterials. This synergy began to shift considerably with human industrialization. Particularly since the Industrial Revolution some two-and-a-half centuries ago, incidental nanomaterials (produced unintentionally by human activity) have been continuously produced and distributed worldwide. In some areas, they now rival the amount of naturally occurring nanomaterials. In the past half-century, engineered nanomaterials have been produced in very small amounts relative to the other two types of nanomaterials, but still in large enough quantities to make them a consequential component of the planet. All nanomaterials, regardless of their origin, have distinct chemical and physical properties throughout their size range, clearly setting them apart from their macroscopic equivalents and necessitating careful study. Following major advances in experimental, computational, analytical, and field approaches, it is becoming possible to better assess and understand all types and origins of nanomaterials in the Earth system. It is also now possible to frame their immediate and long-term impact on environmental and human health at local, regional, and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Hochella
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Subsurface Science and Technology Group, Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - David W. Mogk
- Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3480, USA
| | - James Ranville
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Irving C. Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - George W. Luther
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA
| | - Linsey C. Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - B. Peter McGrail
- Applied Functional Materials Group, Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Mitsu Murayama
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Reactor Materials and Mechanical Design Group, Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 8168580, Japan
| | - Nikolla P. Qafoku
- Subsurface Science and Technology Group, Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Kevin M. Rosso
- Geochemistry Group, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Nita Sahai
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3909, USA
| | | | - Peter Vikesland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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Joiris CR. Hotspots of kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla tridactyla on icebergs off southwest Greenland in autumn. Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Carlson DF, Rysgaard S. Adapting open-source drone autopilots for real-time iceberg observations. MethodsX 2018; 5:1059-1072. [PMID: 30225206 PMCID: PMC6139390 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Drone autopilots are naturally suited for real-time iceberg tracking as they measure position and orientation (pitch, roll, and heading) and they transmit these data to a ground station. We powered an ArduPilot Mega (APM) 2.6 with a 5V 11 Ah lithium ion battery (a smartphone power bank), placed the APM and battery in a waterproof sportsman’s box, and tossed the box and its contents by hand onto an 80 m-long iceberg from an 8 m boat. The data stream could be viewed on a laptop, which greatly enhanced safety while collecting conductivity/temperature/depth (CTD) profiles from the small boat in the iceberg’s vicinity. The 10 s position data allowed us to compute the distance of each CTD profile to the iceberg, which is necessary to determine if a given CTD profile was collected within the iceberg’s meltwater plume. The APM position data greatly reduced position uncertainty when compared to 5 min position data obtained from a Spot Trace unit. The APM functioned for over 10 h without depleting the battery. We describe the specific hardware used and the software settings necessary to use the APM as a real-time iceberg tracker. Furthermore, the methods described here apply to all Ardupilot-compatible autopilots. Given the low cost ($90) and ease of use, drone autopilots like the APM should be included as another tool for studying iceberg motion and for enhancing safety of marine operations. Commercial off-the-shelf iceberg trackers are typically configured to record positions over relatively long intervals (months to years) and are not well-suited for short-term (hours to few days), high-frequency monitoring Drone autopilots are cheap and provide high-frequency (>1 Hz) and real-time information about iceberg drift and orientation Drone autopilots and ground control software can be easily adapted to studies of iceberg-ocean interactions and operational iceberg management
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Carlson
- Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Søren Rysgaard
- Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Surveying Drifting Icebergs and Ice Islands: Deterioration Detection and Mass Estimation with Aerial Photogrammetry and Laser Scanning. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10040575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Meire L, Mortensen J, Meire P, Juul-Pedersen T, Sejr MK, Rysgaard S, Nygaard R, Huybrechts P, Meysman FJR. Marine-terminating glaciers sustain high productivity in Greenland fjords. