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Del Vecchio L, Allinovi M, Comolli S, Peiti S, Rimoldi C, Locatelli F. Drugs in Development to Treat IgA Nephropathy. Drugs 2024; 84:503-525. [PMID: 38777962 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-024-02036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
IgA nephropathy is a common glomerulonephritis consequent to the autoimmune response to aberrant glycosylated immunoglobulin (Ig) A antibodies. Although it has historically been considered a benign disease, it has since become clear that a substantial percentage of patients reach end-stage kidney failure over the years. Several therapeutic attempts have been proposed, with systemic steroids being the most prevalent, albeit burdened by possible serious adverse events. Thanks to the more in-depth knowledge of the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy, new treatment targets have been identified and new drugs developed. In this narrative review, we summarise the molecules under clinical development for the treatment of IgA nephropathy. As a search strategy, we used PubMed, Google, ClinicalTrials.gov and abstracts from recent international congresses. TRF budesonide and sparsentan are the two molecules at a more advanced stage, just entering the market. Other promising agents are undergoing phase III clinical development. These include anti-APRIL and anti-BLyS/BAFF antibodies and some complement inhibitors. Other new possible strategies include spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-CD40 ligands and anti-CD38 antibodies. In an era increasingly characterised by 'personalised medicine' and 'precision therapy' approaches and considering that the potential therapeutic armamentarium for IgA nephropathy will be very broad in the near future, the identification of biomarkers capable of helping the nephrologist to select the right drug for the right patient should be the focus of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Allinovi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Comolli
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Peiti
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, ASST Lariana, Como, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Locatelli
- Past Director of the Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, ASST Lecco, Lecco, Italy
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2
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Happonen L, Collin M. Immunomodulating Enzymes from Streptococcus pyogenes-In Pathogenesis, as Biotechnological Tools, and as Biological Drugs. Microorganisms 2024; 12:200. [PMID: 38258026 PMCID: PMC10818452 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes, or Group A Streptococcus, is an exclusively human pathogen that causes a wide variety of diseases ranging from mild throat and skin infections to severe invasive disease. The pathogenesis of S. pyogenes infection has been extensively studied, but the pathophysiology, especially of the more severe infections, is still somewhat elusive. One key feature of S. pyogenes is the expression of secreted, surface-associated, and intracellular enzymes that directly or indirectly affect both the innate and adaptive host immune systems. Undoubtedly, S. pyogenes is one of the major bacterial sources for immunomodulating enzymes. Major targets for these enzymes are immunoglobulins that are destroyed or modified through proteolysis or glycan hydrolysis. Furthermore, several enzymes degrade components of the complement system and a group of DNAses degrade host DNA in neutrophil extracellular traps. Additional types of enzymes interfere with cellular inflammatory and innate immunity responses. In this review, we attempt to give a broad overview of the functions of these enzymes and their roles in pathogenesis. For those enzymes where experimentally determined structures exist, the structural aspects of the enzymatic activity are further discussed. Lastly, we also discuss the emerging use of some of the enzymes as biotechnological tools as well as biological drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Happonen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Collin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
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3
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Anuntakarun S, Sawaswong V, Jitvaropas R, Praianantathavorn K, Poomipak W, Suputtamongkol Y, Chirathaworn C, Payungporn S. Comparative genome characterization of Leptospira interrogans from mild and severe leptospirosis patients. Genomics Inform 2021; 19:e31. [PMID: 34638178 PMCID: PMC8510873 DOI: 10.5808/gi.21037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by spirochetes from the genus Leptospira. In Thailand, Leptospira interrogans is a major cause of leptospirosis. Leptospirosis patients present with a wide range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic, mild infections to severe illness involving organ failure. For better understanding the difference between Leptospira isolates causing mild and severe leptospirosis, illumina sequencing was used to sequence genomic DNA in both serotypes. DNA of Leptospira isolated from two patients, one with mild and another with severe symptoms, were included in this study. The paired-end reads were removed adapters and trimmed with Q30 score using Trimmomatic. Trimmed reads were constructed to contigs and scaffolds using SPAdes. Cross-contamination of scaffolds was evaluated by ContEst16s. Prokka tool for bacterial annotation was used to annotate sequences from both Leptospira isolates. Predicted amino acid sequences from Prokka were searched in EggNOG and David gene ontology database to characterize gene ontology. In addition, Leptospira from mild and severe patients, that passed the criteria e-value < 10e-5 from blastP against virulence factor database, were used to analyze with Venn diagram. From this study, we found 13 and 12 genes that were unique in the isolates from mild and severe patients, respectively. The 12 genes in the severe isolate might be virulence factor genes that affect disease severity. However, these genes should be validated in further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtham Anuntakarun
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Vorthon Sawaswong
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Rungrat Jitvaropas
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | | | - Witthaya Poomipak
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yupin Suputtamongkol
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chintana Chirathaworn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sunchai Payungporn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Hammers D, Carothers K, Lee S. The Role of Bacterial Proteases in Microbe and Host-microbe Interactions. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:222-239. [PMID: 34370632 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210809094100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secreted proteases are an important class of factors used by bacterial to modulate their extracellular environment through the cleavage of peptides and proteins. These proteases can range from broad, general proteolytic activity to high degrees of substrate specificity. They are often involved in interactions between bacteria and other species, even across kingdoms, allowing bacteria to survive and compete within their niche. As a result, many bacterial proteases are of clinical importance. The immune system is a common target for these enzymes, and bacteria have evolved ways to use these proteases to alter immune responses for their benefit. In addition to the wide variety of human proteins that can be targeted by bacterial proteases, bacteria also use these secreted factors to disrupt competing microbes, ranging from outright antimicrobial activity to disrupting processes like biofilm formation. OBJECTIVE In this review, we address how bacterial proteases modulate host mechanisms of protection from infection and injury, including immune factors and cell barriers. We also discuss the contributions of bacterial proteases to microbe-microbe interactions, including antimicrobial and anti-biofilm dynamics. CONCLUSION Bacterial secreted proteases represent an incredibly diverse group of factors that bacteria use to shape and thrive in their microenvironment. Due to the range of activities and targets of these proteases, some have been noted for having potential as therapeutics. The vast array of bacterial proteases and their targets remains an expanding field of research, and this field has many important implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hammers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Katelyn Carothers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Shaun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
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Zheng Y, Xu N, Pang J, Han H, Yang H, Qin W, Zhang H, Li W, Wang H, Chen Y. Colonization With Extensively Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Prognosis in Critically Ill Patients: An Observational Cohort Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:667776. [PMID: 33996866 PMCID: PMC8119758 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.667776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most frequently isolated opportunistic pathogens in intensive care units (ICUs). Extensively drug-resistant A. baumannii (XDR-AB) strains lack susceptibility to almost all antibiotics and pose a heavy burden on healthcare institutions. In this study, we evaluated the impact of XDR-AB colonization on both the short-term and long-term survival of critically ill patients. Methods: We prospectively enrolled patients from two adult ICUs in Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from March 2018 through December 2018. Using nasopharyngeal and perirectal swabs, we evaluated the presence of XDR-AB colonization. Participants were followed up for 6 months. The primary endpoints were 28-day and 6-month mortality after ICU admission. The overall survival rate was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. We identified risk factors associated with 28-day and 6-month mortality using the logistic regression model and a time-dependent Cox regression model, respectively. Results: Out of 431 patients, 77 were colonized with XDR-AB. Based on the Kaplan-Meier curve results, the overall survival before 28 days did not differ by colonization status; however, a significantly lower overall survival rate was obtained at 6 months in colonized patients. Univariate and multivariate analysis results confirmed that XDR-AB colonization was not associated with 28-day mortality, but was an independent risk factor of lower overall survival at 6 months (HR = 1.749, 95% CI = 1.174-2.608). Conclusions: XDR-AB colonization has no effect on short-term overall survival, but is associated with lower long-term overall survival in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Nana Xu
- Cardiosurgery Care Unit, Department of Cardiosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiaojiao Pang
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongna Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weidong Qin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Classification, structural biology, and applications of mucin domain-targeting proteases. Biochem J 2021; 478:1585-1603. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial surfaces throughout the body are coated by mucins, a class of proteins carrying domains characterized by a high density of O-glycosylated serine and threonine residues. The resulting mucosal layers form crucial host-microbe interfaces that prevent the translocation of microbes while also selecting for distinct bacteria via the presented glycan repertoire. The intricate interplay between mucus production and breakdown thus determines the composition of the microbiota maintained within these mucosal environments, which can have a large influence on the host during both homeostasis and disease. Most research to date on mucus breakdown has focused on glycosidases that trim glycan structures to release monosaccharides as a source of nutrients. More recent work has uncovered the existence of mucin-type O-glycosylation-dependent proteases that are secreted by pathogens, commensals, and mutualists to facilitate mucosal colonization and penetration. Additionally, immunoglobulin A (IgA) proteases promote bacterial colonization in the presence of neutralizing secretory IgA through selective cleavage of the heavily O-glycosylated hinge region. In this review, we summarize families of O-glycoproteases and IgA proteases, discuss known structural features, and review applications of these enzymes to glycobiology.
