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Truong TT, Hayn M, Frich CK, Olari L, Ladefoged LK, Jarlstad Olesen MT, Jakobsen JH, Lunabjerg‐Vestergaard CK, Schiøtt B, Münch J, Zelikin AN. Potentiation of Drug Toxicity Through Virus Latency Reversal Promotes Preferential Elimination of HIV Infected Cells. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Tung Truong
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Manuel Hayn
- Institute of Molecular Virology Ulm University Medical Center 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Camilla Kaas Frich
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Lia‐Raluca Olari
- Institute of Molecular Virology Ulm University Medical Center 89081 Ulm Germany
| | | | | | - Josefine H. Jakobsen
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | | | - Birgit Schiøtt
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre Aarhus University Aarhus 8000 Denmark
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology Ulm University Medical Center 89081 Ulm Germany
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre Aarhus University Aarhus 8000 Denmark
| | - Alexander N. Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre Aarhus University Aarhus 8000 Denmark
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Abana CZY, Lamptey H, Bonney EY, Kyei GB. HIV cure strategies: which ones are appropriate for Africa? Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:400. [PMID: 35794316 PMCID: PMC9259540 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced mortality and improved lifespan for people living with HIV, it does not provide a cure. Patients must be on ART for the rest of their lives and contend with side effects, unsustainable costs, and the development of drug resistance. A cure for HIV is, therefore, warranted to avoid the limitations of the current therapy and restore full health. However, this cure is difficult to find due to the persistence of latently infected HIV cellular reservoirs during suppressive ART. Approaches to HIV cure being investigated include boosting the host immune system, genetic approaches to disable co-receptors and the viral genome, purging cells harboring latent HIV with latency-reversing latency agents (LRAs) (shock and kill), intensifying ART as a cure, preventing replication of latent proviruses (block and lock) and boosting T cell turnover to reduce HIV-1 reservoirs (rinse and replace). Since most people living with HIV are in Africa, methods being developed for a cure must be amenable to clinical trials and deployment on the continent. This review discusses the current approaches to HIV cure and comments on their appropriateness for Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Zaab-Yen Abana
- Department of Virology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Helena Lamptey
- Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Y Bonney
- Department of Virology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George B Kyei
- Department of Virology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Medical and Scientific Research Center, University of Ghana Medical Centre, Accra, Ghana.
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Glucosidase Inhibitors Screening in Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Isolated from the Amazon and Proteomic Analysis of Inhibitor Producing Synechococcus sp. GFB01. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081593. [PMID: 34442672 PMCID: PMC8402191 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae and cyanobacteria are good sources for prospecting metabolites of biotechnological interest, including glucosidase inhibitors. These inhibitors act on enzymes related to various biochemical processes; they are involved in metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and Gaucher disease, tumors and viral infections, thus, they are interesting hubs for the development of new drugs and therapies. In this work, the screening of 63 environmental samples collected in the Brazilian Amazon found activity against β-glucosidase, of at least 60 min, in 13.85% of the tested extracts, with Synechococcus sp. GFB01 showing inhibitory activity of 90.2% for α-glucosidase and 96.9% against β-glucosidase. It was found that the nutritional limitation due to a reduction in the concentration of sodium nitrate, despite not being sufficient to cause changes in cell growth and photosynthetic apparatus, resulted in reduced production of α and β-glucosidase inhibitors and differential protein expression. The proteomic analysis of cyanobacteria isolated from the Amazon is unprecedented, with this being the first work to evaluate the protein expression of Synechococcus sp. GFB01 subjected to nutritional stress. This evaluation helps to better understand the metabolic responses of this organism, especially related to the production of inhibitors, adding knowledge to the industrial potential of these cyanobacterial compounds.
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Combinatorial Use of Both Epigenetic and Non-Epigenetic Mechanisms to Efficiently Reactivate HIV Latency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073697. [PMID: 33918134 PMCID: PMC8036438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of latent HIV provirus pools in different resting CD4+ cell subsets remains the greatest obstacle in the current efforts to treat and cure HIV infection. Recent efforts to purge out latently infected memory CD4+ T-cells using latency-reversing agents have failed in clinical trials. This review discusses the epigenetic and non-epigenetic mechanisms of HIV latency control, major limitations of the current approaches of using latency-reversing agents to reactivate HIV latency in resting CD4+ T-cells, and potential solutions to these limitations.
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CBF-1 Promotes the Establishment and Maintenance of HIV Latency by Recruiting Polycomb Repressive Complexes, PRC1 and PRC2, at HIV LTR. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091040. [PMID: 32961937 PMCID: PMC7551090 DOI: 10.3390/v12091040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-promoter binding factor-1 (CBF-1) is a potent and specific inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 LTR promoter. Here, we demonstrate that the knockdown of endogenous CBF-1 in latently infected primary CD4+ T cells, using specific small hairpin RNAs (shRNA), resulted in the reactivation of latent HIV proviruses. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays using latently infected primary T cells and Jurkat T-cell lines demonstrated that CBF-1 induces the establishment and maintenance of HIV latency by recruiting polycomb group (PcG/PRC) corepressor complexes or polycomb repressive complexes 1 and 2 (PRC1 and PRC2). Knockdown of CBF-1 resulted in the dissociation of PRCs corepressor complexes enhancing the recruitment of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) at HIV LTR. Knockdown of certain components of PRC1 and PRC2 also led to the reactivation of latent proviruses. Similarly, the treatment of latently infected primary CD4+ T cells with the PRC2/EZH2 inhibitor, 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep), led to their reactivation.
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Clausen DJ, Liu J, Yu W, Duffy JL, Chung CC, Myers RW, Klein DJ, Fells J, Holloway K, Wu J, Wu G, Howell BJ, Barnard RJ, Kozlowski J. Development of a selective HDAC inhibitor aimed at reactivating the HIV latent reservoir. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Nanoparticles presenting clusters of CD4 expose a universal vulnerability of HIV-1 by mimicking target cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18719-18728. [PMID: 32690692 PMCID: PMC7414181 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010320117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4-based decoy approaches against HIV-1 are attractive options for long-term viral control, but initial designs, including soluble CD4 (sCD4) and CD4-Ig, were ineffective. To evaluate a therapeutic that more accurately mimics HIV-1 target cells compared with monomeric sCD4 and dimeric CD4-Ig, we generated virus-like nanoparticles that present clusters of membrane-associated CD4 (CD4-VLPs) to permit high-avidity binding of trimeric HIV-1 envelope spikes. In neutralization assays, CD4-VLPs were >12,000-fold more potent than sCD4 and CD4-Ig and >100-fold more potent than the broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) 3BNC117, with >12,000-fold improvements against strains poorly neutralized by 3BNC117. CD4-VLPs also neutralized patient-derived viral isolates that were resistant to 3BNC117 and other bNAbs. Intraperitoneal injections of CD4-CCR5-VLP produced only subneutralizing plasma concentrations in HIV-1-infected humanized mice but elicited CD4-binding site mutations that reduced viral fitness. All mutant viruses showed reduced sensitivity to sCD4 and CD4-Ig but remained sensitive to neutralization by CD4-VLPs in vitro. In vitro evolution studies demonstrated that CD4-VLPs effectively controlled HIV-1 replication at neutralizing concentrations, and viral escape was not observed. Moreover, CD4-VLPs potently neutralized viral swarms that were completely resistant to CD4-Ig, suggesting that escape pathways that confer resistance against conventional CD4-based inhibitors are ineffective against CD4-VLPs. These findings suggest that therapeutics that mimic HIV-1 target cells could prevent viral escape by exposing a universal vulnerability of HIV-1: the requirement to bind CD4 on a target cell. We propose that therapeutic and delivery strategies that ensure durable bioavailability need to be developed to translate this concept into a clinically feasible functional cure therapy.
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Insights into the HIV Latency and the Role of Cytokines. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030137. [PMID: 31487807 PMCID: PMC6789648 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) has the ability to infect latently at the level of individual CD4+ cells. Latent HIV-1 proviruses are transcriptionally silent and immunologically inert, but are still capable of reactivating productive lytic infection following cellular activation. These latent viruses are the main obstacle in the eradication of HIV-1, because current HIV-1 treatment regimens are ineffective against them. Normal immunological response against an antigen activates CD4+ naïve T cells. The activated CD4+ naïve T cells undergo cell cycle, resulting in further transformation and profound proliferation to form effector CD4+ T-cells. Notably, in HIV-1 infected individuals, some of the effector CD4+ T cells get infected with HIV-1. Upon fulfillment of their effector functions, almost all activated CD4+ T cells are committed to apoptosis or programmed cell death, but a miniscule fraction revert to quiescence and become resting memory CD4+ T cells to mediate a rapid immunological response against the same antigen in the future. However, due to the quiescent nature of the resting memory T cells, the integrated HIV-1 becomes transcriptionally silent and acquires a latent phenotype. Following re-exposure to the same antigen, memory cells and integrated HIV-1 are stimulated. The reactivated latent HIV provirus subsequently proceeds through its life cycle and eventually leads to the production of new viral progeny. Recently, many strategies against HIV-1 latency have been developed and some of them have even matured to the clinical level, but none can yet effectively eliminate the latent HIV reservoir, which remains a barrier to HIV-1 cure. Therefore, alternative strategies to eradicate latent HIV need to be considered. This review provides vital knowledge on HIV latency and on strategies to supplement highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) with cytokine-mediated therapeutics for dislodging the latent HIV reservoirs in order to open up new avenues for curing HIV.
