1
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Pillaud N, Ballot C, Robert C, Mathey S, Ric F. Is the approach avoidance compatibility effect moderated by word imageability? Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:1281-1294. [PMID: 37649391 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231194499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The approach/avoidance (AA) compatibility effect refers to the fact that individuals respond faster by an approach movement to positive than to negative stimuli, whereas they respond faster by an avoidance movement to negative than to positive stimuli. Although this effect has been observed in many studies, the underlying mechanisms remain still unclear. On the basis of recent studies suggesting a key role of sensorimotor information in the emergence of the AA compatibility effect, the present study aimed to investigate the specific role of visual information, operationalised through word imageability, in the production of the AA compatibility effect. We orthogonally manipulated the emotional valence (positive/negative) and the imageability (low/high) of words in an incidental online-AA task (i.e., in the absence of valence processing goals) using a stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 300 ms. In line with previous studies, Experiment 1 revealed an AA compatibility effect in the absence of valence processing goals. However, this effect was not moderated by word imageability. In Experiment 2, we examined whether the absence of influence of word imageability could be due to the short SOA (300 ms) used in this experiment. We used the same design as in Experiment 1 and manipulated the SOA (400 vs 600 ms). We again observed an AA compatibility effect which was not moderated by word imageability, whatever the SOA used. The results of both experiments suggest the absence of any influence of sensorimotor information in the AA compatibility effect, at least when provided by the to-be-approached/avoided stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pillaud
- Laboratoire de Psychologie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Christelle Robert
- Laboratoire de Psychologie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphanie Mathey
- Laboratoire de Psychologie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - François Ric
- Laboratoire de Psychologie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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2
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Li C, Hu J. Relatively Inefficient Integration of Metaphorical Semantics in Autistic Adults Without Intellectual Impairment. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:2254-2265. [PMID: 37014459 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-05964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Individuals diagnosed with autism are often thought to face challenges in comprehensive metaphors, even for the individuals without intellectual impairment. This study is to investigate the features and mechanisms of metaphor integration in the process of metaphor comprehension in real-time and context-free situations in autism, as well as the influence of the mental complexity of metaphor. Twenty autistic adults and twenty typically developing peers carried out a Lexical Decision Task and a Recognition Task. The results of the study showed that, there are deficiencies in real-time metaphor comprehension in autistic adults without intellectual impairment. It may caused by their relatively inefficient integration of metaphor semantics. This mechanism was equally pronounced in the metaphors with different mental complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengshi Li
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China.
| | - Jinsheng Hu
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
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3
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Liu Y, Hau KT, Liu H. Linear Mixed-Effects Models for Dependent Data: Power and Accuracy in Parameter Estimation. MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38779786 DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2024.2350236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Linear mixed-effects models have been increasingly used to analyze dependent data in psychological research. Despite their many advantages over ANOVA, critical issues in their analyses remain. Due to increasing random effects and model complexity, estimation computation is demanding, and convergence becomes challenging. Applied users need help choosing appropriate methods to estimate random effects. The present Monte Carlo simulation study investigated the impacts when the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and Bayesian estimation models were misspecified in the estimation. We also compared the performance of Akaike information criterion (AIC) and deviance information criterion (DIC) in model selection. Results showed that models neglecting the existing random effects had inflated Type I errors, unacceptable coverage, and inaccurate R-squared measures of fixed and random effects variation. Furthermore, models with redundant random effects had convergence problems, lower statistical power, and inaccurate R-squared measures for Bayesian estimation. The convergence problem is more severe for REML, while reduced power and inaccurate R-squared measures were more severe for Bayesian estimation. Notably, DIC was better than AIC in identifying the true models (especially for models including person random intercept only), improving convergence rates, and providing more accurate effect size estimates, despite AIC having higher power than DIC with 10 items and the most complicated true model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University
| | - Kit-Tai Hau
- Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Hongyun Liu
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University
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4
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Ramos N, McNally RJ. What variables predict stigmatizing attitudes toward people with mental disorders and their treatment in Filipinos and Americans? Transcult Psychiatry 2024:13634615241245872. [PMID: 38766870 DOI: 10.1177/13634615241245872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
In the United States, Asian Americans express greater stigma toward those with mental disorders and report lower rates of seeking mental health treatment than do White Americans. However, research on these topics in Filipino cultural groups, especially Filipinos living in the Philippines (i.e., Filipino nationals), is sparse. To support the design of interventions to decrease stigma and improve rates of seeking treatment, we assessed attitudes toward mental disorders and help-seeking in Filipinos. U.S. national (i.e., American) and Filipino national participants completed an online survey containing the Mental Illness Stigma Scale, a Theory of Planned Behavior questionnaire measuring attitudes toward seeking treatment, and queries regarding demographic and psychosocial factors. Filipinos expressed significantly more stigma regarding relationship disruption, interpersonal anxiety, and poor hygiene, alongside increased perceived subjective norms opposing seeking treatment and decreased perceived behavioral control over getting treatment if necessary. We ran a linear mixed effects regression on each nationality separately to identify relationships between stigma and psychosocial factors. For Filipinos, increased parental education predicted decreased perceived relationship disruption and interpersonal anxiety; urbanization was associated with greater trust in mental health professionals, and having a close relative with a disorder led to decreased belief in patient recoverability. For Americans, increased participant education predicted decreased interpersonal anxiety, increased perceived recoverability, and improved perceived behavioral control over getting treatment if necessary, and having a close relative with a disorder predicted improved perceived treatability. The results guide programs for decreasing stigma and increasing treatment-seeking behavior. Limitations, future research directions, and possible interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Ramos
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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5
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Marini M, Ansani A, Demichelis A, Mancini G, Paglieri F, Viola M. Real is the new sexy: the influence of perceived realness on self-reported arousal to sexual visual stimuli. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:348-360. [PMID: 38226595 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2296581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
As state-of-art technology can create artificial images that are indistinguishable from real ones, it is urgent to understand whether believing that a picture is real or not has some import over affective phenomena such as sexual arousal. Thus, in two pre-registered online studies, we tested whether 60 images depicting models in underwear elicited higher self-reported sexual arousal when believed to be (N = 57) or presented as (N = 108) real photographs as opposed to artificially generated. In both cases, Realness correlated with significantly higher scores on self-reported sexual arousal. Consistently with the literature on downregulation of emotional response to fictional works, our result indicates that sexual images that are perceived to be fake are less arousing than those believed to portray real people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marini
- IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ansani
- Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Philosophy, Communication, and Performing Arts, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio Paglieri
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Viola
- Department of Philosophy, Communication, and Performing Arts, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
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6
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Prims JP. Call it a conspiracy: How conspiracy belief predicts recognition of conspiracy theories. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301601. [PMID: 38635651 PMCID: PMC11025851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
While conspiracy theories are treated as irrational fringe beliefs in popular culture, conspiracy belief is quite common. Given the disconnect between stereotypes about conspiracy belief and its prevalence, I tested whether people have difficulty recognizing the conspiracy theories that they believe as conspiracy theories. Across two studies I demonstrate that people have considerable difficulty identifying conspiracy theories they believe as conspiracy theories, particularly when they do not take much time to consider whether their beliefs might be conspiracy theories. This is consistent with the notion that people experience "conspiracy blindness." People have trouble recognizing the conspiracy theories they believe as conspiracy theories because they do not take the time to consider whether their beliefs might be conspiracy theories. In Study 2, I demonstrate that people can overcome their conspiracy blindness and recognize the conspiracy theories they believe as conspiracy theories when they are given a definition for "conspiracy theory" and asked to consider their answer. This suggests that people are typically ignorant of their own conspiracy beliefs, but capable of recognizing them when given the tools and motivation to do so. However, recognizing their beliefs as conspiracy theories does not reduce their adherence to those beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Prims
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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7
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Spitzer MWH, Musslick S, Janz J, Kiesel A, Dignath D. Task performance errors and rewards affect voluntary task choices. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:892-909. [PMID: 38175284 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Humans are remarkably flexible in adapting their behavior to current demands. It has been suggested that the decision which of multiple tasks to perform is based on a variety of factors pertaining to the rewards associated with each task as well as task performance (e.g., error rates associated with each task and/or error commission on the previous trial). However, further empirical investigation is needed to examine whether task performance still influences task choices if task choices are rewarded but task performance is not. Accordingly, we exposed participants to a novel reward-varying voluntary task switching paradigm where the reward for the performed task gradually decreased while the reward associated for the alternative task was unchanged. Importantly, we rewarded participants' task choices before participants performed the task to investigate the effect of rewards independent from task performance. We examined the effect of (i) reward, (ii) error rates associated with each of the two tasks, and (iii) error commission in the previous trial on voluntary task choices. As expected, we found that participants' task selection was influenced by reward differences between task choices. In addition, error rates associated with a task also influenced task selection, with participants requiring larger reward differences to switch to a task associated with relatively higher error rates, compared to switching to a task with relatively lower error rates. However, errors in n - 1 did not influence participants' probability to switch to the alternative task. These findings contribute to an ongoing discussion on the influence of task performance on task selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Musslick
- Institute of Cognitive Science, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
| | - Janina Janz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79085, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Kiesel
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79085, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Dignath
- Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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8
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Dirik HB, Ertan H. Hemispheric synchronization patterns linked with shooting performance in archers. Behav Brain Res 2024; 460:114813. [PMID: 38110123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable attention, effective visual-spatial perception, and motor control skills are considered highly important for achieving superior athletic performance. The aim of the current study was to investigate hemispheric synchronization patterns of brain electrical activation related to successful and unsuccessful shots of archers using electroencephalography (EEG). This study involved 16 elite archers, each shooting 36 arrows. The 10 shots closest to the target's center were successful, while the 10 farthest shots were unsuccessful. The transformed EEG data, obtained through surface Laplacian filtering, were divided into 5 sub-bands (theta, alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2) by calculating the alpha peak frequencies. The synchronization values of the electrode pairs were calculated using the Phase Locking Value (PLV) method. To compare the EEG data for successful and unsuccessful shots in all frequency bands, the linear mixed models were fitted. Perceived fatigue levels were quantified using a visual analog scale (VAS). Spearman's correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between fatigue and shooting performance. The results showed significantly higher coupling strength for C3-O1, C4-O2, O1-O2, F3-F4, C4-T8, T7-O2, F4-C4, C3-O2 and F4-T8 pairs during successful shooting. Moreover, the coupling strengths for F3-O2, F4-T7, C3-C4, C3-T8, T7-T8, C4-O1, F3-T8, and F4-O2 were significantly higher in unsuccessful shooting. The current findings revealed differences in the synchronization patterns associated with shooting performance. It is observed that visual-motor performance is correlated with an increase in cortical synchronization values during successful shots. These findings have the potential to serve as a theoretical reference that contributes to superior performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Batuhan Dirik
- Eskisehir Technical University, Department of Movement and Training Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Eskisehir, TURKEY.
