1
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Gladman NW, Elemans CPH. Male and female syringeal muscles exhibit superfast shortening velocities in zebra finches. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246330. [PMID: 38563308 PMCID: PMC11058336 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Vocalisations play a key role in the communication behaviour of many vertebrates. Vocal production requires extremely precise motor control, which is executed by superfast vocal muscles that can operate at cycle frequencies over 100 Hz and up to 250 Hz. The mechanical performance of these muscles has been quantified with isometric performance and the workloop technique, but owing to methodological limitations we lack a key muscle property characterising muscle performance, the force-velocity relationship. Here, we quantified the force-velocity relationship in zebra finch superfast syringeal muscles using the isovelocity technique and tested whether the maximal shortening velocity is different between males and females. We show that syringeal muscles exhibit high maximal shortening velocities of 25L0 s-1 at 30°C. Using Q10-based extrapolation, we estimate they can reach 37-42L0 s-1 on average at body temperature, exceeding other vocal and non-avian skeletal muscles. The increased speed does not adequately compensate for reduced force, which results in low power output. This further highlights the importance of high-frequency operation in these muscles. Furthermore, we show that isometric properties positively correlate with maximal shortening velocities. Although male and female muscles differ in isometric force development rates, maximal shortening velocity is not sex dependent. We also show that cyclical methods to measure force-length properties used in laryngeal studies give the same result as conventional stepwise methodologies, suggesting either approach is appropriate. We argue that vocal behaviour may be affected by the high thermal dependence of superfast vocal muscle performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Gladman
- Vocal Neuromechanics Lab, Sound Communication and Behaviour Group, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Coen P. H. Elemans
- Vocal Neuromechanics Lab, Sound Communication and Behaviour Group, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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2
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Riddell DO, Hildyard JCW, Harron RCM, Taylor-Brown F, Kornegay JN, Wells DJ, Piercy RJ. Longitudinal assessment of skeletal muscle functional mechanics in the DE50-MD dog model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050395. [PMID: 38050706 PMCID: PMC10753191 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), caused by mutations in the dystrophin (DMD) gene, is associated with fatal muscle degeneration and atrophy. Patients with DMD have progressive reductions in skeletal muscle strength and resistance to eccentric muscle stretch. Using the DE50-MD dog model of DMD, we assessed tibiotarsal joint (TTJ) flexor and extensor force dynamics, and the resistance of dystrophic muscle to eccentric stretch. Male DE50-MD and wild-type (WT) dogs were analysed every 3 months until 18 months of age. There was an age-associated decline in eccentric contraction resistance in DE50-MD TTJ flexors that discriminated, with high statistical power, WT from DE50-MD individuals. For isometric contraction, at the majority of timepoints, DE50-MD dogs had lower maximum absolute and relative TTJ flexor force, reduced TTJ muscle contraction times and prolonged relaxation compared to those in WT dogs. Cranial tibial muscles, the primary TTJ flexor, of 18-month-old DE50-MD dogs had significant numbers of regenerating fibres as expected, but also fewer type I fibres and more hybrid fibres than those in WT dogs. We conclude that these parameters, in particular, the eccentric contraction decrement, could be used as objective outcome measures for pre-clinical assessment in DE50-MD dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique O. Riddell
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London NW10TU, UK
| | - John C. W. Hildyard
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London NW10TU, UK
| | - Rachel C. M. Harron
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London NW10TU, UK
| | - Frances Taylor-Brown
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London NW10TU, UK
| | - Joe N. Kornegay
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Dominic J. Wells
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW10TU, UK
| | - Richard J. Piercy
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London NW10TU, UK
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3
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van Boom KM, Schoeman JP, Steyl JCA, Kohn TA. Fiber type and metabolic characteristics of skeletal muscle in 16 breeds of domestic dogs. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2572-2586. [PMID: 36932662 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) species comprises hundreds of breeds, each differing in physical characteristics, behavior, strength, and running capability. Very little is known about the skeletal muscle composition and metabolism between the different breeds, which may explain disease susceptibility. Muscle samples from the triceps brachii (TB) and vastus lateralis (VL) were collected post mortem from 35 adult dogs, encompassing 16 breeds of varying ages and sex. Samples were analyzed for fiber type composition, fiber size, oxidative, and glycolytic metabolic capacity (citrate synthase [CS], 3-hydroxyacetyl-coA dehydrogenase [3HAD], creatine kinase [CK], and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] enzyme activities). There was no significant difference between the TB and VL in any of the measurements. However, there were large intra species variation, with some variables confirming the physical attributes of a specific breed. Collectively, type IIA was the predominant fiber type followed by type I and type IIX. The cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the fibers were all smaller when compared to humans and similar to other wild animals. There was no difference in the CSA between the fiber types and muscle groups. Metabolically, the muscle of the dog displayed high oxidative capacity with high activities for CS and 3HAD. Lower CK and higher LDH activities than humans indicate a lower and higher flux through the high energy phosphate and glycolytic pathways, respectively. The high variability found across the different breeds may be attributed to genetics, function or lifestyle which have largely been driven through human intervention. This data may provide a foundation for future research into the role of these parameters in disease susceptibility, such as insulin resistance and diabetes, across breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M van Boom
