1
|
Ye Z, Mu Y, Van Duzen S, Ryser P. Root and shoot phenology, architecture, and organ properties: an integrated trait network among 44 herbaceous wetland species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38600040 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Integrating traits across above- and belowground organs offers comprehensive insights into plant ecology, but their various functions also increase model complexity. This study aimed to illuminate the interspecific pattern of whole-plant trait correlations through a network lens, including a detailed analysis of the root system. Using a network algorithm that allows individual traits to belong to multiple modules, we characterize interrelations among 19 traits, spanning both shoot and root phenology, architecture, morphology, and tissue properties of 44 species, mostly herbaceous monocots from Northern Ontario wetlands, grown in a common garden. The resulting trait network shows three distinct yet partially overlapping modules. Two major trait modules indicate constraints of plant size and form, and resource economics, respectively. These modules highlight the interdependence between shoot size, root architecture and porosity, and a shoot-root coordination in phenology and dry-matter content. A third module depicts leaf biomechanical adaptations specific to wetland graminoids. All three modules overlap on shoot height, suggesting multifaceted constraints of plant stature. In the network, individual-level traits showed significantly higher centrality than tissue-level traits do, demonstrating a hierarchical trait integration. The presented whole-plant, integrated network suggests that trait covariation is essentially function-driven rather than organ-specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Ye
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Yanmei Mu
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shianne Van Duzen
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Peter Ryser
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silvestro R, Mura C, Alano Bonacini D, de Lafontaine G, Faubert P, Mencuccini M, Rossi S. Local adaptation shapes functional traits and resource allocation in black spruce. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21257. [PMID: 38040772 PMCID: PMC10692160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is rapidly altering weather patterns, resulting in shifts in climatic zones. The survival of trees in specific locations depends on their functional traits. Local populations exhibit trait adaptations that ensure their survival and accomplishment of growth and reproduction processes during the growing season. Studying these traits offers valuable insights into species responses to present and future environmental conditions, aiding the implementation of measures to ensure forest resilience and productivity. This study investigates the variability in functional traits among five black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) provenances originating from a latitudinal gradient along the boreal forest, and planted in a common garden in Quebec, Canada. We examined differences in bud phenology, growth performance, lifetime first reproduction, and the impact of a late-frost event on tree growth and phenological adjustments. The findings revealed that trees from northern sites exhibit earlier budbreak, lower growth increments, and reach reproductive maturity earlier than those from southern sites. Late-frost damage affected growth performance, but no phenological adjustment was observed in the successive year. Local adaptation in the functional traits may lead to maladaptation of black spruce under future climate conditions or serve as a potent evolutionary force promoting rapid adaptation under changing environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Silvestro
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H2B1, Canada.
| | - C Mura
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H2B1, Canada
| | - D Alano Bonacini
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H2B1, Canada
| | - G de Lafontaine
- Canada Research Chair in Integrative Biology of the Northern Flora, Département de biologie, chimie et Géographie, Centre for Northern Studies, Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada
| | - P Faubert
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H2B1, Canada
- Carbone boréal, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - M Mencuccini
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluis Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Rossi
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H2B1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baden HM, Colchero F, Cubey R, Dahlgren JP. Aging varies greatly within a single genus: A demographic study of Rhododendron spp. in botanic gardens. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16247. [PMID: 37792540 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE There is mounting evidence that age matters in plant demography, but also indications that relationships between age and demographic rates may vary significantly among species. Age-based plant demographic data, however, are time-consuming to collect and still lacking for most species, and little is known about general patterns across species or what may drive differences. METHODS We used individual birth and death records for 12 Rhododendron species from botanic gardens and conducted Bayesian survival trajectory analyses to assess how mortality changed with age. We calculated the demographic measures of aging rate, life-span equality, and life expectancy for each species, and assessed their relationships with the climatic conditions at species' sites of ancestral origin and with taxonomic group (subgenus). RESULTS We found substantial among-species variation in survival trajectories, with mortality increasing, decreasing, or remaining constant with advancing age. Moreover, we found no relationships between demographic measures and ancestral climatic conditions but there were statistically significant differences among taxonomic groups in the rate of change in mortality with age (aging rate). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that demographic consequences of aging can differ qualitatively, even among species in the same genus. In addition, taxonomic trends in aging rates indicate they may be genetically determined, though evolutionary drivers are still unclear. Furthermore, we suggest there is untapped potential in using botanic garden records in future studies on plant life history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Maria Baden
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark
| | - Fernando Colchero
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark
- Department of Mathematics and Data Science, University of Southern Denmark
| | - Rob Cubey
- Plant Records, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Johan P Dahlgren
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Worthy SJ, Gremer JR. Understanding the drivers of intraspecific demographic variation: Needs and opportunities. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16176. [PMID: 37189226 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Worthy
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Gremer
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu L, Stachowicz JJ, DuBois K, Reusch TBH. Detecting clonemate pairs in multicellular diploid clonal species based on a shared heterozygosity index. Mol Ecol Resour 2023; 23:592-600. [PMID: 36366977 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Clonal reproduction, the formation of nearly identical individuals via mitosis in the absence of genetic recombination, is a very common reproductive mode across plants, fungi and animals. To detect clonal genetic structure, genetic similarity indices based on shared alleles are widely used, such as the Jaccard index, or identity by state. Here we propose a new pairwise genetic similarity index, the SH index, based on segregating genetic marker loci (typically single nucleotide polymorphisms) that are identically heterozygous for pairs of samples (NSH ). To test our method, we analyse two old seagrass clones (Posidonia australis, estimated to be around 8500 years old; Zostera marina, >750 years old) along with two young Z. marina clones of known age (17 years old). We show that focusing on shared heterozygosity amplifies the power to distinguish sample pairs belonging to different clones compared to methods focusing on all shared alleles. Our proposed workflow can successfully detect clonemates at a location dominated by a single clone. When the collected samples involve two or more clones, the SH index shows a clear gap between clonemate pairs and interclone sample pairs. Ideally NSH should be on the order of approximately ≥3000, a number easily achievable via restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing or whole-genome resequencing. Another potential application of the SH index is to detect possible parent-descendant pairs under selfing. Our proposed workflow takes advantage of the availability of the larger number of genetic markers in the genomic era, and improves the ability to distinguish clonemates from nonclonemates in multicellular diploid clonal species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Marine Evolutionary Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - John J Stachowicz
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Katie DuBois
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Thorsten B H Reusch