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Hattori SI, Matsuda K, Tsuchiya K, Gatanaga H, Oka S, Yoshimura K, Mitsuya H, Maeda K. Combination of a Latency-Reversing Agent With a Smac Mimetic Minimizes Secondary HIV-1 Infection in vitro. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2022. [PMID: 30283406 PMCID: PMC6156138 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Latency-reversing agents (LRAs) are considered a potential tool to cure human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, but when they are taken alone, virus production by reactivated cells and subsequent infection will occur. Hence, it is crucial to simultaneously take appropriate measures to prevent such secondary HIV-1 infection. In this regard, a strategy to minimize the production of infectious viruses from LRA-reactivated cells is worth pursuing. Here, we focused on a second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac) mimetic, birinapant, to induce apoptosis in latent HIV-1-infected cells. When birinapant was administered alone, it only slightly increased the expression of caspase-3. However, in combination with an LRA (e.g., PEP005), it strongly induced the expression of caspase-3 followed by enhanced apoptosis. Importantly, the combination eliminated reactivated cells and drastically reduced HIV-1 production. Finally, we found that birinapant decreased the mRNA expression of HIV-1 that was induced by PEP005 in the primary CD4+ T-cells from HIV-1-carrying patients as well. These results suggest that the combination of an LRA and an “apoptosis-inducing” agent, such as a Smac mimetic, is a possible treatment option to decrease HIV-1 reservoirs without the occurrence of HIV-1 production by reactivated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouki Matsuda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Tsuchiya
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oka
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kenji Maeda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Hill AL, Rosenbloom DIS, Nowak MA, Siliciano RF. Insight into treatment of HIV infection from viral dynamics models. Immunol Rev 2018; 285:9-25. [PMID: 30129208 PMCID: PMC6155466 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The odds of living a long and healthy life with HIV infection have dramatically improved with the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy. Along with the early development and clinical trials of these drugs, and new field of research emerged called viral dynamics, which uses mathematical models to interpret and predict the time-course of viral levels during infection and how they are altered by treatment. In this review, we summarize the contributions that virus dynamics models have made to understanding the pathophysiology of infection and to designing effective therapies. This includes studies of the multiphasic decay of viral load when antiretroviral therapy is given, the evolution of drug resistance, the long-term persistence latently infected cells, and the rebound of viremia when drugs are stopped. We additionally discuss new work applying viral dynamics models to new classes of investigational treatment for HIV, including latency-reversing agents and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L. Hill
- Program for Evolutionary DynamicsHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts
| | - Daniel I. S. Rosenbloom
- Department of PharmacokineticsPharmacodynamics, & Drug MetabolismMerck Research LaboratoriesKenilworthNew Jersey
| | - Martin A. Nowak
- Program for Evolutionary DynamicsHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBaltimoreMaryland
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Li G, Nunoya JI, Cheng L, Reszka-Blanco N, Tsao LC, Jeffrey J, Su L. Regulatory T Cells Contribute to HIV-1 Reservoir Persistence in CD4+ T Cells Through Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Dependent Mechanisms in Humanized Mice In Vivo. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1579-1591. [PMID: 29045701 PMCID: PMC5853220 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress T-cell immune activation and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication, but the role of Tregs in HIV-1 reservoir persistence is poorly defined. Methods Tregs were depleted by denileukin diftitox in humanized mice with chronic HIV-1 infection. Viral replication in lineage cells was determined by p24 expression. Levels of HIV-1 RNA and DNA in human cells, as well as replication-competent-virus-producing cells, were measured to quantified viral replication and reservoirs. Results Treg depletion resulted in a blip of HIV-1 replication in T cells but not in myeloid cells. The major activated reservoir cells were memory CD4+ T cells in vivo. Interestingly, the transient activation of viral replication led to HIV-1 reservoir reduction after viremia resuppression, as indicated by the quantity of HIV-1 DNA and replication-competent-virus-producing cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Tregs use cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A pathway to inhibit HIV-1 activation and replication in resting conventional T cells in vitro. Conclusion Tregs suppress HIV-1 replication in T cells and contribute to HIV-1 reservoir persistence. cAMP produced in Tregs is involved in their suppression of viral gene activation and expression. Treg depletion combined with combination antiretroviral therapy provides a novel strategy for HIV-1 cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
| | - Jun-ichi Nunoya
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
| | - Liang Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
| | | | - Li-Chung Tsao
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
| | - Jerry Jeffrey
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Lishan Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
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Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has rendered HIV-1 infection a treatable illness; however, ART is not curative owing to the persistence of replication-competent, latent proviruses in long-lived resting T cells. Strategies that target these latently infected cells and allow immune recognition and clearance of this reservoir will be necessary to eradicate HIV-1 in infected individuals. This review describes current pharmacologic approaches to reactivate the latent reservoir so that infected cells can be recognized and targeted, with the ultimate goal of achieving an HIV-1 cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Spivak
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112;
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Inhibitors of the Histone Methyltransferases EZH2/1 Induce a Potent Antiviral State and Suppress Infection by Diverse Viral Pathogens. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01141-17. [PMID: 28811345 PMCID: PMC5559635 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01141-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation is based on a network of complexes that modulate the chromatin character and structure of the genome to impact gene expression, cell fate, and development. Thus, epigenetic modulators represent novel therapeutic targets used to treat a range of diseases, including malignancies. Infectious pathogens such as herpesviruses are also regulated by cellular epigenetic machinery, and epigenetic therapeutics represent a novel approach used to control infection, persistence, and the resulting recurrent disease. The histone H3K27 methyltransferases EZH2 and EZH1 (EZH2/1) are epigenetic repressors that suppress gene transcription via propagation of repressive H3K27me3-enriched chromatin domains. However, while EZH2/1 are implicated in the repression of herpesviral gene expression, inhibitors of these enzymes suppressed primary herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, these compounds blocked lytic viral replication following induction of HSV reactivation in latently infected sensory ganglia. Suppression correlated with the induction of multiple inflammatory, stress, and antipathogen pathways, as well as enhanced recruitment of immune cells to in vivo infection sites. Importantly, EZH2/1 inhibitors induced a cellular antiviral state that also suppressed infection with DNA (human cytomegalovirus, adenovirus) and RNA (Zika virus) viruses. Thus, EZH2/1 inhibitors have considerable potential as general antivirals through the activation of cellular antiviral and immune responses. A significant proportion of the world’s population is infected with herpes simplex virus. Primary infection and subsequent recurrent reactivation can result in diseases ranging from mild lesions to severe ocular or neurological damage. Herpesviruses are subject to epigenetic regulation that modulates viral gene expression, lytic replication, and latency-reactivation cycles. Thus, epigenetic pharmaceuticals have the potential to alter the course of infection and disease. Here, while the histone methyltransferases EZH2/1 are implicated in the suppression of herpesviruses, inhibitors of these repressors unexpectedly suppress viral infection in vitro and in vivo by induction of key components of cellular innate defense pathways. These inhibitors suppress infection by multiple viral pathogens, indicating their potential as broad-spectrum antivirals.
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Combinations of isoform-targeted histone deacetylase inhibitors and bryostatin analogues display remarkable potency to activate latent HIV without global T-cell activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7456. [PMID: 28785069 PMCID: PMC5547048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV/AIDS slows disease progression by reducing viral loads and increasing CD4 counts. Yet ART is not curative due to the persistence of CD4+ T-cell proviral reservoirs that chronically resupply active virus. Elimination of these reservoirs through the administration of synergistic combinations of latency reversing agents (LRAs), such as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and protein kinase C (PKC) modulators, provides a promising strategy to reduce if not eradicate the viral reservoir. Here, we demonstrate that largazole and its analogues are isoform-targeted histone deacetylase inhibitors and potent LRAs. Significantly, these isoform-targeted HDAC inhibitors synergize with PKC modulators, namely bryostatin-1 analogues (bryologs). Implementation of this unprecedented LRA combination induces HIV-1 reactivation to unparalleled levels and avoids global T-cell activation within resting CD4+ T-cells.
