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Adeloye JB, Aluko PA, Oluwajuyitan TD. In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, antioxidant activity, in vivo glycemic response and nutritional quality of dough meals from Dioscorea alata and Vernonia amygdalina. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-00965-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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2
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Chinniah R, Sevak V, Pandi S, Ravi PM, Vijayan M, Kannan A, Karuppiah B. HLA-DRB1 genes and the expression dynamics of HLA CIITA determine the susceptibility to T2DM. Immunogenetics 2021; 73:291-305. [PMID: 33754173 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disease with polygenic inheritance. The expression of major histocompatibility complex class II genes are regulated by several trans-activators. We have studied the expression of HLA-DRB1, RFX, CIITA-P1, PIV transactivators, immunophenotyping of cells, SNPs in CIITA-168 (A/G) and IFN-γ + 874 (T/A) in T2DM patients and controls (n = 201 each). We observed increased frequencies of DRB1*03, DRB1*04 and DRB1*07 and decreased frequencies of DRB1*10, DRB1*14, and DRB1*15 alleles among patients. Significant up-regulations of HLA-DRB1 genes were observed in patients (p < 0.0001). Down-regulated expressions were documented in DRB1*03-homo (p < 0.002) and DRB1*04-homo (p < 0.009) patients. No significant differences were observed for CIITA-P1 expression except DRB1*04-pooled (p < 0.0113). The CIITA-PIV was up-regulated in overall (p < 0.0001), DRB1*03-pooled (p < 0.0006), DRB1*03-hetero (p < 0.0006) and DRB1*03-homo (p < 0.001) T2DM patients. However, significant down-regulations were documented for DRB1*04-pooled (p < 0.040), DRB1*04-hetero (p < 0.060), and DRB1*04-homo (p < 0.027) combinations. Further, significant down-regulations of RFX5 were observed in overall (p < 0.0006), DRB1*04-pooled (p < 0.0022), and DRB1*04-hetero (p < 0.0004) combinations. Immunophenotyping studies revealed significant increase of CD45+ CD14-, CD19+, CD14- and CD8 cells and elevated level of expression of IFN-γ (p < 0.0001) in patients. A significant increase of TT (p < 3.35 × 10-6) and decrease of TA (p < 4.57 × 10-4) genotypes of IFN-γ + 874 (T/A) and an increase of GG (p < 0.001) and decrease of AG (p < 8.24 × 10-5) genotypes of CIITA-168 A/G SNPs were observed. The combinatorial analysis revealed susceptible associations for DRB1*03 + AA, *03 + AG, *03 + GG and *04 + GG and protective associations for DRB1*10 + AG, *10 + GG, *15 + AG, and *14 + GG combinations. Thus, the present study corroborated the effect of differential expressions of promoters of risk alleles in the pathogenesis of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathika Chinniah
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India
| | - Vandit Sevak
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India
| | - Sasiharan Pandi
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India
| | - Padma Malini Ravi
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India
| | - Murali Vijayan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Arun Kannan
- The Madurai Institute of Diabetes and Endocrine Practice Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 001, India
| | - Balakrishnan Karuppiah
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India.
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3
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Esmaeili Mohsen Abadi S, Balouchzadeh R, Uzun G, Ko HS, Lee HF, Park S, Kwon G. Tracking changes of the parameters of glucose-insulin homeostasis during the course of obesity in B6D2F1 mice. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03251. [PMID: 32042976 PMCID: PMC7002827 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the primary causes of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). To better understand how obesity impairs glucose-insulin homeostasis, we tracked fasting blood glucose and insulin levels and the key components of glucose-insulin homeostasis for 7 months in high fat diet (HFD; 45% fat) fed mice (n = 8). Every 2 weeks we measured body weight, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, and estimated 5 key rate constants of glucose-insulin homeostasis using the methods established previously (Heliyon 3: e00310, 2017). Mice gained weight steadily, more than doubling their weights after 7 months (23.6 ± 0.5 to 52.3 ± 1.4 g). Fasting (basal) insulin levels were elevated (221.3 ± 16.7 to 1043.1 ± 90.5 pmol l-1) but fasting blood glucose levels unexpectedly returned to the baseline levels (152.8 ± 7.0 to 152.0 ± 7.2 mg/dl) despite significantly elevated levels (216.8 ± 44.9 mg/dl, average of 3 highest values for 8 mice) during the experimental period. After 7 months of HFD feeding, the rate constants for insulin secretion (k1), insulin-independent glucose uptake (k3), and insulin concentration where liver switches from glucose uptake to release (Ipi) were significantly elevated. Insulin-dependent glucose uptake (k2) and rate constant of liver glucose transfer (k4) were lowered but no statistical significance was reached. The novel and key finding of this study is the wide range of fluctuations of the rate constants during the course of obesity, reflecting the body's compensatory responses against metabolic alterations caused by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramin Balouchzadeh
- School of Engineering, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, United States
| | - Guney Uzun
- School of Engineering, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, United States
| | - Hoo Sang Ko
- School of Engineering, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, United States
| | - H Felix Lee
- School of Engineering, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, United States
| | - Sarah Park
- Library and Information Services, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, United States
| | - Guim Kwon
- School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, United States
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4
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Genotyping of vitamin D receptor FOKI polymorphism as a predictor for type 2 diabetes mellitus by a tetra primer-ARMS-PCR assay. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Liu Y, Shi L, Song X, Shi C, Lou W, Zhang D, Wang AD, Luo L. Altered Brain Regional Homogeneity in First-Degree Relatives of Type 2 Diabetics: A functional MRI Study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 128:737-744. [PMID: 31137069 DOI: 10.1055/a-0883-4955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate regional homogeneity in the first-: degree relatives of type 2 diabetes patients. METHODS Seventy-eight subjects, including 26 type 2 diabetes patients, 26 first-: degree relatives, and 26 healthy controls, were assessed. All participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. The estimated regional homogeneity value was used to evaluate differences in brain activities. RESULTS In first-: degree relatives, we observed significantly decreased regional homogeneity in the left anterior cingulate cortex, left insula, and bilateral temporal lobes, and increased regional homogeneity in the left superior frontal gyrus, right anterior cingulate cortex, and bilateral posterior cingulate cortex compared to healthy controls. In type 2 diabetes patients, we detected altered regional homogeneity in the left anterior cingulate cortex, left insula, bilateral posterior cingulate cortex, and several other brain regions compared to healthy controls. Both first-: degree relatives and type 2 diabetes patients showed decreased regional homogeneity in the left superior temporal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, left anterior cingulate cortex, left insula, and increased regional homogeneity in the left superior frontal gyrus and bilateral posterior cingulate cortex. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that altered regional homogeneity in the left anterior cingulate cortex, left insula, left superior frontal gyrus, bilateral posterior cingulate cortex, and bilateral temporal lobes might be a neuroimaging biomarker of type 2 diabetes -: related brain dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyong Liu
- Medical Imaging Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Research Centre for Medical Image Computing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China.,Chow Yuk Ho Technology Centre for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiubao Song
- Department of Rehabilitation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changzheng Shi
- Medical Imaging Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wutao Lou
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Research Centre for Medical Image Computing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Medical Imaging Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Alan D Wang
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, and Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Shenzhen SmartView MedTech Limited, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liangping Luo
- Medical Imaging Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Veeraragavulu P, Yellapu NK, Yerrathota S, Adi PJ, Matcha B. Three Novel Mutations I65S, R66S, and G86R Divulge Significant Conformational Variations in the PTB Domain of the IRS1 Gene. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:2217-2224. [PMID: 31660472 PMCID: PMC6814177 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) is one of the major substrates for the IR, and their interaction mediates several downstream insulin signaling pathways. In this study, we have identified three novel mutations in the IRS1 gene of type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients, which reflected in the amino acid changes as I65S, R66S, and G86R in the phosphotyrosine binding domain of the IRS1 protein. The impact of these mutations on the structure and function of the IRS1 protein was evaluated through molecular modeling studies, and distinct conformational fluctuations were recorded. The variable binding affinities and positional displacement of these mutant models were observed in the ligand-binding cleft of IR. The mutant IRS1 models triggered conformational changes in the L1 domain of IR upon their binding. Such structural variations in IRS1 and IR structures due to mutations resulted in variable molecular interactions that could lead to altered insulin transduction, followed by insulin resistance and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nanda Kumar Yellapu