- Marine Evolutionary Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Eck JL, Kytöviita M, Laine A. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence host infection during epidemics in a wild plant pathosystem. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1922-1935. [PMID: 36093733 PMCID: PMC9827988 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
While pathogenic and mutualistic microbes are ubiquitous across ecosystems and often co-occur within hosts, how they interact to determine patterns of disease in genetically diverse wild populations is unknown. To test whether microbial mutualists provide protection against pathogens, and whether this varies among host genotypes, we conducted a field experiment in three naturally occurring epidemics of a fungal pathogen, Podosphaera plantaginis, infecting a host plant, Plantago lanceolata, in the Åland Islands, Finland. In each population, we collected epidemiological data on experimental plants from six allopatric populations that had been inoculated with a mixture of mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or a nonmycorrhizal control. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased growth in plants from every population, but also increased host infection rate. Mycorrhizal effects on disease severity varied among host genotypes and strengthened over time during the epidemic. Host genotypes that were more susceptible to the pathogen received stronger protective effects from inoculation. Our results show that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi introduce both benefits and risks to host plants, and shift patterns of infection in host populations under pathogen attack. Understanding how mutualists alter host susceptibility to disease will be important for predicting infection outcomes in ecological communities and in agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenalle L. Eck
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich8057ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Minna‐Maarit Kytöviita
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Jyväskylä40014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Anna‐Liisa Laine
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich8057ZurichSwitzerland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Helsinki00790HelsinkiFinland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lasker HR, Martínez-Quintana Á. Growing up is hard to do: a demographic model of survival and growth of Caribbean octocoral recruits. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14386. [PMID: 36420132 PMCID: PMC9677878 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among species with size structured demography, population structure is determined by size specific survival and growth rates. This interplay is particularly important among recently settled colonial invertebrates for which survival is low and growth is the only way of escaping the high mortality that small colonies are subject to. Gorgonian corals settling on reefs can grow into colonies of millions of polyps and can be meters tall. However, all colonies start their benthic lives as single polyps, which are subject to high mortality rates. Annual survival among these species increases with size, reflecting the ability of colonies to increasingly survive partial mortality as they grow larger. Methods Data on survival and growth of gorgonian recruits in the genera Eunicea and Pseudoplexaura at two sites on the southern coast of St John, US Virgin Islands were used to generate a stage structured model that characterizes growth of recruits from 0.3 cm until they reach 5 cm height. The model used the frequency distributions of colony growth rates to incorporate variability into the model. Results High probabilities of zero and negative growth increase the time necessary to reach 5 cm and extends the demographic bottleneck caused by high mortality to multiple years. Only 5% of the recruits in the model survived and reached 5 cm height and, on average, recruits required 3 y to reach 5 cm height. Field measurements of recruitment rates often use colony height to differentiate recruits from older colonies, but height cannot unambiguously identify recruits due to the highly variable nature of colony growth. Our model shows how recruitment rates based on height average recruitment and survival across more than a single year, but size-based definitions of recruitment if consistently used can characterize the role of supply and early survival in the population dynamics of species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howard R. Lasker
- Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America,Department of Environment and Sustainability, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Ángela Martínez-Quintana
- Department of Environment and Sustainability, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ehleringer JR, Driscoll AW. Intrinsic water-use efficiency influences establishment in Encelia farinosa. Oecologia 2022; 199:563-578. [PMID: 35819533 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe establishment of Encelia farinosa, a drought-deciduous shrub common to the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts, based on annual observations of two populations between 1980 and 2020. Only 11 establishment events of 50 + yearlings (0.02-0.03 individuals m-2) occurred during this monitoring period; in 68% of the years fewer than 10 yearlings were established. Yearling survival to adulthood (age 4) ranged from 88 to 5% and was significantly related to cumulative precipitation. Juvenile survival rates were lowest during the current megadrought period. We calculated intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) and observed the widest variations in iWUE values among the youngest plants. Among juveniles, surviving yearlings with the lowest iWUE values exhibited upward ontogenetic shifts in iWUE values, whereas those yearlings with the highest initial iWUE values exhibited little if any change. Juvenile size, higher iWUE values, and greater likelihood of surviving were all positively related with each other over the past several decades. Furthermore, iWUE and photosynthetic capacity were positively related to each other, providing a mechanistic explanation for why increased iWUE values among juveniles could lead to greater survival rates and to larger plants under water-deficit conditions. We posit that there is bi-directional selection for genotypic variations in iWUE values among E. farinosa and that this variation is selected for because of interannual environmental heterogeneity in precipitation and VPD associated with both high- and low-frequency climate cycles. Extreme drought cycles may favor plants with higher iWUE values, whereas more mesic periods may allow for greater persistence of lower iWUE genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Ehleringer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Avery W Driscoll
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Present Address: Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, 301 University Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Reproductive Biology of Dry Grassland Specialist Ranunculus illyricus L. and Its Implications for Conservation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060873. [PMID: 35741394 PMCID: PMC9220104 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The Ranunculus illyricus—Illyrian buttercup—is threatened with extinction in many countries and measures should be taken to protect it. In order to increase the effectiveness of such measures, it is necessary to know the methods of propagation and to evaluate their efficiency. R. illyricus reproduces generatively by seed and vegetatively by clusters of progeny tubers. The method and potential of vegetative propagation are described here for the first time and compared with the potential and actual effectiveness of generative propagation. Both the generative and vegetative propagation methods should be used to strengthen existing populations and create replacements. Abstract Ranunculus illyricus, a component of xerothermic grasslands, is a declining species and deserves active conservation treatments in many countries preceded by studies on the biology of its reproduction. So far, our knowledge of R. illyricus, a species with two modes of reproduction, has been fragmentary. The purpose of the studies presented here was to describe the annual development cycle of R. illyricus with particular emphasis on the production of underground tuber clusters that serve as vegetative propagation. Based on three-year-long observations in an ex situ collection, the efficiency of vegetative propagation was estimated and compared with the efficiency of generative propagation. It was found that in 3 years the best clones could produce up to 57 progeny clusters followed by flowering specimens in the first season. Meanwhile, the high potential for generative reproduction was suppressed by many limitations including fruit setting, the germination capacity of seeds, seedling survival rate, and additionally, the first flowering plant was observed only in the third year. It seems that the efficiency of vegetative propagation of this species can be higher than the efficiency of generative propagation. Moreover, vegets bloomed in the first year after emergence, whereas the first plant of generative origin was observed to bloom only after 3 years. A large proportion of individuals of vegetative origin can negatively affect the genetic diversity of the population but their survival rate against competing plants is higher. To enhance the existing populations or to create new ones, it would be best to use plants derived from clonal propagation of genets carried out in ex situ conditions.