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Ahammed V, Narayan R, Paul J, Nayak Y, Roy B, Shavi GV, Nayak UY. Development and in vivo evaluation of functionalized ritonavir proliposomes for lymphatic targeting. Life Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Huang H, Liu S, Jean M, Simpson S, Huang H, Merkley M, Hayashi T, Kong W, Rodríguez-Sánchez I, Zhang X, Yosief HO, Miao H, Que J, Kobie JJ, Bradner J, Santoso NG, Zhang W, Zhu J. A Novel Bromodomain Inhibitor Reverses HIV-1 Latency through Specific Binding with BRD4 to Promote Tat and P-TEFb Association. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28638377 PMCID: PMC5461361 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While combinatory antiretroviral therapy (cART) can effectively reduce HIV-1 viremia, it cannot eliminate HIV-1 infection. In the presence of cART, viral reservoirs remain latent, impeding the cure of HIV-1/AIDS. Recently, latency-reversing agents (LRAs) have been developed with the intent of purging latent HIV-1, providing an intriguing strategy for the eradication of the residual viral reservoirs. Our earlier studies show that the first-generation, methyl-triazolo bromodomain, and extra-terminal domain inhibitor (BETi), JQ1, facilitates the reversal of HIV-1 latency. BETis have emerged as a new class of compounds that are promising for this HIV-1 "shock and kill" eradication approach. However, when used as a single drug, JQ1 only modestly reverses HIV-1 latency, which complicates studying the underlining mechanisms. Meanwhile, it has been widely discussed that the induction of latent proviruses is stochastic (Ho et al., 2013). Thus, new BETis are currently under active development with focus on improving potency, ease of synthesis and structural diversity. Using fluorous-tagged multicomponent reactions, we developed a novel second-generation, 3,5-dimethylisoxazole BETi based on an imidazo[1,2-a] pyrazine scaffold, UMB-32. Furthermore, we screened 37 UMB-32 derivatives and identified that one, UMB-136, reactivates HIV-1 in multiple cell models of HIV-1 latency with better efficiency than either JQ1 or UMB-32. UMB-136 enhances HIV-1 transcription and increases viral production through the release of P-TEFb. Importantly, UMB-136 enhances the latency-reversing effects of PKC agonists (prostratin, bryostatin-1) in CD8-depleted PBMCs containing latent viral reservoirs. Our results illustrate that structurally improved BETis, such as UMB-136, may be useful as promising LRAs for HIV-1 eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachao Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts BostonBoston, MA, United States
| | - Maxime Jean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
| | - Sydney Simpson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
| | - He Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook UniversityStony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Mark Merkley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
| | - Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
| | - Weili Kong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
| | - Irene Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts BostonBoston, MA, United States
| | - Hailemichael O Yosief
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts BostonBoston, MA, United States
| | - Hongyu Miao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science CenterHouston, TX, United States
| | - Jianwen Que
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical CenterNew York, NY, United States
| | - James J Kobie
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
| | - James Bradner
- Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBoston, MA, United States
| | - Netty G Santoso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts BostonBoston, MA, United States
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
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White CH, Moesker B, Ciuffi A, Beliakova-Bethell N. Systems biology applications to study mechanisms of human immunodeficiency virus latency and reactivation. World J Clin Infect Dis 2016; 6:6-21. [DOI: 10.5495/wjcid.v6.i2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eradication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in infected individuals is currently not possible because of the presence of the persistent cellular reservoir of latent infection. The identification of HIV latency biomarkers and a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms contributing to regulation of HIV expression might provide essential tools to eliminate these latently infected cells. This review aims at summarizing gene expression profiling and systems biology applications to studies of HIV latency and eradication. Studies comparing gene expression in latently infected and uninfected cells identify candidate latency biomarkers and novel mechanisms of latency control. Studies that profiled gene expression changes induced by existing latency reversing agents (LRAs) highlight uniting themes driving HIV reactivation and novel mechanisms that contribute to regulation of HIV expression by different LRAs. Among the reviewed gene expression studies, the common approaches included identification of differentially expressed genes and gene functional category assessment. Integration of transcriptomic data with other biological data types is presently scarce, and the field would benefit from increased adoption of these methods in future studies. In addition, designing prospective studies that use the same methods of data acquisition and statistical analyses will facilitate a more reliable identification of latency biomarkers using different model systems and the comparison of the effects of different LRAs on host factors with a role in HIV reactivation. The results from such studies would have the potential to significantly impact the process by which candidate drugs are selected and combined for future evaluations and advancement to clinical trials.
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de Carvalho PG, de Oliveira Rodrigues R, Ribeiro da Silva SF, Ribeiro IF, de Miranda Lucena HB, Martins LRC, Rabenhorst SH, de Arruda ÉAG, Nagao-Dias AT. CD38+CD8+ and CD38+CD4+ T Cells and IFN Gamma (+874) Polymorphism Are Associated with a Poor Virological Outcome. Immunol Invest 2016; 45:312-27. [PMID: 27100997 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2016.1157603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of the work was to evaluate the use of CD38 on T lymphocytes, IFNγ (+874 A/T), and IL-10 (-1082 A/G) polymorphisms in HIV-infected patients under antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Sixty-one patients were selected at the outpatient clinic for HIV infection at the Hospital São José de Doenças Infecciosas, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. The patients were classified into two groups, according to viral load after one year of ARV therapy. In the aviremic group (group I), a reduction of 35.5% of CD38+CD4+ T cells was observed (p = 0.02) and 49.3% of CD38+CD8+ T cells (p = 0.001). In the viremic group (group II), a reduction of 37.2% of CD38+CD4+ T cells (p = 0.067), and 21.4% of CD38+CD8+ T cells (p = 0.60) occurred. No association was found between IL-10 (-1082) polymorphism and the type of response to ARV therapy. Regarding the gene polymorphism on IFNγ (+874 T/A), 73.34% of group I and 33.3% of group II presented the AA genotype. The relative risk of the individuals carrying AA genotype or the A allele and not being able to suppress the viral load level after one year of ARV therapy was 3.44 (1.25-9.45; p = 0.014) or 2.35 (1.05-5.26; p = 0.027), respectively. Our data suggested that an augmented frequency of activated CD38+CD8+ T cells as well as the presence of the A allele of IFNγ polymorphism could contribute to a reduced virological suppression in patients under antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Germano de Carvalho
- a Centro de Ciências da Saúde , Universidade de Fortaleza , Ceará , Brazil.,b Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Ceará , Fortaleza , Ceará , Brazil
| | - Raphael de Oliveira Rodrigues
- b Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Ceará , Fortaleza , Ceará , Brazil
| | - Silvia Fernandes Ribeiro da Silva
- a Centro de Ciências da Saúde , Universidade de Fortaleza , Ceará , Brazil.,c Laboratório de Histocompatibilidade e Imunologia de Transplantes do Centro de Pesquisas em Doenças Hepato Renais, Hemocentro , Fortaleza , Ceará , Brazil
| | - Ilana Farias Ribeiro
- c Laboratório de Histocompatibilidade e Imunologia de Transplantes do Centro de Pesquisas em Doenças Hepato Renais, Hemocentro , Fortaleza , Ceará , Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvia Helena Rabenhorst
- e Departamento de Patologia e de Medicina Legal , Universidade Federal do Ceará , Fortaleza , Ceará , Brazil
| | | | - Aparecida Tiemi Nagao-Dias
- b Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Ceará , Fortaleza , Ceará , Brazil
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19
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Trejbalová K, Kovářová D, Blažková J, Machala L, Jilich D, Weber J, Kučerová D, Vencálek O, Hirsch I, Hejnar J. Development of 5' LTR DNA methylation of latent HIV-1 provirus in cell line models and in long-term-infected individuals. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:19. [PMID: 26900410 PMCID: PMC4759744 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) latency represents the major barrier to virus eradication in infected individuals because cells harboring latent HIV-1 provirus are not affected by current antiretroviral therapy (ART). We previously demonstrated that DNA methylation of HIV-1 long terminal repeat (5' LTR) restricts HIV-1 reactivation and, together with chromatin conformation, represents an important mechanism of HIV-1 latency maintenance. Here, we explored the new issue of temporal development of DNA methylation in latent HIV-1 5' LTR. RESULTS In the Jurkat CD4(+) T cell model of latency, we showed that the stimulation of host cells contributed to de novo DNA methylation of the latent HIV-1 5' LTR sequences. Consecutive stimulations of model CD4(+) T cell line with TNF-α and PMA or with SAHA contributed to the progressive accumulation of 5' LTR DNA methylation. Further, we showed that once established, the high DNA methylation level of the latent 5' LTR in the cell line model was a stable epigenetic mark. Finally, we explored the development of 5' LTR DNA methylation in the latent reservoir of HIV-1-infected individuals who were treated with ART. We detected low levels of 5' LTR DNA methylation in the resting CD4(+) T cells of the group of patients who were treated for up to 3 years. However, after long-term ART, we observed an accumulation of 5' LTR DNA methylation in the latent reservoir. Importantly, within the latent reservoir of some long-term-treated individuals, we uncovered populations of proviral molecules with a high density of 5' LTR CpG methylation. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed the presence of 5' LTR DNA methylation in the long-term reservoir of HIV-1-infected individuals and implied that the transient stimulation of cells harboring latent proviruses may contribute, at least in part, to the methylation of the HIV-1 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Trejbalová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Kovářová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Blažková
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Machala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Hospital Na Bulovce in Prague, Budínova 67/2, CZ-18081 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - David Jilich
- Department of Infectious, Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Hospital Na Bulovce, Budínova 67/ 2, CZ-18081 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Kučerová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Vencálek
- Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Faculty of Science of the Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, CZ-77146 Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Hirsch
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic ; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic ; Faculty of Science, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, CZ-12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic ; Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), F-13273 Marseille, France ; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13009 Marseille, France ; Aix-Marseille Univ., F-13284 Marseille, France ; CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - Jiří Hejnar
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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20