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Perruzza L, Jaconi S, Lombardo G, Pinna D, Strati F, Morone D, Seehusen F, Hu Y, Bajoria S, Xiong J, Kumru OS, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Piantanida R, Benigni F, Grassi F, Corti D, Pizzuto MS. Prophylactic Activity of Orally Administered FliD-Reactive Monoclonal SIgA Against Campylobacter Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1011. [PMID: 32582158 PMCID: PMC7296071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter infection is one of the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and a major global health threat due to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance. Currently, there are no vaccines approved to prevent campylobacteriosis, and rehydration is the main form of therapy. Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is the main antibody class found in mucous secretions, including human milk, and serves as the first line of defense for the gastrointestinal epithelium against enteric pathogens. In this study, we describe the prophylactic activity of orally delivered recombinant SIgA generated from two human monoclonal antibodies (CAA1 and CCG4) isolated for their reactivity against the flagellar-capping protein FliD, which is essential for bacteria motility and highly conserved across Campylobacter species associated with severe enteritis. In an immunocompetent weaned mouse model, a single oral administration of FliD-reactive SIgA CAA1 or CCG4 at 2 h before infection significantly enhances Campylobacter clearance at early stages post-infection, reducing the levels of inflammation markers associated with epithelial damage and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells infiltration in the cecum lamina propria. Our data indicate that the prophylactic activity of CAA1 and CCG4 is not only dependent on the specificity to FliD but also on the use of the SIgA format, as the immunoglobulin G (IgG) versions of the same antibodies did not confer a comparable protective effect. Our work emphasizes the potential of FliD as a target for the development of vaccines and supports the concept that orally administered FliD-reactive SIgA can be developed to prevent or mitigate the severity of Campylobacter infections as well as the development of post-infection syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Perruzza
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Jaconi
- Humabs BioMed SA a Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology Inc., Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Gloria Lombardo
- Humabs BioMed SA a Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology Inc., Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Debora Pinna
- Humabs BioMed SA a Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology Inc., Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Strati
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Diego Morone
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Frauke Seehusen
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Sakshi Bajoria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Jian Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Ozan Selahattin Kumru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Sangeeta Bagai Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - David Bernard Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Renato Piantanida
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs BioMed SA a Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology Inc., Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA a Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology Inc., Bellinzona, Switzerland
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Similar genomic patterns of clinical infective endocarditis and oral isolates of Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2728. [PMID: 32066773 PMCID: PMC7026040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis belong to the Mitis group streptococci, which mostly are commensals in the human oral cavity. Though they are oral commensals, they can escape their niche and cause infective endocarditis, a severe infection with high mortality. Several virulence factors important for the development of infective endocarditis have been described in these two species. However, the background for how the commensal bacteria, in some cases, become pathogenic is still not known. To gain a greater understanding of the mechanisms of the pathogenic potential, we performed a comparative analysis of 38 blood culture strains, S. sanguinis (n = 20) and S. gordonii (n = 18) from patients with verified infective endocarditis, along with 21 publicly available oral isolates from healthy individuals, S. sanguinis (n = 12) and S. gordonii (n = 9). Using whole genome sequencing data of the 59 streptococci genomes, functional profiles were constructed, using protein domain predictions based on the translated genes. These functional profiles were used for clustering, phylogenetics and machine learning. A clear separation could be made between the two species. No clear differences between oral isolates and clinical infective endocarditis isolates were found in any of the 675 translated core-genes. Additionally, random forest-based machine learning and clustering of the pan-genome data as well as amino acid variations in the core-genome could not separate the clinical and oral isolates. A total of 151 different virulence genes was identified in the 59 genomes. Among these homologs of genes important for adhesion and evasion of the immune system were found in all of the strains. Based on the functional profiles and virulence gene content of the genomes, we believe that all analysed strains had the ability to become pathogenic.