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johan P Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johan C A Steyl
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tertius A Kohn
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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4
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Morgan DM, Spainhower KB, Mossor AM, Avey‐Arroyo JA, Butcher M. Muscle architectural properties indicate a primary role in support for the pelvic limb of three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus). J Anat 2023; 243:448-466. [PMID: 37190673 PMCID: PMC10439369 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tree sloths evolved below-branch locomotion making them one of few mammalian taxa beyond primates for which suspension is nearly obligatory. Suspension requires strong limb flexor muscles that provide both propulsion and braking/support, and available locomotor kinetics data indicate that these roles differ between fore- and hindlimb pairs. Muscle structure in the pelvic limb is hypothesized to be a key anatomical correlate of function in braking/support during suspensory walking and propulsion and/or support during vertical climbing. This expectation was tested by quantifying architecture properties in the hindlimb limb musculature of brown-throated three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus: N = 7) to distinguish the roles of the flexor/extensor functional muscle groups at each joint. Measurements of muscle moment arm (rm ), mass, belly length, fascicle length, pennation angle, and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) were taken from n = 45 muscles. Overall, most muscles studied show properties for contractile excursion and fast joint rotational velocity. However, the flexor musculature is more massive (p = 0.048) and has larger PCSA (p = 0.003) than the extensors, especially at the knee joint and digits where well-developed and strong flexors are capable of applying large joint torque. Moreover, selected hip flexors/extensors and knee flexors have modified long rm that can amplify applied joint torque in muscles with otherwise long, parallel fascicles, and one muscle (m. iliopsoas) was capable of moderately high power in B. variegatus. The architectural properties observed in the hip flexors and extensors match well with roles in suspensory braking and vertical propulsion, respectively, whereas strong knee flexors and digital flexors appear to be the main muscles providing suspensory support in the pelvic limb. With aid in support by the forelimbs and the use of adaptive slow locomotion and slow muscle fiber recruitment patterns, structure-function in the tensile limb systems of sloths appears to collectively represent an additional mechanism for energy conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Morgan
- Department of Chemical and Biological SciencesYoungstown State UniversityOhioYoungstownUSA
| | - K. B. Spainhower
- Department of Chemical and Biological SciencesYoungstown State UniversityOhioYoungstownUSA
| | - A. M. Mossor
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
- School of Biomedical SciencesKent State UniversityKentOhioUSA
| | | | - M. T. Butcher
- Department of Chemical and Biological SciencesYoungstown State UniversityOhioYoungstownUSA
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5
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Allen PD, Barclay JK. The Mechanical Properties of in Situ Canine Skeletal Muscle. Front Physiol 2022; 13:862189. [PMID: 35733992 PMCID: PMC9207469 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.862189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine if fiber arrangement was responsible for differences in the whole muscle mechanical properties. Experiments were carried out in situ in blood perfused dog skeletal muscles at approximately normal body temperature between 36° and 38°C. The following mechanical relationships were studied using a pneumatic muscle lever to measure Tension (P), length (L) and dP/dt: and dL/dt with a high frequency oscillograph (500–1000 Hz): 1.) Length:Tension; 2.) Force:Velocity; and 3.) Stress:Strain of Series Elastic. Electron microscopy and fiber typing were done as adjunctive studies. Muscles were stimulated by direct nerve stimulation with 0.1msec stimuli at a rate of 1 impulse per second for twitch contractions, or in 200 msec bursts of 100 Hz 0.1 msec stimuli for brief tetanic contractions. The pennate short fibered gastrocnemius plantaris developed 1.0 kg/g of tension during brief tetanic stimulation, at optimal length (Lo) with full stimulus voltage, while the parallel long fibered semitendinosus developed 0.5 kg/g under the same conditions. The Length:Tension relationship for these two muscles was qualitatively similar but quantitatively different. The Force:Velocity relationship (ΔL/L0 vs. P/P0) for both muscles were also qualitatively similar and could be described by the previously proposed rectangular hyperbola but a better predicted fit to the observed data could be produced by adding a descending exponential function to the rectangular hyperbola. Unlike previous studies, the Stress:Strain properties of the series elastic component measured by quick release (ΔL/Li vs. ΔP/Po) were linear and gastrocnemius was 25 per cent higher than the semitendinosus. Overall, both muscles were found to have mechanical properties that differed little from the previously reported literature for amphibian, cardiac and small mammalian muscles studied by others in vitro. The major differences that we found were in the shapes of the force:velocity curve of the contractile component, and the Stress:Strain curve of series elastic component. Equations and explanations for these differences are devised and presented.