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Reddy DN, Ballante F, Chuang T, Pirolli A, Marrocco B, Marshall GR. Design and Synthesis of Simplified Largazole Analogues as Isoform-Selective Human Lysine Deacetylase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1613-33. [PMID: 26681404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of KDAC isoforms while maintaining potency remains a challenge. Using the largazole macrocyclic depsipeptide structure as a starting point for developing new KDACIs with increased selectivity, a combination of four different simplified largazole analogue (SLA) scaffolds with diverse zinc-binding groups (for a total of 60 compounds) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated against class I KDACs 1, 3, and 8, and class II KDAC6. Experimental evidence as well as molecular docking poses converged to establish the cyclic tetrapeptides (CTPs) as the primary determinant of both potency and selectivity by influencing the correct alignment of the zinc-binding group in the KDAC active site, providing a further basis for developing new KDACIs of higher isoform selectivity and potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damodara N Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine , 700 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Flavio Ballante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine , 700 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Timothy Chuang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine , 700 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Adele Pirolli
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma , P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Biagina Marrocco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma , P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Garland R Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine , 700 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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21
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Spivak AM, Planelles V. HIV-1 Eradication: Early Trials (and Tribulations). Trends Mol Med 2015; 22:10-27. [PMID: 26691297 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has rendered HIV-1 infection a manageable illness for those with access to treatment. However, ART does not lead to viral eradication owing to the persistence of replication-competent, unexpressed proviruses in long-lived cellular reservoirs. The potential for long-term drug toxicities and the lack of access to ART for most people living with HIV-1 infection have fueled scientific interest in understanding the nature of this latent reservoir. Exploration of HIV-1 persistence at the cellular and molecular level in resting memory CD4(+) T cells, the predominant viral reservoir in patients on ART, has uncovered potential strategies to reverse latency. We review recent advances in pharmacologically based 'shock and kill' HIV-1 eradication strategies, including comparative analysis of early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Spivak
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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22
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Tyagi M, Weber J, Bukrinsky M, Simon GL. The effects of cocaine on HIV transcription. J Neurovirol 2015; 22:261-74. [PMID: 26572787 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Illicit drug users are a high-risk population for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A strong correlation exists between prohibited drug use and an increased rate of HIV transmission. Cocaine stands out as one of the most frequently abused illicit drugs, and its use is correlated with HIV infection and disease progression. The central nervous system (CNS) is a common target for both drugs of abuse and HIV, and cocaine intake further accelerates neuronal injury in HIV patients. Although the high incidence of HIV infection in illicit drug abusers is primarily due to high-risk activities such as needle sharing and unprotected sex, several studies have demonstrated that cocaine enhances the rate of HIV gene expression and replication by activating various signal transduction pathways and downstream transcription factors. In order to generate mature HIV genomic transcript, HIV gene expression has to pass through both the initiation and elongation phases of transcription, which requires discrete transcription factors. In this review, we will provide a detailed analysis of the molecular mechanisms that regulate HIV transcription and discuss how cocaine modulates those mechanisms to upregulate HIV transcription and eventually HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudit Tyagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC, 20037, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
| | - Jaime Weber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Michael Bukrinsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Gary L Simon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC, 20037, USA
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23
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Geissler R, Hauber I, Funk N, Richter A, Behrens M, Renner I, Chemnitz J, Hofmann-Sieber H, Baum H, van Lunzen J, Boch J, Hauber J, Behrens SE. Patient-adapted, specific activation of HIV-1 by customized TAL effectors (TALEs), a proof of principle study. Virology 2015; 486:248-54. [PMID: 26474371 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The major obstacle to cure infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is integrated proviral genomes, which are not eliminated by antiretroviral therapies (ART). Treatment approaches with latency-reversing agents (LRAs) aim at inducing provirus expression to tag latently-infected cells for clearance through viral cytopathic effects or cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses. However, the currently tested LRAs reveal evident drawbacks as gene expression is globally induced and viral outgrowth is insecure. Here, we present transcription activator-like effector (TALE) proteins as potent tools to activate HIV-1 specifically. The large variety of circulating HIV-1 strains and, accordingly, integrated proviruses was addressed by the programmable DNA-specificity of TALEs. Using customized engineered TALEs, a substantial transcription activation and viral outgrowth was achieved with cells obtained from different HIV-1 patients. Our data suggest that TALEs may be useful tools in future strategies aimed at removing HIV-1 reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Geissler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Section Microbial Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ilona Hauber
- Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nancy Funk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Section Microbial Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Annekatrin Richter
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Martina Behrens
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Section Microbial Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ivonne Renner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Section Microbial Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Jan Chemnitz
- Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helga Hofmann-Sieber
- Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heidi Baum
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Section Microbial Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Jan van Lunzen
- Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Infectious Diseases Unit, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Boch
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven-Erik Behrens
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Section Microbial Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Halle/Saale, Germany.
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24
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Mates JM, de Silva S, Lustberg M, Van Deusen K, Baiocchi RA, Wu L, Kwiek JJ. A Novel Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, AR-42, Reactivates HIV-1 from Chronically and Latently Infected CD4 + T-cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 7:1-5. [PMID: 26855567 PMCID: PMC4739806 DOI: 10.4137/rrt.s31632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) latency is a major barrier to a cure of AIDS. Latently infected cells harbor an integrated HIV-1 genome but are not actively producing HIV-1. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, such as vorinostat (SAHA), have been shown to reactivate latent HIV-1. AR-42, a modified HDAC inhibitor, has demonstrated efficacy against malignant melanoma, meningioma, and acute myeloid leukemia and is currently used in clinical trials for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. In this study, we evaluated the ability of AR-42 to reactivate HIV-1 in the two established CD4+ T-cell line models of HIV-1 latency. In HIV-1 chronically infected ACH-2 cells, AR-42-induced histone acetylation was more potent and robust than that of vorinostat. Although AR-42 and vorinostat were equipotent in their ability to reactivate HIV-1, AR-42-induced maximal HIV-1 reactivation was twofold greater than vorinostat in ACH-2 and J-Lat (clone 9.2) cells. These data provide rationale for assessing the efficacy of AR-42-mediated HIV-1 reactivation within primary CD4+ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Mates
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Suresh de Silva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mark Lustberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kelsey Van Deusen
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert A Baiocchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jesse J Kwiek
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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25
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Venkatachari NJ, Zerbato JM, Jain S, Mancini AE, Chattopadhyay A, Sluis-Cremer N, Bar-Joseph Z, Ayyavoo V. Temporal transcriptional response to latency reversing agents identifies specific factors regulating HIV-1 viral transcriptional switch. Retrovirology 2015; 12:85. [PMID: 26438393 PMCID: PMC4594640 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Latent HIV-1 reservoirs are identified as one of the major challenges to achieve HIV-1 cure. Currently available strategies are associated with wide variability in outcomes both in patients and CD4+ T cell models. This underlines the critical need to develop innovative strategies to predict and recognize ways that could result in better reactivation and eventual elimination of latent HIV-1 reservoirs. Results and discussion In this study, we combined genome wide transcriptome datasets post activation with Systems Biology approach (Signaling and Dynamic Regulatory Events Miner, SDREM analyses) to reconstruct a dynamic signaling and regulatory network involved in reactivation mediated by specific activators using a latent cell line. This approach identified several critical regulators for each treatment, which were confirmed in follow-up validation studies using small molecule inhibitors. Results indicate that signaling pathways involving JNK and related factors as predicted by SDREM are essential for virus reactivation by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. ERK1/2 and NF-κB pathways have the foremost role in reactivation with prostratin and TNF-α, respectively. JAK-STAT pathway has a central role in HIV-1 transcription. Additional evaluation, using other latent J-Lat cell clones and primary T cell model, also confirmed that many of the cellular factors associated with latency reversing agents are similar, though minor differences are identified. JAK-STAT and NF-κB related pathways are critical for reversal of HIV-1 latency in primary resting T cells. Conclusion These results validate our combinatorial approach to predict the regulatory cellular factors and pathways responsible for HIV-1 reactivation in latent HIV-1 harboring cell line models. JAK-STAT have a role in reversal of latency in all the HIV-1 latency models tested, including primary CD4+ T cells, with additional cellular pathways such as NF-κB, JNK and ERK 1/2 that may have complementary role in reversal of HIV-1 latency. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0211-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimhan J Venkatachari
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh/GSPH, Room A435, Crabtree Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Zerbato
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Siddhartha Jain
- Lane Center for Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15217, USA.