- Division
of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, India
| | - Sireesha Yerrathota
- Division
of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, India
| | - Pradeepkiran Jangampalli Adi
- Division
of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, India
- Garrison
Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University
Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, Texas 79430, United
States
| | - Bhaskar Matcha
- Division
of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, India
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7
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The Association of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Gene Polymorphism (+1059 G>C) With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Northwestern Population of Iran. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.65871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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8
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Li J, Wei J, Xu P, Yan M, Li J, Chen Z, Jin T. Impact of diabetes-related gene polymorphisms on the clinical characteristics of type 2 diabetes Chinese Han population. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85464-85471. [PMID: 27863428 PMCID: PMC5356749 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the correlation between type 2 diabetes (T2D)-related genes and the clinical characteristics of T2D in the Chinese Han population. Our study included 319 patients and 387 controls. Age, gender, clinical features, medications intake and biochemical blood profiles were analyzed. Genotyping was performed on a total of 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms previously reported to be associated with T2D. Our analyses revealed that the CT genotype of ARHGAP22 rs4838605 is associated with T2D risk. Upon analyzing the subjects’ clinical characteristics, we found that for rs2811893, the TT genotype correlated with high creatinine levels, while the AA genotype of rs17045754 and the TT genotype of rs4838605 correlated with elevated triglyceride levels. In addition, the AA genotype of rs17376456 and the TT genotype of rs6214 (p = 0.006) correlated with elevated hemoglobin A1c levels. Lastly, those carrying the TT genotype of rs7772697 and the CA genotype of rs3918227 exhibited higher mean body mass index and Cystatin C than controls. Our results showing that the ARHGAP22 gene is associated with an increased risk of T2D, and that seven SNPs in MYSM1, PLXDC2, ARHGAP22 and HS6ST3 promote T2D progression and could help predict the clinical course of T2D in patients at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Jiachen Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an NO.1 Hospital, Xi'an 710002, China
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Mengdan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.,Xi'an Tiangen Precision Medical Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China
| | - Jingjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.,Xi'an Tiangen Precision Medical Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China
| | - Zhengshuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.,Xi'an Tiangen Precision Medical Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China
| | - Tianbo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.,Xi'an Tiangen Precision Medical Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China
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9
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Family history of type 2 diabetes, abdominal adipocyte size and markers of the metabolic syndrome. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1621-1626. [PMID: 28736442 PMCID: PMC5818259 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objectives A major risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a positive family history of diabetes. First degree relatives (FDR) of patients with T2DM are more insulin resistant and are reported to have larger abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes than adults without a family history. Our objectives were to assess whether a family history of T2DM is associated with larger abdominal adipocytes independent of age, sex, and abdominal subcutaneous fat and to assess whether FDR of T2DM is also independently related to femoral adipocyte size, as well as visceral fat and fasting plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Methods We extracted adipocyte size, body composition, plasma TG and demographic data of non-diabetic research participants of previous studies conducted in our laboratory. We ascertained the family history of T2DM from the electronic medical records. Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess whether FDR of T2DM are more likely to have other risk factors after adjusting for known covariates. Results Of 604 participants, 148 were a FDR of T2DM. Although abdominal and femoral adipocyte size was greater in FDR of T2DM than those without a family history (0.74 ± 0.33 vs 0.63 ± 0.33 µg lipid/cell, P < 0.001; 0.81 ± 0.29 vs 0.72 ± 0.33 µg lipid/cell, P=0.01, respectively), this was confounded by FDR of T2DM being older, having greater BMI’s and percent body fat. A family history of T2DM was a significant predictor of abdominal adipocyte size after adjustment for age and body fat distribution parameters in females (total R2=0.5, p < 0.0001), but not in males. A family history of T2DM was not independently predictive of femoral adipocyte size, visceral fat area or TG. Conclusions FDR of T2DM females have larger abdominal, but not femoral, adipocytes, even after accounting for age and body fat distribution.
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10
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Association of HLA-A, B, DRB1* and DQB1* alleles and haplotypes in south Indian T2DM patients. Gene 2016; 592:200-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Shrivastava SK, Batham A, Sinha SK, Parida TK, Garabadu D, Choubey PK. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel thiazolidinedione derivatives as anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic agents. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Mahjoubi I, Kallel A, Sbaï MH, Ftouhi B, ben Halima M, Jemaa Z, Feki M, Slimane H, Jemaa R, Kaabachi N. Lack of association between FokI polymorphism in vitamin D receptor gene ( VDR) & type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Tunisian population. Indian J Med Res 2016; 144:46-51. [PMID: 27834325 PMCID: PMC5116897 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.193282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES The impact of several environmental and genetic factors on diabetes is well documented. Though the association between the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been analyzed in different ethnic groups, the results have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible association between VDR FokI polymorphism and genetic susceptibility to T2DM in Tunisian population. METHODS A total of 439 unrelated patients with T2DM and 302 healthy controls were included in the study. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood and genotyped for the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of FokI (T/C: (rs2228570) by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. RESULTS The genotype distribution and the relative allelic frequencies for the FokI polymorphism were not significantly different between T2DM and controls: in T2DM patients the frequencies of the CC, CT, and TT genotypes were 52.6, 41.0, and 6.1 per cent, respectively, and in controls the genotype frequencies were 55.6, 38.7, and 5.6 per cent, respectively. In our study, the TT genotype of the FokI polymorphism was not associated with T2DM (OR =1.19, 95% CI 0.63 - 2.25, P=0.577). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Our study showed no significant association of the FokI polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor gene with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Tunisian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Mahjoubi
- Research Laboratory LR99ES11, Biochemistry Department, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amani Kallel
- Research Laboratory LR99ES11, Biochemistry Department, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hédi Sbaï
- Research Laboratory LR99ES11, Biochemistry Department, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Bochra Ftouhi
- Endocrinology Department, Rabta University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meriam ben Halima
- Research Laboratory LR99ES11, Biochemistry Department, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Zeineb Jemaa
- Research Laboratory LR99ES11, Biochemistry Department, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Feki
- Research Laboratory LR99ES11, Biochemistry Department, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hedia Slimane
- Endocrinology Department, Rabta University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Jemaa
- Research Laboratory LR99ES11, Biochemistry Department, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Naziha Kaabachi
- Research Laboratory LR99ES11, Biochemistry Department, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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13
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Zhou S, Meng X, Wang S, Ren R, Hou W, Huang K, Shi H. A 3-year follow-up study of β-cell function in patients with early-onset type 2 diabetes. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1097-1102. [PMID: 27446326 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance and reduced β-cell glucose sensitivity are present in patients with type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we investigated the changes in β-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes during a 3-year follow-up study. A total of 48 patients with early-onset type 2 diabetes (EOD) and 55 patients with late-onset type 2 diabetes (LOD) were enrolled. Weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure and plasma levels of lipids, glucose, fasting serum C-peptide (CPR0) and serum C-peptide 6 min after glucagon stimulation (CPR6) were measured. In addition, islet β-cell secretory activity was detected. Subjects with EOD had lower Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), fasting CPR0, CPR6 and greater glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), triglyceride (TG) compared with subjects with LOD. CPR0, CPR6 and TG were decreased in both EOD and LOD groups 3 years later. The ratio of β-cell function failure was 29.17 and 10.91% in the EOD and LOD groups, respectively, and there was significant difference between the two groups. A positive correlation was identified between the CPR0 and waist-hip ratio, HbA1c in the EOD group. A similar positive correlation was observed between CPR0 and BMI in the LOD group. Collectively, islet β-cell function has declined in patients with EOD, and this change may be more evident when compared with those with LOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoling Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Department of Endocrinology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Meng