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6
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van Boom KM, Breed D, Hughes A, Blackhurst D, Kohn TA. A novel description of the Vastus lateralis morphology of the Temminck's Ground Pangolin (Manis temminckii). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:3463-3471. [PMID: 35357087 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The pangolin (Manidae family) is the world's most trafficked animal, yet very little is known about its physiology and metabolism primarily due to its inconspicuous and solitary nature. Skeletal muscle samples from the Vastus lateralis were collected postmortem from a single female Temminck's ground pangolin (Manis temminckii). Samples were analyzed for fiber type composition, fiber size and myosin heavy chain isoform content. The oxidative and glycolytic metabolic capacity was determined through citrate synthase, 3-hydroxyacetyl co A dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase and glycogen phosphorylase enzyme activities. Lastly, antioxidant capacity was determined through superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activities, and the total antioxidant capacity. The pangolin metabolic profile was then compared to other endurance and non-endurance mammals, in which data was standardized relative to human endurance athletes in order to provide context. Slow twitch type I fibers, rich in mitochondria were the predominant fiber type within the pangolin indicating a reliance on oxidative derived energy from fats and carbohydrates. This suggests that the pangolin has a high endurance capability when compared to other wild animals and human endurance athletes. This is the first study to investigate the skeletal muscle physiology and metabolism of any pangolin species, in an attempt to further understand this endangered animal and aid with conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Merle van Boom
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dorothy Breed
- Biodiversity Management Branch, Environmental Management Department, City of Cape Town, 53 Berkley Road, Maitland, South Africa
| | - Alix Hughes
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dee Blackhurst
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tertius Abraham Kohn
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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7
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Orozco SC, Arias MP, Carvajal PA, Gallo‐Villegas J, Olivera‐Angel M. Efficacy of high-intensity interval training compared with moderate-intensity continuous training on maximal aerobic potency in dogs: Trial protocol for a randomised controlled clinical study. Vet Rec Open 2021; 8:e4. [PMID: 33981438 PMCID: PMC8109980 DOI: 10.1002/vro2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a more efficient method to improve exercise capacity than moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) because of its greater physiological stimulus. OBJECTIVE The aim of this protocol is to evaluate the efficacy of HIIT on maximal aerobic potency in dogs as compared to MICT. METHODS This protocol is for a randomised, blinded controlled clinical trial, with three parallel groups for the purpose of demonstrating superiority. Thirty dogs aged between 12 and 84 months of both sexes and different breeds will be included. Dogs, before initiating and after finalising the training will perform an incremental exercise test on a treadmill to obtain maximal speed and lactate threshold; resting parameters of heart and respiratory rate, left ventricle chamber and systolic function will be measured. Dogs assigned to each intervention will endure a 42-min session of HIIT or MICT during 12 weeks. HIIT comprises four intervals of 4 min each at a load of 85%, alternating with a 4-min resting period. MICT group will have a continuous load of 60%. The control group will remain in a cage. An intention-to-treat statistical analysis will be implemented. Analysis of covariance will be used to estimate the effect of HIIT compared with MICT training on maximal aerobic potency, aerobic resistance, systolic function at rest, left ventricle chamber measurements and indexes, respiratory rate and HR at rest. CONCLUSION Significant time and effort are invested into training sports/working dogs, which could benefit from improving physical capacity by means of the HIIT methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia C. Orozco
- Biogenesis Research GroupFacultad de Ciencias AgrariasUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínAntioquiaColombia
| | | | - Pablo A. Carvajal
- Servicio de CardiologíaHospital VeterinarioFacultad de Ciencias AgrariasUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínAntioquiaColombia
| | | | - Martha Olivera‐Angel
- Biogenesis Research GroupFacultad de Ciencias AgrariasUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínAntioquiaColombia
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8
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Hakim CH, Yang HT, Burke MJ, Teixeira J, Jenkins GJ, Yang NN, Yao G, Duan D. Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle shows unexpected slow-to-fast fiber type switch in Duchenne muscular dystrophy dogs. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:273743. [PMID: 34704592 PMCID: PMC8688408 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aged dystrophin-null canines are excellent models for studying experimental therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a lethal muscle disease caused by dystrophin deficiency. To establish the baseline, we studied the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) muscle in 15 terminal age (3-year-old) male affected dogs and 15 age/sex-matched normal dogs. Affected dogs showed histological and anatomical hallmarks of dystrophy, including muscle inflammation and fibrosis, myofiber size variation and centralized myonuclei, as well as a significant reduction of muscle weight, muscle-to-body weight ratio and muscle cross-sectional area. To rigorously characterize the contractile properties of the ECU muscle, we developed a novel in situ assay. Twitch and tetanic force, contraction and relaxation rate, and resistance to eccentric contraction-induced force loss were significantly decreased in affected dogs. Intriguingly, the time-to-peak tension and half-relaxation time were significantly shortened in affected dogs. Contractile kinetics predicted an unforeseen slow-to-fast myofiber-type switch, which we confirmed at the protein and transcript level. Our study establishes a foundation for studying long-term and late-stage therapeutic interventions in dystrophic canines. The unexpected myofiber-type switch highlights the complexity of muscle remodeling in dystrophic large mammals. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: A slow-to-fast fiber-type switch in dystrophic canine ECU muscle is revealed by contraction kinetics and myosin protein and transcript expression. This highlights the complexity of muscle remodeling in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chady H Hakim