| | - Allison E Mancini
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh/GSPH, Room A435, Crabtree Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Ansuman Chattopadhyay
- Molecular Biology Information Service, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Ziv Bar-Joseph
- Computer Science Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15217, USA.
| | - Velpandi Ayyavoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh/GSPH, Room A435, Crabtree Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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26
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Hill JM, Quenelle DC, Cardin RD, Vogel JL, Clement C, Bravo FJ, Foster TP, Bosch-Marce M, Raja P, Lee JS, Bernstein DI, Krause PR, Knipe DM, Kristie TM. Inhibition of LSD1 reduces herpesvirus infection, shedding, and recurrence by promoting epigenetic suppression of viral genomes. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:265ra169. [PMID: 25473037 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are highly prevalent and maintain lifelong latent reservoirs, thus posing challenges to the control of herpetic disease despite the availability of antiviral pharmaceuticals that target viral DNA replication. The initiation of herpes simplex virus infection and reactivation from latency is dependent on a transcriptional coactivator complex that contains two required histone demethylases, LSD1 (lysine-specific demethylase 1) and a member of the JMJD2 family (Jumonji C domain-containing protein 2). Inhibition of either of these enzymes results in heterochromatic suppression of the viral genome and blocks infection and reactivation in vitro. We demonstrate that viral infection can be epigenetically suppressed in three animal models of herpes simplex virus infection and disease. Treating animals with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor tranylcypromine to inhibit LSD1 suppressed viral lytic infection, subclinical shedding, and reactivation from latency in vivo. This phenotypic suppression was correlated with enhanced epigenetic suppression of the viral genome and suggests that, even during latency, the chromatin state of the virus is dynamic. Therefore, epi-pharmaceuticals may represent a promising approach to treat herpetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Hill
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, LSU Eye Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Debra C Quenelle
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Rhonda D Cardin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jodi L Vogel
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christian Clement
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, LSU Eye Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Fernando J Bravo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Timothy P Foster
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, LSU Eye Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Marta Bosch-Marce
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Priya Raja
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer S Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David I Bernstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Philip R Krause
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - David M Knipe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas M Kristie
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Ex Vivo Bioactivity and HIV-1 Latency Reversal by Ingenol Dibenzoate and Panobinostat in Resting CD4(+) T Cells from Aviremic Patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:5984-91. [PMID: 26169416 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01077-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) latent reservoir in resting CD4(+) T cells represents a major barrier to viral eradication. Small compounds capable of latency reversal have not demonstrated uniform responses across in vitro HIV-1 latency cell models. Characterizing compounds that demonstrate latency-reversing activity in resting CD4(+) T cells from aviremic patients ex vivo will help inform pilot clinical trials aimed at HIV-1 eradication. We have optimized a rapid ex vivo assay using resting CD4(+) T cells from aviremic HIV-1(+) patients to evaluate both the bioactivity and latency-reversing potential of candidate latency-reversing agents (LRAs). Using this assay, we characterize the properties of two candidate compounds from promising LRA classes, ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate (a protein kinase C agonist) and panobinostat (a histone deacetylase inhibitor), in cells from HIV-1(+) antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated aviremic participants, including the effects on cellular activation and cytotoxicity. Ingenol induced viral release at levels similar to those of the positive control (CD3/28 receptor stimulation) in cells from a majority of participants and represents an exciting LRA candidate, as it combines a robust viral reactivation potential with a low toxicity profile. At concentrations that blocked histone deacetylation, panobinostat displayed a wide range of potency among participant samples and consistently induced significant levels of apoptosis. The protein kinase C agonist ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate demonstrated significant promise in a rapid ex vivo assay using resting CD4(+) T cells from treated HIV-1-positive patients to measure latent HIV-1 reactivation.
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Kristie TM. Dynamic modulation of HSV chromatin drives initiation of infection and provides targets for epigenetic therapies. Virology 2015; 479-480:555-61. [PMID: 25702087 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Upon infection, the genomes of herpesviruses undergo a striking transition from a non-nucleosomal structure to a chromatin structure. The rapid assembly and modulation of nucleosomes during the initial stage of infection results in an overlay of complex regulation that requires interactions of a plethora of chromatin modulation components. For herpes simplex virus, the initial chromatin dynamic is dependent on viral and host cell transcription factors and coactivators that mediate the balance between heterochromatic suppression of the viral genome and the euchromatin transition that allows and promotes the expression of viral immediate early genes. Strikingly similar to lytic infection, in sensory neurons this dynamic transition between heterochromatin and euchromatin governs the establishment, maintenance, and reactivation from the latent state. Chromatin dynamics in both the lytic infection and latency-reactivation cycles provides opportunities to shift the balance using small molecule epigenetic modulators to suppress viral infection, shedding, and reactivation from latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Kristie
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bld 33, Rm 3W20B.7 33 North Drive,, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA.
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Predicting the outcomes of treatment to eradicate the latent reservoir for HIV-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:13475-80. [PMID: 25097264 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406663111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Massive research efforts are now underway to develop a cure for HIV infection, allowing patients to discontinue lifelong combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). New latency-reversing agents (LRAs) may be able to purge the persistent reservoir of latent virus in resting memory CD4(+) T cells, but the degree of reservoir reduction needed for cure remains unknown. Here we use a stochastic model of infection dynamics to estimate the efficacy of LRA needed to prevent viral rebound after ART interruption. We incorporate clinical data to estimate population-level parameter distributions and outcomes. Our findings suggest that ∼2,000-fold reductions are required to permit a majority of patients to interrupt ART for 1 y without rebound and that rebound may occur suddenly after multiple years. Greater than 10,000-fold reductions may be required to prevent rebound altogether. Our results predict large variation in rebound times following LRA therapy, which will complicate clinical management. This model provides benchmarks for moving LRAs from the laboratory to the clinic and can aid in the design and interpretation of clinical trials. These results also apply to other interventions to reduce the latent reservoir and can explain the observed return of viremia after months of apparent cure in recent bone marrow transplant recipients and an immediately-treated neonate.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights recent studies undertaken to further advance the search for successful approaches to eradicate HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS Small pharmacological compounds such as histone deacetylase inhibitors, inhibitors of bromodomain and extraterminal proteins such as JQ1, and protein kinase C activators such as bryostatin and prostratin are proposed as putative candidates for inducing the expression of latent HIV in a so-called 'shock and kill' or 'kick and kill' strategy for HIV eradication. However, in order to achieve viral clearance, it is thought likely these compounds will have to be administered in concert with strategies that augment clearance of virus-infected cells in patients that have long been aviremic on successful antiretroviral therapy (ART). Several candidate therapies for this purpose are at hand, such as therapeutic HIV vaccines - recently shown to promote robust cytotoxic T cell responses and blunt viral rebound after ART interruption in clinical studies. HIV-infected patients treated during early infection may be ideal candidates for early studies to test these strategies, as early ART has been shown to limit the establishment of an HIV reservoir. SUMMARY HIV latency is multifactorial and thus the eradication of HIV infection may require multiple approaches. Translational efforts employing pharmacological methods to target HIV latency should evaluate in parallel the additional potential benefits of invigorating the immune response of HIV-infected individuals, and limiting the size of the reservoir via early ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancie M Archin
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, and Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Naturally occurring compounds elicit HIV-1 replication in chronically infected promonocytic cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:989101. [PMID: 24901006 PMCID: PMC4036720 DOI: 10.1155/2014/989101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Since antiretroviral therapy suppresses but does not eradicate HIV-1 infection, methods to purge viral reservoirs are required. Many strategies involve the reactivation of chronically HIV infected cells to induce the expression of integrated viral genome. In this study, five bioactive compounds, the plant derivatives 1-cinnamoyl-3,11-dihydroxymeliacarpin (CDM), nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), and curcumin (Cur) and the synthetic stigmasterol analogs (22S,23S)-22,23-dihydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one (compound 1) and (22S,23S)-3 β -bromo-5 α ,22,23-trihydroxystigmastan-6-one (compound 2), were evaluated for their ability to elicit HIV replication in promonocytic (U1) and lymphocytic (H9+) HIV-1 chronically infected cells. The results revealed that natural compounds CDM, NDGA, and Cur were able to increase HIV-1 p24 antigen, determined by ELISA, only in latently infected promonocytic cells. CDM would reactivate HIV from latency by modulating the release of IL-6 and TNF- α , since the amount of both cytokines measured through ELISA significantly increased in U1 treated cells. Besides, NDGA increased ROS production, which might be related to the increase on p24 level observed in NDGA treated U1. These findings suggest that CDM, NDGA, and Cur might be candidates for further studies on latency-reversing therapeutics to eliminate latently HIV-1 reservoirs.