| | - Hayri Ertan
- Eskisehir Technical University, Department of Movement and Training Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Eskisehir, TURKEY
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9
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Kraus B, Liew K, Kitayama S, Uchida Y. The impact of culture on emotion suppression: Insights from an electrophysiological study of emotion regulation in Japan. Biol Psychol 2024; 187:108767. [PMID: 38417664 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Prior theory and evidence suggest that native East Asians tend to down-regulate their emotional arousal to negatively valenced experiences through expressive suppression, an emotion regulation technique focused on suppressing one's emotional experience. One proposed explanation for this choice of regulation strategy and its efficacy is rooted in their commitment to the cultural value of interdependence with others. However, prior work has not yet thoroughly supported this hypothesis using in vivo neural correlates of emotion regulation. Here, we utilized an established electroencephalogram (EEG) correlate of emotional arousal, the late positive potential (LPP), to examine whether down-regulation of the LPP in native East Asians might be particularly pronounced for those relatively high in interdependent self-construal. In this study, native Japanese participants attempted to suppress their emotional reaction to unpleasant images during EEG recording. In support of the hypothesis that emotion suppression among native East Asians is influenced by the cultural value of interdependence, there was a significant effect of interdependent self-construal on the LPP. Specifically, those relatively high in interdependent (versus independent) self-construal exhibited a smaller LPP in response to unpleasant pictures when instructed to suppress their emotions versus a passive viewing condition. However, this effect was negligible for those relatively low in interdependent self-construal, suggesting that cultural values impact the in vivo efficacy of different emotion regulation techniques. These results demonstrate the importance of identifying correspondence between self-report measures and in vivo correlates of emotion regulation in cross-cultural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kraus
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Kongmeng Liew
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Shinobu Kitayama
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yukiko Uchida
- Institute for the Future of Human Society, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Neuenswander KL, Gillespie GSR, Lick DJ, Bryant GA, Johnson KL. Social evaluative implications of sensory adaptation to human voices. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231348. [PMID: 38544561 PMCID: PMC10966390 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
People form social evaluations of others following brief exposure to their voices, and these impressions are calibrated based on recent perceptual experience. Participants adapted to voices with fundamental frequency (f o; the acoustic correlate of perceptual pitch) manipulated to be gender-typical (i.e. masculine men and feminine women) or gender-atypical (i.e. feminine men and masculine women) before evaluating unaltered test voices within the same sex. Adaptation resulted in contrastive aftereffects. Listening to gender-atypical voices caused female voices to sound more feminine and attractive (Study 1) and male voices to sound more masculine and attractive (Study 2). Studies 3a and 3b tested whether adaptation occurred on a conceptual or perceptual level, respectively. In Study 3a, perceivers adapted to gender-typical or gender-atypical voices for both men and women (i.e. adaptors pitch manipulated in opposite directions for men and women) before evaluating unaltered test voices. Findings showed weak evidence that evaluations differed between conditions. In Study 3b, perceivers adapted to masculinized or feminized voices for both men and women (i.e. adaptors pitch manipulated in the same direction for men and women) before evaluating unaltered test voices. In the feminized condition, participants rated male targets as more masculine and attractive. Conversely, in the masculinized condition, participants rated female targets as more feminine and attractive. Voices appear to be evaluated according to gender norms that are updated based on perceptual experience as well as conceptual knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gregory A. Bryant
- Department of Communication, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
| | - Kerri L. Johnson
- Department of Communication, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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11
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Schmitz M, Vanbeneden A, Yzerbyt V. The many faces of compensation: The similarities and differences between social and facial models of perception. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297887. [PMID: 38394248 PMCID: PMC10890726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research shows that stereotypes can distort the visual representation of groups in a top-down fashion. In the present endeavor, we tested if the compensation effect-the negative relationship that emerges between the social dimensions of warmth and competence when judging two social targets-would bias the visual representations of these targets in a compensatory way. We captured participants' near spontaneous facial prototypes of social targets by means of an unconstrained technique, namely the reverse correlation. We relied on a large multi-phase study (N = 869) and found that the expectations of the facial content of two novel groups that differed on one of the two social dimensions are biased in a compensatory manner on the facial dimensions of trustworthiness, warmth, and dominance but not competence. The present research opens new avenues by showing that compensation not only manifests itself on abstract ratings but that it also orients the visual representations of social targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Schmitz
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute for Research in the Psychological Sciences, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Antoine Vanbeneden
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute for Research in the Psychological Sciences, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Vincent Yzerbyt
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute for Research in the Psychological Sciences, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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12
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Ingram GPD, Chuquichambi EG, Jimenez-Leal W, Rosa AOL. In masks we trust: explicit and implicit reactions to masked faces vary by political orientation. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:68. [PMID: 38347648 PMCID: PMC10863087 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic indicated that wearing a medical-style mask affects whether a stranger's face is judged as more trustworthy, socially desirable, or likely to be ill. However, given political controversies around mask use, these effects might vary by political orientation. In a pre-registered online experiment, we measured evaluations of trustworthiness, social desirability and perceived illness in masked and unmasked faces by 1241 British and US participants. We included questions on political orientation, along with the implicit online-VAAST approach/avoid task to test reaction times to masked/unmasked faces. There was a medium-sized effect of masks on trustworthiness and a significant interaction with political orientation, in that conservatives found masked faces less trustworthy than did liberals. Participants were quicker to approach masked than unmasked faces, but conservatives were relatively slower than liberals. The effects on trustworthiness suggest that differential moralization of novel social norms can affect how their adherents are evaluated in terms of their suitability for social interactions. Furthermore, the congruence between implicit and explicit methods implies that such differences can have deep-seated effects on reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon P D Ingram
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18A-12, 111711, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Erick G Chuquichambi
- Human Cognition and Evolution (EvoCog) Research Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
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13
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Menninghaus W, Wagner V, Schindler I, Knoop CA, Blohm S, Frieler K, Scharinger M. Parallelisms and deviations: two fundamentals of an aesthetics of poetic diction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220424. [PMID: 38104607 PMCID: PMC10725771 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Poetic diction routinely involves two complementary classes of features: (i) parallelisms, i.e. repetitive patterns (rhyme, metre, alliteration, etc.) that enhance the predictability of upcoming words, and (ii) poetic deviations that challenge standard expectations/predictions regarding regular word form and order. The present study investigated how these two prediction-modulating fundamentals of poetic diction affect the cognitive processing and aesthetic evaluation of poems, humoristic couplets and proverbs. We developed quantitative measures of these two groups of text features. Across the three text genres, higher deviation scores reduced both comprehensibility and aesthetic liking whereas higher parallelism scores enhanced these. The positive effects of parallelism are significantly stronger than the concurrent negative effects of the features of deviation. These results are in accord with the hypothesis that art reception involves an interplay of prediction errors and prediction error minimization, with the latter paving the way for processing fluency and aesthetic liking. This article is part of the theme issue 'Art, aesthetics and predictive processing: theoretical and empirical perspectives'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried Menninghaus
- Language and Literature, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, 60322 Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Valentin Wagner
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Armed Forces Hamburg, 22043 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ines Schindler
- Seminar of Media Education, Europa-Universität Flensburg, 24943 Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Christine A. Knoop
- Language and Literature, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, 60322 Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Blohm
- Pragmatics, Leibniz Institute for the German Language, 68161 Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Frieler
- Scientific Services, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, 60322 Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Mathias Scharinger
- German Studies and Arts, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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14