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hsiao T Yang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Matthew J Burke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - James Teixeira
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gregory J Jenkins
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - N N Yang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gang Yao
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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9
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Holmes M, Taylor AB. The influence of jaw-muscle fibre-type phenotypes on estimating maximum muscle and bite forces in primates. Interface Focus 2021; 11:20210009. [PMID: 34938437 PMCID: PMC8361599 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2021.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous anthropological studies have been aimed at estimating jaw-adductor muscle forces, which, in turn, are used to estimate bite force. While primate jaw adductors show considerable intra- and intermuscular heterogeneity in fibre types, studies generally model jaw-muscle forces by treating the jaw adductors as either homogeneously slow or homogeneously fast muscles. Here, we provide a novel extension of such studies by integrating fibre architecture, fibre types and fibre-specific tensions to estimate maximum muscle forces in the masseter and temporalis of five anthropoid primates: Sapajus apella (N = 3), Cercocebus atys (N = 4), Macaca fascicularis (N = 3), Gorilla gorilla (N = 1) and Pan troglodytes (N = 2). We calculated maximum muscle forces by proportionally adjusting muscle physiological cross-sectional areas by their fibre types and associated specific tensions. Our results show that the jaw adductors of our sample ubiquitously express MHC α-cardiac, which has low specific tension, and hybrid fibres. We find that treating the jaw adductors as either homogeneously slow or fast muscles potentially overestimates average maximum muscle forces by as much as approximately 44%. Including fibre types and their specific tensions is thus likely to improve jaw-muscle and bite force estimates in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Holmes
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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10
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Woicke J, Al-Haddawi MM, Bienvenu JG, Caverly Rae JM, Chanut FJ, Colman K, Cullen JM, Davis W, Fukuda R, Huisinga M, Walker UJ, Kai K, Kovi RC, Macri NP, Marxfeld HA, Nikula KJ, Pardo ID, Rosol TJ, Sharma AK, Singh BP, Tamura K, Thibodeau MS, Vezzali E, Vidal JD, Meseck EK. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Dog. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:5-109. [PMID: 33393871 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320968181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions) Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the societies of toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying lesions observed in most tissues and organs from the dog used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous lesions, lesions induced by exposure to test materials, and relevant infectious and parasitic lesions. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Karyn Colman
- Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John M Cullen
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Ryo Fukuda
- Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Kiyonori Kai
- Daiichi Sankyo Co, Ltd, Medical Safety Research Laboratories, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ramesh C Kovi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories (EPL), Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,National Toxicology Program (NTP), US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas J Rosol
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Kazutoshi Tamura
- Pathology Department, BoZo Research Center Inc, Shizuoka, Gotemba, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Emily K Meseck
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
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11
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Zhang G, He M, Wu P, Zhang X, Zhou K, Li T, Zhang T, Xie K, Dai G, Wang J. MicroRNA-27b-3p Targets the Myostatin Gene to Regulate Myoblast Proliferation and Is Involved in Myoblast Differentiation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020423. [PMID: 33671389 PMCID: PMC7922189 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs play an important role in the growth and development of chicken embryos, including the regulation of skeletal muscle genesis, myoblast proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Our previous RNA-seq studies showed that microRNA-27b-3p (miR-27b-3p) might play an important role in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of chicken primary myoblasts (CPMs). However, the mechanism of miR-27b-3p regulating the proliferation and differentiation of CPMs is still unclear. In this study, the results showed that miR-27b-3p significantly promoted the proliferation of CPMs and inhibited the differentiation of CPMs. Then, myostatin (MSTN) was confirmed to be the target gene of miR-27b-3p by double luciferase reporter assay, RT-qPCR, and Western blot. By overexpressing and interfering with MSTN expression in CPMs, the results showed that overexpression of MSTN significantly inhibited the proliferation and differentiation of CPMs. In contrast, interference of MSTN expression had the opposite effect. This study showed that miR-27b-3p could promote the proliferation of CPMs by targeting MSTN. Interestingly, both miR-27b-3p and MSTN can inhibit the differentiation of CPMs. These results provide a theoretical basis for further understanding the function of miR-27b-3p in chicken and revealing its regulation mechanism on chicken muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genxi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.H.); (P.W.); (X.Z.); (K.Z.); (T.L.); (T.Z.); (K.X.); (G.D.); (J.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Mingliang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.H.); (P.W.); (X.Z.); (K.Z.); (T.L.); (T.Z.); (K.X.); (G.D.); (J.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.H.); (P.W.); (X.Z.); (K.Z.); (T.L.); (T.Z.); (K.X.); (G.D.); (J.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xinchao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.H.); (P.W.); (X.Z.); (K.Z.); (T.L.); (T.Z.); (K.X.); (G.D.); (J.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kaizhi Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.H.); (P.W.); (X.Z.); (K.Z.); (T.L.); (T.Z.); (K.X.); (G.D.); (J.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tingting Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.H.); (P.W.); (X.Z.); (K.Z.); (T.L.); (T.Z.); (K.X.); (G.D.); (J.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.H.); (P.W.); (X.Z.); (K.Z.); (T.L.); (T.Z.); (K.X.); (G.D.); (J.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kaizhou Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.H.); (P.W.); (X.Z.); (K.Z.); (T.L.); (T.Z.); (K.X.); (G.D.); (J.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guojun Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.H.); (P.W.); (X.Z.); (K.Z.); (T.L.); (T.Z.); (K.X.); (G.D.); (J.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.H.); (P.W.); (X.Z.); (K.Z.); (T.L.); (T.Z.); (K.X.); (G.D.); (J.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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12