- Department of Endocrinology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Shuyan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Ruizhen Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Weikai Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Kuixiang Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Hongli Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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14
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Bitsi S, Ali H, Maskell L, Ounzain S, Mohamed-Ali V, Budhram-Mahadeo VS. Profound hyperglycemia in knockout mutant mice identifies novel function for POU4F2/Brn-3b in regulating metabolic processes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E303-12. [PMID: 26670484 PMCID: PMC4773651 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00211.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The POU4F2/Brn-3b transcription factor has been identified as a potentially novel regulator of key metabolic processes. Loss of this protein in Brn-3b knockout (KO) mice causes profound hyperglycemia and insulin resistance (IR), normally associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), whereas Brn-3b is reduced in tissues taken from obese mice fed on high-fat diets (HFD), which also develop hyperglycemia and IR. Furthermore, studies in C2C12 myocytes show that Brn-3b mRNA and proteins are induced by glucose but inhibited by insulin, suggesting that this protein is itself highly regulated in responsive cells. Analysis of differential gene expression in skeletal muscle from Brn-3b KO mice showed changes in genes that are implicated in T2D such as increased glycogen synthase kinase-3β and reduced GLUT4 glucose transporter. The GLUT4 gene promoter contains multiple Brn-3b binding sites and is directly transactivated by this transcription factor in cotransfection assays, whereas chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirm that Brn-3b binds to this promoter in vivo. In addition, correlation between GLUT4 and Brn-3b in KO tissues or in C2C12 cells strongly supports a close association between Brn-3b levels and GLUT4 expression. Since Brn-3b is regulated by metabolites and insulin, this may provide a mechanism for controlling key genes that are required for normal metabolic processes in insulin-responsive tissues and its loss may contribute to abnormal glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Bitsi
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Houda Ali
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Maskell
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samir Ounzain
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Experimental Cardiology Unit, University of Lausanne Medical School, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vidya Mohamed-Ali
- Adipokines and Metabolism Research Group, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Vishwanie S Budhram-Mahadeo
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom;
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Jiang F, Li S, Pan L, Jia C. Association of the G1057D polymorphism in insulin receptor substrate 2 gene with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. J Diabetes Complications 2015; 29:731-6. [PMID: 25959789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The G1057D polymorphism in insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2 gene is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk, but results in published literatures are controversial. In addition, the effect of obesity as a modifier on this association is also inconsistent. Thus, this meta-analysis was performed to assess the above-mentioned association. METHODS A comprehensive search was performed to identify case-control or cohort studies (from 1990 to 2014) of the aforementioned association. The I(2) statistic was used to examine between-study heterogeneity. Fixed or random effect model was selected based on heterogeneity test among studies. Publication bias was estimated using modified Egger's regression test. RESULTS Nine articles with ten studies were included. After excluding studies deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in controls, results showed a significant association of D allele with reduced T2DM risk in dominant (OR = 0.825, 95% CI: 0.705-0.965) and codominant (OR = 0.857, 95% CI: 0.763-0.964) models, but no significant association in recessive (OR = 0.806, 95% CI: 0.628-1.035) model. For studies stratified by obesity, after excluding studies deviated from HWE in controls, no significant association of D allele with T2DM risk was found in three inherited models in obese group; however, a significant protective effect of D allele was observed in dominant (OR = 0.714, 95% CI: 0.533-0.958), recessive (OR = 0.438, 95% CI: 0.253-0.760) and codominant (OR = 0.706, 95% CI: 0.565-0.883) models in non-obese group. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggested that D allele of G1057D polymorphism have a significant effect on reduced risk of T2DM, and obesity is a modifier of this association. This result needs to be confirmed by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shandong University, P. R. China
| | - Suyun Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shandong University, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shandong University, P. R. China
| | - Chongqi Jia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shandong University, P. R. China.
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Caravaggio F, Hahn M, Nakajima S, Gerretsen P, Remington G, Graff-Guerrero A. Reduced insulin-receptor mediated modulation of striatal dopamine release by basal insulin as a possible contributing factor to hyperdopaminergia in schizophrenia. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:391-6. [PMID: 26118462 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe and chronic neuropsychiatric disorder which affects 1% of the world population. Using the brain imaging technique positron emission tomography (PET) it has been demonstrated that persons with schizophrenia have greater dopamine transmission in the striatum compared to healthy controls. However, little progress has been made as to elucidating other biological mechanisms which may account for this hyperdopaminergic state in this disease. Studies in animals have demonstrated that insulin receptors are expressed on midbrain dopamine neurons, and that insulin from the periphery acts on these receptors to modify dopamine transmission in the striatum. This is pertinent given that several lines of evidence suggest that insulin receptor functioning may be abnormal in the brains of persons with schizophrenia. Post-mortem studies have shown that persons with schizophrenia have less than half the number of cortical insulin receptors compared to healthy persons. Moreover, these post-mortem findings are unlikely due to the effects of antipsychotic treatment; studies in cell lines and animals suggest antipsychotics enhance insulin receptor functioning. Further, hyperinsulinemia - even prior to antipsychotic use - seems to be related to less psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Collectively, these data suggest that midbrain insulin receptor functioning may be abnormal in persons with schizophrenia, resulting in reduced insulin-mediated regulation of dopamine transmission in the striatum. Such a deficit may account for the hyperdopaminergic state observed in these patients and would help guide the development of novel treatment strategies. We hypothesize that, (i) insulin receptor expression and/or function is reduced in midbrain dopamine neurons in persons with schizophrenia, (ii) basal insulin should reduce dopaminergic transmission in the striatum via these receptors, and (iii) this modulation of dopaminergic transmission by basal insulin is reduced in the brains of persons with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Caravaggio
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 2374 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Margaret Hahn
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 2374 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 2374 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 2374 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 2374 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
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Gulati OP. Pycnogenol® in Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders. Phytother Res 2015; 29:949-68. [PMID: 25931421 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present review provides an update of the biological actions of Pycnogenol® in the treatment of metabolic syndrome and related disorders such as obesity, dyslipidaemia, diabetes and hypertension. Pycnogenol® is a French maritime pine bark extract produced from the outer bark of Pinus pinaster Ait. Subsp. atlantica. Its strong antioxidant, antiinflammatory, endothelium-dependent vasodilator activity, and also its anti-thrombotic effects make it appropriate for targeting the multifaceted pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. Clinical studies have shown that it can reduce blood glucose levels in people with diabetes, blood pressure in mild to moderate hypertensive patients, and waist circumference, and improve lipid profile, renal and endothelial functions in metabolic syndrome. This review highlights the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome and related clinical research findings on the safety and efficacy of Pycnogenol®. The results of clinical research studies performed with Pycnogenol® are discussed using an evidence-based, target-oriented approach following the pathophysiology of individual components as well as in metabolic syndrome overall.