Collapse
|
10
|
Guillén‐Escribà C, Schneider FD, Schmid B, Tedder A, Morsdorf F, Furrer R, Hueni A, Niklaus PA, Schaepman ME. Remotely sensed between-individual functional trait variation in a temperate forest. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:10834-10867. [PMID: 34429885 PMCID: PMC8366889 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trait-based ecology holds the promise to explain how plant communities work, for example, how functional diversity may support community productivity. However, so far it has been difficult to combine field-based approaches assessing traits at the level of plant individuals with limited spatial coverage and approaches using remote sensing (RS) with complete spatial coverage but assessing traits at the level of vegetation pixels rather than individuals. By delineating all individual-tree crowns within a temperate forest site and then assigning RS-derived trait measures to these trees, we combine the two approaches, allowing us to use general linear models to estimate the influence of taxonomic or environmental variation on between- and within-species variation across contiguous space.We used airborne imaging spectroscopy and laser scanning to collect individual-tree RS data from a mixed conifer-angiosperm forest on a mountain slope extending over 5.5 ha and covering large environmental gradients in elevation as well as light and soil conditions. We derived three biochemical (leaf chlorophyll, carotenoids, and water content) and three architectural traits (plant area index, foliage-height diversity, and canopy height), which had previously been used to characterize plant function, from the RS data. We then quantified the contributions of taxonomic and environmental variation and their interaction to trait variation and partitioned the remaining within-species trait variation into smaller-scale spatial and residual variation. We also investigated the correlation between functional trait and phylogenetic distances at the between-species level. The forest consisted of 13 tree species of which eight occurred in sufficient abundance for quantitative analysis.On average, taxonomic variation between species accounted for more than 15% of trait variation in biochemical traits but only around 5% (still highly significant) in architectural traits. Biochemical trait distances among species also showed a stronger correlation with phylogenetic distances than did architectural trait distances. Light and soil conditions together with elevation explained slightly more variation than taxonomy across all traits, but in particular increased plant area index (light) and reduced canopy height (elevation). Except for foliage-height diversity, all traits were affected by significant interactions between taxonomic and environmental variation, the different responses of the eight species to the within-site environmental gradients potentially contributing to the coexistence of the eight abundant species.We conclude that with high-resolution RS data it is possible to delineate individual-tree crowns within a forest and thus assess functional traits derived from RS data at individual level. With this precondition fulfilled, it is then possible to apply tools commonly used in field-based trait ecology to partition trait variation among individuals into taxonomic and potentially even genetic variation, environmental variation, and interactions between the two. The method proposed here presents a promising way of assessing individual-based trait information with complete spatial coverage and thus allowing analysis of functional diversity at different scales. This information can help to better understand processes shaping community structure, productivity, and stability of forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Guillén‐Escribà
- Remote Sensing LaboratoriesDepartment of GeographyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Present address:
WeesenSwitzerland
| | - Fabian D. Schneider
- Remote Sensing LaboratoriesDepartment of GeographyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Remote Sensing LaboratoriesDepartment of GeographyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Andrew Tedder
- School of Chemistry and BiosciencesFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of BradfordBradfordUK
| | - Felix Morsdorf
- Remote Sensing LaboratoriesDepartment of GeographyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Reinhard Furrer
- Department of MathematicsUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Department of Computational ScienceUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Hueni
- Remote Sensing LaboratoriesDepartment of GeographyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Pascal A. Niklaus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Michael E. Schaepman
- Remote Sensing LaboratoriesDepartment of GeographyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
De Frenne P, Lenoir J, Luoto M, Scheffers BR, Zellweger F, Aalto J, Ashcroft MB, Christiansen DM, Decocq G, De Pauw K, Govaert S, Greiser C, Gril E, Hampe A, Jucker T, Klinges DH, Koelemeijer IA, Lembrechts JJ, Marrec R, Meeussen C, Ogée J, Tyystjärvi V, Vangansbeke P, Hylander K. Forest microclimates and climate change: Importance, drivers and future research agenda. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2279-2297. [PMID: 33725415 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Forest microclimates contrast strongly with the climate outside forests. To fully understand and better predict how forests' biodiversity and functions relate to climate and climate change, microclimates need to be integrated into ecological research. Despite the potentially broad impact of microclimates on the response of forest ecosystems to global change, our understanding of how microclimates within and below tree canopies modulate biotic responses to global change at the species, community and ecosystem level is still limited. Here, we review how spatial and temporal variation in forest microclimates result from an interplay of forest features, local water balance, topography and landscape composition. We first stress and exemplify the importance of considering forest microclimates to understand variation in biodiversity and ecosystem functions across forest landscapes. Next, we explain how macroclimate warming (of the free atmosphere) can affect microclimates, and vice versa, via interactions with land-use changes across different biomes. Finally, we perform a priority ranking of future research avenues at the interface of microclimate ecology and global change biology, with a specific focus on three key themes: (1) disentangling the abiotic and biotic drivers and feedbacks of forest microclimates; (2) global and regional mapping and predictions of forest microclimates; and (3) the impacts of microclimate on forest biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the face of climate change. The availability of microclimatic data will significantly increase in the coming decades, characterizing climate variability at unprecedented spatial and temporal scales relevant to biological processes in forests. This will revolutionize our understanding of the dynamics, drivers and implications of forest microclimates on biodiversity and ecological functions, and the impacts of global changes. In order to support the sustainable use of forests and to secure their biodiversity and ecosystem services for future generations, microclimates cannot be ignored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- UMR 7058 CNRS "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Miska Luoto
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brett R Scheffers
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Juha Aalto
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Weather and Climate Change Impact Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael B Ashcroft
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Ditte M Christiansen
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guillaume Decocq
- UMR 7058 CNRS "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Karen De Pauw
- Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Sanne Govaert
- Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Caroline Greiser
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Gril
- UMR 7058 CNRS "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Arndt Hampe
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, Cestas, France
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David H Klinges
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Irena A Koelemeijer
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ronan Marrec
- UMR 7058 CNRS "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | | | - Jérôme Ogée
- INRAE, Bordeaux Science Agro, ISPA, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Vilna Tyystjärvi
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Weather and Climate Change Impact Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kristoffer Hylander
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cowan EL, Standish RJ, Miller BP, Enright NJ, Fontaine JB. A framework for measuring the effects of disturbance in restoration projects. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebony L. Cowan
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Rachel J. Standish