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Gorvet MA, Wakeling JM, Morgan DM, Hidalgo Segura D, Avey-Arroyo J, Butcher MT. Keep calm and hang on: EMG activation in the forelimb musculature of three-toed sloths ( Bradypus variegatus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:jeb.218370. [PMID: 32527958 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.218370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sloths exhibit below branch locomotion whereby their limbs are loaded in tension to support the body weight. Suspensory behaviors require both strength and fatigue resistance from the limb flexors; however, skeletal muscle mass of sloths is reduced compared with other arboreal mammals. Although suspensory locomotion demands that muscles are active to counteract the pull of gravity, it is possible that sloths minimize muscle activation and/or selectively recruit slow motor units to maintain support, thus indicating neuromuscular specializations to conserve energy. Electromyography (EMG) was evaluated in a sample of three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus; N=6) to test this hypothesis. EMG was recorded at 2000 Hz via fine-wire electrodes implanted into two suites of four muscles in the left forelimb while sloths performed suspensory hanging (SH), suspensory walking (SW) and vertical climbing (VC). All muscles were minimally active for SH. During SW and VC, sloths moved slowly (duty factor: 0.83) and activation patterns were consistent between behaviors; the flexors were activated early and for a large percentage of limb contact, whereas the extensors were activated for shorter burst durations on average and showed biphasic (contact and swing) activity. Muscle activities were maximal for the elbow flexors and lowest for the carpal/digital flexors, and overall activity was significantly greater for SW and VC compared with SH. Wavelet analysis indicated high mean EMG frequencies from the myoelectric intensity spectra coupled with low burst intensities for SH, although the opposite pattern occurred for SW and VC, with the shoulder flexors and elbow flexor, m. brachioradialis, having extremely low mean EMG frequencies that are consistent with recruitment of slow fibers. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis and suggest that sloths may selectively recruit smaller, fast motor units for suspensory postures but have the ability to offset the cost of force production by recruitment of large, slow motor units during locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Gorvet
- Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown OH 44555, USA
| | - James M Wakeling
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Dakota M Morgan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown OH 44555, USA
| | | | | | - Michael T Butcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown OH 44555, USA
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13
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Wang L, Zhu Y, Liu X, Chao Z, Wang Y, Zhong T, Guo J, Zhan S, Li L, Zhang H. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) regulates the expression of MyHC2a in goat skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs). Anim Sci J 2019; 90:1042-1049. [PMID: 31237073 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase beta (GSK3β) plays an important role in skeletal muscle growth, regeneration, and repair. However, the mechanism of GSK3β regulating MyHC2a expression is currently not clear. In this study, GSK3β inhibition promoted skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) differentiation and increased expression of MyoD, MyoG, MyHC1, and MyHC2a genes. Then we cloned approximately 1.1 kb of goat MyHC2a gene promoter. The deletion fragment (-514/+55) of MyHC2a promoter exhibited the highest level of promoter activity, and a NFATc2 element in this region was responsible for MyHC2a promoter activity. Treatment of SB216713 significantly decreased the transcriptional activity of the fragment (-514/+55). Furthermore, GSK3β inhibition had no effect on the luciferase activity of MyHC2a promoter after mutating the NFATc2-binding site. These results demonstrated that GSK3β inhibition promoted SMSCs differentiation and regulated the MyHC2a gene expression through NFATc2 in goat-differentiated SMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yuehua Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Chao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhong
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jiazhong Guo
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Zhan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Hongping Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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14
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Shelton GD, Minor KM, Li K, Naviaux JC, Monk J, Wang L, Guzik E, Guo LT, Porcelli V, Gorgoglione R, Lasorsa FM, Leegwater PJ, Persico AM, Mickelson JR, Palmieri L, Naviaux RK. A Mutation in the Mitochondrial Aspartate/Glutamate Carrier Leads to a More Oxidizing Intramitochondrial Environment and an Inflammatory Myopathy in Dutch Shepherd Dogs. J Neuromuscul Dis 2019; 6:485-501. [PMID: 31594244 PMCID: PMC6918910 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-190421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory myopathies are characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells into muscle. Typically, immune-mediated disorders such as polymyositis, dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis are diagnosed. OBJECTIVE A small family of dogs with early onset muscle weakness and inflammatory muscle biopsies were investigated for an underlying genetic cause. METHODS Following the histopathological diagnosis of inflammatory myopathy, mutational analysis including whole genome sequencing, functional transport studies of the mutated and wild-type proteins, and metabolomic analysis were performed. RESULTS Whole genome resequencing identified a pathological variant in the SLC25A12 gene, resulting in a leucine to proline substitution at amino acid 349 in the mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate transporter known as the neuron and muscle specific aspartate glutamate carrier 1 (AGC1). Functionally reconstituting recombinant wild-type and mutant AGC1 into liposomes demonstrated a dramatic decrease in AGC1 transport activity and inability to transfer reducing equivalents from the cytosol into mitochondria. Targeted, broad-spectrum metabolomic analysis from affected and control muscles demonstrated a proinflammatory milieu and strong support for oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first description of a metabolic mechanism in which ablated mitochondrial glutamate transport markedly reduced the import of reducing equivalents into mitochondria and produced a highly oxidizing and proinflammatory muscle environment and an inflammatory myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katie M. Minor