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Shehaj L, Choudary SK, Makwana KM, Gallo MC, Murphy TF, Kritzer JA. Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Haemophilus influenzae IgA1 Protease. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1129-1138. [PMID: 31016966 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Newly identified, nontypable Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenza) strains represent a serious threat to global health. Due to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, virulence factors have emerged as potential therapeutic targets that would be less likely to promote resistance. IgA1 proteases are secreted virulence factors of many Gram-negative human pathogens. These enzymes play important roles in tissue invasion as well as evasion of the immune response, yet there has been limited work on pharmacological inhibitors. Here, we report the discovery of the first small molecule, nonpeptidic inhibitors of H. influenzae IgA1 proteases. We screened over 47 000 compounds in a biochemical assay using recombinant protease and identified a hit compound with micromolar potency. Preliminary structure-activity relationships produced additional inhibitors, two of which showed improved inhibition and selectivity for IgA protease over other serine proteases. We further showed dose-dependent inhibition against four different IgA1 protease variants collected from clinical isolates. These data support further development of IgA protease inhibitors as potential therapeutics for antibiotic-resistant H. influenza strains. The newly discovered inhibitors also represent valuable probes for exploring the roles of these proteases in bacterial colonization, invasion, and infection of mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Shehaj
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Santosh K. Choudary
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Kamlesh M. Makwana
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Mary C. Gallo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Timothy F. Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Joshua A. Kritzer
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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Kotelnikova O, Alliluev A, Zinchenko A, Zhigis L, Prokopenko Y, Nokel E, Razgulyaeva O, Zueva V, Tokarskaya M, Yastrebova N, Gordeeva E, Melikhova T, Kaliberda E, Rumsh L. Protective potency of recombinant meningococcal IgA1 protease and its structural derivatives upon animal invasion with meningococcal and pneumococcal infections. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:336-340. [PMID: 30797878 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunization of mice with recombinant IgA1 protease of Neisseria meningitidis or several structural derivatives thereof protects the animals infected with a variety of deadly pathogens, including N. meningitidis serogroups A, B, and C and 3 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumonia. In sera of rabbits immunized with inactivated pneumococcal cultures, antibodies binding IgA1-protease from N. meningitidis serogroup B were detected. Thus, the cross-reactive protection against meningococcal and pneumococcal infections has been demonstrated in vivo. Presumably it indicates the presence of common epitopes in the N. meningitidis IgA1 protease and S. pneumoniae surface proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kotelnikova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Alexander Alliluev
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service on Customers' Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, ul. Novogireevskaya 3a, Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - Alexei Zinchenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Larisa Zhigis
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
| | - Yuri Prokopenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Elena Nokel
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Olga Razgulyaeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Vera Zueva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Marina Tokarskaya
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Malyi Kazennyi per. 5a, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - Natalia Yastrebova
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Malyi Kazennyi per. 5a, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - Elena Gordeeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Tatyana Melikhova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Elena Kaliberda
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Lev Rumsh
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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11
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Fenker DE, McDaniel CT, Panmanee W, Panos RJ, Sorscher EJ, Sabusap C, Clancy JP, Hassett DJ. A Comparison between Two Pathophysiologically Different yet Microbiologically Similar Lung Diseases: Cystic Fibrosis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND PULMONARY MEDICINE 2018; 5:098. [PMID: 30627668 PMCID: PMC6322854 DOI: 10.23937/2378-3516/1410098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are chronic pulmonary diseases that affect ~70,000 and 251 million individuals worldwide, respectively. Although these two diseases have distinctly different pathophysiologies, both cause chronic respiratory insufficiency that erodes quality of life and causes significant morbidity and eventually death. In both CF and COPD, the respiratory microbiome plays a major contributing role in disease progression and morbidity. Pulmonary pathogens can differ dramatically during various stages of each disease and frequently cause acute worsening of lung function due to disease exacerbation. Despite some similarities, outcome and timing/type of exacerbation can also be quite different between CF and COPD. Given these clinical distinctions, both patients and physicians should be aware of emerging therapeutic options currently being offered or in development for the treatment of lung infections in individuals with CF and COPD. Although interventions are available that prolong life and mitigate morbidity, neither disorder is curable. Both acute and chronic pulmonary infections contribute to an inexorable downward course and may trigger exacerbations, culminating in loss of lung function or respiratory failure. Knowledge of the pulmonary pathogens causing these infections, their clinical presentation, consequences, and management are, therefore, critical. In this review, we compare and contrast CF and COPD, including underlying causes, general outcomes, features of the lung microbiome, and potential treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Fenker
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Cameron T McDaniel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Warunya Panmanee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Ralph J Panos
- Department of Medicine, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
| | | | | | - John P Clancy
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Daniel J Hassett
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
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The Role of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in Ocular Infectious Diseases. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2018; 2018:2525173. [PMID: 30538741 PMCID: PMC6257906 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2525173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic pathogen that can cause severe infections such as pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia, and middle ear infections. It is also one of the top pathogens contributing to bacterial keratitis and conjunctivitis. Though two pneumococcal vaccines exist for the prevention of nonocular diseases, they do little to fully prevent ocular infections. This pathogen has several virulence factors that wreak havoc on the conjunctiva, cornea, and intraocular system. Polysaccharide capsule aids in the evasion of host complement system. Pneumolysin (PLY) is a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin that acts as pore-forming toxin. Neuraminidases assist in adherence and colonization by exposing cell surface receptors to the pneumococcus. Zinc metalloproteinases contribute to evasion of the immune system and disease severity. The main purpose of this review is to consolidate the multiple studies that have been conducted on several pneumococcal virulence factors and the role each plays in conjunctivitis, keratitis, and endophthalmitis.
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Kurashima Y, Kiyono H. Mucosal Ecological Network of Epithelium and Immune Cells for Gut Homeostasis and Tissue Healing. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:119-147. [PMID: 28125357 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier includes columnar epithelial, Paneth, goblet, enteroendocrine, and tuft cells as well as other cell populations, all of which contribute properties essential for gastrointestinal homeostasis. The intestinal mucosa is covered by mucin, which contains antimicrobial peptides and secretory IgA and prevents luminal bacteria, fungi, and viruses from stimulating intestinal immune responses. Conversely, the transport of luminal microorganisms-mediated by M, dendritic, and goblet cells-into intestinal tissues facilitates the harmonization of active and quiescent mucosal immune responses. The bacterial population within gut-associated lymphoid tissues creates the intratissue cohabitations for harmonized mucosal immunity. Intermolecular and intercellular communication among epithelial, immune, and mesenchymal cells creates an environment conducive for epithelial regeneration and mucosal healing. This review summarizes the so-called intestinal mucosal ecological network-the complex but vital molecular and cellular interactions of epithelial mesenchymal cells, immune cells, and commensal microbiota that achieve intestinal homeostasis, regeneration, and healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kurashima
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; .,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Mucosal Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccine, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; .,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccine, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Chief among these are infections involving the lower airways. The opportunistic bacterial pathogens responsible for most cases of pneumonia can cause a range of local and invasive infections. However, bacterial colonization (or carriage) in the upper airway is the prerequisite of all these infections. Successful colonizers must attach to the epithelial lining, grow on the nutrient-limited mucosal surface, evade the host immune response, and transmit to a susceptible host. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms underlying these conserved stages of carriage. We also examine how the demands of colonization influence progression to disease. A range of bacteria can colonize the upper airway; nevertheless, we focus on strategies shared by many respiratory tract opportunistic pathogens. Understanding colonization opens a window to the evolutionary pressures these pathogens face within their animal hosts and that have selected for attributes that contribute to virulence and pathogenesis.