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Hossain SMF, Gulshan J, Khanam PA. Type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh and associated risk factors. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-015-0376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Tangvarasittichai S. Oxidative stress, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:456-480. [PMID: 25897356 PMCID: PMC4398902 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i3.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is increased in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and this appears to underlie the development of cardiovascular disease, T2DM and diabetic complications. Increased oxidative stress appears to be a deleterious factor leading to insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, β-cell dysfunction, impaired glucose tolerance and ultimately leading to T2DM. Chronic oxidative stress, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia are particularly dangerous for β-cells from lowest levels of antioxidant, have high oxidative energy requirements, decrease the gene expression of key β-cell genes and induce cell death. If β-cell functioning is impaired, it results in an under production of insulin, impairs glucose stimulated insulin secretion, fasting hyperglycemia and eventually the development of T2DM.
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ISHAK AMIENRAMADHAN, PUSPITANINGRUM RINI, UTARI RISMADWI, FERANIA MELLA, ADHIYANTO CHRIS, NITTA TAKENORI, SUSANTO AB, YUKIO HATTORI, YAMASHIRO YASUHIRO. Mutation of mtDNA ND1 Gene in 20 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients of Gorontalonese and Javanese Ethnicity. HAYATI JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.4308/hjb.21.4.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Yellapu N, Mahto MK, Valasani KR, Sarma P, Matcha B. Mutations in exons 10 and 11 of human glucokinase result in conformational variations in the active site of the structure contributing to poor substrate binding – explains hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic patients. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:820-33. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.913989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandakumar Yellapu
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhrapradesh 517502, India
- Biomedical Informatics Center, Vector Control Research Center, Indian Council of Medical Research, Pondicherry, 605006 India
| | - Manoj Kumar Mahto
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhrapradesh 517502, India
| | - Koteswara Rao Valasani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047 USA
| | - P.V.G.K. Sarma
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhrapradesh, 517507 India
| | - Bhaskar Matcha
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhrapradesh 517502, India
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Keshavarz P, Habibipour R, Ghasemi M, Kazemnezhad E, Alizadeh M, Omami MHH. Lack of genetic susceptibility of KCNJ11 E23K polymorphism with risk of type 2 diabetes in an Iranian population. Endocr Res 2014; 39:120-5. [PMID: 24460047 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2013.860607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The KCNJ11 gene has a strong effect on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Common polymorphism KCNJ11 E23K has been reported to be associated with type 2 diabetes in various European-descent populations. However, there were inconsistent results in previous studies in Asian populations, and no study has been carried out in the Iranian population. We examined the contribution of KCNJ11 E23K variant in the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in the Iranian population. METHODS We undertook a population-based association study between type 2 diabetes and E23K mutation using 400 people with type 2 diabetes and 420 controls. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan technology on an ABI7300 system. RESULTS No significant difference was observed in either genotype distribution (p = 0.71) or allele frequency (p = 0.88) between individuals with and without type 2 diabetes. After adjusting for the confounding effects of age, gender and body mass index (BMI), no significant effect of genotypes on type 2 diabetes was found regarding any genetic models tested (recessive, dominant or co-dominant models). Following subgroup analysis of individuals with and without diabetes based on BMI, a nominal significant association was observed between type 2 diabetes in the presence of obesity and E23K genotype in the recessive model (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION The KCNJ11 E23K polymorphism is not associated with genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in the Iranian population; however, it may play a role in disease progression in the presence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Keshavarz
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences
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Teo AKK, Wagers AJ, Kulkarni RN. New opportunities: harnessing induced pluripotency for discovery in diabetes and metabolism. Cell Metab 2013; 18:775-91. [PMID: 24035588 PMCID: PMC3858409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The landmark discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by Shinya Yamanaka has transformed regenerative biology. Previously, insights into the pathogenesis of chronic human diseases have been hindered by the inaccessibility of patient samples. However, scientists are now able to convert patient fibroblasts into iPSCs and differentiate them into disease-relevant cell types. This ability opens new avenues for investigating disease pathogenesis and designing novel treatments. In this review, we highlight the uses of human iPSCs to uncover the underlying causes and pathological consequences of diabetes and metabolic syndromes, multifactorial diseases whose etiologies have been difficult to unravel using traditional methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Kee Keong Teo
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Kallel A, Ftouhi B, Jemaa Z, Mahjoubi I, Feki M, Slimane H, Jemaa R, Kaabachi N. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) -863C/A promoter polymorphism is associated with type 2 diabetes in Tunisian population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013; 102:e24-8. [PMID: 24139907 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) plays a key role in orchestrating the complex events involved in inflammation and immunity. Accordingly, TNF α has been implicated in a wide range of autoimmune and infectious diseases, but also in conditions such as obesity and insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the -863C/A polymorphism in the promoter of the TNFα gene and type 2 diabetes in the Tunisian population. METHODS The polymorphism -863C/A in the TNFα gene was determined in 211 type 2 diabetes patients and 345 healthy controls using the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. RESULTS A significant difference in genotype distribution and allele frequency was observed between patients and controls. Patients with type 2 diabetes had significantly higher frequency of the CA+AA genotypes compared to controls [35.5% vs. 22.3%; OR (95%CI), 1.91 (1.31-2.8); p=0.001]. The type 2 diabetes patient group showed a significant higher frequency of the A allele compared to the controls (0.19 vs. 0.11; p=0.001). After adjustment by a stepwise logistic regression method, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and CA+AA genotype were found to be significantly associated with T2D. CONCLUSION The present study showed a significant and independent association between the -863C/A polymorphism of the TNFα gene and type 2 diabetes in the Tunisian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Kallel
- University of Tunis El Manar, la Rabta Hospital, LR99ES11 "Biochimie Clinique", 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
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McNaughton D. 'Diabesity' down under: overweight and obesity as cultural signifiers for type 2 diabetes mellitus. CRITICAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 23:274-288. [PMID: 23914074 PMCID: PMC3725668 DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2013.766671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although overweight and obesity are increasingly seen as the key ‘risk factors’ for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the relationship between them is complex and not well understood. There are many ‘risk factors’ for T2DM, including ageing, genetics, previous gestational diabetes, a family history of the disease, etc. the interplay of which is not entirely clear. While weight gain is a common symptom of T2DM and the disease appears to be more prevalent among ‘obese’ people, individuals from a broad range of weights (including those considered ‘healthy’) can develop the disease. However, in recent years, the idea that fatness is the risk factor and/or central cause of T2DM has become increasingly prevalent and naturalized in popular, academic, and public health discourses in Australia. In these convergences, the complex etiology of the disease and limitations in current knowledge are blurred or reconstituted. To date, the potency of overweight and obesity as cultural signifiers for T2DM and its consequences has received little attention. Drawing on an analysis of government reports, journal articles, and media coverage published since 1998, this article sets out to trace and unpack some of the contours of these convergences, while recognizing their entanglement in earlier moralizing discourses, which continue to have considerable salience.