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jane C. Naviaux
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jon Monk
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Guzik
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ling T. Guo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vito Porcelli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Gorgoglione
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco M. Lasorsa
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Peter J. Leegwater
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio M. Persico
- Interdepartmental Program “Autism 0–90”, “G. Martino” Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - James R. Mickelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Robert K. Naviaux
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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15
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Ichikawa H, Matsuo T, Higurashi Y, Nagahisa H, Miyata H, Sugiura T, Wada N. Characteristics of Muscle Fiber-Type Distribution in Moles. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:1010-1023. [PMID: 30376699 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Moles are a strictly fossorial Soricomorpha species and possess a suite of specialized adaptations to subterranean life. However, the contractile function of skeletal muscles in moles remains unclear. We compared muscle fiber-type distribution in two mole species (the large Japanese mole and lesser Japanese mole) with that in four other Soricomorpha species that are semi-fossorial, terrestrial, or semi-aquatic (the Japanese shrew-mole, house shrew, Japanese white-toothed shrew, and Japanese water shrew). For a single species, the fiber-type distribution in up to 38 muscles was assessed using immunohistochemical staining and/or gel electrophoresis. We found that slow and fatigue-resistant Type I fibers were absent in almost all muscles of all species studied. Although, the two methods of determining the fiber type did not give identical results, they both revealed that fast Type IIb fibers were absent in mole muscles. The fiber-type distribution was similar among different anatomical regions in the moles. This study demonstrated that the skeletal muscles of moles have a homogenous fiber-type distribution compared with that in Soricomorpha species that are not strictly fossorial. Mole muscles are composed of Type IIa fibers alone or a combination of Type IIa and relatively fast Type IIx fibers. The homogenous fiber-type distribution in mole muscles may be an adaptation to structurally simple subterranean environments, where there is no need to support body weight with the limbs, or to move at high speeds to pursue prey or to escape from predators. Anat Rec, 302:1010-1023, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ichikawa
- Division of Basic Veterinary Sciences, the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Taiki Matsuo
- Division of Basic Veterinary Sciences, the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yasuo Higurashi
- Laboratory of System Physiology, Division of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagahisa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Miyata
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Takao Sugiura
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi, 753-8513, Japan
| | - Naomi Wada
- Laboratory of System Physiology, Division of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
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16
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Pellegrino FJ, Risso A, Vaquero PG, Corrada YA. Physiological parameter values in greyhounds before and after high-intensity exercise. Open Vet J 2018; 8:64-67. [PMID: 29721434 PMCID: PMC5918126 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog sports competitions have greatly expanded. The availability of reference values for each type of activity could help assess fitness accurately. Heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BL) and rectal temperature (RT) are relevant physiological parameters to determine the dogs response to effort. Previous studies in greyhounds have reported the effect of high-intensity exercise on many physiological parameters immediately after completing different racing distances and recovery times. However, there are no studies concerning physiological changes over shorter racing distances. We therefore assessed the effect of sprint exercise on HR, BL and RT in nine greyhounds performing sprint exercise over a 100-m distance chasing a lure. After the exercise, dogs underwent a passive 10-min recovery phase. Before the exercise, immediately after it and at 5 and 10 min during recovery, HR and RT were assessed and blood samples were collected for BL determination. HR, BL and RT values increased significantly after the exercise (P<0.01). Whereas HR returned to pre-exercise values at 10 min during the recovery phase (P>0.1), BL concentration and RT remained increased (P<0.01). The abrupt increase in HR, BL and RT values observed immediately after the exercise indicates the high intensity of the effort performed. Similarly, BL concentration after the exercise exceeded the 4 mmol/L lactate threshold, suggesting a predominant anaerobic metabolism during effort. Although HR returned to pre-exercise values 10 min after the exercise, a more extensive recovery phase would be necessary for a total return to resting values, particularly for BL and RT. In greyhounds subjected to high-intensity exercise, HR, BL and RT were reliable physiological parameters to accurately assess the physiological response to effort. The use of sprint exercises over short racing distances could be useful for appropriately monitoring fitness in sporting dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Pellegrino
- LAFIVET - Laboratorio de Fisioterapia Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 118 (1900) La Plata, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, (CONICET LA PLATA), 8 Nº 1467, La Plata, Argentina.,IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), 60 y 118 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
| | - Analía Risso
- LAFIVET - Laboratorio de Fisioterapia Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 118 (1900) La Plata, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, (CONICET LA PLATA), 8 Nº 1467, La Plata, Argentina.,IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), 60 y 118 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pablo G Vaquero
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa (UNLPam), 5 esq. 116 (6360), General Pico, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Yanina A Corrada
- LAFIVET - Laboratorio de Fisioterapia Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 118 (1900) La Plata, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, (CONICET LA PLATA), 8 Nº 1467, La Plata, Argentina
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17