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15
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Lechner SM, Abbad L, Boedec E, Papista C, Le Stang MB, Moal C, Maillard J, Jamin A, Bex-Coudrat J, Wang Y, Li A, Martini PGV, Monteiro RC, Berthelot L. IgA1 Protease Treatment Reverses Mesangial Deposits and Hematuria in a Model of IgA Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:2622-9. [PMID: 26850635 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015080856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN), characterized by mesangial IgA1 deposits, is a leading cause of renal failure worldwide. IgAN pathogenesis involves circulating hypogalactosylated IgA1 complexed with soluble IgA Fc receptor I (sCD89) and/or anti-hypogalactosylated-IgA1 autoantibodies, but no specific treatment is available for IgAN. The absence of IgA1 and CD89 homologs in the mouse has precluded in vivo proof-of-concept studies of specific therapies targeting IgA1. However, the α1KI‑CD89Tg mouse model of IgAN, which expresses human IgA1 and human CD89, allows in vivo testing of recombinant IgA1 protease (IgA1‑P), a bacterial protein that selectively cleaves human IgA1. Mice injected with IgA1‑P (1-10 mg/kg) had Fc fragments of IgA1 in both serum and urine, associated with a decrease in IgA1-sCD89 complexes. Levels of mesangial IgA1 deposits and the binding partners of these deposits (sCD89, transferrin receptor, and transglutaminase 2) decreased markedly 1 week after treatment, as did the levels of C3 deposition, CD11b(+) infiltrating cells, and fibronectin. Antiprotease antibodies did not significantly alter IgA1‑P activity. Moreover, hematuria consistently decreased after treatment. In conclusion, IgA1‑P strongly diminishes human IgA1 mesangial deposits and reduces inflammation, fibrosis, and hematuria in a mouse IgAN model, and therefore may be a plausible treatment for patients with IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M Lechner
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1149, Center of Research on Inflammation, Paris, France; Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency, Faculty of Medicine, Xavier Bichat Site, Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252, Paris, France
| | - Lilia Abbad
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1149, Center of Research on Inflammation, Paris, France; Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency, Faculty of Medicine, Xavier Bichat Site, Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Boedec
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1149, Center of Research on Inflammation, Paris, France; Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency, Faculty of Medicine, Xavier Bichat Site, Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252, Paris, France
| | - Christina Papista
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1149, Center of Research on Inflammation, Paris, France; Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency, Faculty of Medicine, Xavier Bichat Site, Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Bénédicte Le Stang
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1149, Center of Research on Inflammation, Paris, France; Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency, Faculty of Medicine, Xavier Bichat Site, Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Moal
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1149, Center of Research on Inflammation, Paris, France; Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency, Faculty of Medicine, Xavier Bichat Site, Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252, Paris, France
| | - Julien Maillard
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1149, Center of Research on Inflammation, Paris, France; Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency, Faculty of Medicine, Xavier Bichat Site, Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Jamin
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1149, Center of Research on Inflammation, Paris, France; Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency, Faculty of Medicine, Xavier Bichat Site, Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252, Paris, France
| | - Julie Bex-Coudrat
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1149, Center of Research on Inflammation, Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252, Paris, France
| | - Yong Wang
- Shire, Bioprocess Development and Discovery Biology and Translational Research, Lexington, Massachusetts; and
| | - Aiqun Li
- Shire, Bioprocess Development and Discovery Biology and Translational Research, Lexington, Massachusetts; and
| | - Paolo G V Martini
- Shire, Bioprocess Development and Discovery Biology and Translational Research, Lexington, Massachusetts; and
| | - Renato C Monteiro
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1149, Center of Research on Inflammation, Paris, France; Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency, Faculty of Medicine, Xavier Bichat Site, Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252, Paris, France; Immunology Department, Bichat Hospital, Paris Public Assistance Hospitals, Department of Hospital and University (DHU) Fire, Paris, France
| | - Laureline Berthelot
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Unit 1149, Center of Research on Inflammation, Paris, France; Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency, Faculty of Medicine, Xavier Bichat Site, Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252, Paris, France;
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Kamemura N, Takashima M, Morita H, Matsumoto K, Saito H, Kido H. Measurement of allergen-specific secretory IgA in stool of neonates, infants and toddlers by protection against degradation of immunoglobulins and allergens. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2015; 62:137-44. [DOI: 10.2152/jmi.62.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norio Kamemura
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University
| | - Miwa Takashima
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University
| | - Hideaki Morita
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development
| | - Hirohisa Saito
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University
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Dou A, Wang Z, Zhao J, Liu J, Zheng C. Identification of therapeutic target genes with DNA microarray in multiple myeloma cell line treated by IKKβ/NF-κB inhibitor. Acta Cir Bras 2014; 29:696-702. [PMID: 25424288 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502014001800001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the mechanism of resistance to IKKβ inhibitor in multiple myeloma (MM) cells and uncover novel therapeutic targets for MM. METHODS We downloaded the microarray data (GSE8476) from GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) database. The data were derived from the human MM cells lines (L363 cells) treated with IKKβ inhibitor MLN120b (MLN) for eight, 12 and 24 hours. Furthermore, we applied the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) and Expression Analysis Systematic Explorer (EASE) database to construct protein-protein interaction networks and identified over-represented pathway among DEGs (differentially expressed genes). RESULTS We obtained 108 DGEs in 8h vs. 12h group and 101 ones in 8h vs. 24h group. Most of DGEs were found to be involved in biological regulation. The significant pathways were Ig A pathway and the CAMs pathways. In addition, 24 common DGEs were found in the networks of the two groups such as ICAM 3 and SELL. CONCLUSION Intercellular adhesion molecule 3 and SELL may be potential targets in multiple myeloma treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixia Dou
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhilun Wang
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jingjie Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Junli Liu
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chengyun Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Understanding nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2014; 20:159-64. [PMID: 24441573 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bacteria are frequently implicated in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but their influence on airway inflammation remains unclear. This review will focus on nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), its impact on host immune responses, and the potential for vaccination strategies in COPD. RECENT FINDINGS NTHi is associated with impaired immune function in patients with COPD. Features of the bacterium itself potentiate its ability to colonize the lower airways. An imbalance between bacterial load and host immunity may lend itself to the development of exacerbations. Oral immunotherapy may be a method of augmenting the host immune response and could provide protection from exacerbations. SUMMARY A causal link between NTHi and COPD exacerbations has not been clearly established. However, colonization of the lower airways by NTHi likely plays a significant role in the inflammatory state of COPD.
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van Ulsen P, Rahman SU, Jong WS, Daleke-Schermerhorn MH, Luirink J. Type V secretion: From biogenesis to biotechnology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1592-611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Janoff EN, Rubins JB, Fasching C, Charboneau D, Rahkola JT, Plaut AG, Weiser JN. Pneumococcal IgA1 protease subverts specific protection by human IgA1. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:249-56. [PMID: 23820749 PMCID: PMC4456019 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) proteases may sabotage the protective effects of IgA. In vitro, both exogenous and endogenously produced IgA1 protease inhibited phagocytic killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae by capsule-specific IgA1 human monoclonal antibodies (hMAbs) but not IgA2. These IgA1 proteases cleaved and reduced binding of the the effector Fcα1 heavy chain but not the antigen-binding F(ab)/light chain to pneumococcal surfaces. In vivo, IgA1 protease-resistant IgA2, but not IgA1 protease-sensitive IgA1, supported 60% survival in mice infected with wild-type S. pneumoniae. IgA1 hMAbs protected mice against IgA1 protease-deficient but not -producing pneumococci. Parallel mouse sera with human IgA2 showed more efficient complement-mediated reductions in pneumococci with neutrophils than did IgA1, particularly with protease-producing organisms. After natural human pneumococcal bacteremia, purified serum IgG inhibited IgA1 protease activity in 7 of 11 patients (64%). These observations provide the first evidence in vivo that IgA1 protease can circumvent killing of S. pneumoniae by human IgA. Acquisition of IgA1 protease-neutralizing IgG after infection directs attention to IgA1 protease both as a determinant of successful colonization and infection and as a potential vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward N. Janoff
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Colorado (MAVRC), University of Colorado Denver, Infectious Diseases, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Jeffrey B. Rubins
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO 80220
| | - Claudine Fasching
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO 80220
| | - Darlene Charboneau
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO 80220
| | - Jeremy T. Rahkola
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Colorado (MAVRC), University of Colorado Denver, Infectious Diseases, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Andrew G. Plaut
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey N. Weiser
- Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Kotel’nikova O, Alliluev A, Drozhzhina E, Koroleva I, Sitnikova E, Zinchenko A, Gordeeva E, Melikhova T, Nokel E, Zhigis L, Zueva V, Razgulyaeva O, Serova O, Yagudaeva E, Rumsh L. Protective properties of recombinant igA1 protease from meningococcus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 60:479-86. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20146004479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The study of enzymatic and protective properties of recombinant IgA1 protease in active and mutant form showed that active form of IgA1 protease exhibited species – and type-specificity for mouse and human immunoglobulins. Mutant form, which did not exhibit enzymatic activity, had protective properties against meningococcal infection, induced by meningococcus serogroup A, B and C protecting the mice from lethal infection by living virulent culture of heterologous serogroups of meningococcus. Obtained results make it possible to consider IgA1 protease as a perspective preparation at the stages of development of polyvalent vaccine for protection the people from meningococcal infection of various etiology
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Affiliation(s)
- O.V. Kotel’nikova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - A.P. Alliluev
- Medical Faculty, Russian University of Peoples’ Friendship
| | - E.Yu. Drozhzhina
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - I.S. Koroleva
- Municipal infectious deceases hospital №2, Moscow, Russia
| | - E.A. Sitnikova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - A.A. Zinchenko
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - E.A. Gordeeva
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - T.D. Melikhova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - E.A. Nokel
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - L.S. Zhigis
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - V.S. Zueva
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - O.A. Razgulyaeva
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - O.V. Serova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - E.Yu. Yagudaeva
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - L.D. Rumsh
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
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Choudary SK, Qiu J, Plaut AG, Kritzer JA. Versatile Substrates and Probes for IgA1 Protease Activity. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2007-12. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Proteases have been successfully targeted for the treatment of several diseases, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes, multiple myeloma, HIV and hepatitis C virus infections. Given the demonstrated pharmacological tractability of this enzyme family and the pressing need for novel drugs to combat antibiotic resistance, proteases have also attracted interest as antibacterial targets--particularly the widely conserved intracellular bacterial degradative proteases, which are often indispensable for normal bacterial growth or virulence. This Review summarizes the roles of the key prokaryotic degradative proteases, with a focus on the initial efforts and associated challenges in developing specific therapeutic modulators of these enzymes as novel classes of antibacterial drugs.