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Bardach L, Huang Y, Richter E, Klassen RM, Kleickmann T, Richter D. Revisiting effects of teacher characteristics on physiological and psychological stress: a virtual reality study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22224. [PMID: 38097628 PMCID: PMC10721614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying personal characteristics associated with teachers' stress is a longstanding research goal with important implications for practice. The present work revisits the effects of individual characteristics in terms of neuroticism, classroom management self-efficacy, and cognitive (reasoning) abilities on stress using virtual reality (VR). Relying on a sample of 56 German pre-service teachers (Mage = 22.73, SDage = 4.93; 50.9% females), we capitalized on a VR classroom environment that allowed the integration of experimental control and authentic teaching situations, where pre-service teachers responded to the disruptive behaviors of the student avatars. We focused on stress responses in terms of psychological stress (self-reported stress) assessed after the VR session, and physiological stress (heart rate) assessed during the VR session. A total of 30 (26) participants was assigned to a condition with higher (lower) levels of disruptive student behavior, referred to as higher and lower complexity condition, respectively. Results from linear mixed-effects models revealed that neuroticism positively predicted psychological and physiological stress responses in pre-service teachers, whereas classroom management self-efficacy and cognitive (reasoning) abilities were not significantly related to stress responses. Level of complexity and the interaction between complexity and individual characteristics did not have an effect. This study underlines the value of VR as a tool for psychological research and contributes to existing knowledge on teacher characteristics and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bardach
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen, Walter-Simon-Straße 12, 72072, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Yizhen Huang
- University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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15
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Tešić M, Hahn U. The impact of explanations as communicative acts on belief in a claim: The role of source reliability. Cognition 2023; 240:105586. [PMID: 37595514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Providing an explanation is a communicative act. It involves an explainee, a person who receives an explanation, and an explainer, a person (or sometimes a machine) who provides an explanation. The majority of research on explanation has focused on how explanations alter explainees' beliefs. However, one general feature of communicative acts is that they also provide information about the speaker (explainer). Work on argumentation suggests that the speaker's reliability interacts with the content of the speaker's message and has a significant impact on argument strength. In five experiments we explore the interplay between explanation, the explainee's confidence in what is being explained, and the explainer's reliability. Experiment 1 replicates results from previous literature on the impact of explanations on an explainee's confidence in what is being explained using real-world explanations. Experiments 2 and 3 show that providing an explanation not only impacts the explainee's confidence about what is being explained but also influences beliefs about the reliability of the explainer. Additionally, the two experiments demonstrate that the impact of explanation on the explainee's confidence is mediated by the reliability of the explainer. In Experiment 4, we experimentally manipulated the explainer's reliability and found that both the explainer's reliability and whether or not an explanation was provided have a significant effect on the explainee's confidence in what is being explained. In Experiment 5, we observed an interaction between providing an explanation and the explainer's reliability. Specifically, we found that providing an explanation has a significantly greater impact on the explainee's confidence in what is being explained when the explainer's reliability is low compared to when that reliability is high. Throughout the study we point to the important impact of background knowledge, warranting further studies on this matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Tešić
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
| | - Ulrike Hahn
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
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16
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Sember V, Đurić S, Starc G, Leskošek B, Sorić M, Kovač M, Jurak G. Secular trends in skill-related physical fitness among Slovenian children and adolescents from 1983 to 2014. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2323-2339. [PMID: 37493345 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
It is vital from the public health and educational perspective to be familiar with changes in the fitness levels of individuals and populations since fitness is associated with several health outcomes and cognition. Skill-related physical fitness refers to performance in sports or occupation and is associated with motor skill performance. The aim of the present study was to examine secular trends in skill-related physical fitness of 16 678 participants in four youth generations of Slovenian children and adolescents in years 1983 (n = 3128), 1993/94 (n = 3413), 2003/04 (n = 5497), and 2013/14 (n = 4640). Using repeated cross-sectional design, we observed fitness level of all participants divided into three age groups: 6-10, 11-14, and 15-19 years. Skill-related physical performance was measured with seven fitness tests for speed, coordination, balance, and flexibility. Analysis of covariance was used to compare differences in fitness performance between decades in each age and sex group, adjusted for body height, body weight, and body mass index. Overall, large but inconsistent changes in coordination, a small improvement in speed, and a decline in flexibility were seen. The trends over the whole examined period were not linear throughout decades. Generally, positive trends were noticed in periods 1983-1993 (range 1.4%-17.9%; except flexibility) and 2003/04-2013/14 (range 0.2%-36.4%; except age group 15-19 years) while in the period 1993/94-2003/04 there are some particularities in secular trends according to individual components as well as age groups. In general, the secular trend showed a positive direction for both genders (p < 0.05), except for gross motor coordination, which demonstrated positive trends in 1993 and 2013 compared with a decade earlier (p < 0.05) and from 1983 to 2013/14, except for the youngest boys in 2003 and the youngest girls from 1993 to 2003 (p < 0.05). Our findings call for exercise programs aimed at improving speed and gross motor coordination in both sexes and all age groups, especially in the group of 15-19 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Đurić
- American University of the Middle East, Al-Egaila, Kuwait
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Leskošek
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maroje Sorić
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty for Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marjeta Kovač
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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17
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Kalénine S, Decroix J. The pain hidden in your hands: Facial expression of pain reduces the influence of goal-related information in action recognition. Neuropsychologia 2023; 189:108658. [PMID: 37574186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of the sensorimotor system in the perception of painful actions has been repeatedly demonstrated. Yet the cognitive processes corresponding to sensorimotor activations have not been identified. In particular, the respective role of higher-level and lower-level action representations such as goals and grips in the recognition of painful actions is not clear. Previous research has shown that in a neutral context, higher-level action representations (goals) are prioritized over lower-level action representations (grips) and guide action recognition. The present study evaluates to what extent the general priority given to goal-related information in the processing of visual actions can be modulated by a context of pain. We used the action violation paradigm developed by van Elk et al. (2008). In the present action tasks, participants had to judge whether the grip or the goal of object-directed actions displayed in photographs was correct or not. The actress in the photograph could show either a neutral facial expression or a facial expression of pain. In the control task, they had to judge whether the actress expressed pain. In the action tasks, goals influenced grip judgements more than grips influenced goal judgements overall, corroborating the priority given to goal-related information previously reported. Critically, the impact of irrelevant goal-related information on the identification of incorrect grips disappeared in the pain context. Moreover, judgements in the control task were similarly influenced by grip and goal-related information. Results suggest that a context of pain reduces the reliance on higher-level action for action judgments. Findings provide novel directions regarding the cognitive and brain mechanisms involved in action processing in painful situations and support pluralist views of action understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Kalénine
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Jérémy Decroix
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000, Lille, France
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18
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Benzi IMA, Compare A, Tona AL, Di Nuovo S, Lazzari D, Lingiardi V, Coco GL, Parolin L. PsyCARE study: assessing impact, cost-effectiveness, and transdiagnostic factors of the Italian ministry of health's "psychological bonus" policy. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:306. [PMID: 37798802 PMCID: PMC10557166 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of anxiety and depression disorders is surging worldwide, prompting a pressing demand for psychological interventions, especially in less severe cases. Responding to this need, the Italian government implemented the "Psychological Bonus" (PB) policy, allotting 25 million euros for mental health support. This policy entitles individuals to a minimum of four to twelve psychological sessions. In collaboration with the National Board of Italian Psychologists, our study assesses this policy's effectiveness. Indeed, the PsyCARE study aims to examine the utilization of the Psychological Bonus, evaluate its impact on adult and adolescent participants' psychological well-being through pre- and post-intervention assessments and six-month follow-up, and conduct a longitudinal cost-effectiveness analysis of this policy. A secondary aim is to investigate the influence of these interventions on transdiagnostic factors, including emotion regulation and epistemic trust. METHODS The study involves licensed psychotherapists and their patients, both adults and adolescents, benefiting from the Psychological Bonus. Data collection is underway and set to conclude in December 2023. Psychotherapists will provide diagnostic information and assess patient functioning. In addition, patients will be evaluated on mental health aspects such as clinical symptoms, emotion regulation, epistemic trust, and quality of life. We will employ linear mixed-effects models to analyze the outcomes, accounting for both fixed and random effects to capture the hierarchical structure of the data. DISCUSSION We anticipate the study's findings will highlight reduced psychological distress and improved quality of life for participants and demonstrate the Psychological Bonus policy's cost-effectiveness. The study will gather data on the role of specific versus nonspecific therapeutic factors in psychotherapy while adopting a patient-tailored approach to identify effective therapeutic elements and examine transdiagnostic factors. Overall, this study's findings will guide future measures within the Italian healthcare system, fostering a psychological health culture and providing valuable insights to the broader public. STUDY REGISTRATION https://osf.io/6zk2j.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria M A Benzi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelo Compare
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Antonino La Tona
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Santo Di Nuovo
- Department of Science of Education, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - David Lazzari
- National Board of Italian Psychologists (CNOP), Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Lingiardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Parolin
- National Board of Italian Psychologists (CNOP), Rome, Italy.