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Jacobs B, Garcia ME, Shea-Shumsky NB, Tennison ME, Schall M, Saviano MS, Tummino TA, Bull AJ, Driscoll LL, Raghanti MA, Lewandowski AH, Wicinski B, Ki Chui H, Bertelsen MF, Walsh T, Bhagwandin A, Spocter MA, Hof PR, Sherwood CC, Manger PR. Comparative morphology of gigantopyramidal neurons in primary motor cortex across mammals. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:496-536. [PMID: 29088505 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gigantopyramidal neurons, referred to as Betz cells in primates, are characterized by large somata and extensive basilar dendrites. Although there have been morphological descriptions and drawings of gigantopyramidal neurons in a limited number of species, quantitative investigations have typically been limited to measures of soma size. The current study thus employed two separate analytical approaches: a morphological investigation using the Golgi technique to provide qualitative and quantitative somatodendritic measures of gigantopyramidal neurons across 19 mammalian species from 7 orders; and unbiased stereology to compare the soma volume of layer V pyramidal and gigantopyramidal neurons in primary motor cortex between 11 carnivore and 9 primate species. Of the 617 neurons traced in the morphological analysis, 181 were gigantopyramidal neurons, with deep (primarily layer V) pyramidal (n = 203) and superficial (primarily layer III) pyramidal (n = 233) neurons quantified for comparative purposes. Qualitatively, dendritic morphology varied considerably across species, with some (sub)orders (e.g., artiodactyls, perissodactyls, feliforms) exhibiting bifurcating, V-shaped apical dendrites. Basilar dendrites exhibited idiosyncratic geometry across and within taxonomic groups. Quantitatively, most dendritic measures were significantly greater in gigantopyramidal neurons than in superficial and deep pyramidal neurons. Cluster analyses revealed that most taxonomic groups could be discriminated based on somatodendritic morphology for both superficial and gigantopyramidal neurons. Finally, in agreement with Brodmann, gigantopyramidal neurons in both the morphological and stereological analyses were larger in feliforms (especially in the Panthera species) than in other (sub)orders, possibly due to specializations in muscle fiber composition and musculoskeletal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Jacobs
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Madeleine E Garcia
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Noah B Shea-Shumsky
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Mackenzie E Tennison
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Matthew Schall
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Mark S Saviano
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Tia A Tummino
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Anthony J Bull
- Human Biology and Kinesiology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Lori L Driscoll
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | | | - Bridget Wicinski
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Hong Ki Chui
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Fredericksberg, Denmark
| | - Timothy Walsh
- Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Adhil Bhagwandin
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Muhammad A Spocter
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa.,Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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18
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Olson RA, Glenn ZD, Cliffe RN, Butcher MT. Architectural Properties of Sloth Forelimb Muscles (Pilosa: Bradypodidae). J MAMM EVOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-017-9411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Thomas DR, Chadwell BA, Walker GR, Budde JE, VandeBerg JL, Butcher MT. Ontogeny of myosin isoform expression and prehensile function in the tail of the gray short-tailed opossum ( Monodelphis domestica). J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:513-525. [PMID: 28522766 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00651.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial opossums use their semiprehensile tail for grasping nesting materials as opposed to arboreal maneuvering. We relate the development of this adaptive behavior with ontogenetic changes in myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression from 21 days to adulthood. Monodelphis domestica is expected to demonstrate a progressive ability to flex the distal tail up to age 7 mo, when it should exhibit routine nest construction. We hypothesize that juvenile stages (3-7 mo) will be characterized by retention of the neonatal isoform (MHC-Neo), along with predominant expression of fast MHC-2X and -2B, which will transition into greater MHC-1β and -2A isoform content as development progresses. This hypothesis was tested using Q-PCR to quantify and compare gene expression of each isoform with its protein content determined by gel electrophoresis and densitometry. These data were correlated with nesting activity in an age-matched sample of each age group studied. Shifts in regulation of MHC gene transcripts matched well with isoform expression. Notably, mRNA for MHC-Neo and -2B decrease, resulting in little-to-no isoform translation after age 7 mo, whereas mRNA for MHC-1β and -2A increase, and this corresponds with subtle increases in content for these isoforms into late adulthood. Despite the tail remaining intrinsically fast-contracting, a critical growth period for isoform transition is observed between 7 and 13 mo, correlating primarily with use of the tail during nesting activities. Functional transitions in MHC isoforms and fiber type properties may be associated with muscle "tuning" repetitive nest remodeling tasks requiring sustained contractions of the caudal flexors.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Little is understood about skeletal muscle development as it pertains to tail prehensility in mammals. This study uses an integrative approach of relating both MHC gene and protein expression with behavioral and morphometric changes to reveal a predominant fast MHC expression with subtle isoform transitions in caudal muscle across ontogeny. The functional shifts observed are most notably correlated with increased tail grasping for nesting activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan R Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio
| | - Brad A Chadwell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio; and
| | - Gary R Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio
| | - Julio E Budde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio
| | - John L VandeBerg
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville/Edinburg, Harlingen, Texas
| | - Michael T Butcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio;
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20