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Kesel AJ, Huang Z, Murray MG, Prichard MN, Caboni L, Nevin DK, Fayne D, Lloyd DG, Detorio MA, Schinazi RF. Retinazone inhibits certain blood-borne human viruses including Ebola virus Zaire. Antivir Chem Chemother 2014; 23:197-215. [PMID: 23636868 DOI: 10.3851/imp2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human HBV and HIV integrate their retro-transcribed DNA proviruses into the human host genome. Existing antiretroviral drug regimens fail to directly target these intrachromosomal xenogenomes, leading to persistence of viral genetic information. Retinazone (RTZ) constitutes a novel vitamin A-derived (retinoid) thiosemicarbazone derivative with broad-spectrum antiviral activity versus HIV, HCV, varicella-zoster virus and cytomegalovirus. METHODS The in vitro inhibitory action of RTZ on HIV-1 strain LAI, human HBV strain ayw, HCV-1b strain Con1, enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing Ebola virus Zaire 1976 strain Mayinga, wild-type Ebola virus Zaire 1976 strain Mayinga, human herpesvirus 6B and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication was investigated. The binding of RTZ to human glucocorticoid receptor was determined. RESULTS RTZ inhibits blood-borne human HBV multiplication in vitro by covalent inactivation of intragenic and intraexonic viral glucocorticoid response elements, and, in close analogy, RTZ suppresses HIV-1 multiplication in vitro. RTZ disrupts the multiplication of blood-borne human HCV and Ebola Zaire virus at nanomolar concentrations in vitro. RTZ has the capacity to bind to human glucocorticoid receptor, to selectively and covalently bind to intraexonic viral glucocorticoid response elements, and thereby to inactivate human genome-integrated proviral DNA of human HBV and HIV. CONCLUSIONS RTZ represents the first reported antiviral agent capable of eradicating HIV and HBV proviruses from their human host. Furthermore, RTZ represents a potent and efficacious small-molecule in vitro inhibitor of Ebola virus Zaire 1976 strain Mayinga replication.
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New ex vivo approaches distinguish effective and ineffective single agents for reversing HIV-1 latency in vivo. Nat Med 2014; 20:425-9. [PMID: 24658076 PMCID: PMC3981911 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) does not eliminate HIV-1 from latently infected reservoirs, and this remains the critical obstacle to the eradication of infection. Although ART is effective in suppressing viral load, life-long ART is burdensome in many respects. Given expanding numbers of HIV-infected individuals on ART worldwide, there is an urgent need to examine the possibility that innovative therapies might eradicate infection, and obviate the need for life-long medical therapy for HIV-positive people around the world. Several approaches to eradicating the latent HIV reservoir and curing infection have been proposed and are under study. An initial strategy seeks to induce the expression of the latent integrated proviral genomes within resting CD4+ T cells, so that viral proteins or particles may be revealed and allow these cellular reservoirs to be cleared. The inducing agents that have been studied recently are inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) such as suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Such induction of viral expression seems unlikely in itself to efficiently clear all latently infected cells. Therefore, it seems likely that parallel efforts to augment the HIV-specific immune response with specific immunotherapies or vaccination may be required. Recently, efforts to achieve immune augmentation by ex vivo expansion of viral specific cytotoxic T-cell lymphocytes derived from HIV-infected patients have yielded an augmented HIV-specific immune response in vivo, as have cellular vaccinations delivered by administration of dendritic cells. As HIV latency and the persistence of infection despite effective ART is multifactorial, the eradication of HIV infection may require multiple approaches.
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Regulation of CDK9 activity by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:964964. [PMID: 24524087 PMCID: PMC3913462 DOI: 10.1155/2014/964964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 transcription is regulated by CDK9/cyclin T1, which, unlike a typical cell cycle-dependent kinase, is regulated by associating with 7SK small nuclear ribonuclear protein complex (snRNP). While the protein components of this complex are well studied, the mechanism of the complex formation is still not fully understood. The association of CDK9/cyclin T1 with 7SK snRNP is, in part, regulated by a reversible CDK9 phosphorylation. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the kinases and phosphatases involved in CDK9 phosphorylation and discuss their role in regulation of HIV-1 replication and potential for being targeted for drug development. We propose a novel pathway of HIV-1 transcription regulation via CDK9 Ser-90 phosphorylation by CDK2 and CDK9 Ser-175 dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase-1.
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Chang CC, Lewin SR. Challenges, progress and strategies in the search for a cure for HIV. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ma14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Spivak AM, Andrade A, Eisele E, Hoh R, Bacchetti P, Bumpus NN, Emad F, Buckheit R, McCance-Katz EF, Lai J, Kennedy M, Chander G, Siliciano RF, Siliciano JD, Deeks SG. A pilot study assessing the safety and latency-reversing activity of disulfiram in HIV-1-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 58:883-90. [PMID: 24336828 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptionally silent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA persists in resting memory CD4(+) T cells despite antiretroviral therapy. In a primary cell model, the antialcoholism drug disulfiram has been shown to induce HIV-1 transcription in latently infected resting memory CD4(+) T cells at concentrations achieved in vivo. METHODS We conducted a single-arm pilot study to evaluate whether 500 mg of disulfiram administered daily for 14 days to HIV-1-infected individuals on stable suppressive antiretroviral therapy would result in reversal of HIV-1 latency with a concomitant transient increase in residual viremia or depletion of the latent reservoir in resting memory CD4(+) T cells. RESULTS Disulfiram was safe and well tolerated. There was a high level of subject-to-subject variability in plasma disulfiram levels. The latent reservoir did not change significantly (1.16-fold change; 95% confidence interval [CI], .70- to 1.92-fold; P = .56). During disulfiram administration, residual viremia did not change significantly compared to baseline (1.53-fold; 95% CI, .88- to 2.69-fold; P = .13), although residual viremia was estimated to increase by 1.88-fold compared to baseline during the postdosing period (95% CI, 1.03- to 3.43-fold; P = .04). In a post hoc analysis, a rapid and transient increase in viremia was noted in a subset of individuals (n = 6) with immediate postdose sampling (HIV-1 RNA increase, 2.96-fold; 95% CI, 1.29- to 6.81-fold; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS Administration of disulfiram to patients on antiretroviral therapy does not reduce the size of the latent reservoir. A possible dose-related effect on residual viremia supports future studies assessing the impact of higher doses on HIV-1 production. Disulfiram affects relevant signaling pathways and can be safely administered, supporting future studies of this drug.