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The Tellurium compound, AS101, increases SIRT1 level and activity and prevents type 2 diabetes. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 4:436-47. [PMID: 22761194 PMCID: PMC3409680 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The histone deacetylase, SIRT1, plays a major role in glucose regulation and lipid metabolism. Ammonium Trichloro (dioxoethylene-o,o') Tellurate, AS101, is a potent in vitro and in vivo immunomodulator, with several potential therapeutic applications. AS101 administration resulted in upregulation of SIRT1 protein expression and activity. These effects were associated with decreased levels of serum insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and of insulin. The properties of AS101 prompted us to investigate its potential therapeutic role in rats with type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D was induced by a high fat diet combined with a low dose of Streptozotocin (STZ). Treatment with AS101 before manifestation of hyperglycemia, resulted in increased insulin sensitivity, and decreased blood glucose levels, and prevented symptoms of diabetes including defective glucose clearance, fatty liver, and abnormal distribution of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Treatment after disease emergence resulted in partial restoration of normal glucose homeostasis. Diabetic rats showed a reduction in liver SIRT1 levels. In both treatment regimens the reduction in SIRT1 levels in the liver were blocked by AS101 consumption. Together, these findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of AS101 for treating T2D, and for reversing impaired fat and glucose metabolism.
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Abstract
For more than 20 years, evidence in favor of a genetic basis for the susceptibility of DN in T2D has provided a foundation for studies aimed at identifying the causal genes responsible for its development. During this period, strategies used to map genes for DN have been driven by our understanding of variation across our genome and the technologies available to interrogate it; as both have evolved, so to have our approaches. The advent of next-generation sequencing technology and increased interest in the search for rare variants has begun to swing the pendulum of these efforts away from population-based studies and back to studies of pedigrees. As the field moves forward, family based approaches should greatly facilitate efforts to identify variants in genes that have a major affect on the risk of DN in T2D. To be successful, the ascertainment and comprehensive study of families with multiple affected members is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus G Pezzolesi
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Kim HR, Lee MK, Park AJ. [The -308 and -238 Polymorphisms of the TNF-alpha Promoter Gene in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.]. Korean J Lab Med 2012; 26:58-63. [PMID: 18156701 DOI: 10.3343/kjlm.2006.26.1.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, two G --> A polymorphisms at positions -308 and -238, in the promoter of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene, have been identified. These variants have been linked to estimates of insulin resistance and obesity in different ethnic groups. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether these genetic variants of TNF-alpha were associated with features of the insulin resistance in two study populations comprising type 2 diabetic patients and healthy control subjects. METHODS We analyzed the polymorphisms of TNF-alpha gene in 198 type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and 169 healthy control subjects. We used five primers and two separate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the TNF-alpha polymorphism by the multiplex amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) technique. RESULTS No statistically significant difference in the -308A and -238A allele frequencies was found between patients with type 2 DM and normal controls. CONCLUSIONS Our study does not support a major role of the nucleotide -308 or -238 substitutions of the TNF-alpha gene in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ryoun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Saturated fatty acids induce c-Src clustering within membrane subdomains, leading to JNK activation. Cell 2011; 147:173-84. [PMID: 21962514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Saturated fatty acids (FA) exert adverse health effects and are more likely to cause insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes than unsaturated FA, some of which exert protective and beneficial effects. Saturated FA, but not unsaturated FA, activate Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which has been linked to obesity and insulin resistance in mice and humans. However, it is unknown how saturated and unsaturated FA are discriminated. We now demonstrate that saturated FA activate JNK and inhibit insulin signaling through c-Src activation. FA alter the membrane distribution of c-Src, causing it to partition into intracellular membrane subdomains, where it likely becomes activated. Conversely, unsaturated FA with known beneficial effects on glucose metabolism prevent c-Src membrane partitioning and activation, which are dependent on its myristoylation, and block JNK activation. Consumption of a diabetogenic high-fat diet causes the partitioning and activation of c-Src within detergent insoluble membrane subdomains of murine adipocytes.
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Ding L, Li P, Lau CBS, Chan YW, Xu D, Fung KP, Su W. Mechanistic Studies on the Antidiabetic Activity of a Polysaccharide-rich Extract of Radix Ophiopogonis. Phytother Res 2011; 26:101-5. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linwei Ding
- School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; 510275; PR China
| | - Peibo Li
- School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; 510275; PR China
| | - Clara Bik San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin; New Territories; Hong Kong
| | | | - Dingzhou Xu
- School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; 510275; PR China
| | | | - Weiwei Su
- School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; 510275; PR China
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Evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of gliclazide and metformin combination: a multicentric study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus uncontrolled on monotherapy with sulfonylurea or metformin. Am J Ther 2011; 17:559-65. [PMID: 20093927 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0b013e3181c6c0f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of gliclazide/metformin on glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus uncontrolled on monotherapy with sulfonylurea or metformin. This was a prospective, open-labeled, multicentric study over 12 weeks. Patients who were diagnosed of Type 2 diabetes and were uncontrolled on monotherapy with oral hypoglycemic agents, including gliclazide and metformin, characterized by HbA1c 7% or greater and 10% or less and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 140 mg/dL or greater were enrolled in this study. The treatment regimen was started at 80 mg gliclazide plus 500 mg metformin once a day and was titrated to the next dose level depending on the clinician's judgment, not exceeding a total daily dose of 320 mg gliclazide and 2000 mg metformin. Changes from baseline HbA1c, FPG, and postprandial glucose were examined. After 12-weeks treatment, the gliclazide + metformin combination showed improvement in metabolic control as assessed by changes in HbA1c, FPG, and postprandial glucose. The primary efficacy parameter, HbA1c, was significantly reduced to 7.35 ± 1.10 at the end of treatment from the baseline value (8.51 ± 0.77) (P < 0.001). A total of 84.35% of patients showed a 0.5% or greater reduction in HbA1c and 37.39% of patients reported less than 7% HbA1c at the end of therapy. FPG and postprandial glucose were significantly reduced at the end of therapy as compared with baseline values (P < 0.001). Moreover, the lipid profile was also improved during the treatment period. The addition of gliclazide to metformin is an effective treatment for patients inadequately controlled on sulfonylurea or metformin alone. A combination of gliclazide with metformin achieves good glycemic control and improves lipid levels with better tolerability profile.