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1, Milan, 20126, Italy.
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19
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Smeding A, Gautheron F, Quinton JC. When ethics also matter: Influence of taste, health, and ethical attributes on food decisions traced with a novel mouse-tracking paradigm. Appetite 2023; 189:107006. [PMID: 37597772 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding which food attributes influence food decisions is a matter of public health and a lever for interventions promoting healthy diets. Research shows that food decisions are strongly influenced by taste, with health having a weaker and later influence in the food decision process. Yet, the influence of other food attributes and specifically ethical attributes in food decision processes-as traceable in mouse-tracking data-has not been investigated. Furthermore, past research tracing food decision processes with classical mouse-tracking tools has artificially reduced the occurrence of neutral food items, particularly on the taste attribute. This represents an important limitation as neutral items on taste are particularly likely to be influenced by higher-order level attributes, such as health, but also ethics. Extending previous research, two preregistered studies (Study 1, N = 77; Study 2, N = 92) aimed at filling these gaps using a novel one-dimensional mouse-tracking paradigm. Results showed that taste, health, and ethics all influenced food decisions and interacted over time during decision processes. Taste still had the strongest influence, hence replicating previous findings with the present novel mouse-tracking paradigm. Of importance, ethics and health also influenced decisions-and sometimes had an early significant effect-especially for food items rated as neutral on taste. Beyond these effects and taking full advantage of the use of mixed effects models for all analyses, graphical representations of the influence of taste, health, and ethical attributes for all individual food items were provided. Results are discussed considering previous findings and suggested levers for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annique Smeding
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIP/PC2S, 73011, Chambéry, France.
| | - Flora Gautheron
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, 38000, Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LJK, 38000, Grenoble, France
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20
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Roberts DM, Schade MM, Master L, Honavar VG, Nahmod NG, Chang AM, Gartenberg D, Buxton OM. Performance of an open machine learning model to classify sleep/wake from actigraphy across ∼24-hour intervals without knowledge of rest timing. Sleep Health 2023; 9:596-610. [PMID: 37573208 PMCID: PMC11005467 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
GOAL AND AIMS Commonly used actigraphy algorithms are designed to operate within a known in-bed interval. However, in free-living scenarios this interval is often unknown. We trained and evaluated a sleep/wake classifier that operates on actigraphy over ∼24-hour intervals, without knowledge of in-bed timing. FOCUS TECHNOLOGY Actigraphy counts from ActiWatch Spectrum devices. REFERENCE TECHNOLOGY Sleep staging derived from polysomnography, supplemented by observation of wakefulness outside of the staged interval. Classifications from the Oakley actigraphy algorithm were additionally used as performance reference. SAMPLE Adults, sleeping in either a home or laboratory environment. DESIGN Machine learning was used to train and evaluate a sleep/wake classifier in a supervised learning paradigm. The classifier is a temporal convolutional network, a form of deep neural network. CORE ANALYTICS Performance was evaluated across ∼24 hours, and additionally restricted to only in-bed intervals, both in terms of epoch-by-epoch performance, and the discrepancy of summary statistics within the intervals. ADDITIONAL ANALYTICS AND EXPLORATORY ANALYSES Performance of the trained model applied to the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis dataset. CORE OUTCOMES Over ∼24 hours, the temporal convolutional network classifier produced the same or better performance as the Oakley classifier on all measures tested. When restricting analysis to the in-bed interval, the temporal convolutional network remained favorable on several metrics. IMPORTANT SUPPLEMENTAL OUTCOMES Performance decreased on the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis dataset, especially when restricting analysis to the in-bed interval. CORE CONCLUSION A classifier using data labeled over ∼24-hour intervals allows for the continuous classification of sleep/wake without knowledge of in-bed intervals. Further development should focus on improving generalization performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Roberts
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Proactive Life, Inc, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Margeaux M Schade
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lindsay Master
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vasant G Honavar
- Faculty of Data Sciences, College of Information Science and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicole G Nahmod
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Chang
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Orfeu M Buxton
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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DeGrace S, Romero-Sanchiz P, Tibbo P, Barrett S, Arenella P, Cosman T, Atasoy P, Cousijn J, Wiers R, Keough MT, Yakovenko I, O'Connor R, Wardell J, Rudnick A, Nicholas Carleton R, Heber A, Stewart SH. Do trauma cue exposure and/or PTSD symptom severity intensify selective approach bias toward cannabis cues in regular cannabis users with trauma histories? Behav Res Ther 2023; 169:104387. [PMID: 37625353 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Trauma cue-elicited activation of automatic cannabis-related cognitive biases are theorized to contribute to comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and cannabis use disorder. This phenomenon can be studied experimentally by combining the trauma cue reactivity paradigm (CRP) with cannabis-related cognitive processing tasks. In this study, we used a computerized cannabis approach-avoidance task (AAT) to assess automatic cannabis (vs. neutral) approach bias following personalized trauma (vs. neutral) CRP exposure. We hypothesized that selective cannabis (vs. neutral) approach biases on the AAT would be larger among participants with higher PTSD symptom severity, particularly following trauma (vs. neutral) cue exposure. We used a within-subjects experimental design with a continuous between-subjects moderator (PTSD symptom severity). Participants were exposed to both a trauma and neutral CRP in random order, completing a cannabis AAT (cannabis vs. neutral stimuli) following each cue exposure. Current cannabis users with histories of psychological trauma (n = 50; 34% male; mean age = 37.8 years) described their most traumatic lifetime event, and a similarly-detailed neutral event, according to an established interview protocol that served as the CRP. As hypothesized, an AAT stimulus type x PTSD symptom severity interaction emerged (p = .042) with approach bias greater to cannabis than neutral stimuli for participants with higher (p = .006), but not lower (p = .36), PTSD symptom severity. Contrasting expectations, the stimulus type x PTSD symptoms effect was not intensified by trauma cue exposure (p = .19). Selective cannabis approach bias may be chronically activated in cannabis users with higher PTSD symptom severity and may serve as an automatic cognitive mechanism to help explain PTSD-CUD co-morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S DeGrace
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, B3H 2E2, Canada.