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Miller LK, Kobayashi Y, Chen CC, Russnak TA, Ron Y, Dougherty JP. Proteasome inhibitors act as bifunctional antagonists of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 latency and replication. Retrovirology 2013; 10:120. [PMID: 24156270 PMCID: PMC4015732 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Existing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) effectively controls viral replication in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected individuals but cannot completely eradicate the infection, at least in part due to the persistence of latently infected cells. One strategy that is being actively pursued to eliminate the latent aspect of HIV-1 infection involves therapies combining latency antagonists with HAART. However, discordant pharmacokinetics between these types of drugs can potentially create sites of active viral replication within certain tissues that might be impervious to HAART. Results A preliminary reverse genetic screen indicated that the proteasome might be involved in the maintenance of the latent state. This prompted testing to determine the effects of proteasome inhibitors (PIs) on latently infected cells. Experiments demonstrated that PIs effectively activated latent HIV-1 in several model systems, including primary T cell models, thereby defining PIs as a new class of HIV-1 latency antagonists. Expanding upon experiments from previous reports, it was also confirmed that PIs inhibit viral replication. Moreover, it was possible to show that PIs act as bifunctional antagonists of HIV-1. The data indicate that PIs activate latent provirus and subsequently decrease viral titers and promote the production of defective virions from activated cells. Conclusions These results represent a proof-of-concept that bifunctional antagonists of HIV-1 can be developed and have the capacity to ensure precise tissue overlap of anti-latency and anti-replication functions, which is of significant importance in the consideration of future drug therapies aimed at viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Joseph P Dougherty
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Hauber I, Hofmann-Sieber H, Chemnitz J, Dubrau D, Chusainow J, Stucka R, Hartjen P, Schambach A, Ziegler P, Hackmann K, Schröck E, Schumacher U, Lindner C, Grundhoff A, Baum C, Manz MG, Buchholz F, Hauber J. Highly significant antiviral activity of HIV-1 LTR-specific tre-recombinase in humanized mice. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003587. [PMID: 24086129 PMCID: PMC3784474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable integration of HIV proviral DNA into host cell chromosomes, a hallmark and essential feature of the retroviral life cycle, establishes the infection permanently. Current antiretroviral combination drug therapy cannot cure HIV infection. However, expressing an engineered HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) site-specific recombinase (Tre), shown to excise integrated proviral DNA in vitro, may provide a novel and highly promising antiviral strategy. We report here the conditional expression of Tre-recombinase from an advanced lentiviral self-inactivation (SIN) vector in HIV-infected cells. We demonstrate faithful transgene expression, resulting in accurate provirus excision in the absence of cytopathic effects. Moreover, pronounced Tre-mediated antiviral effects are demonstrated in vivo, particularly in humanized Rag2−/−γc−/− mice engrafted with either Tre-transduced primary CD4+ T cells, or Tre-transduced CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSC). Taken together, our data support the use of Tre-recombinase in novel therapy strategies aiming to provide a cure for HIV. Current antiretroviral combination therapy can efficiently suppress virus replication, but cannot eliminate HIV. Therefore, no cure for HIV exists. A main hurdle for virus eradication is seen in the existence of resting cells that contain integrated replication-competent, but temporarily silenced, HIV genomes. Therefore, the most direct approach to eliminating virus reservoirs is to remove HIV genomes from infected cells. As previous studies suggested, this may be achievable by Tre-recombinase, an engineered enzyme that can excise integrated HIV from host cell chromosomes. The present work analyzes the expression of Tre-recombinase in human cells and demonstrates highly accurate Tre activity in complete absence of Tre-related cytopathic effects. Furthermore, in vivo analysis of Tre-recombinase demonstrates highly significant antiviral effects of Tre in HIV-infected humanized mice. The presented data suggest that Tre-recombinase might become a valuable component of a future therapy that aims at virus eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Hauber
- Heinrich Pette Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helga Hofmann-Sieber
- Heinrich Pette Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Chemnitz
- Heinrich Pette Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Danilo Dubrau
- Heinrich Pette Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janet Chusainow
- Department of Medical Systems Biology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rolf Stucka
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philip Hartjen
- Heinrich Pette Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patrick Ziegler
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Klinik für Onkologie, Hämatologie und Stammzelltransplantation, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl Hackmann
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Evelin Schröck
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute for Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lindner
- Department of Gynecology, Day Kimball Healthcare Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Heinrich Pette Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Baum
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus G. Manz
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- University and University Hospital Zürich, Division of Hematology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Buchholz
- Department of Medical Systems Biology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- Heinrich Pette Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A serious effort has begun to develop therapies that may be capable of eradicating established HIV infection in man. Because of the biological complexity of HIV infection that persists despite potent antiretroviral therapy, it is widely believed that if such therapies can be developed they will involve complex, multimodality approaches. We highlight some of the recent studies in this effort. RECENT FINDINGS An inhibitor of histone deacetylase has been demonstrated to disrupt latency in man, and new histone deacetylase inhibitors have been identified. Other potential targets, such as histone methyltransferase, protein kinase C, and BRD4, have been recently studied. Model systems, both in primary cells and in animal models, are beginning to be validated. In the clinic, immune-based therapies to aid in the clearance of persistent infection are also being tested. SUMMARY It is too early to know what combination eradication therapies for HIV infection will look like in the future, but candidate therapies and model systems to perform preclinical validation are beginning to take shape.
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High levels of CD2 expression identify HIV-1 latently infected resting memory CD4+ T cells in virally suppressed subjects. J Virol 2013; 87:9148-58. [PMID: 23760244 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01297-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting memory CD4(+) T cells are the largest reservoir of persistent infection in HIV-1-positive subjects. They harbor dormant, stably integrated virus despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy, posing an obstacle to a cure. Surface markers that identify latently infected cells remain unknown. Microarray analyses comparing resting latently infected and uninfected CD4(+) T cells generated in vitro showed profound differences in the expression of gene programs related to transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation, cell proliferation, survival, cycle progression, and basic metabolism, suggesting that multiple biochemical and metabolic blocks contribute to preventing viral production in latently infected cells. We identified 33 transcripts encoding cell surface markers that are differentially expressed between latently infected and uninfected cells. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-QPCR) and flow cytometry analyses confirmed that the surface marker CD2 was expressed at higher levels on latently infected cells. To validate this result in vivo, we sorted resting memory CD4(+) T cells expressing high and low surface levels of CD2 from six HIV-1-infected subjects successfully treated with antiretroviral drugs for at least 3 years. Resting memory CD4(+) CD2(high) T cells from all subjects harbored higher HIV-1 DNA copy numbers than all other CD4(+) T cell subsets. Moreover, after ex vivo viral reactivation, robust viral RNA production was detected only from resting memory CD4(+) CD2(high) T cells but not from other cell subsets. Altogether, these results show that a high CD2 expression level is a hallmark of latently infected resting memory CD4(+) T cells in vivo.
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Interaction between endogenous bacterial flora and latent HIV infection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:773-9. [PMID: 23616411 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00766-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human commensal bacteria do not normally cause any diseases. However, in certain pathological conditions, they exhibit a number of curious behaviors. In HIV infection, these bacteria exhibit bidirectional relationships: whereas they cause opportunistic infections based on immunological deterioration, they also augment HIV replication, in particular, viral replication from latently infected cells, which is attributable to the effect of butyric acid produced by certain anaerobic bacteria by modifying the state of chromatin. Here, we review recent evidence supporting the contributory role of such endogenous microbes in disrupting HIV latency and its potential link to the clinical progression of AIDS.
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Shirakawa K, Chavez L, Hakre S, Calvanese V, Verdin E. Reactivation of latent HIV by histone deacetylase inhibitors. Trends Microbiol 2013; 21:277-85. [PMID: 23517573 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Latent HIV persists in CD4(+) T cells in infected patients under antiretroviral therapy (ART). Latency is associated with transcriptional silencing of the integrated provirus and driven, at least in part, by histone deacetylases (HDACs), a family of chromatin-associated proteins that regulate histone acetylation and the accessibility of DNA to transcription factors. Remarkably, inhibition of HDACs is sufficient to reactivate a fraction of latent HIV in a variety of experimental systems. This basic observation led to the shock and kill idea that forcing the transcriptional activation of HIV might lead to virus expression, to virus- or host-induced cell death of the reactivated cells, and to the eradication of the pool of latently infected cells. Such intervention might possibly lead to a cure for HIV-infected patients. Here, we review the basic biology of HDACs and their inhibitors, the role of HDACs in HIV latency, and recent efforts to use HDAC inhibitors to reactivate latent HIV in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Shirakawa
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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A doubly fluorescent HIV-1 reporter shows that the majority of integrated HIV-1 is latent shortly after infection. J Virol 2013; 87:4716-27. [PMID: 23408629 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03478-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 latency poses a major barrier to viral eradication. Canonically, latency is thought to arise from progressive epigenetic silencing of active infections. However, little is known about when and how long terminal repeat (LTR)-silent infections arise since the majority of the current latency models cannot differentiate between initial (LTR-silent) and secondary (progressive silencing) latency. In this study, we constructed and characterized a novel, double-labeled HIV-1 vector (Red-Green-HIV-1 [RGH]) that allows for detection of infected cells independently of LTR activity. Infection of Jurkat T cells and other cell lines with RGH suggests that the majority of integrated proviruses were LTR-silent early postinfection. Furthermore, the LTR-silent infections were transcriptionally competent, as the proviruses could be reactivated by a variety of T cell signaling agonists. Moreover, we used the double-labeled vector system to compare LTRs from seven different subtypes with respect to LTR silencing and reactivation. These experiments indicated that subtype D and F LTRs were more sensitive to silencing, whereas the subtype AE LTR was largely insensitive. Lastly, infection of activated human primary CD4(+) T cells yielded LTR-silent as well as productive infections. Taken together, our data, generated using the newly developed RGH vector as a sensitive tool to analyze HIV-1 latency on a single-cell level, show that the majority of HIV-1 infections are latent early postinfection.