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Ben P. Miller
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park Science, Biodiversity and Conservation Science 1 Kattidj Close Kings Park Western Australia Australia
| | - Neal J. Enright
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Joseph B. Fontaine
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Distribution and Population Structure of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh in Relation to the Environmental Gradient Along the Red Sea Coast of Egypt. EKOLÓGIA (BRATISLAVA) 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/eko-2021-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This paper presents an assessment of changes in Avicennia marina population along the Egyptian coasts of the Red Sea. A retrospective analysis of the mangrove cover and distribution was carried out. The populations in Sharm El-Bahary and wadi El-Gimal lack at least one or more volume class stages, while all volume classes are represented in the last two populations occurring in wadi Al-Qu’lan and Sharm El-Madfa’a. The relationships between the individual diameter and canopy volume of A. marina population are simply linear. Strong correlation coefficients are obtained (r
2=0.92) for the population of Sharm El-Bahry and the weak correlation coefficients are obtained (r
2=0.63) for the population of wadi El-Gimal. On the other hand, the relationships between the individual heights and canopy volume of A. marina population are simply linear. Strong correlation coefficients are obtained (r
2=0.72) for the population of Sharm El-Bahry and the weak correlation coefficients are obtained (r
2=0.46) for the population of wadi El-Gimal. All growth performance of A. marina species differ significantly at the four localities except the circumference. The comparison of soil characteristics A. marina populations in the four study localities showed significant variations in all variables except the silt content and SO4.
Collapse
|
14
|
Royo AA, Vickers LA, Long RP, Ristau TE, Stoleson SH, Stout SL. The Forest of Unintended Consequences: Anthropogenic Actions Trigger the Rise and Fall of Black Cherry. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The twentieth century confluence of clear-cutting, deer overabundance, and rising nitrogen deposition favored dominance by the shade-intolerant, unpalatable, and nitrogen-demanding black cherry (Prunus serotina) throughout the Allegheny Plateau of the eastern United States. The abundance of this species conferred unique and valuable ecological and economic benefits that shaped regional biodiversity and societies. Sustaining these values is increasingly difficult because black cherry, seemingly inexplicably, has experienced diminished establishment, growth, and survival in the twenty-first century. In the present article, we chronicle the change and assess underlying drivers through a literature review and new analyses. We found negative plant–soil microbial feedback loops and lowered nitrogen deposition are biologically, temporally, and geographically consistent with observed declines. The evidence suggests that black cherry dynamics are the unintended consequence of actions and policies ostensibly unconnected to forests. We suggest that these shifts are a bellwether of impending changes to forests, economies, and ownership patterns regionally and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A Royo
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Forestry Science Lab, Irvine, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Lance A Vickers
- University of Missouri's School of Natural Resources, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Robert P Long
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Forestry Science Lab, Irvine, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Todd E Ristau
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Forestry Science Lab, Irvine, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Scott H Stoleson
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Forestry Science Lab, Irvine, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Susan L Stout
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Forestry Science Lab, Irvine, Pennsylvania, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Blanchard MD, Platt WJ. Ground Layer Microhabitats Influence Recruitment of Longleaf Pine in an Old-growth Pine Savanna. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-185.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Blanchard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803
| | - William J. Platt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Daniel Valerio Peláez, Blazquez FR, Andrioli RJ. Twenty-five Years of Fire Research in the Temperate Semi-arid Rangelands of Central Argentina: A Synthesis. RUSS J ECOL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413621010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
17
|
Takada T, Kawai Y. An analysis of elasticity vector distribution specific to semelparous species using randomly generated population projection matrices and the COMPADRE Plant Matrix Database. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
18
|
Mapping the dynamics of research networks in ecology and evolution using co-citation analysis (1975–2014). Scientometrics 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-019-03340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
19
|
Herben T, Klimešová J. Evolution of clonal growth forms in angiosperms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:999-1010. [PMID: 31505049 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Clonal growth of plants is attained by a number of morphologically different organs (e.g. stolons, rhizomes, and roots), which are not functionally equivalent. Consequently, these clonal growth organ (CGO) types can determine functional traits that are associated with clonality, although little is known about their evolutionary flexibility or the constraining role they play on clonal traits. We investigated the rates of evolutionary change by which individual CGOs are acquired and lost using a set of 2652 species of Central European flora. Furthermore, we asked how these individual CGOs constrain functionally relevant clonal traits, such as lateral spread, number of offspring, and persistence of connections. We show that plants can easily switch in evolution among individual types of CGO and between clonal and nonclonal habits. However, not all these transitions are equally probable. Namely, stem-based clonal growth and root-based clonal growth constitute evolutionarily separate forms of clonal growth. Clonal traits are strongly constrained by individual CGO types. Specifically, fast lateral spread is attained by stolons or hypogeogenous rhizomes, and persistent connections are attained by all rhizome types. However, the ease with which clonal organs appear and disappear in evolution implies that plants can overcome these constraints by adjusting their morphologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Herben
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Praha 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-379 82, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nagahama A, Yahara T. Quantitative comparison of flowering phenology traits among trees, perennial herbs, and annuals in a temperate plant community. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1545-1557. [PMID: 31724169 PMCID: PMC6973048 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Flowering phenology may differ among life forms due to the costs and benefits to attract pollinators, dependence on outcross pollination, and resource availability in their habitats. However, few studies have compared flowering phenology among life forms within a community and described flowering phenology at the individual, species, and community levels. METHODS We recorded flowering events for individuals of insect-pollinated trees, perennial herbs, and annuals from spring to summer of 2016 and 2017 in a warm-temperate forest in Japan. To compare phenological variables including mean and variance of flowering length, we standardized the number of observed individuals for each species and tested differences in variables, considering the phylogenetic relationships among species. RESULTS Total flowering length in trees (9-50 d) was significantly shorter than perennial herbs (27-113 d) or annuals (22-89 d), but mean flowering length was not significantly different among them. Flowering length variance was significantly smaller and intraspecies synchrony significantly higher in trees than in perennial herbs and annuals. At the community level, flowering times largely overlapped among successively flowering species, but interspecies synchrony was positive for all life forms. CONCLUSIONS Shorter total flowering length and higher intraspecific synchrony in trees are explained by a modified pollinator attraction hypothesis suggesting that selection favors higher intraspecific synchrony because it promotes between-individual movement of pollinators. At the community level, positive interspecific synchrony for all life forms supports the hypothesis that flowering times tend to converge among species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Nagahama
- Graduate School of Systems Life SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuoka819‐0395Japan