| | - P Romero-Sanchiz
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex Sussex House, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - P Tibbo
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, B3H 2E2, Canada
| | - S Barrett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - P Arenella
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, B3H 2E2, Canada
| | - T Cosman
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, B3H 2E2, Canada
| | - P Atasoy
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - J Cousijn
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R Wiers
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M T Keough
- York University, Department of Psychology, 4700 Keele St, North York, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - I Yakovenko
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, B3H 2E2, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - R O'Connor
- Concordia University, Department of Psychology, 7141 Sherbrooke West PY-146, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - J Wardell
- York University, Department of Psychology, 4700 Keele St, North York, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - A Rudnick
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, B3H 2E2, Canada
| | - R Nicholas Carleton
- University of Regina, Department of Psychology, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - A Heber
- McMaster University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - S H Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, B3H 2E2, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
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Rakesh G, Alcorn JL, Khanal R, Himelhoch SS, Rush CR. Comparing cigarette-cue attentional bias between people with HIV/AIDS and people with opioid use disorder who smoke. Health Psychol Behav Med 2023; 11:2255028. [PMID: 37693107 PMCID: PMC10486286 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2023.2255028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Special populations like people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and people with opioid use disorder (OUD) smoke tobacco cigarettes at rates three to four times greater than the general population. Patients with tobacco use disorder exhibit attentional bias (AB) for cigarette cues. Eye tracking can quantify this bias by measuring fixation time (FT) on cigarette and matched neutral cues, to calculate an AB score. Although previous studies have measured this bias in people who smoke without any other comorbid conditions, no study, to our knowledge, has measured or compared this bias in special populations. Methods We performed exploratory analyses on eye tracking data collected in two separate randomized clinical trials (RCTs) (NCT05049460, NCT05295953). We compared FT and cigarette-cue AB score (measured by subtracting FT on neutral cues from FT on cigarette cues) between PLWHA and people with OUD who smoke, using a visual probe task and Tobii Pro Fusion eye tracker. We used two cigarette cue types, one encompassing people smoking cigarettes and the other consisting of cigarette paraphernalia. We used two cue presentation times, 1000 and 2000 milliseconds (ms). Results Cues of people smoking cigarettes elicited greater AB than cues of cigarette paraphernalia across both subject groups when cues were presented for 2000 ms, but not 1000 ms. PLWHA who smoke exhibited greater AB for cues of people smoking cigarettes than cigarette paraphernalia when presented for 2000 ms compared to people with OUD who smoke. Conclusion We use cigarette-cue AB to quantify craving and cigarette consumption in two populations smoking at elevated rates. The addition of social cues potentiates cigarette cue AB, based on cue type and stimulus presentation time. Understanding the neurobiology of this relationship can help design novel smoking cessation treatments that target AB and prevent relapse in these populations with suboptimal response to smoking cessation treatments. Trial registration Clinical trials that provided the data for post hoc analyses are NCT05049460 and NCT05295953.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalkumar Rakesh
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joseph L. Alcorn
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rebika Khanal
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Seth S. Himelhoch
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Craig R. Rush
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Arend MG, Benz TM, Mertens A, Brandl C, Nitsch V. Do multimodal search cues help or hinder teleoperated search and rescue missions? ERGONOMICS 2023; 66:1255-1269. [PMID: 36369787 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2144646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In search and rescue missions, teleoperated rovers equipped with sensor technology are deployed into harsh environments to search for targets. To support the search task, unimodal/multimodal cues can be presented via visual, acoustic and/or haptic channels. However, human operators often perform the search task in parallel with the driving task, which can cause interference of attentional resources based on multiple resource theory. Navigating corners can be a particularly challenging aspect of remote driving, as described with the Cornering Law. Therefore, search cues should not interfere with cornering. The present research explores how unimodal/multimodal search cues affect cornering performance, with typical communication delays of 50 ms and 500 ms. One-hundred thirty-one participants, distributed into two delay groups, performed a target search task with unimodal/multimodal search cues. Search cues did not interfere with cornering performance with 50 ms delays. For 500 ms delays, search cues presented via the haptic channel significantly interfered with the driving task. Practitioner summary: Teleoperated rovers can support search and rescue missions. Search cues may assist the human operator, but they may also interfere with the task of driving. The study examined interference of unimodal and multimodal search cues. Haptic cues should not be implemented for systems with a delay of 500 ms or more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias G Arend
- Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias M Benz
- Human Factors Institute, Bundeswehr University Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Mertens
- Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christopher Brandl
- Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE, Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Campus-Boulevard 55, Aachen, Germany
| | - Verena Nitsch
- Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE, Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Campus-Boulevard 55, Aachen, Germany
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24
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Monaco E, Mouthon M, Britz J, Sato S, Stefanos-Yakoub I, Annoni JM, Jost LB. Embodiment of action-related language in the native and a late foreign language - An fMRI-study. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2023; 244:105312. [PMID: 37579516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2023.105312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Theories of embodied cognition postulate that language processing activates similar sensory-motor structures as when interacting with the environment. Only little is known about the neural substrate of embodiment in a foreign language (L2) as compared to the mother tongue (L1). In this fMRI study, we investigated embodiment of motor and non-motor action verbs in L1 and L2 including 31 late bilinguals. Half had German as L1 and French as L2, and the other half vice-versa. We collapsed across languages to avoid the confound between language and order of language acquisition. Region of interest analyses showed stronger activation in motor regions during L2 than during L1 processing, independently of the motor-relatedness of the verbs. Moreover, a stronger involvement of motor regions for motor-related as compared to non-motor-related verbs, similarly for L1 and L2, was found. Overall, the similarity between L1 and L2 embodiment seems to depend on individual and contextual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Monaco
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - M Mouthon
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - J Britz
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - S Sato
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - I Stefanos-Yakoub
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - J M Annoni
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - L B Jost
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland.
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25
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Liu H, Holland RW, Veling H. When not responding to food changes food value: The role of timing. Appetite 2023; 187:106583. [PMID: 37121485 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Establishing behavior change toward appetitive foods can be crucial to improve people's health. Food go/no-go training (GNG), in which people respond to some food items and not to other food items depending on the presentation of a go or no-go cue, is a means to establish behavior change. GNG changes the perceived value of food items and food consumption. After GNG, no-go items are rated as less attractive than go and/or untrained items, an empirical phenomenon called the NoGo-devaluation-effect. This effect is not always found, however. One theory-based explanation for these inconsistent results may be found in the timing of the go and no-go cues, which is also inconsistent across studies. Hence, in the present work we conducted two experiments to examine the possible role of go and no-go cue presentation timing in eliciting the NoGo-devaluation-effect. In Experiment 1, we presented the food items before the presentation of go/no-go cues, whereas we reversed this order in Experiment 2. As predicted, the NoGo-devaluation-effect was obtained in Experiment 1. This effect was absent in Experiment 2. Moreover, recognition memory for stimulus-action contingencies moderated the devaluation effect in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2. These results show that NoGo devaluation is dependent on the timing of the NoGo cue, which has theoretical and applied implications for understanding how and when go/no-go training influences food consumption. We propose that the value of food items is updated during go/no-go training to minimize prediction errors, and that this updating process is boosted by attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Liu
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Rob W Holland
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Harm Veling
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Consumption and Healthy Lifestyles, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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26
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Freiburger E, Sim M, Halberstadt AG, Hugenberg K. A Race-Based Size Bias for Black Adolescent Boys: Size, Innocence, and Threat. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023:1461672231167978. [PMID: 37158215 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231167978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We adopted an intersectional stereotyping lens to investigate whether race-based size bias-the tendency to judge Black men as larger than White men-extends to adolescents. Participants judged Black boys as taller than White boys, despite no real size differences (Studies 1A and 1B), and even when boys were matched in age (Study 1B). The size bias persisted when participants viewed computer-generated faces that varied only in apparent race (Study 2A) and extended to perceptions of physical strength, with Black boys judged as stronger than White boys (Study 2B). The size bias was associated with threat-related perceptions, including beliefs that Black boys were less innocent than White boys (Study 3). Finally, the size bias was moderated by a valid threat signal (i.e., anger expressions, Studies 4A and 4B). Thus, adult-like threat stereotypes are perpetrated upon Black boys, leading them to be erroneously perceived as more physically formidable than White boys.
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27
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Ziano I, Villanova D. More useful to you: Believing that others find the same objects more useful. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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28
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Teixeira CP, Spears R, Iyer A, Leach CW. Qualified support for normative vs. non-normative protest: Less invested members of advantaged groups are most supportive when the protest fits the opportunity for status improvement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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29
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Nguyen T, Zimmer L, Hoehl S. Your turn, my turn. Neural synchrony in mother-infant proto-conversation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210488. [PMID: 36871582 PMCID: PMC9985967 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Even before infants utter their first words, they engage in highly coordinated vocal exchanges with their caregivers. During these so-called proto-conversations, caregiver-infant dyads use a presumably universal communication structure-turn-taking, which has been linked to favourable developmental outcomes. However, little is known about potential mechanisms involved in early turn-taking. Previous research pointed to interpersonal synchronization of brain activity between adults and preschool-aged children during turn-taking. Here, we assessed caregivers and infants at 4-6 months of age (N = 55) during a face-to-face interaction. We used functional-near infrared spectroscopy hyperscanning to measure dyads' brain activity and microcoded their turn-taking. We also measured infants' inter-hemispheric connectivity as an index for brain maturity and later vocabulary size and attachment security as developmental outcomes potentially linked to turn-taking. The results showed that more frequent turn-taking was related to interpersonal neural synchrony, but the strength of the relation decreased over the course of the proto-conversation. Importantly, turn-taking was positively associated with infant brain maturity and later vocabulary size, but not with later attachment security. Taken together, these findings shed light on mechanisms facilitating preverbal turn-taking and stress the importance of emerging turn-taking for child brain and language development. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Face2face: advancing the science of social interaction'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinh Nguyen
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria.,Neuroscience of Perception and Action Lab, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Center for Life Nano and Neuro Science, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucie Zimmer
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Leopoldstrasse 13, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hoehl
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
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30
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Epifania OM, Robusto E, Anselmi P. Is the performance at the implicit association test sensitive to feedback presentation? A Rasch-based analysis. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:737-750. [PMID: 35804071 PMCID: PMC10017590 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01703-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is commonly used for the indirect assessment of psychological constructs. While the features of the IAT that might influence the performance of the respondents have been extensively investigated, the effect of informing the respondents about the correctness of their responses (i.e., feedback presentation) has been poorly addressed so far. The study addresses this issue by presenting an across-domain (implicit prejudice and food preference) Rasch-based analysis of IAT data obtained with and without feedback presentation. Results showed that speed was influenced by the interaction between feedback presentation and associative condition, whereas accuracy was influenced by the associative condition. This result varied across-domain. Results suggested that IATs administered with feedback presentation provide more accurate information on the construct of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia M Epifania
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 14, Padua, Italy.