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Kim E. Insulin resistance at the crossroads of metabolic syndrome: systemic analysis using microarrays. Biotechnol J 2010; 5:919-29. [PMID: 20669253 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has been suggested that insulin resistance is a better predictor of metabolic syndrome than obesity. Numerous studies have been conducted to identify insulin resistance susceptibility genes in various model systems. This review focuses on recent findings in microarray analyses, which have indicated that (i) in the liver, genes involved in lipid synthesis and gluconeogenesis are increased in an animal model of insulin resistance that leads into liver steatosis and hyperglycemia; (ii) in adipose tissues, genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and adipogenesis are down-regulated both in insulin-resistant humans and in animals; and (iii) in muscle, overall gene expression, including genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis, is either decreased or unresponsive compared to that of insulin-sensitive control human subjects or animals. Considering the multifaceted effects of insulin resistance in various tissues, aiming at multi-targets rather than a single target will be a more promising strategy for the prevention or treatment of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Kim
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Food and Nutritional Genomics Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Type 2 Diabetes and Genetics, 2010: Translating Knowledge into Understanding. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-010-0129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chakraborty G, Thumpayil S, Lafontant DE, Woubneh W, Toney JH. Age dependence of glucose tolerance in adult KK-Ay mice, a model of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Lab Anim (NY) 2010; 38:364-8. [PMID: 19847180 DOI: 10.1038/laban1109-364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Yellow KK mice carrying the 'yellow obese' gene Ay are a well established polygenic model for human non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. These animals develop marked adiposity and decreased glucose tolerance relative to their control littermates, KK mice. The authors monitored glucose tolerance in KK-Ay mice over time and observed a significant (P<or=0.05) age-dependent improvement (13.3% by 175 d of age and 36.4% by 212 d of age, relative to 85 d of age). During the same time period, body weight and food and water consumption were relatively constant. The authors also measured plasma levels of endocrine hormones that are important in diabetes. Levels of insulin were approximately 8 times higher and levels of amylin 3 times higher in 220-d-old KK-Ay mice than in 180-d-old mice, whereas levels of glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon and leptin remained relatively constant. These findings suggest that KK-Ay mice undergo an age-dependent improvement of glucose tolerance when maintained on a normal diet for 25 weeks or longer, due in part to increases in plasma levels of insulin and amylin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
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Jowett JB, Diego VP, Kotea N, Kowlessur S, Chitson P, Dyer TD, Zimmet P, Blangero J. Genetic influences on type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome related quantitative traits in Mauritius. Twin Res Hum Genet 2009; 12:44-52. [PMID: 19210179 DOI: 10.1375/twin.12.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies report a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the island nation of Mauritius. The Mauritius Family Study was initiated to examine heritable factors that contribute to these high rates of prevalence and consists of 400 individuals in 24 large extended multigenerational pedigrees. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements relating to the metabolic syndrome were undertaken in addition to family and lifestyle based information for each individual. Variance components methods were used to determine the heritability of the type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome related quantitative traits. The cohort was made up of 218 females (55%) and 182 males with 22% diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and a further 30% having impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose. Notably BMI was not significantly increased in those with type 2 diabetes (P= .12), however a significant increase in waist circumference was observed in these groups (P= .02). The heritable proportion of trait variance was substantial and greater than values previously published for hip circumference, LDL and total cholesterol, diastolic and systolic blood pressure and serum creatinine. Height, weight and BMI heritabilities were all in the upper range of those previously reported. The phenotypic characteristics of the Mauritius family cohort are similar to those previously reported in the Mauritian population with a high observed prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes. A high heritability for key type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome related phenotypes (range 0.23 to 0.68), suggest the cohort will have utility in identifying genes that influence these quantitative traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Jowett
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Zeng L, Chen R, Liang F, Tsuchiya H, Murai H, Nakahashi T, Iwai K, Takahashi T, Kanda T, Morimoto S. Silent information regulator, Sirtuin 1, and age-related diseases. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2009; 9:7-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2008.00504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Goyenechea E, Crujeiras AB, Abete I, Parra D, Martínez JA. Enhanced short-term improvement of insulin response to a low-caloric diet in obese carriers the Gly482Ser variant of the PGC-1alpha gene. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 82:190-6. [PMID: 18823672 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The Gly482Ser missense mutation of the transcriptional coactivator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) has been involved in insulin function impairments, with conflicting results. The current study investigated the relationships of carrying this polymorphism with insulin resistance (IR) during a short-term weight-loss and the subsequent weight follow-up. METHODS The Gly482Ser was genotyped in 180 Spanish volunteers [body mass index: 31.4+/-3.2kg/m(2); age: 35+/-5 years]. Specific phenotypical measurements were determined at baseline, following an 8-week low-calorie diet (LCD) as well as after 6-month and 1-year of follow-up. RESULTS At baseline the Ser482Ser genotype was associated with higher HOMA-IR and insulin concentrations than the other genotypes (p<0.05), which was accompanied by an increased higher risk of IR (OR: 2.97; 95% CI: 1.24-7.15). After following the LCD, such increased risk of insulin insensitivity in Ser482Ser carriers was toned down (p>0.05). This outcome was sustained after 6-month and 1-year of follow-up (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data show an increased risk of IR in obese carrying the rs8192673 Ser482Ser genotype. This risk was markedly reduced by an energy-restricted diet, which was sustained 6 months and 1 year after the diet therapy. This observation allows identifying obese subjects who might personally profit most from an energy-restrictive treatment concerning insulin response and lead to more individualized prognostic and therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Goyenechea
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Rich SS, Norris JM, Rotter JI. Genes associated with risk of type 2 diabetes identified by a candidate-wide association scan: as a trickle becomes a flood. Diabetes 2008; 57:2915-7. [PMID: 18971440 PMCID: PMC2570385 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Rich
- 1University of Virginia, Center for Public Health Genomics, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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40
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Hindle AK, Brody F, Tevar R, Kluk B, Hill S, McCaffrey T, Fu S. TCF7L2 expression in diabetic patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Surg Endosc 2008; 23:700-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-008-0001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a genetically heterogeneous disease, with several relatively rare monogenic forms and a number of more common forms resulting from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Previous studies using a candidate gene approach, family linkage studies, and gene expression profiling uncovered a number of type 2 genes, but the genetic basis of common type 2 diabetes remained unknown. Recently, a new window has opened on defining potential type 2 diabetes genes through genome-wide SNP association studies of very large populations of individuals with diabetes. This review explores the pathway leading to discovery of these genetic effects, the impact of these genetic loci on diabetes risk, the potential mechanisms of action of the genes to alter glucose homeostasis, and the limitations of these studies in defining the role of genetics in this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Doria
- Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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42
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Dokmanovic-Chouinard M, Chung WK, Chevre JC, Watson E, Yonan J, Wiegand B, Bromberg Y, Wakae N, Wright CV, Overton J, Ghosh S, Sathe GM, Ammala CE, Brown KK, Ito R, LeDuc C, Solomon K, Fischer SG, Leibel RL. Positional cloning of "Lisch-Like", a candidate modifier of susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in mice. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000137. [PMID: 18654634 PMCID: PMC2464733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 404 Lepob/ob F2 progeny of a C57BL/6J (B6) x DBA/2J (DBA) intercross, we mapped a DBA-related quantitative trait locus (QTL) to distal Chr1 at 169.6 Mb, centered about D1Mit110, for diabetes-related phenotypes that included blood glucose, HbA1c, and pancreatic islet histology. The interval was refined to 1.8 Mb in a series of B6.DBA congenic/subcongenic lines also segregating for Lepob. The phenotypes of B6.DBA congenic mice include reduced β-cell replication rates accompanied by reduced β-cell mass, reduced insulin/glucose ratio in blood, reduced glucose tolerance, and persistent mild hypoinsulinemic hyperglycemia. Nucleotide sequence and expression analysis of 14 genes in this interval identified a predicted gene that we have designated “Lisch-like” (Ll) as the most likely candidate. The gene spans 62.7 kb on Chr1qH2.3, encoding a 10-exon, 646–amino acid polypeptide, homologous to Lsr on Chr7qB1 and to Ildr1 on Chr16qB3. The largest isoform of Ll is predicted to be a transmembrane molecule with an immunoglobulin-like extracellular domain and a serine/threonine-rich intracellular domain that contains a 14-3-3 binding domain. Morpholino knockdown of the zebrafish paralog of Ll resulted in a generalized delay in endodermal development in the gut region and dispersion of insulin-positive cells. Mice segregating for an ENU-induced null allele of Ll have phenotypes comparable to the B.D congenic lines. The human ortholog, C1orf32, is in the middle of a 30-Mb region of Chr1q23-25 that has been repeatedly associated with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) accounts for over 90% of instances of diabetes and is a leading cause of medical morbidity and mortality. Twin studies indicate a strong polygenic contribution to susceptibility within the context of obesity. Although approximately ten genes making important contributions to individual risk have been identified, it is clear that others remain to be identified. In this study, we intercrossed obese, diabetes-resistant and diabetes-prone mouse strains to implicate a genetic interval on mouse Chr1 associated with reduced β-cell numbers and elevated blood glucose. We narrowed the region using molecular genetics and computational approaches to identify a novel gene we designated “Lisch-like” (Ll). The orthologous human genetic interval has been repeatedly implicated in T2D. Mice with an induced mutation that reduces Ll expression are impaired in both β-cell development and glucose metabolism, and reduced expression of the homologous gene in zebrafish disrupts islet development. Ll is expressed in organs implicated in the pathophysiology of T2D (hypothalamus, islets, liver, and skeletal muscle) and is predicted to encode a transmembrane protein that could mediate cholesterol transport and/or convey signals related to cell division. Either mechanism could mediate effects on β-cell mass that would predispose to T2D.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blood Glucose/genetics