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Millares L, Marin A, Garcia-Aymerich J, Sauleda J, Belda J, Monsó E. Specific IgA and metalloproteinase activity in bronchial secretions from stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients colonized by Haemophilus influenzae. Respir Res 2012; 13:113. [PMID: 23228114 PMCID: PMC3546904 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haemophilus influenzae is the most common colonizing bacteria of the bronchial tree in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and positive cultures for this potentially pathogenic microorganism (PPM) has been associated with local inflammation changes that may influence the relationships between H. influenzae and the bronchial mucosa. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of stable COPD patients enrolled in the Phenotype and Course of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (PAC-COPD) Study, focusing on bronchial colonization by H. influenzae, was performed. Specific IgA against the PPM was measured by optical density, and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) using ELISA in sputum samples. Levels in patients colonized by H. influenzae and non-colonized patients were compared. Results Sputum supernatant for the measurement of specific IgA against H. influenzae was available from 54 stable COPD patients, who showed levels of specific IgA significantly lower in colonized (n=21) than in non-colonized patients (n=33) (15 [4-37] versus 31 [10-75], p=0.033, Mann-Whitney U test). Proenzyme MMP-9 was measured in 44 patients, and it was higher in colonized (n=12, 1903 [1488-6699] ng/ml) than in non-colonized patients (n=32, 639 [373-972] ng/ml) (p<0.001, Mann-Whitney U test). Active form of MMP-9 was also higher in colonized (126 [25-277] ng/ml) than in non-colonized patients (39 [14-68] ng/ml) (p=0.021, Mann-Whitney U test), and the molar ratio between proenzyme MMP-9 and TIMP-1 was above 1 (2.1 [0.1-12.5]) in colonized patients, significantly higher than the ratio found in non-colonized patients (0.2 [0.08-0.5]) (p=0.030, Mann-Whitney U test). Conclusions Clinically stable COPD patients colonized by H. influenzae had lower levels of specific IgA against the microorganism and higher values of the active form of MMP-9 in their sputum supernatant than non-colonized patients. Bronchial colonization by H. influenzae may cause structural changes in the extracellular matrix through a defective defense and the production of active metalloproteinases.
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Coscia MR, Giacomelli S, Oreste U. Allelic polymorphism of Immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in the Antarctic teleost Trematomus bernacchii. Mar Genomics 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lang ML, Zhu L, Kreth J. Keeping the bad bacteria in check: interactions of the host immune system with oral cavity biofilms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2012.00278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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King P. Haemophilus influenzae and the lung (Haemophilus and the lung). Clin Transl Med 2012; 1:10. [PMID: 23369277 PMCID: PMC3567431 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-1-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae is present as a commensal organism in the nasopharynx of most healthy adults from where it can spread to cause both systemic and respiratory tract infection. This bacterium is divided into typeable forms (such as type b) or nontypeable forms based on the presence or absence of a tough polysaccharide capsule. Respiratory disease is predominantly caused by the nontypeable forms (NTHi). Haemophilus influenzae has evolved a number of strategies to evade the host defense including the ability to invade into local tissue. Pathogenic properties of this bacterium as well as defects in host defense may result in the spread of this bacterium from the upper airway to the bronchi of the lung. This can result in airway inflammation and colonization particularly in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Treatment of respiratory tract infection with Haemophilus influenzae is often only partially successful with ongoing infection and inflammation. Improvement in patient outcome will be dependent on a better understanding of the pathogenesis and host immune response to this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul King
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine and Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, Melbourne, 3168, Australia.
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DATAR PA, COUTINHO EC. THE ϕ, ψ SPACE OF BORON ISOSTERES OF AMINO ACIDS: ANAB INITIOSTUDY. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633604000970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Boron isosteres [ CH3- CO - BH - CH(R) - CONHCH3; R = CH3, CH2OH , CH2SH ] of natural amino acids have been designed as inhibitors of serine protease based on boron's ability to mimic the transition state of the normal enzyme catalyzed reaction. The conformation and electronic properties of these isosteres have been determined by ab initio calculations at the HF/6-31G** level of theory. The global minimum energy structures of the boron isosteres (which are all identical) and the natural amino acids are radically different. Interestingly, the boron isosteres have favorable conformations with positive values for the ϕ dihedral, which are "disallowed states" for the natural amino acids. This is possible because of the smaller atomic size of boron compared to nitrogen. The molecular electrostatic potential of the boron isosteres is also very different from the natural amino acids. There is a positive potential around the boron atom, which provokes the attack of the Ser195– OH group in the enzyme, resulting in formation of an irreversible enzyme-inhibitor adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. A. DATAR
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai — 400098, India
| | - E. C. COUTINHO
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai — 400098, India
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How pathogen-derived cysteine proteases modulate host immune responses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 712:192-207. [PMID: 21660666 PMCID: PMC7123607 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8414-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, cysteine proteases are essential for the induction and development of both innate and adaptive immune responses. These proteases play a role in antigen-and pathogen-recognition and elimination, signal processing and cell homeostasis. Many pathogens also secrete cysteine proteases that often act on the same target proteins as the mammalian proteases and thereby can modulate host immunity from initial recognition to effector mechanisms. Pathogen-derived proteases range from nonspecific proteases that degrade multiple proteins involved in the immune response to enzymes that are very specific in their mode of action. Here, we overview current knowledge of pathogen-derived cysteine proteases that modulate immune responses by altering the normal function of key receptors or pathways in the mammalian immune system.