| | - Egidio Robusto
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 14, Padua, Italy
| | - Pasquale Anselmi
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 14, Padua, Italy
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31
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Gautheron F, Quinton J, Muller D, Smeding A. Paradigm constraints on moral decision‐making dynamics. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Flora Gautheron
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, 38000 Grenoble France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LJK, 38000 Grenoble France
| | | | - Dominique Muller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, 38000 Grenoble France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris France
| | - Annique Smeding
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIP/PC2S, 73011 Chambéry France
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32
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Restrepo-Castro JC, Labrador FJ, Gantiva C, Camacho K, Castro-Camacho L. The effect of information seeking behaviors in fear control. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2023; 78:101797. [PMID: 36435551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Individuals experiencing conditioned fear reactions often resort to avoidance and escape behaviors as attempts to decrease fear. Nevertheless, these strategies are not always available. In such cases, people seek information to mitigate aversive events. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of information seeking behaviors on self-reported fear, predictability, and physiological responses. METHODS Participants were randomly assigned to two groups. In group one, individuals were given the choice to perform an instrumental behavior which provided information about the occurrence of either an aversive or a neutral event (100% contingency). In group two, individuals were also allowed to perform an instrumental behavior. However, such behavior provided partial information (50% contingency). RESULTS Individuals in group one presented lower levels of fear compared to individuals assigned to group two. LIMITATIONS The generalizability of the results may be restricted to undergraduate students. CONCLUSIONS The results suggests that when avoidance and escape are not available, individuals seek information that provides control over fear. Clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Restrepo-Castro
- Universidad de la Sabana, Campus del Puente del Común, Km. 7, Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
| | | | - Carlos Gantiva
- Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18(a) -12, Bogotá, Colombia.
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33
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Malloy TE, Bond CF, Pery S, Kluger AN. Key person designs: Logic and statistical modeling. METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.metip.2023.100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
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34
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Jarvers I, Ecker A, Schleicher D, Brunner R, Kandsperger S. Impact of preschool attendance, parental stress, and parental mental health on internalizing and externalizing problems during COVID-19 lockdown measures in preschool children. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281627. [PMID: 36780506 PMCID: PMC9925084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internalizing problems are common in young children, often persist into adulthood, and increase the likelihood for subsequent psychiatric disorders. Problematic attachment, parental mental health problems, and stress are risk factors for the development of internalizing problems. COVID-19 lockdown measures have resulted in additional parental burden and especially their impact on preschool children has rarely been investigated as of now. The current study examined the impact of sustained preschool attendance, parental stress, and parental mental health on internalizing and externalizing problems during COVID-19 lockdown measures in a sample of preschool children in Germany. METHODS AND FINDINGS N = 128 parents of preschool children filled out a one-time online survey about children's internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and attachment for three time points: before a nation-wide lockdown (T1), during the most difficult time of the lockdown (T2) and after the lockdown (T3). Additionally, parents answered questions about their own depressive and anxious symptomatology for the three time points and parental stress for T1 and T2. Linear-mixed effect models were computed to predict children's internalizing / externalizing behavior. Preschool children showed a significant increase in internalizing and externalizing problems over time, highest at T2 with small decreases at T3. Parental depressive and anxious symptomatology increased significantly from T1 to T2, but also remained high at T3. Parental stress levels were comparable to community samples at T1, but attained average values reported for at-risk families at T2. Linear-mixed effect models identified higher parental stress, parental anxiety, attachment problems, parental education, and less preschool attendance as significant predictors for internalizing and externalizing problems in preschoolers with more specific associations shown in separate models. A limitation is the retrospective assessment for the times T1 and T2. CONCLUSIONS Preschool children's mental health is strongly and negatively influenced by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and its lockdown measures. Sustained preschool attendance may serve as a protective factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Jarvers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Angelika Ecker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schleicher
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Romuald Brunner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kandsperger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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35
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Bellingtier JA, Schenker LE, Weber AL. Judging a book by its older adult cover: age-related expectations and parental preference for children's books. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 43:1-13. [PMID: 36819749 PMCID: PMC9923672 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
As they typically have limited direct contact, children's attitudes towards older adults have more opportunity to be shaped by other social influences such as their parents and children's literature. Children's books have been noted for their tendency to portray older adults in stereotypical ways and their tendencies to underrepresent older adults. We investigated how the portrayal of older adults as major versus supporting characters, as well as parents' age-related expectations were related to parental preference for children's books. We designed 24 children's book covers that depicted an older adult as a main character, a younger adult as a main character, or only children. One-hundred-seventy-five parents of children ages 0-12 rated their preference for the covers, their age-related expectations for the books' stories, and their personal aging expectations. Parents preferred covers featuring only children, and this preference was stronger for parents with more positive personal aging expectations. Cover preference was further predicted by age-related story expectations. When parents expected a book to conform to older-age stereotypes, they liked that particular cover less. Controlling for parents' age-related story expectations for each book resulted in near equal levels of preference for all types of book covers. Carefully designed children's books could provide an opportunity to increased vicarious intergenerational contact. These finding suggests that parents' interest in selecting these books for their children will be higher when they do not perceive the books to align with older-age stereotypes. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-023-04298-6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena-Emilia Schenker
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna L. Weber
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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36
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Léonard C, Blause S, Geurten M, Willems S. Preschoolers' memory recall of new information: relation to parental reminiscing. Memory 2023; 31:509-517. [PMID: 36734656 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2172184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The influence of parental reminiscing style (the way parents discuss past events with their children) on the development of children's autobiographical memory has been well documented. The specific mechanisms involved in this effect, however, remain unknown. We explored the association between specific components of parental reminiscing and preschoolers' episodic memory. Fifty-three parent-child dyads (MChild Age = 53.13 months, 29 females) from Belgium were tested twice within a delay of about nine months. At the first time point, parental reminiscing style was assessed via a parent-child discussion of a prior standardised event (a museum visit) focusing on both the structure of parental interactions and the addressed content. At each time point, children were administered with story-recall tasks in the form of true-false recognition about previously heard stories. Generalised linear mixed-effect models were conducted on an item-by-item basis. Results indicated that parental reminiscing is associated with preschoolers' recognition memory performance at both time points, but not all reminiscing components equally influence children's performance. Specifically, parents' concretisations and metamemory talk were found to impact children's memory. The identification of these components provided insights for exploring the processes underlying the reminiscing-memory influence (in-depth encoding of information, binding processes, and metacognition).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Léonard
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sacha Blause
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Psychological and Speech Therapy Consultation Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marie Geurten
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Fund for Scientific Research (F.R.S.-FNRS), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Willems
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Psychological and Speech Therapy Consultation Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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37
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Dorado A, Skov M, Rosselló J, Nadal M. Defensive emotions and evaluative judgements: Sensitivity to anger and fear predicts moral judgements, whereas sensitivity to disgust predicts aesthetic judgements. Br J Psychol 2023; 114:1-20. [PMID: 36609781 PMCID: PMC10087598 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Aesthetic and moral evaluations engage appetitive and defensive emotions. While the role played by pleasure in positive aesthetic and moral judgements has been extensively researched, little is known about how defensive emotions influence negative aesthetic and moral judgements. Specifically, it is unknown which defensive emotions such judgements tap into, and whether both kinds of judgement share a common emotional root. Here, we investigated how participants' individual sensitivity to disgust, fear, anger and sadness predicted subjective judgements of aesthetic and moral stimuli. Bayesian modelling revealed that participants who were more sensitive to anger and fear found conventional and moral transgressions more wrong. In contrast, participants who were more sensitive to disgust disliked asymmetrical geometric patterns and untidy rooms more. These findings suggest that aesthetic and moral evaluations engage multiple defensive emotions, not just disgust, and that they may rely on different defensive emotions as part of their computational mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Dorado
- Department of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Martin Skov
- Decision Neuroscience Research Cluster, Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jaume Rosselló
- Department of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Marcos Nadal
- Department of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
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38