- Chromosomes, Mammalian
- Cloning, Molecular
- Crosses, Genetic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Glucose Tolerance Test/methods
- Haplotypes
- Homozygote
- Insulin/blood
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Obese
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Protein Isoforms/chemistry
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Quantitative Trait Loci
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy K. Chung
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jean-Claude Chevre
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Watson
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason Yonan
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Beebe Wiegand
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yana Bromberg
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nao Wakae
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Chris V. Wright
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John Overton
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Clinical Pharmacology and Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ganesh M. Sathe
- Discovery Technology Group, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carina E. Ammala
- Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kathleen K. Brown
- Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rokuro Ito
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Charles LeDuc
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Keely Solomon
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stuart G. Fischer
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rudolph L. Leibel
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lu H, Yang Y, Allister EM, Wijesekara N, Wheeler MB. The identification of potential factors associated with the development of type 2 diabetes: a quantitative proteomics approach. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:1434-51. [PMID: 18448419 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700478-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) arises when pancreatic beta-cells fail to compensate for systemic insulin resistance with appropriate insulin secretion. However, the link between insulin resistance and beta-cell failure in T2D is not fully understood. To explore this association, we studied transgenic MKR mice that initially develop insulin resistance in skeletal muscle but by 8 weeks of age have T2D. In the present study, global islet protein and gene expression changes were characterized in diabetic MKR versus non-diabetic control mice at 10 weeks of age. Using a quantitative proteomics approach (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)), 159 proteins were differentially expressed in MKR compared with control islets. Marked up-regulation of protein biosynthesis and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways and parallel down-regulation in insulin processing/secretion, energy utilization, and metabolism were observed. A fraction of the differentially expressed proteins identified (including GLUT2, DNAJC3, VAMP2, RAB3A, and PC1/3) were linked previously to insulin-secretory defects and T2D. However, many proteins for the first time were associated with islet dysfunction, including the unfolded protein response proteins (ERP72, ERP44, ERP29, PPIB, FKBP2, FKBP11, and DNAJB11), endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation proteins (VCP and UFM1), and multiple proteins associated with mitochondrial energy metabolism (NDUFA9, UQCRH, COX2, COX4I1, COX5A, ATP6V1B2, ATP6V1H, ANT1, ANT2, ETFA, and ETFB). The mRNA expression level corresponding to these proteins was examined by microarray, and then a small subset was validated using quantitative real time PCR and Western blot analyses. Importantly approximately 54% of differentially expressed proteins in MKR islets (including proteins involved in proinsulin processing, protein biosynthesis, and mitochondrial oxidation) showed changes in the proteome but not transcriptome, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation. These results underscore the importance of integrated mRNA and protein expression measurements and validate the use of the iTRAQ method combined with microarray to assess global protein and gene changes involved in the development of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Lu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
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44
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Wade JM, Juneja P, MacKay AW, Graham J, Havel PJ, Tecott LH, Goulding EH. Synergistic impairment of glucose homeostasis in ob/ob mice lacking functional serotonin 2C receptors. Endocrinology 2008; 149:955-61. [PMID: 18039786 PMCID: PMC2275362 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate how serotonin and leptin interact in the regulation of energy balance and glucose homeostasis, we generated a genetic mouse model, the OB2C mouse, which lacks functional serotonin 2C receptors and the adipocyte hormone leptin. The OB2C mice exhibited a dramatic diabetes phenotype, evidenced by a synergistic increase in serum glucose levels and water intake. The severity of the animals' diabetes phenotype would not have been predicted from the phenotypic characterization of mice bearing mutations of either the leptin (OB mutant mice) or the serotonin 2C receptor gene (2C mutant mice). The synergistic impairment in glucose homeostasis developed at an age when OB2C mice did not differ in body weight from OB mice, suggesting that this impairment was not an indirect consequence of increased adiposity. We also demonstrated that the improvement in glucose tolerance in wild-type mice treated with the serotonin releaser and reuptake inhibitor fenfluramine was blunted in 2C mutant mice. These pharmacological and genetic findings provide evidence that the serotonin 2C receptor has direct effects on glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Wade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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45
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Zhang J. The direct involvement of SirT1 in insulin-induced insulin receptor substrate-2 tyrosine phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:34356-64. [PMID: 17901049 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706644200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD+ -dependent Sir2 family deacetylases and insulin signaling pathway are both conserved across species to regulate aging process. The interplay between these two genetic programs is investigated in this study. Protein deacetylase activity of SirT1, the mammalian homologue of Sir2, was suppressed through either nicotinamide treatment or RNA interference in several cell lines, and these cells displayed impaired insulin responses. Suppression of SirT1 activity also selectively inhibited insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2), whereas it had minimal effect on that of IRS-1. Further analyses showed that both IRS-1 and IRS-2 interacted with SirT1, and the acetylation level of IRS-2 was down-regulated by insulin treatment. Inhibition of SirT1 activity prevented deacetylation and insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-2. Mutations of four lysine residues to alanine in IRS-2 protein, on the other hand, led to its reduced basal level acetylation and insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. These results suggest a possible regulatory effect of SirT1 on insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-2, a vital step in insulin signaling pathway, through deacetylation of IRS-2 protein. More importantly, this study may imply a pathway through which Sir2 family protein deacetylases and insulin signaling pathway jointly regulate various metabolic processes, including aging and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandi Zhang
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has assumed epidemic proportions in most parts of the world, and it is a major source of morbidity in developed countries. In addition, in several instances, diabetes is associated with a variety of metabolic abnormalities, including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia. There is considerable evidence that hyperglycemia causes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to increased oxidative stress in a variety of tissues. In the absence of an appropriate compensatory response by the endogenous antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, catalase, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase, oxidative stress dominates, resulting in the activation of stress-sensitive intracellular signaling pathways. One of the major consequences is the generation of gene products that cause cellular damage and are ultimately responsible for the late complications of diabetes. The ability of antioxidants to protect against the effects of hyperglycemia in vitro, along with the clinical benefits often reported following antioxidant therapy, supports a causative role of oxidative stress in mediating and/or worsening these abnormalities. This review will focus on the critical assessment of the literature as it relates to the association between oxidative stress and diabetes, followed by the role of oxidative stress in the complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Finally, a review of the use of the antioxidant vitamin E will be provided in diabetic patients by assessing and evaluating some of the clinical trials in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riham Zein Fardoun
- Heart and Kidney Institute, University of Houston, College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas 77204, USA.