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McKinlay JB, Laivenieks M, Schindler BD, McKinlay AA, Siddaramappa S, Challacombe JF, Lowry SR, Clum A, Lapidus AL, Burkhart KB, Harkins V, Vieille C. A genomic perspective on the potential of Actinobacillus succinogenes for industrial succinate production. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:680. [PMID: 21118570 PMCID: PMC3091790 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Succinate is produced petrochemically from maleic anhydride to satisfy a small specialty chemical market. If succinate could be produced fermentatively at a price competitive with that of maleic anhydride, though, it could replace maleic anhydride as the precursor of many bulk chemicals, transforming a multi-billion dollar petrochemical market into one based on renewable resources. Actinobacillus succinogenes naturally converts sugars and CO2 into high concentrations of succinic acid as part of a mixed-acid fermentation. Efforts are ongoing to maximize carbon flux to succinate to achieve an industrial process. RESULTS Described here is the 2.3 Mb A. succinogenes genome sequence with emphasis on A. succinogenes's potential for genetic engineering, its metabolic attributes and capabilities, and its lack of pathogenicity. The genome sequence contains 1,690 DNA uptake signal sequence repeats and a nearly complete set of natural competence proteins, suggesting that A. succinogenes is capable of natural transformation. A. succinogenes lacks a complete tricarboxylic acid cycle as well as a glyoxylate pathway, and it appears to be able to transport and degrade about twenty different carbohydrates. The genomes of A. succinogenes and its closest known relative, Mannheimia succiniciproducens, were compared for the presence of known Pasteurellaceae virulence factors. Both species appear to lack the virulence traits of toxin production, sialic acid and choline incorporation into lipopolysaccharide, and utilization of hemoglobin and transferrin as iron sources. Perspectives are also given on the conservation of A. succinogenes genomic features in other sequenced Pasteurellaceae. CONCLUSIONS Both A. succinogenes and M. succiniciproducens genome sequences lack many of the virulence genes used by their pathogenic Pasteurellaceae relatives. The lack of pathogenicity of these two succinogens is an exciting prospect, because comparisons with pathogenic Pasteurellaceae could lead to a better understanding of Pasteurellaceae virulence. The fact that the A. succinogenes genome encodes uptake and degradation pathways for a variety of carbohydrates reflects the variety of carbohydrate substrates available in the rumen, A. succinogenes's natural habitat. It also suggests that many different carbon sources can be used as feedstock for succinate production by A. succinogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B McKinlay
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 2215 Biomedical Biophysical Sciences building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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The expression of soluble and active recombinant Haemophilus influenzae IgA1 protease in E. coli. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:253983. [PMID: 21151648 PMCID: PMC2995913 DOI: 10.1155/2010/253983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) proteases from Haemophilus influenzae are extracellular proteases that specifically cleave the hinge region of human IgA1, the predominant class of immunoglobulin present on mucosal membranes. The IgA1 proteases may have the potential to cleave IgA1 complexes in the kidney and be a therapeutic agent for IgA1 nephropathy (IgAN), a disease characterized by deposition of the IgA1 antibody in the glomerulus. We have screened for the expression of recombinant H. influenzae IgA1 protease by combining various expression plasmids, IgA1 protease constructs, and E. coli strains under multiple conditions. Using the method we have developed, approximately 20–40 mg/L of soluble and active H. influenzae IgA1 protease can be produced from E. coli strain C41(DE3), a significant increase in yield compared to the yield upon expression in H. influenzae or other related bacteria.
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Yagudaeva EY, Zhigis LS, Razgulyaeva OA, Zueva VS, Melnikov EE, Zubov VP, Kozlov LV, Bichucher AM, Kotel’nikova OV, Alliluev AP, Avakov AE, Rumsh LD. Isolation and determination of the activity of IgA1 protease from Neisseria meningitidis. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162010010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tumor-associated and microbial proteases compromise host IgG effector functions by a single cleavage proximal to the hinge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:17864-9. [PMID: 19815504 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904174106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful elimination of pathogenic cells and microorganisms by the humoral immune system relies on effective interactions between host immunoglobulins and Fc gamma receptors on effector cells, in addition to the complement system. Essential Ig motifs that direct those interactions reside within the conserved IgG lower hinge/CH2 interface. We noted that a group of tumor-related and microbial proteases cleaved human IgG1s in that region, and the "nick" of just one of the heavy chains profoundly inhibited IgG1 effector functions. We focused on IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) since IgG1 is the most abundant human subclass and demonstrates robust Fc-mediated effector functions. The loss of Fc-mediated cell killing activities was correlated with diminished binding to the Fc gamma family of receptors, but a similar decrease in affinity was not observed toward the FcRn receptor that maintains IgG in circulation. Endogenous human IgG cleavage products of comparable size to mAbs with the single cleavage were detected by Western blot analysis in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in breast carcinoma extracts. Their detection is problematic under physiological conditions, since there is no loss of structure, and antigen-binding capability is unaffected. These findings suggest that within the hostile proteolytic microenvironments associated with many diseases, key effector functions of host IgGs, or therapeutic Abs, may be compromised.
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Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections presenting to the emergency room include meningitis, encephalitis, brain and spinal epidural abscess, subdural empyema, and ventriculitis. These conditions often require admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) and are complications of ICU patients with neurologic injury, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Reducing morbidity and mortality is critically dependent on rapid diagnosis and, perhaps more importantly, on the timely initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy. New insights into the role of inflammation and the immune response in CNS infections have contributed to development of new diagnostic strategies using markers of inflammation, and to the study of agents with focused immunomodulatory activity, which may lead to further adjunctive therapy in human disease.
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Brezski RJ, Luongo JL, Petrone D, Ryan MH, Zhong D, Tam SH, Schmidt AP, Kruszynski M, Whitaker BP, Knight DM, Jordan RE. Human Anti-IgG1 Hinge Autoantibodies Reconstitute the Effector Functions of Proteolytically Inactivated IgGs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3183-92. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Complicated catheter-associated urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008; 21:26-59. [PMID: 18202436 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00019-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) represent the most common type of nosocomial infection and are a major health concern due to the complications and frequent recurrence. These infections are often caused by Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Gram-negative bacterial species that cause CAUTIs express a number of virulence factors associated with adhesion, motility, biofilm formation, immunoavoidance, and nutrient acquisition as well as factors that cause damage to the host. These infections can be reduced by limiting catheter usage and ensuring that health care professionals correctly use closed-system Foley catheters. A number of novel approaches such as condom and suprapubic catheters, intermittent catheterization, new surfaces, catheters with antimicrobial agents, and probiotics have thus far met with limited success. While the diagnosis of symptomatic versus asymptomatic CAUTIs may be a contentious issue, it is generally agreed that once a catheterized patient is believed to have a symptomatic urinary tract infection, the catheter is removed if possible due to the high rate of relapse. Research focusing on the pathogenesis of CAUTIs will lead to a better understanding of the disease process and will subsequently lead to the development of new diagnosis, prevention, and treatment options.