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Strittmatter Y, Spitzer MWH, Kiesel A. A random-object-kinematogram plugin for web-based research: implementing oriented objects enables varying coherence levels and stimulus congruency levels. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:883-898. [PMID: 35503167 PMCID: PMC10027837 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01767-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One of the recent major advances in cognitive psychology research has been the option of web-based in addition to lab-based experimental research. This option fosters experimental research by increasing the pace and size of collecting data sets. Importantly, web-based research profits heavily from integrating tasks that are frequently applied in cognitive psychology into open access software. For instance, an open access random-dot kinematogram (RDK) plugin has recently been integrated into the jsPsych software for web-based research. This plugin allows researchers to implement experimental tasks with varying coherence levels (with that varying task difficulty) of moving dots or varying signal to noise ratios of colored dots. Here, we introduce the random-object kinematogram (ROK) plugin for the jsPsych software which, among other new features, enables researchers to include oriented objects (e.g., triangles or arrows) instead of dots as stimuli. This permits experiments with feature congruency (e.g., upwards-moving triangles pointing upwards) or incongruency (e.g., upwards-moving triangles pointing downwards), allowing to induce gradual degrees of stimulus interference, in addition to gradual degrees of task difficulty. We elaborate on possible set-ups with this plugin in two experiments examining participants' RTs and error rates on different combinations of coherence and congruency levels. Results showed increased RTs and error rates on trials with lower coherence percentages, and on trials with lower congruency levels. We discuss other new features of the ROK plugin and conclude that the possibility of gradually varying the coherence level and congruency level independently from each other offers novel possibilities when conducting web-based experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Strittmatter
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Kiesel
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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39
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Figl K, Kießling S, Remus U. Do symbol and device matter? The effects of symbol choice of fake news flags and device on human interaction with fake news on social media platforms. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2023.107704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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40
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Pragmatic, constructive, and reconstructive memory influences on the hindsight bias. Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:331-340. [PMID: 35953669 PMCID: PMC9971109 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In hindsight, when the outcome of an uncertain scenario is already known, we typically feel that this outcome was always likely; hindsight judgments of outcome probabilities exceed foresight judgments of the same probabilities without outcome knowledge. We extend prior accounts of hindsight bias with the influence of pragmatic communication inherent in the task and the consolidation of self-generated responses across time. In a novel 3 × 2 within-participants design, with three sequential judgments of outcome probabilities in two scenarios, we replicated the within-participants hindsight bias observed in the classic memory design and the between-participants hindsight bias in a hypothetical design simultaneously. Moreover, we reversed the classic memory design and showed that subjective probabilities also decreased when participants encountered foresight instructions after hindsight instructions, demonstrating that previously induced outcome knowledge did not prevent unbiased judgments. The constructive impact of self-generated and communicated judgments ("saying is believing") was apparent after a 2-week consolidation period: Not outcome knowledge, but rather the last pragmatic response (either biased or unbiased) determined judgments at the third measurement. These findings highlight the short-term malleability of hindsight influences in response to task pragmatics and has major implications for debiasing.
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41
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Nera K, Procop I, Klein O. Comparing the ideological correlates of anti-government and anti-Roma conspiracy beliefs in Romania. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/18344909231162276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Conspiracy theories are often viewed as the manifestation of a “conspiracy mentality” grounded in power-challenging attitudes. Contrary to this approach, it has been proposed that conspiracy theories targeting relatively powerful groups (i.e., upward conspiracy theories) may be ideologically distinct from conspiracy theories targeting relatively powerless groups (i.e., downward conspiracy theories). We tested this contention in the Romanian context ( n = 723, preregistered) and compared the ideological and socioeconomic correlates of anti-government (i.e., a relatively powerful group) and anti-Roma (i.e., a relatively powerless group) conspiracy beliefs. Using Principal Components Analysis, we showed that both categories of conspiracy beliefs are statistically distinct. Right-wing authoritarianism was significantly more related to anti-Roma conspiracy beliefs than to anti-government conspiracy beliefs. However, against our expectations, both types of conspiracy beliefs did not relate differently to subjective socioeconomic status. Overall, the ideological discrepancies between upward and downward conspiracy beliefs were less marked in the Romanian context. Finally, conspiracy mentality was more related to anti-government conspiracy beliefs than anti-Roma conspiracy beliefs. This corroborates the notion that generic measurements of conspiracist ideation may be mostly a measurement of upward conspiracy beliefs, and emphasizes the relevance of distinguishing conspiracy theories based on the types of groups they target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Nera
- Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Iustina Procop
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Olivier Klein
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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42
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Lu L, Yang J, Shu R, Long C. The default-interventionist model underlies premise typicality weakening the premise diversity effect during category-based induction: Event-related potentials evidence. Scand J Psychol 2022; 64:325-338. [PMID: 36578206 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The diversity effect during category-based induction (CBI) means that the more diverse the evidence, the higher will be the conclusion's inductive strength. However, it is influenced by the premise typicality. Three competitive cognitive processing models account for this influence: (1) The pre-emptive conflict resolution model assumes that only premise typicality activates; (2) the parallel-competitive model assumes that premise typicality and diversity activate in parallel; and (3) the default-interventionist model assumes that a default response of premise diversity first activates and is subsequently followed by premise typicality, or premise typicality activates first, followed by premise diversity. The timing of premise typicality affecting the diversity effect during CBI was measured using event-related potentials to determine which cognitive model best explains this influence. Similar to previous studies, non-diverse premise inductive tasks involving two typical premise categories were compared with diverse premise inductive tasks involving a typical and an atypical category. The results showed that non-diverse conditions had higher "correct" response proportions, greater inductive strength, higher "definitely" response proportions, and shorter reaction times than diverse conditions, showing that premise typicality weakens the diversity effect. Moreover, the diverse premises elicited larger P2, smaller FN400, and greater frontal post-N400-positivity amplitudes than non-diverse premises, suggesting that premise diversity was facilitated during a relatively early time window and revised by premise typicality in a later window. These results support the default-interventionist in nature during thinking and reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiyue Yang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Rui Shu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changquan Long
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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43
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Smits JAJ, Monfils MH, Otto MW, Telch MJ, Shumake J, Feinstein JS, Khalsa SS, Cobb AR, Parsons EM, Long LJ, McSpadden B, Johnson D, Greenberg A. CO 2 reactivity as a biomarker of exposure-based therapy non-response: study protocol. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:831. [PMID: 36575425 PMCID: PMC9793569 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure-based therapy is an effective first-line treatment for anxiety-, obsessive-compulsive, and trauma- and stressor-related disorders; however, many patients do not improve, resulting in prolonged suffering and poorly used resources. Basic research on fear extinction may inform the development of a biomarker for the selection of exposure-based therapy. Growing evidence links orexin system activity to deficits in fear extinction and we have demonstrated that reactivity to an inhaled carbon dioxide (CO2) challenge-a safe, affordable, and easy-to-implement procedure-can serve as a proxy for orexin system activity and predicts fear extinction deficits in rodents. Building upon this basic research, the goal for the proposed study is to validate CO2 reactivity as a biomarker of exposure-based therapy non-response. METHODS We will assess CO2 reactivity in 600 adults meeting criteria for one or more fear- or anxiety-related disorders prior to providing open exposure-based therapy. By incorporating CO2 reactivity into a multivariate model predicting treatment non-response that also includes reactivity to hyperventilation as well as a number of related predictor variables, we will establish the mechanistic specificity and the additive predictive utility of the potential CO2 reactivity biomarker. By developing models independently within two study sites (University of Texas at Austin and Boston University) and predicting the other site's data, we will validate that the results are likely to generalize to future clinical samples. DISCUSSION Representing a necessary stage in translating basic research, this investigation addresses an important public health issue by testing an accessible clinical assessment strategy that may lead to a more effective treatment selection (personalized medicine) for patients with anxiety- and fear-related disorders, and enhanced understanding of the mechanisms governing exposure-based therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05467683 (20/07/2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper A. J. Smits
- grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Marie-H. Monfils
- grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Michael W. Otto
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, Floor 2, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Michael J. Telch
- grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Jason Shumake
- grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Justin S. Feinstein
- grid.417423.70000 0004 0512 88633The Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Ave., Tulsa, Oklahoma 74136 USA
| | - Sahib S. Khalsa
- grid.417423.70000 0004 0512 88633The Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Ave., Tulsa, Oklahoma 74136 USA
| | - Adam R. Cobb
- grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712 USA ,grid.259828.c0000 0001 2189 3475Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina and Ralph H. Johnson VAHCS, 67 President Street MSC 862, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| | - E. Marie Parsons
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, Floor 2, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Laura J. Long
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, Floor 2, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Bryan McSpadden
- grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - David Johnson
- grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Alma Greenberg