| | - Tetsukazu Yahara
- Graduate School of Systems Life SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuoka819‐0395Japan
- Kyushu Open UniversityFukuoka819-0395Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cochrane A, Monks L. Lack of fire and insect herbivory constrain recruitment in a rare legume from Western Australia. AUSTRAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cochrane
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions; Bentley Delivery Centre; Locked Bag 104 Perth Western Australia 6983 Australia
- Division of Ecology and Evolution; Australia National University; Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Leonie Monks
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions; Bentley Delivery Centre; Locked Bag 104 Perth Western Australia 6983 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Griffin AR, Potts BM, Vaillancourt RE, Bell JC. Life cycle expression of inbreeding depression in Eucalyptus regnans and inter-generational stability of its mixed mating system. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:179-187. [PMID: 31219168 PMCID: PMC6676386 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many plants exhibit a mixed mating system. Published models suggest that this might be an evolutionarily stable rather than a transitional state despite the presence of inbreeding depression, but there is little empirical evidence. Through field experimentation, we studied the role of inbreeding depression in eliminating inbred progeny from the reproductive cohort of the forest tree Eucalyptus regnans, and demonstrate a stable mixed primary mating system over two successive generations. METHODS Two field experiments were conducted using seed from natural populations. We sowed open-pollinated seeds to simulate a natural regeneration event and determined isozyme genotypes of dominant and suppressed individuals over 10 years. We also planted a mixture of open-pollinated, outcross and selfed families with common maternal parentage; monitored survival of cross types over 29 years; and determined the percentage of outcrosses in open-pollinated seed from a sample of reproductively mature trees using microsatellite analysis. KEY RESULTS Both experiments demonstrated progressive competitive elimination of inbred plants. By 29 years, the reproductive cohort in the planted experiment consisted only of outcrosses which produced seed which averaged 66 % outcrosses, similar to the estimate for the parental natural population (74 %). CONCLUSIONS Selective elimination of inbred genotypes during the intense intra-specific competition characteristic of the pre-reproductive phase of the life cycle of E. regnans results in a fully outcrossed reproductive population, in which self-fertility is comparable with that of its parental generation. The mixed mating system may be viewed as an unavoidable consequence of the species' reproductive ecology, which includes the demonstrated effects of inbreeding depression, rather than a strategy which is actively favoured by natural selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rod Griffin
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
- GTI Pty. Ltd, Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia
- For correspondence
| | - Brad M Potts
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, Australia
| | - René E Vaillancourt
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Edelfeldt S, Bengtsson K, Dahlgren JP. Demographic senescence and effects on population dynamics of a perennial plant. Ecology 2019; 100:e02742. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stina Edelfeldt
- Department of Biology University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
| | - Karin Bengtsson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Norbyvägen 18 D 752 36 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Johan P. Dahlgren
- Department of Biology University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Herben T, Hadincová V, Krahulec F, Pecháčková S, Skálová H. Two dimensions of demographic differentiation of species in a mountain grassland community: An experimental test. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Herben
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
- Department of Botany Faculty of Science Charles University Praha Czech Republic
| | - Věra Hadincová
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
| | | | - Sylvie Pecháčková
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
- The West Bohemian Museum in Pilsen Plzeň Czech Republic
| | - Hana Skálová
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zepeda V, Martorell C. Seed mass equalises the strength of positive and negative plant-plant interactions in a semi-arid grassland. Oecologia 2019; 190:287-296. [PMID: 30662998 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-04326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The interplay and balance between positive and negative interactions are important and recurrent topics in plant ecology. If facilitation occurs because benefactors ameliorate stress, such balance may be driven by seed mass because stress tolerance and competitive ability of plants, particularly seedlings, are positively correlated with seed mass. Thus, small-seeded, stress-intolerant species may require facilitation, but not large-seeded ones. This would equalise the magnitudes of opposite-signed interactions because in small-seeded species, positive effects of facilitators and negative effects of competitors should be strong, while both effects should be weak in large-seeded species. To test this idea, we assessed the effects of interactions with four associated species on different components of the performance of ten focal species. As expected, the largest facilitative and competitive effects were recorded in small-seeded species, and positive interactions had similar magnitudes to negative ones for any given seed mass, especially when performance was integrated into lifelong fitness. Furthermore, the fact that small-seeded species seem to be strongly facilitated may explain why they are not outcompeted by large-seeded species. This is an alternative to other hypotheses explaining the coexistence of plants with different-sized seeds. The close balance between opposite-signed interactions in the presence of stress may also explain why interactions have strong effects on individuals (that interact with only a few species), but seemingly weaker effects on populations, where interactions between many species would cancel out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Zepeda
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Martorell
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
|
28
|
|
29
|
Sulis E, Bacchetta G, Cogoni D, Fenu G. Short-term population dynamics of Helianthemum caput-felis, a perennial Mediterranean coastal plant: a key element for an effective conservation programme. SYST BIODIVERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2018.1492469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sulis
- Centro Conservazione Biodiversità (CCB), Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Viale Sant’Ignazio da Laconi 13, I-09123 Cagliari, Italia
| | - Gianluigi Bacchetta
- Centro Conservazione Biodiversità (CCB), Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Viale Sant’Ignazio da Laconi 13, I-09123 Cagliari, Italia
| | - Donatella Cogoni
- Centro Conservazione Biodiversità (CCB), Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Viale Sant’Ignazio da Laconi 13, I-09123 Cagliari, Italia
| | - Giuseppe Fenu
- Centro Conservazione Biodiversità (CCB), Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Viale Sant’Ignazio da Laconi 13, I-09123 Cagliari, Italia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt K. The Impact of Succession Stage on Share and Traits of Clonal Plants in Abandoned Molinion caeruleae Meadows. RUSS J ECOL+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413618010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
31
|
Abstract
Some plants can live for thousands of years, facing the problem of preventing accumulation of deleterious mutations. A recent study shows that massive tree stature requires surprisingly few stem cell divisions, and that the mutational load is not proportional to stature, but to branching order.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin P Groot
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Laux
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Melnik K, Landhäusser SM, Devito K. Role of microtopography in the expression of soil propagule banks on reclamation sites. Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Melnik
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta, 4-44A Earth Sciences Building; Edmonton AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Simon M. Landhäusser
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta, 4-44A Earth Sciences Building; Edmonton AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Kevin Devito