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39
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Almogren A, Kerr MA. Irreversible aggregation of the Fc fragment derived from polymeric but not monomeric serum IgA1—Implications in IgA-mediated disease. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:87-94. [PMID: 17606293 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
IgA is by far the most abundant immunoglobulin in humans. It is found in serum and in secretions (SIgA). Unlike any other class of immunoglobulin, each form of IgA occurs naturally in different polymerisation states. In serum, the predominant form of IgA is IgA1 of which around 90% is monomeric and 10% is dimeric or polymeric. The proportion of dimeric/polymeric IgA increases in a number of important diseases, such as IgA nephropathy and in chronic liver disease. In both, there is evidence that further aggregation of dimeric/polymeric IgA is the cause of the characteristic tissue deposition. To investigate the effect of role of IgA polymerisation on the structure and function of IgA, we purified different molecular forms of IgA1 from myeloma serum (monomer, dimer and trimer) and SIgA1 from colostrum. Structural features of these different IgA1 forms were examined following proteolysis using Neisseria gonorrhoeae IgA1 type 2 protease and Streptococcus pneumoniae IgA1 protease. These IgA1 proteases cleave IgA1 at the hinge region and produce Fcalpha and Fab fragments. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the Fcalpha fragments of serum dimeric and trimeric but not monomeric IgA1 aggregated to form multimers resistant to disruption in SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions. Size exclusion chromatography under native conditions of cleaved serum dimeric IgA1 demonstrated that aggregation occurs because of structural changes in the IgA per se and was not an effect of the SDS-PAGE system. In the same assay, SIgA1 (dimeric) did not aggregate after digestion. The results suggest an important, previously unrecognised, property of dimeric/polymeric serum IgA1, which might explain its propensity to aggregate and deposit in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Almogren
- Department of Pathology, Immunology Unit, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
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40
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De Paolis F, Beghetto E, Spadoni A, Montagnani F, Felici F, Oggioni MR, Gargano N. Identification of a human immunodominant B-cell epitope within the immunoglobulin A1 protease of Streptococcus pneumoniae. BMC Microbiol 2007; 7:113. [PMID: 18088426 PMCID: PMC2225412 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-7-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The IgA1 protease of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a proteolytic enzyme that specifically cleaves the hinge regions of human IgA1, which dominates most mucosal surfaces and is the major IgA isotype in serum. This protease is expressed in all of the known pneumococcal strains and plays a major role in pathogen's resistance to the host immune response. The present work was focused at identifying the immunodominant regions of pneumococcal IgA1 protease recognized by the human antibody response. Results An antigenic sequence corresponding to amino acids 420–457 (epiA) of the iga gene product was identified by screening a pneumococcal phage display library with patients' sera. The epiA peptide is conserved in all pneumococci and in two out of three S. mitis strains, while it is not present in other oral streptococci so far sequenced. This epitope was specifically recognized by antibodies present in sera from 90% of healthy adults, thus representing an important target of the humoral response to S. pneumoniae and S. mitis infection. Moreover, sera from 68% of children less than 4 years old reacted with the epiA peptide, indicating that the human immune response against streptococcal antigens occurs during childhood. Conclusion The broad and specific recognition of the epiA polypeptide by human sera demonstrate that the pneumococcal IgA1 protease contains an immunodominant B-cell epitope. The use of phage display libraries to identify microbe or disease-specific antigens recognized by human sera is a valuable approach to epitope discovery.
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Abstract
Traditionally, the function of immunoglobulins A (IgA), the major type of secreted antibodies, has been thought to be restricted to binding antigens outside the epithelium basal membrane. Therefore, effector mechanisms eliminating IgA-opsonized targets have not been investigated so far. However, some indirect observations of infectious agents penetrating into tissues and blood from the environment suggest such mechanisms (analogous to IgG/IgM-dependent activation of complement and natural killers). In the present review, we examine details of IgA structure that might contribute to elucidation of IgA-dependent effector functions in human and animal immunity. Special attention is given to a putative transduction of signal about antigen binding in the active center of IgA from the Fab- to the Fc-superdomain via intramolecular conformational rearrangements. Different structure of the IgA subclasses (IgA1 and IgA2) is examined taking into account probable divergence of their functions in immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Kazeeva
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
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42
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Ziai WC, Lewin JJ. Advances in the management of central nervous system infections in the ICU. Crit Care Clin 2007; 22:661-94; abstract viii-ix. [PMID: 17239749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on early aggressive management of common infections of the central nervous system that require monitoring in an ICU setting. These include meningitis, encephalitis, brain and epidural abscess, subdural empyema and ventriculitis. It emphasizes priorities in evaluation and management due to increasing morbidity and mortality as a result of failure to appreciate non-specific symptoms or administer timely therapy. The emergence of organisms resistant to penicillin and cephalosporins has also further complicated the early management of bacterial meningitis. Current antimicrobial guidelines are provided along with discussion of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and controversial aspects of management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy C Ziai
- Division of Neurosciences Critical Care, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Fernaays MM, Lesse AJ, Cai X, Murphy TF. Characterization of igaB, a second immunoglobulin A1 protease gene in nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Infect Immun 2006; 74:5860-70. [PMID: 16988265 PMCID: PMC1594874 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00796-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is an important respiratory pathogen, causing otitis media in children and lower respiratory tract infection in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) protease is a well-described protein and potential virulence factor in this organism as well as other respiratory pathogens. IgA1 proteases cleave human IgA1, are involved in invasion, and display immunomodulatory effects. We have identified a second IgA1 protease gene, igaB, in H. influenzae that is present in addition to the previously described IgA1 protease gene, iga. Reverse transcriptase PCR and IgA1 protease assays indicated that the gene is transcribed, expressed, and enzymatically active in H. influenzae. The product of this gene is a type 2 IgA1 protease with homology to the iga gene of Neisseria species. Mutants that were deficient in iga, igaB, and both genes were constructed in H. influenzae strain 11P6H, a strain isolated from a patient with COPD who was experiencing an exacerbation. Analysis of these mutants indicated that igaB is the primary mediator of IgA1 protease activity in this strain. IgA1 protease activity assays on 20 clinical isolates indicated that the igaB gene is associated with increased levels of IgA1 protease activity. Approximately one-third of 297 strains of H. influenzae of diverse clinical and geographic origin contained igaB. Significant differences in the prevalence of igaB were observed among isolates from different sites of isolation (sputum > middle ear > nasopharynx). These data support the hypothesis that the newly discovered igaB gene is a potential virulence factor in nontypeable H. influenzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Fernaays
- Department of Microbiology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
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Senior BW, Woof JM. Sites in the CH3 Domain of Human IgA1 That Influence Sensitivity to Bacterial IgA1 Proteases. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3913-9. [PMID: 16951354 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.6.3913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The influence of regions, other than the hinge, on the susceptibility of human IgA1 to cleavage by diverse bacterial IgA1 proteases, was examined using IgA1 mutants bearing amino acid deletions, substitutions, and domain swaps. IgA1 lacking the tailpiece retained its susceptibility to cleavage by all of the IgA1 proteases. The domain swap molecule alpha1alpha2gamma3, in which the CH3 domain of IgA1 was exchanged for that of human IgG1, was resistant to cleavage with the type 1 and 2 serine IgA1 proteases of Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Haemophilus influenzae, but remained sensitive to cleavage with the metallo-IgA1 proteases of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus mitis. Substitution of the IgA1 Calpha3 domain motif Pro440 -Phe443 into the corresponding position in the Cgamma3 domain of alpha1alpha2gamma3 resulted now in sensitivity to the type 2 IgA1 protease of N. meningitidis, indicating the possible requirement of these amino acids for sensitivity to this protease. For the H. influenzae type 2 protease, resistance of an IgA1 mutant in which the CH3 domain residues 399-409 were exchanged with those from IgG1, but sensitivity of mutant HuBovalpha3 in which the Calpha3 domain of bovine IgA replaces that of human IgA1, suggests that CH3 domain residues Glu403, Gln406, and Thr409 influence sensitivity to this enzyme. Hence, unlike the situation with the metallo-IgA1 proteases of Streptococcus spp., the sensitivity of human IgA1 to cleavage with the serine IgA1 proteases of Neisseria and Haemophilus involves their binding to different sites specifically in the CH3 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard W Senior