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Zhu J, Gaiha GD, John SP, Pertel T, Chin CR, Gao G, Qu H, Walker BD, Elledge SJ, Brass AL. Reactivation of latent HIV-1 by inhibition of BRD4. Cell Rep 2012; 2:807-16. [PMID: 23041316 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 depends on many host factors for propagation. Other host factors, however, antagonize HIV-1 and may have profound effects on viral activation. Curing HIV-1 requires the reduction of latent viral reservoirs that remain in the face of antiretroviral therapy. Using orthologous genetic screens, we identified bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4) as a negative regulator of HIV-1 replication. Antagonism of BRD4, via RNA interference or with a small molecule inhibitor, JQ1, both increased proviral transcriptional elongation and alleviated HIV-1 latency in cell-line models. In multiple instances, JQ1, when used in combination with the NF-κB activators Prostratin or PHA, enhanced the in vitro reactivation of latent HIV-1 in primary T cells. These data are consistent with a model wherein BRD4 competes with the virus for HIV-1 dependency factors (HDFs) and suggests that combinatorial therapies that activate HDFs and antagonize HIV-1 competitive factors may be useful for curing HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02127, USA
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Tyagi M, Bukrinsky M. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) latency: the major hurdle in HIV eradication. Mol Med 2012; 18:1096-108. [PMID: 22692576 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy to eradicate the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), even in patients who suppress the virus to undetectable levels for many years, underscores the problems associated with fighting this infection. The existence of persistent infection in certain cellular and anatomical reservoirs appears to be the major hurdle in HIV eradication. The development of therapeutic interventions that eliminate or limit the latent viral pools or prevent the reemergence of the viruses from producing cells will therefore be required to enhance the effectiveness of current antiretroviral strategies. To achieve this goal, there is a pressing need to understand HIV latency at the molecular level to design novel and improved therapies to either eradicate HIV or find a functional cure in which patients could maintain a manageable viral pool without AIDS in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. The integrated proviral genome remains transcriptionally silent for a long period in certain subsets of T cells. This ability to infect cells latently helps HIV to establish a persistent infection despite strong humoral and cellular immune responses against the viral proteins. The main purpose of this report is to provide a general overview of the HIV latency. We will describe the hurdles being faced in eradicating latent HIV proviruses. We will also briefly discuss the ongoing strategies aimed toward curing HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudit Tyagi
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20109, United States of America.
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Brumme ZL, Chopera DR, Brockman MA. Modulation of HIV reservoirs by host HLA: bridging the gap between vaccine and cure. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:599-605. [PMID: 22939190 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Latent HIV reservoirs are the greatest challenge facing an HIV cure. Here, we review recent evidence supporting an important role for the host immune response, in particular HLA class I-restricted CD8+ T lymphocytes, in modulating HIV reservoirs during natural infection. These observations indicate that factors governing immune-mediated control of HIV may also contribute to the clearance of viral reservoirs. As such, critical gaps in our understanding of HIV immunology hinder efforts to develop both an effective HIV vaccine as well as novel therapies that may lead to a cure. The importance of elucidating correlates of protective cellular immunity should be recognized during research to develop and test potential HIV elimination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zabrina L Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Cellular cofactors of lentiviral integrase: from target validation to drug discovery. Mol Biol Int 2012; 2012:863405. [PMID: 22928108 PMCID: PMC3420096 DOI: 10.1155/2012/863405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To accomplish their life cycle, lentiviruses make use of host proteins, the so-called cellular cofactors. Interactions between host cell and viral proteins during early stages of lentiviral infection provide attractive new antiviral targets. The insertion of lentiviral cDNA in a host cell chromosome is a step of no return in the replication cycle, after which the host cell becomes a permanent carrier of the viral genome and a producer of lentiviral progeny. Integration is carried out by integrase (IN), an enzyme playing also an important role during nuclear import. Plenty of cellular cofactors of HIV-1 IN have been proposed. To date, the lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) is the best studied cofactor of HIV-1 IN. Moreover, small molecules that block the LEDGF/p75-IN interaction have recently been developed for the treatment of HIV infection. The nuclear import factor transportin-SR2 (TRN-SR2) has been proposed as another interactor of HIV IN-mediating nuclear import of the virus. Using both proteins as examples, we will describe approaches to be taken to identify and validate novel cofactors as new antiviral targets. Finally, we will highlight recent advances in the design and the development of small-molecule inhibitors binding to the LEDGF/p75-binding pocket in IN (LEDGINs).
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Wilhelm E, Doyle MC, Nzaramba I, Magdzinski A, Dumais N, Bell B. CTGC motifs within the HIV core promoter specify Tat-responsive pre-initiation complexes. Retrovirology 2012; 9:62. [PMID: 22834489 PMCID: PMC3419132 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV latency is an obstacle for the eradication of HIV from infected individuals. Stable post-integration latency is controlled principally at the level of transcription. The HIV trans-activating protein, Tat, plays a key function in enhancing HIV transcriptional elongation. The HIV core promoter is specifically required for Tat-mediated trans-activation of HIV transcription. In addition, the HIV core promoter has been shown to be a potential anti-HIV drug target. Despite the pivotal role of the HIV core promoter in the control of HIV gene expression, the molecular mechanisms that couple Tat function specifically to the HIV core promoter remain unknown. Results Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), the TATA box and adjacent sequences of HIV essential for Tat trans-activation were shown to form specific complexes with nuclear extracts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as from HeLa cells. These complexes, termed pre-initiation complexes of HIV (PICH), were distinct in composition and DNA binding specificity from those of prototypical eukaryotic TATA box regions such as Adenovirus major late promoter (AdMLP) or the hsp70 promoter. PICH contained basal transcription factors including TATA-binding protein and TFIIA. A mutational analysis revealed that CTGC motifs flanking the HIV TATA box are required for Tat trans-activation in living cells and correct PICH formation in vitro. The binding of known core promoter binding proteins AP-4 and USF-1 was found to be dispensable for Tat function. TAR RNA prevented stable binding of PICH-2, a complex that contains the general transcription factor TFIIA, to the HIV core promoter. The impact of TAR on PICH-2 specifically required its bulge sequence that is also known to interact with Tat. Conclusion Our data reveal that CTGC DNA motifs flanking the HIV TATA box are required for correct formation of specific pre-initiation complexes in vitro and that these motifs are also required for Tat trans-activation in living cells. The impact of TAR RNA on PICH-2 stability provides a mechanistic link by which pre-initiation complex dynamics could be coupled to the formation of the nascent transcript by the elongating transcription complex. Together, these findings shed new light on the mechanisms by which the HIV core promoter specifically responds to Tat to activate HIV gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Wilhelm
- RNA Group, Département de Microbiologie et d'Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine et Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée sur le Cancer, 3201 rue Jean-Migneault, Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 4K8, Canada
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Silvestri L, Ballante F, Mai A, Marshall GR, Ragno R. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Structure-Based Modeling and Isoform-Selectivity Prediction. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:2215-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ci300160y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Silvestri
- Rome
Center for Molecular Design Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del
Farmaco, Facoltà di Farmacia e Medicina, ‡Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione
Cenci Bolognetti Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco,
Facoltà di Farmacia e Medicina, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome,
Italy
| | - Flavio Ballante
- Rome
Center for Molecular Design Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del
Farmaco, Facoltà di Farmacia e Medicina, ‡Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione
Cenci Bolognetti Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco,
Facoltà di Farmacia e Medicina, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome,
Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Rome
Center for Molecular Design Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del
Farmaco, Facoltà di Farmacia e Medicina, ‡Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione
Cenci Bolognetti Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco,
Facoltà di Farmacia e Medicina, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome,
Italy
| | - Garland R. Marshall
- Rome
Center for Molecular Design Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del
Farmaco, Facoltà di Farmacia e Medicina, ‡Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione
Cenci Bolognetti Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco,
Facoltà di Farmacia e Medicina, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome,
Italy
| | - Rino Ragno
- Rome
Center for Molecular Design Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del
Farmaco, Facoltà di Farmacia e Medicina, ‡Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione
Cenci Bolognetti Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco,
Facoltà di Farmacia e Medicina, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome,
Italy
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