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47
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Fardoun RZ. Carvedilol versus cardioselective beta-blockers for the treatment of hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy 2007; 26:1491-500. [PMID: 16999659 DOI: 10.1592/phco.26.10.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Treatment with beta-blockers is recommended to achieve and maintain adequate blood pressure control in patients with hypertension, and these agents have been shown to decrease cardiovascular risk factors in patients with both hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, beta-blocker therapy also may worsen glycemic and lipidemic control and may lead to microalbuminuria. A recent study showed a better metabolic profile with carvedilol than with metoprolol in patients with both type 2 diabetes and hypertension in the presence of renin-angiotensin system blockade. This beneficial effect on metabolic components has been proposed as attributable to carvedilol's alpha-blocking effects or antioxidant properties. In this article, the pathophysiology of hypertension and type 2 diabetes and the association between them are reviewed, the pharmacologic properties of carvedilol are discussed, and clinical studies in the literature comparing carvedilol with selective beta-blockers in patients with both type 2 diabetes and hypertension are identified and evaluated. This information should be useful to practitioners when selecting the optimum beta-blocker for treating hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riham Zein Fardoun
- Heart and Kidney Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA.
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48
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Kovac IP, Havlik RJ, Foley D, Peila R, Hernandez D, Wavrant-De Vrièze F, Singleton A, Egan J, Taub D, Rodriguez B, Masaki K, Curb JD, Fujimoto WY, Wilson AF. Linkage and association analyses of type 2 diabetes/impaired glucose metabolism and adiponectin serum levels in Japanese Americans from Hawaii. Diabetes 2007; 56:537-40. [PMID: 17259404 PMCID: PMC2435496 DOI: 10.2337/db06-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a common disorder associated with obesity. Lower plasma levels of adiponectin were associated with type 2 diabetes. Candidate regions on chromosomes 1 ( approximately 70 cM) and 14 ( approximately 30 cM) were evaluated for replication of suggestive linkage results for type 2 diabetes/impaired glucose homeostasis in an independent sample of Japanese Americans. Replication of independent linkage evidence for serum levels of adiponectin on chromosome 14 was also evaluated. We investigated 529 subjects from 175 sibships who were originally part of the Honolulu Heart Program. Analyses included nonparametric linkage and association using SAGE (Statistical Analysis for Genetic Epidemiology) and FBAT (family-based test of association) programs and Monte Carlo simulation of Fisher's exact test in SAS. For type 2 diabetes/impaired glucose metabolism, nominal linkage evidence (P < 0.02) followed-up by genotypic association (P = 0.016) was found with marker D14S297 at 31.8 cM; linkage analyses using only diabetes phenotype were also nominally significant at this marker (P < 0.02). Nominal evidence for genotypic association to adiponectin serum level phenotype (P = 0.04) was found with the marker D14S1032 at 23.2 cM. The present study was limited by relatively small sample size. Nevertheless, these results corroborate earlier studies, suggesting that further research is warranted in the candidate region approximately 30 cM on chromosome 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilija P Kovac
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Alan Memorial Institute, R&T Building, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal H3A 1A1, Quebec, Canada.
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49
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Abstract
Resveratrol mimics calorie restriction to extend lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans, yeast and Drosophila, possibly through activation of Sir2 (silent information regulator 2), a NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase. In the present study, resveratrol is shown to inhibit the insulin signalling pathway in several cell lines and rat primary hepatocytes in addition to its broad-spectrum inhibition of several signalling pathways. Resveratrol effectively inhibits insulin-induced Akt and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) activation mainly through disruption of the interactions between insulin receptor substrates and its downstream binding proteins including p85 regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Grb2 (growth factor receptor-bound protein 2). The inhibitory effect of resveratrol on insulin signalling is also demonstrated at mRNA level, where resveratrol reverses insulin effects on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fatty acid synthase and glucokinase. In addition, RNA interference experiment shows that the inhibitory effect of resveratrol on insulin signalling pathway is not weakened in cells with reduced expression of SirT1, the mammalian counterpart of Sir2. These observations raise the possibility that resveratrol may additionally modulate lifespan through inhibition of insulin signalling pathway, independently of its activation of SirT1 histone deacetylase. Furthermore, the present study may help to explain a wide range of biological effects of resveratrol, and provides further insight into the molecular basis of calorie restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandi Zhang
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9052, USA.
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50
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Graham TE, Yang Q, Blüher M, Hammarstedt A, Ciaraldi TP, Henry RR, Wason CJ, Oberbach A, Jansson PA, Smith U, Kahn BB. Retinol-binding protein 4 and insulin resistance in lean, obese, and diabetic subjects. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:2552-63. [PMID: 16775236 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa054862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 935] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance has a causal role in type 2 diabetes. Serum levels of retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), a protein secreted by adipocytes, are increased in insulin-resistant states. Experiments in mice suggest that elevated RBP4 levels cause insulin resistance. We sought to determine whether serum RBP4 levels correlate with insulin resistance and change after an intervention that improves insulin sensitivity. We also determined whether elevated serum RBP4 levels are associated with reduced expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in adipocytes, an early pathological feature of insulin resistance. METHODS We measured serum RBP4, insulin resistance, and components of the metabolic syndrome in three groups of subjects. Measurements were repeated after exercise training in one group. GLUT4 protein was measured in isolated adipocytes. RESULTS Serum RBP4 levels correlated with the magnitude of insulin resistance in subjects with obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, or type 2 diabetes and in nonobese, nondiabetic subjects with a strong family history of type 2 diabetes. Elevated serum RBP4 was associated with components of the metabolic syndrome, including increased body-mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, serum triglyceride levels, and systolic blood pressure and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Exercise training was associated with a reduction in serum RBP4 levels only in subjects in whom insulin resistance improved. Adipocyte GLUT4 protein and serum RBP4 levels were inversely correlated. CONCLUSIONS RBP4 is an adipocyte-secreted molecule that is elevated in the serum before the development of frank diabetes and appears to identify insulin resistance and associated cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with varied clinical presentations. These findings provide a rationale for antidiabetic therapies aimed at lowering serum RBP4 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Graham
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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