- Division of Pathology and Neuroscience, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
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45
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Takenouchi-Ohkubo N, Mortensen LM, Drasbek KR, Kilian M, Poulsen K. Horizontal transfer of the immunoglobulin A1 protease gene (iga) from Streptococcus to Gemella haemolysans. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2006; 152:2171-2180. [PMID: 16804190 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial IgA1 proteases share the ability to cleave human IgA1 at the hinge region. Nature has developed this trait along at least five independent evolutionary lineages. To obtain further insight into the phylogeny and function of IgA1 proteases, the nucleotide sequence of the iga gene that encodes the IgA1 protease was determined from two Streptococcus mitis strains and one Gemella haemolysans strain. Heterologous expression in Escherichia coli confirmed that the genes encode human IgA1-cleaving activity. IgA1 proteases from Streptococcus and G. haemolysans shared structural features, including a motif typical for zinc-dependent metalloproteases of clan MA(E) family M26 and an N-terminal signal sequence followed by an LPXTG cell-wall-anchor motif and two putative membrane-spanning domains. In addition, they all harboured a repeat region preceding the active site of the protease. In the streptococcal IgA1 proteases, a G5 domain, which has been suggested to bind N-acetylglucosamine, was identified. Conservation of these structures in otherwise diverse proteases suggests that they are essential to the biological function of the enzyme. The phylogenetic distribution of homologous iga genes and conservation of gene order in the iga gene region in different Streptococcus species, combined with the sequence homologies, strongly suggest that the iga gene is more ancient in Streptococcus than in G. haemolysans, and therefore that the IgA1 protease gene was transferred from Streptococcus to G. haemolysans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Takenouchi-Ohkubo
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The Bartholin Building, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lotte M Mortensen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The Bartholin Building, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kim R Drasbek
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The Bartholin Building, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mogens Kilian
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The Bartholin Building, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Knud Poulsen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The Bartholin Building, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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46
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Bender MH, Weiser JN. The atypical amino-terminal LPNTG-containing domain of the pneumococcal human IgA1-specific protease is required for proper enzyme localization and function. Mol Microbiol 2006; 61:526-43. [PMID: 16776657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae produces a zinc metalloproteinase, Iga, which cleaves human immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1), and whose activity is predominantly localized to the bacterial surface. However, proper surface localization is not predicted using current models, as the LPNTG sorting motif is located atypically near the amino- rather than the carboxy-terminus. The cell-associated form of Iga was confirmed to be external to the bacterial membrane, and while bound tightly, its attachment to the cell wall is non-covalent, but dependent on both a complete LPNTG sequence and sortase activity. Disruption of the region between the signal peptidase cleavage site and the LPNTG domain resulted in a localization defect, premature degradation, and an alteration of the ability of the enzyme to act on a monoclonal human IgA1 substrate and to enhance bacterial adherence, linking localization to enzyme function. Edman sequencing of cell-associated Iga determined that the enzyme is processed at an unexpected site downstream of the sorting signal yet still associates with the bacterial surface. Our results indicate a non-covalent re-association between the carboxy-terminal enzymatic domain and the cleaved, sorted amino-terminal localization domain. This amino-terminal motif is shared among the other zinc metalloproteinases in streptococci and suggests a novel conserved mechanism for the surface localization of protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Bender
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Armstrong PB. Proteases and protease inhibitors: a balance of activities in host-pathogen interaction. Immunobiology 2006; 211:263-81. [PMID: 16697919 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is the collection of effector molecules and cells of the host that act against invading parasites and their products. Secreted proteases serve important roles in parasitic metabolism and virulence and the several families of protein protease inhibitors of the plasma and blood cells play an important role in immunity by inactivating and clearing the protease virulence factors of parasites. The protease inhibitors are of two classes, the active-site inhibitors and the alpha2-macroglobulins. Inhibitors for the first class bind and inactivate the active site of the target protease. Proteins of the second class bind proteases by a unique molecular trap mechanism and deliver the bound protease to a receptor-mediated endocytic system for degradation in secondary lysosomes. Proteins of the alpha2-macroglobulin family are present in a variety of animal phyla, including the nematodes, arthropods, mollusks, echinoderms, urochordates, and vertebrates. A shared suite of unique functional characteristics have been documented for the alpha2-macroglobulins of vertebrates, arthropods, and mollusks. The alpha2-macroglobulins of nematodes, arthropods, mollusks, and vertebrates show significant sequence identity in key functional domains. Thus, the alpha2-macroglobulins comprise an evolutionarily conserved arm of the innate immune system with similar structure and function in animal phyla separated by 0.6 billion years of evolution.
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Puthia MK, Vaithilingam A, Lu J, Tan KSW. Degradation of human secretory immunoglobulin A by Blastocystis. Parasitol Res 2005; 97:386-9. [PMID: 16151742 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Microbial immunoglobulin A (IgA) proteases cleave human secretory IgA, promoting the mucosal adhesion of pathogens. To investigate if the enteric protozoan Blastocystis degrades human secretory IgA, cell lysate and conditioned medium from two species were exposed to immunoglobulin A. Secretory IgA was cleaved by both cell lysate and conditioned medium with mainly cysteine proteinase activity in B. hominis B isolate and aspartic proteinase activity in B. ratii WR1 isolate. These findings suggest that Blastocystis proteases may play a role in parasite survival in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Puthia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597
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Zhou H, Hickford JGH, Fang Q. Polymorphism of the IGHA gene in sheep. Immunogenetics 2005; 57:453-7. [PMID: 16025324 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in immunoglobulin A, the most abundant immunoglobulin in mammalian cells, has not been reported in ruminants. In this study, variation in the immunoglobulin heavy alpha chain constant gene (IGHA) of sheep was investigated by amplification of a fragment that included the hinge coding sequence, followed by single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and DNA sequencing. Three novel sequences, each characterized by unique SSCP banding patterns, were identified. One or two sequences were detected in individual sheep and all the sequences identified shared high homology to the published ovine and bovine IGHA sequences, suggesting that these sequences represent allelic variants of the IGHA gene in sheep. Sequence alignment showed that these sequences differed mainly in the 3' end of exon 1 and in the coding sequence of the hinge region. There was either a deletion or an insertion of two codons in the hinge coding region in these allelic variants. Codon usage in the hinge coding region was quite different from that in the non-hinge coding regions of the gene, suggesting different evolution of the IGHA hinge sequence. Three novel amino acid sequences of ovine IGHA were also predicted, and variation in these sequences might not only affect antigen recognition but also susceptibility to cleavage by bacterial or parasitic proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huitong Zhou
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 84, Canterbury, New Zealand
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