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, Floor 2, Boston, MA 02215 USA
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Toscano CVA, Ferreira JP, Quinaud RT, Silva KMN, Carvalho HM, Gaspar JM. Exercise improves the social and behavioral skills of children and adolescent with autism spectrum disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1027799. [PMID: 36620673 PMCID: PMC9813515 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1027799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, there is no standard treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), but there are many ways to minimize the symptoms and maximize abilities. Some studies suggest that exercise and other physical activities with children with ASD may be beneficial. In this study, we hypothesized that a physical exercise program (48-week exercise-intervention) could improve symptomatology dyad among children and adolescents with ASD. Our main aim was to examine the effects of physical activity on the primary clinical symptoms and associated comorbidities in children and adolescents with ASD. Methods We allocated 229 children with ASD, ranging in age from 2.3-17.3 years (M = 7.8, SD = 3.2), into three groups: (a) exercise- intervention group, (b) control group from the same institution, and (c) control group from another institution. The exercise program was performed at moderate intensity in a 30 min section twice a week for 48 weeks. We used Bayesian multilevel regression modeling to examine participant outcomes and responses to the exercise-intervention. Results Our results showed that a 48-week exercise-intervention substantially decreased ASD social interaction problems, attention deficit, emotional reactivity, stereotypical verbal and motor behavior, and sleep disturbances. However, physical exercise did not affect eye contact and food selectivity. We also observed that ASD severity and socioeconomic status influence eye contact, attention deficit, and sleep disturbance responses. Conclusion In conclusion, children and adolescents with ASD exposed to a 48-week physical exercise-intervention program had important improvements in ASD symptoms. This study highlights that structured exercise programs can be a powerful complementary therapy for the ASD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystiane V. A. Toscano
- Institute of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - José P. Ferreira
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo T. Quinaud
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Keity M. N. Silva
- Physical Education Service, Unified Center for Integration and Development of Autism, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Humberto M. Carvalho
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Joana M. Gaspar
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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45
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Hulme RC, Shapiro LR, Taylor JSH. Learning new words through reading: do robust spelling-sound mappings boost learning of word forms and meanings? ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:210555. [PMID: 36533201 PMCID: PMC9748498 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High-quality lexical representations depend on robust representations of written form (orthography), spoken form (phonology) and meaning (semantics), and strong bonds between them. Quality of lexical representations may be affected by amount of print exposure and the form of individual words. Words that are harder to decode (print-to-sound) may lead to fuzzy representations of the orthographic and phonological forms, potentially creating less stable foundations for semantic knowledge. These factors are difficult to disentangle in natural language research; in this registered report, we experimentally manipulated decoding ease and exposure at the item level. Adults read paragraphs describing invented meanings of pseudowords. Pseudowords appeared two or six times in a paragraph, and had easy (e.g. bamper) or hard (e.g. uzide) to decode spelling-sound mappings. Post-tests assessed word-form knowledge, orthography-semantic mappings and semantic-phonology mappings. Results showed that greater decoding ease improved learning of word forms and consequently also impacted on word meanings. Higher exposure frequency improved learning of word forms but not meanings. Exposure frequency also modulated the effect of decoding ease on word-form learning, with a stronger effect of decoding ease for fewer exposures. Disentangling effects of decoding ease from print exposure has important implications for understanding potential barriers to vocabulary learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael C. Hulme
- Aston Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment and School of Psychology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura R. Shapiro
- Aston Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment and School of Psychology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - J. S. H. Taylor
- Aston Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment and School of Psychology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
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Woitzel J, Koch A. Ideological prejudice is stronger in ideological extremists (vs. moderates). GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221135083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The agency–beliefs–communion (ABC) model and worldview conflict research show that people rate groups as more moral and likable if they rate their ideology as more similar to the ideology of the self. This paper refers to this effect as ideological prejudice. There is a debate whether ideology moderates the effect size of ideological prejudice. Through three observational studies ( NS1 = 700, NS2 = 974, NS3 = 633), this paper contributes to this debate in three ways. First and primarily, the paper shows that ideological prejudice is stronger in conservatives and progressives compared to people with more moderate ideological beliefs. Second, stronger ideological prejudice in ideological extremists (vs. moderates) holds when controlling for stronger ingroup favoritism in ideological extremists (vs. moderates). And third, the paper suggests that higher importance of own ideology in ideological extremists (vs. moderates) may explain why ideological prejudice is stronger in ideological extremists (vs. moderates). These findings develop a part of the ABC model of stereotypes, contribute to worldview conflict research, and help to explain why ideological polarization is divisive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Koch
- The University of Chicago Booth School of Business, USA
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Coupling between prefrontal brain activity and respiratory sinus arrhythmia in infants and adults. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 58:101184. [PMID: 36495790 PMCID: PMC9730144 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-regulation is an essential aspect of healthy child development. Even though infants depend on their caregivers for co-regulation during the first years, they begin to gain regulatory abilities through social interactions as well as their own developing agency and inhibitory control. These early regulatory abilities continue to increase with the development of both the prefrontal cortex and the vagal system. Importantly, theoretical accounts have suggested that the prefrontal cortex and the vagal system are linked through forward and backward feedback loops via the limbic system. Decreased coupling within this link is suggested to be associated with psychopathology. The primary goal of this study was to examine whether intrapersonal coupling of prefrontal brain activity and respiratory sinus arrhythmia is evident in infancy. Using the simultaneous assessment of functional near-infrared spectroscopy and electrocardiography, we used Cross-Recurrence Quantification Analysis to assess the coupling of prefrontal brain activity and respiratory sinus arrhythmia in 69 4- to 6-month-old infants and their mothers during a passive viewing condition. However, we did not find significant coupling between the PFC and RSA in infants and adult caregivers. Future studies could examine social contexts associated with greater emotional reactivity to deepen our understanding of the pathways involved in self-regulation.
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Mermillod M, Perrier MJ, Lacroix A, Kauffmann L, Peyrin C, Méot A, Vermeulen N, Dutheil F. High spatial frequencies disrupt conscious visual recognition: evidence from an attentional blink paradigm. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11964. [PMID: 36561662 PMCID: PMC9763755 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we tested the respective importance of low spatial frequencies (LSF) and high spatial frequencies (HSF) for conscious visual recognition of emotional stimuli by using an attentional blink paradigm. Thirty-eight participants were asked to identify and report two targets (happy faces) embedded in a rapid serial visual presentation of distractors (angry faces). During attentional blink, conscious perception of the second target (T2) is usually altered when the lag between the two targets is short (200-500 ms) but is restored at longer lags. The distractors between T1 and T2 were either non-filtered (broad spatial frequencies, BSF), low-pass filtered (LSF), or high-pass filtered (HSF). Assuming that prediction abilities could be at the root of conscious visual recognition, we expected that LSF distractors could result in a greater disturbance of T2 reporting than HSF distractors. Results showed that both LSF and HSF play a role in the emergence of exogenous consciousness in the visual system. Furthermore, HSF distractors strongly affected T1 and T2 reporting irrespective of the lag between targets, suggesting their role for facial emotion processing. We discuss these results with regards to other models of visual recognition. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Martial Mermillod
- LPNC, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France,Corresponding author.
| | | | - Adeline Lacroix
- LPNC, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Louise Kauffmann
- LPNC, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Carole Peyrin
- LPNC, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Alain Méot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Vermeulen
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium,Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS-FRS), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Wertgen AG, Richter T. Source credibility and plausibility are considered in the validation of textual information: evidence from a social media context. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2022.2149757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Richter
- Department of Psychology IV, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
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Baguley T, Dunham G, Steer O. Statistical modelling of vignette data in psychology. Br J Psychol 2022; 113:1143-1163. [PMID: 35735658 PMCID: PMC9796090 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vignette methods are widely used in psychology and the social sciences to obtain responses to multi-dimensional scenarios or situations. Where quantitative data are collected this presents challenges to the selection of an appropriate statistical model. This depends on subtle details of the design and allocation of vignettes to participants. A key distinction is between factorial survey experiments where each participant receives a different allocation of vignettes from the full universe of possible vignettes and experimental vignette studies where this restriction is relaxed. The former leads to nested designs with a single random factor and the latter to designs with two crossed random factors. In addition, the allocation of vignettes to participants may lead to fractional or unbalanced designs and a consequent loss of efficiency or aliasing of the effects of interest. Many vignette studies (including some factorial survey experiments) include unmodeled heterogeneity between vignettes leading to potentially serious problems if traditional regression approaches are adopted. These issues are reviewed and recommendations are made for the efficient design of vignette studies including the allocation of vignettes to participants. Multilevel models are proposed as a general approach to handling nested and crossed designs including unbalanced and fractional designs. This is illustrated with a small vignette data set looking at judgements of online and offline bullying and harassment.
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