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:5344-5357. [PMID: 28776870 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet leads to glacier retreat and an increasing input of glacial meltwater to the fjords and coastal waters around Greenland. These high latitude ecosystems are highly productive and sustain important fisheries, yet it remains uncertain how they will respond to future changes in the Arctic cryosphere. Here we show that marine-terminating glaciers play a crucial role in sustaining high productivity of the fjord ecosystems. Hydrographic and biogeochemical data from two fjord systems adjacent to the Greenland ice sheet, suggest that marine ecosystem productivity is very differently regulated in fjords influenced by either land-terminating or marine-terminating glaciers. Rising subsurface meltwater plumes originating from marine-terminating glaciers entrain large volumes of ambient deep water to the surface. The resulting upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water sustains a high phytoplankton productivity throughout summer in the fjord with marine-terminating glaciers. In contrast, the fjord with only land-terminating glaciers lack this upwelling mechanism, and is characterized by lower productivity. Data on commercial halibut landings support that coastal regions influenced by large marine-terminating glaciers have substantially higher marine productivity. These results suggest that a switch from marine-terminating to land-terminating glaciers can substantially alter the productivity in the coastal zone around Greenland with potentially large ecological and socio-economic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Meire
- Greenland Climate Research Centre (GCRC), Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research and Utrecht University, Yerseke, The Netherlands
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - John Mortensen
- Greenland Climate Research Centre (GCRC), Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Patrick Meire
- Ecosystem Management Research Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Thomas Juul-Pedersen
- Greenland Climate Research Centre (GCRC), Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Mikael K Sejr
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Rysgaard
- Greenland Climate Research Centre (GCRC), Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of environment and Geography, Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Rasmus Nygaard
- Greenland Climate Research Centre (GCRC), Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Philippe Huybrechts
- Earth System Science & Departement Geografie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Filip J R Meysman
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research and Utrecht University, Yerseke, The Netherlands
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, Belgium
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9
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Abstract
Most of Earth’s glaciers are retreating, but some tidewater glaciers are advancing despite increasing temperatures and contrary to their neighbors. This can be explained by the coupling of ice and sediment dynamics: a shoal forms at the glacier terminus, reducing ice discharge and causing advance towards an unstable configuration followed by abrupt retreat, in a process known as the tidewater glacier cycle. Here we use a numerical model calibrated with observations to show that interactions between ice flow, glacial erosion, and sediment transport drive these cycles, which occur independent of climate variations. Water availability controls cycle period and amplitude, and enhanced melt from future warming could trigger advance even in glaciers that are steady or retreating, complicating interpretations of glacier response to climate change. The resulting shifts in sediment and meltwater delivery from changes in glacier configuration may impact interpretations of marine sediments, fjord geochemistry, and marine ecosystems. The reason some of the Earth’s tidewater glaciers are advancing despite increasing temperatures is not entirely clear. Here, using a numerical model that simulates both ice and sediment dynamics, the authors show that internal dynamics drive glacier variability independent of climate.
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11
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Long DG. Polar Applications of Spaceborne Scatterometers. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING 2017; 10:2307-2320. [PMID: 28919936 PMCID: PMC5597249 DOI: 10.1109/jstars.2016.2629418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wind scatterometers were originally developed for observation of near-surface winds over the ocean. They retrieve wind indirectly by measuring the normalized radar cross section (σo ) of the surface, and estimating the wind via a geophysical model function relating σo to the vector wind. The σo measurements have proven to be remarkably capable in studies of the polar regions where they can map snow cover; detect the freeze/thaw state of forest, tundra, and ice; map and classify sea ice; and track icebergs. Further, a long time series of scatterometer σo observations is available to support climate studies. In addition to fundamental scientific research, scatterometer data are operationally used for sea-ice mapping to support navigation. Scatterometers are, thus, invaluable tools for monitoring the polar regions. In this paper, a brief review of some of the polar applications of spaceborne wind scatterometer data is provided. The paper considers both C-band and Ku-band scatterometers, and the relative merits of fan-beam and pencil-beam scatterometers in polar remote sensing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Long
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 USA
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12
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Summer social structure of crabeater seal Lobodon carcinophaga in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1778-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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