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta, CW 405, Biological Sciences Building, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive; Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Martínez-Ghersa MA, Menéndez AI, Gundel PE, Folcia AM, Romero AM, Landesmann JB, Ventura L, Ghersa CM. Legacy of historic ozone exposure on plant community and food web structure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182796. [PMID: 28796821 PMCID: PMC5552163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on whole community responses is needed to predict direction and magnitude of changes in plant and animal abundance under global changes. This study quantifies the effect of past ozone exposure on a weed community structure and arthropod colonization. We used the soil seed bank resulting from a long-term ozone exposure to reestablish the plant community under a new low-pollution environment. Two separate experiments using the same original soil seed bank were conducted. Plant and arthropod richness and species abundance was assessed during two years. We predicted that exposure to episodic high concentrations of ozone during a series of growing cycles would result in plant assemblies with lower diversity (lower species richness and higher dominance), due to an increase in dominance of the stress tolerant species and the elimination of the ozone-sensitive species. As a consequence, arthropod-plant interactions would also be changed. Species richness of the recruited plant communities from different exposure histories was similar (≈ 15). However, the relative abundance of the dominant species varied according to history of exposure, with two annual species dominating ozone enriched plots (90 ppb: Spergula arvensis, and 120 ppb: Calandrinia ciliata). Being consistent both years, the proportion of carnivore species was significantly higher in plots with history of higher ozone concentration (≈3.4 and ≈7.7 fold higher in 90 ppb and 120 ppb plots, respectively). Our study provides evidence that, past history of pollution might be as relevant as management practices in structuring agroecosystems, since we show that an increase in tropospheric ozone may influence biotic communities even years after the exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Analía I. Menéndez
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro E. Gundel
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M. Folcia
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M. Romero
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jennifer B. Landesmann
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Ventura
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio M. Ghersa
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Culot L, Bello C, Batista JLF, do Couto HTZ, Galetti M. Synergistic effects of seed disperser and predator loss on recruitment success and long-term consequences for carbon stocks in tropical rainforests. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7662. [PMID: 28794422 PMCID: PMC5550475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The extinction of large frugivores has consequences for the recruitment of large-seeded plants with potential lasting effects on carbon storage in tropical rainforests. However, previous studies relating frugivore defaunation to changes in carbon storage ignore potential compensation by redundant frugivores and the effects of seed predators on plant recruitment. Based on empirical data of the recruitment success of a large-seeded hardwood tree species (Cryptocarya mandioccana, Lauraceae) across a defaunation gradient of seed dispersers and predators, we show that defaunation increases both seed dispersal limitation and seed predation. Depending on the level of seed predator loss, plant recruitment is reduced by 70.7–94.9% as a result of the loss of seed dispersers. The loss of large seed predators increases the net seed mortality by 7–30% due to the increased abundance of small granivorous rodents. The loss of large seed dispersers can be buffered by the compensatory effects of smaller frugivores in seed removal, but it is not sufficient to prevent a decrease in plant recruitment. We show that the conservation of both seed predators and dispersers is necessary for the recruitment of large-seeded plants. Since these plants contribute substantially to carbon stocks, defaunation can jeopardize the maintenance of tropical forest carbon storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Culot
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Primatologia, Avenida 24A, 1515, 13506-900, CP199, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. .,Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, Avenida 24A, 1515, 13506-900, CP199, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Bello
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, Avenida 24A, 1515, 13506-900, CP199, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - João Luis Ferreira Batista
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ) / Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Hilton Thadeu Zarate do Couto
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ) / Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro Galetti
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, Avenida 24A, 1515, 13506-900, CP199, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kelly CA, Bowers MD. The Perennial Penstemon: Variation in Defensive Chemistry Across Years, Populations, and Tissues. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:599-607. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
36
|
Snell TW, King CE. LIFESPAN AND FECUNDITY PATTERNS IN ROTIFERS: THE COST OF REPRODUCTION. Evolution 2017; 31:882-890. [PMID: 28563718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1977.tb01082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/1976] [Revised: 03/31/1977] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Snell
- Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620
| | - Charles E King
- Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Antlfinger AE, Curtis WF, Solbrig OT. ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF PLANT SIZE IN
VIOLA SORORIA. Evolution 2017; 39:1053-1064. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/1984] [Accepted: 05/24/1985] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann E. Antlfinger
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138
| | - William F. Curtis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138
| | - Otto T. Solbrig
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bawa KS, Keegan CR, Voss RH. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN ARALIA NUDICAULIS L. (ARALIACEAE). Evolution 2017; 36:371-378. [PMID: 28563164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/1980] [Revised: 06/20/1981] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K S Bawa
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, 02125
| | - Christine R Keegan
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, 02125
| | - Robert H Voss
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, 02125
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Solbrig OT. STUDIES ON THE POPULATION BIOLOGY OF THE GENUS VIOLA. II. THE EFFECT OF PLANT SIZE ON FITNESS IN VIOLA SORORIA. Evolution 2017; 35:1080-1093. [PMID: 28563389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1981.tb04977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/1980] [Revised: 02/13/1981] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Otto T Solbrig
- Gray Herbarium and Department of Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dorn LA, Mitchell-Olds T. GENETICS OFBRASSICA CAMPESTRIS. 1. GENETIC CONSTRAINTS ON EVOLUTION OF LIFE-HISTORY CHARACTERS. Evolution 2017; 45:371-379. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/1989] [Accepted: 07/28/1990] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Dorn
- Division of Biological Sciences; University of Montana; Missoula MT 59812 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Newman D, Pilson D. INCREASED PROBABILITY OF EXTINCTION DUE TO DECREASED GENETIC EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE: EXPERIMENTAL POPULATIONS OF CLARKIA PULCHELLA. Evolution 2017; 51:354-362. [PMID: 28565367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb02422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/1995] [Accepted: 10/07/1996] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We established replicated experimental populations of the annual plant Clarkia pulchella to evaluate the existence of a causal relationship between loss of genetic variation and population survival probability. Two treatments differing in the relatedness of the founders, and thus in the genetic effective population size (Ne ), were maintained as isolated populations in a natural environment. After three generations, the low Ne treatment had significantly lower germination and survival rates than did the high Ne treatment. These lower germination and survival rates led to decreased mean fitness in the low Ne populations: estimated mean fitness in the low Ne populations was only 21% of the estimated mean fitness in the high Ne populations. This inbreeding depression led to a reduction in population survival: at the conclusion of the experiment, 75% of the high Ne populations were still extant, whereas only 31% of the low Ne populations had survived. Decreased genetic effective population size, which leads to both inbreeding and the loss of alleles by genetic drift, increased the probability of population extinction over that expected from demographic and environmental stochasticity alone. This demonstrates that the genetic effective population size can strongly affect the probability of population persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dara Newman
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812
| | - Diana Pilson
- School of Biological Sciences, 348 Manter Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588-0118
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kalisz S. VARIABLE SELECTION ON THE TIMING OF GERMINATION IN
COLLINSIA VERNA
(SCROPHULARIACEAE). Evolution 2017; 40:479-491. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/1985] [Accepted: 11/19/1985] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kalisz
- Department of Biology, Barnes Laboratory The University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Younginger BS, Sirová D, Cruzan MB, Ballhorn DJ. Is biomass a reliable estimate of plant fitness? APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2017; 5:apps.1600094. [PMID: 28224055 PMCID: PMC5315378 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1600094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of fitness is critical to biological research. Although the determination of fitness for some organisms may be relatively straightforward under controlled conditions, it is often a difficult or nearly impossible task in nature. Plants are no exception. The potential for long-distance pollen dispersal, likelihood of multiple reproductive events per inflorescence, varying degrees of reproductive growth in perennials, and asexual reproduction all confound accurate fitness measurements. For these reasons, biomass is frequently used as a proxy for plant fitness. However, the suitability of indirect fitness measurements such as plant size is rarely evaluated. This review outlines the important associations between plant performance, fecundity, and fitness. We make a case for the reliability of biomass as an estimate of fitness when comparing conspecifics of the same age class. We reviewed 170 studies on plant fitness and discuss the metrics commonly employed for fitness estimations. We find that biomass or growth rate are frequently used and often positively associated with fecundity, which in turn suggests greater overall fitness. Our results support the utility of biomass as an appropriate surrogate for fitness under many circumstances, and suggest that additional fitness measures should be reported along with biomass or growth rate whenever possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett S. Younginger
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201 USA
| | - Dagmara Sirová
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201 USA
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Mitchell B. Cruzan
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201 USA
| | - Daniel J. Ballhorn
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201 USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Diedhiou AG, Mbaye FK, Mbodj D, Faye MN, Pignoly S, Ndoye I, Djaman K, Gaye S, Kane A, Laplaze L, Manneh B, Champion A. Field Trials Reveal Ecotype-Specific Responses to Mycorrhizal Inoculation in Rice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167014. [PMID: 27907023 PMCID: PMC5132163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The overuse of agricultural chemicals such as fertilizer and pesticides aimed at increasing crop yield results in environmental damage, particularly in the Sahelian zone where soils are fragile. Crop inoculation with beneficial soil microbes appears as a good alternative for reducing agricultural chemical needs, especially for small farmers. This, however, requires selecting optimal combinations of crop varieties and beneficial microbes tested in field conditions. In this study, we investigated the response of rice plants to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) under screenhouse and field conditions in two consecutive seasons in Senegal. Evaluation of single and mixed inoculations with AMF and PGPB was conducted on rice (Oryza sativa) variety Sahel 202, on sterile soil under screenhouse conditions. We observed that inoculated plants, especially plants treated with AMF, grew taller, matured earlier and had higher grain yield than the non-inoculated plants. Mixed inoculation trials with two AMF strains were then conducted under irrigated field conditions with four O. sativa varieties, two O. glaberrima varieties and two interspecific NERICA varieties, belonging to 3 ecotypes (upland, irrigated, and rainfed lowland). We observed that the upland varieties had the best responses to inoculation, especially with regards to grain yield, harvest index and spikelet fertility. These results show the potential of using AMF to improve rice production with less chemical fertilizers and present new opportunities for the genetic improvement in rice to transfer the ability of forming beneficial rice-microbe associations into high yielding varieties in order to increase further rice yield potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdala Gamby Diedhiou
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Département de Biologie Végétale, Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD/ISRA/UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Fatou Kine Mbaye
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Département de Biologie Végétale, Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD/ISRA/UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Daouda Mbodj
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Mathieu Ndigue Faye
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD/ISRA/UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Sarah Pignoly
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD/ISRA/UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR DIADE, Equipe CERES, Montpellier, France
| | - Ibrahima Ndoye
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Département de Biologie Végétale, Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD/ISRA/UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Koffi Djaman
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Souleymane Gaye
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Aboubacry Kane
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Département de Biologie Végétale, Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD/ISRA/UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD/ISRA/UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR DIADE, Equipe CERES, Montpellier, France
| | - Baboucarr Manneh
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Antony Champion
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD/ISRA/UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR DIADE, Equipe CERES, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Denley D, Metaxas A. Quantifying mortality of modular organisms: a comparison of partial and whole‐colony mortality in a colonial bryozoan. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Denley
- Department of Oceanography Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Anna Metaxas
- Department of Oceanography Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Smith FR, Granger JE. Survival and life expectancy of the tree Protea roupelliae
subsp. roupelliae
in a montane grassland savanna: Effects of fire regime and plant structure. AUSTRAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francois Richard Smith
- Grasslands, Forests and Wetlands Node; South African Environmental Observation Network; 1 Peter Brown Drive, Queen Elizabeth Park, Montrose Pietermaritzburg 3201 South Africa
| | - James Edmund Granger
- Grasslands, Forests and Wetlands Node; South African Environmental Observation Network; 1 Peter Brown Drive, Queen Elizabeth Park, Montrose Pietermaritzburg 3201 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
The effect of anthropogenic disturbance on non-native plant species in Madagascar. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467416000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Non-native species impact tropical ecosystems, but the role of different anthropogenic disturbances on the success of non-natives remains unclear, especially in island tropical forests. We sought to understand the influence of anthropogenic habitat degradation and disturbance on non-native plant species in Madagascar. Specifically, we evaluated how densities of non-native species of woody shrub (Lantana camara), climber (Mucuna pruriens) and tree (Mangifera indica, Albizia lebbeck, Tamarindus indica) varied with forest habitat degradation and by disturbance type. We surveyed 60400 m2, recording 482 instances of disturbance and 903 non-native plants in and around the Ankarana National Park. Non-native plant densities were higher in degraded than primary forest. Within degraded forest, densities of non-native trees increased with disturbance. Tree densities correlated with extent of tree damage only in Tamarindus indica, never correlated with extent of tree removal, and always correlated with proximity to roads and trails. Our results suggest roads and trails have relatively greater importance in facilitating the success of non-native tree species than structural changes to habitat. In contrast, densities of Lantana camara and Tamarindus indica did not correlate with any measured type of disturbance; other unmeasured or historical factors may be more important drivers of these smaller, faster-reproducing species.
Collapse
|
48
|
Sullivan LL, Danielson BJ, Harpole WS. Mammalian Herbivores Alter the Population Growth and Spatial Establishment of an Early-Establishing Grassland Species. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147715. [PMID: 26849564 PMCID: PMC4743957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions influence the establishment context of plant species, as herbivores alter the community context in which individual species establish, and the spatial relationship between individuals and their source population as plants invade. This relationship can be described using an establishment kernel, which takes into account movement through seed dispersal, and subsequent establishment of adults. Mammalian herbivores are hypothesized to influence plant population growth and establishment through a combination of consumption of seeds and seedlings, and movement of seeds. While the movement abilities of plants are well known, we have very few empirical mechanistic tests of how biotic factors like mammalian herbivores influence this spread potential. As herbivores of all sizes are abundant on the landscape, we asked the question, how do mammalian herbivores influence the population growth, spatial establishment, and the community establishment context of an early-recruiting native prairie legume, Chamaecrista fasciculata? We planted C. fasciculata in source populations within a four-acre tallgrass prairie restoration in plots with and without herbivores, and monitored its establishment with respect to distance from the source populations. We found that herbivores decreased population growth, and decreased the mean and range establishment distance. Additionally, C. fasciculata established more often without herbivores, and when surrounded by weedy, annual species. Our results provide insight into how the interactions between plants and herbivores can alter the spatial dynamics of developing plant communities, which is vital for colonization and range spread with fragmentation and climate change. Mammalian herbivores have the potential to both slow rates of establishment, but also determine the types of plant communities that surround invading species. Therefore, it is essential to consider the herbivore community when attempting to restore functioning plant communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L. Sullivan
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, United States of America
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brent J. Danielson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States of America
| | - W. Stanley Harpole
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research–UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Salguero-Gómez R, Jones OR, Jongejans E, Blomberg SP, Hodgson DJ, Mbeau-Ache C, Zuidema PA, de Kroon H, Buckley YM. Fast-slow continuum and reproductive strategies structure plant life-history variation worldwide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:230-5. [PMID: 26699477 PMCID: PMC4711876 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506215112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of patterns in life-history strategies across the tree of life is essential to our prediction of population persistence, extinction, and diversification. Plants exhibit a wide range of patterns of longevity, growth, and reproduction, but the general determinants of this enormous variation in life history are poorly understood. We use demographic data from 418 plant species in the wild, from annual herbs to supercentennial trees, to examine how growth form, habitat, and phylogenetic relationships structure plant life histories and to develop a framework to predict population performance. We show that 55% of the variation in plant life-history strategies is adequately characterized using two independent axes: the fast-slow continuum, including fast-growing, short-lived plant species at one end and slow-growing, long-lived species at the other, and a reproductive strategy axis, with highly reproductive, iteroparous species at one extreme and poorly reproductive, semelparous plants with frequent shrinkage at the other. Our findings remain consistent across major habitats and are minimally affected by plant growth form and phylogenetic ancestry, suggesting that the relative independence of the fast-slow and reproduction strategy axes is general in the plant kingdom. Our findings have similarities with how life-history strategies are structured in mammals, birds, and reptiles. The position of plant species populations in the 2D space produced by both axes predicts their rate of recovery from disturbances and population growth rate. This life-history framework may complement trait-based frameworks on leaf and wood economics; together these frameworks may allow prediction of responses of plants to anthropogenic disturbances and changing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Salguero-Gómez
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia; Evolutionary Demography Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock 18057, Germany;
| | - Owen R Jones
- Max Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark; Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark
| | - Eelke Jongejans
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Simon P Blomberg
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David J Hodgson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Tremough TR10 9EZ, United Kingdom
| | - Cyril Mbeau-Ache
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter A Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Hans de Kroon
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M Buckley
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia; School of Natural Sciences Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yang Z, Liu X, Zhou M, Ai D, Wang G, Wang Y, Chu C, Lundholm JT. The effect of environmental heterogeneity on species richness depends on community position along the environmental gradient. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15723. [PMID: 26508413 PMCID: PMC4623746 DOI: 10.1038/srep15723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental heterogeneity is among the most important factors governing community structure. Besides the widespread evidence supporting positive relationships between richness and environmental heterogeneity, negative and unimodal relationships have also been reported. However, few studies have attempted to test the role of the heterogeneity on species richness after removing the confounding effect of resource availability or environmental severity. Here we constructed an individual-based spatially explicit model incorporating a long-recognized tradeoff between competitive ability and stress-tolerance ability of species. We explored the impact of the level of resource availability (i.e. the position of the community along a gradient of environmental severity) on the heterogeneity-diversity relationship (HDR). The results indicate that the shape of HDR depends on the community position along the environmental gradient: at either end of the gradient of environmental severity, a positive HDR occurred, whereas at the intermediate levels of the gradient, a unimodal HDR emerged. Our exploration demonstrates that resource availability/environmental severity should be considered as a potential factor influencing the shape of the HDR. Our theoretical predictions represent hypotheses in need of further empirical study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xueqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Mohua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dexiecuo Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Youshi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems, Research School of Arid Environment and Climate Change, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chengjin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- SYSU-Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Conservation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jeremy T. Lundholm
- Department of Biology/Environmental Studies Program, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H3C3
| |
Collapse
|