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Di Filippo ES, Mancinelli R, Marrone M, Doria C, Verratti V, Toniolo L, Dantas JL, Fulle S, Pietrangelo T. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation improves skeletal muscle regeneration through satellite cell fusion with myofibers in healthy elderly subjects. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:501-512. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00855.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) affects skeletal muscle regeneration through a reduction of oxidative status in satellite cells of healthy elderly subjects. Satellite cells from the vastus lateralis skeletal muscle of 12 healthy elderly subjects before and after 8 wk of NMES were allowed to proliferate to provide myogenic populations of adult stem cells [myogenic precursor cells (MPCs)]. These MPCs were then investigated in terms of their proliferation, their basal cytoplasmic free Ca2+concentrations, and their expression of myogenic regulatory factors ( PAX3, PAX7, MYF5, MYOD, and MYOG) and micro-RNAs (miR-1, miR-133a/b, and miR-206). The oxidative status of these MPCs was evaluated through superoxide anion production and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. On dissected single skeletal myofibers, the nuclei were counted to determine the myonuclear density, the fiber phenotype, cross-sectional area, and tension developed. The MPCs obtained after NMES showed increased proliferation rates along with increased cytoplasmic free Ca2+concentrations and gene expression of MYOD and MYOG on MPCs. Muscle-specific miR-1, miR-133a/b, and miR-206 were upregulated. This NMES significantly reduced superoxide anion production, along with a trend to reduction of superoxide dismutase activity. The NMES-dependent stimulation of muscle regeneration enhanced satellite cell fusion with mature skeletal fibers. NMES improved the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle in elderly subjects. Accordingly, the skeletal muscle strength and mobility of NMES-stimulated elderly subjects significantly improved. NMES may thus be further considered for clinical or ageing populations.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) effect on skeletal muscle regeneration was assessed in healthy elderly subjects for the first time. NMES improved the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle through increased myogenic precursor cell proliferation and fusion with mature myofibers. The increased cytoplasmic free Ca2+concentration along with MYOD, MYOG, and micro-RNA upregulation could be related to reduced O2·−production, which, in turn, favors myogenic regeneration. Accordingly, the skeletal muscle strength of NMES-stimulated lower limbs of healthy elderly subjects improved along with their mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Sara Di Filippo
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Italy
| | - Rosa Mancinelli
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Italy
- Laboratory of Functional Evaluation, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; and
| | - Mariangela Marrone
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Italy
| | - Christian Doria
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Italy
- Laboratory of Functional Evaluation, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; and
| | - Vittore Verratti
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Laboratory of Functional Evaluation, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; and
| | - Luana Toniolo
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - José Luiz Dantas
- Laboratory of Functional Evaluation, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; and
| | - Stefania Fulle
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Italy
- Laboratory of Functional Evaluation, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; and
| | - Tiziana Pietrangelo
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Italy
- Laboratory of Functional Evaluation, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; and
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de A Braga S, G F Padilha F, M R Ferreira A. Evaluation of Muscle Fiber Types in German Shepherd Dogs of Different Ages. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1540-1547. [PMID: 27533067 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine and confirm the percentage of type I and type II muscle fibers that comprise the Gluteus Medius muscle in male and female canines of the German Shepherd breed, with standardized care, in different age groups, using the enzyme histochemical method. Muscle samples were collected from the Gluteus Medius muscles of forty clinically healthy dogs of the German Shepherd breed using the technique of percutaneous needle muscle biopsy. The samples were evaluated using histological and enzyme histochemical methods. The percentages of type I and II fibers and the ratio between the quantity of type I fibers/quantity of type II fibers were evaluated using the parameters of weight, age group, correlation between sex and age group, and between the sexes. It was found that there was no significant difference in relation to the types of fibers for the parameters of weight, age group, and age of the females. The correlation between the ages of the males suggested an increase in the percentage of type I fibers, a decrease in the percentage of type II fibers, or an increase in the ratio during the aging process. It was concluded that there was a decrease in the percentage of type II fibers with advancing age in male dogs, but without significant difference in the percentage of type I and type II fibers in relation to the weight. Anat Rec, 299:1540-1547, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio de A Braga
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinic, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe G F Padilha
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinic, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana M R Ferreira
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinic, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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Oe M, Ojima K, Nakajima I, Chikuni K, Shibata M, Muroya S. Distribution of tropomyosin isoforms in different types of single fibers isolated from bovine skeletal muscles. Meat Sci 2016; 118:129-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Paoli A, Pacelli QF, Cancellara P, Toniolo L, Moro T, Canato M, Miotti D, Neri M, Morra A, Quadrelli M, Reggiani C. Protein Supplementation Does Not Further Increase Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy after Eight Weeks of Resistance Training in Novice Subjects, but Partially Counteracts the Fast-to-Slow Muscle Fiber Transition. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060331. [PMID: 27258300 PMCID: PMC4924172 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The response to resistance training and protein supplementation in the latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) has never been investigated. We investigated the effects of resistance training (RT) and protein supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and fiber characteristics of the LDM. Eighteen healthy young subjects were randomly assigned to a progressive eight-week RT program with a normal protein diet (NP) or high protein diet (HP) (NP 0.85 vs. HP 1.8 g of protein·kg−1·day−1). One repetition maximum tests, magnetic resonance imaging for cross-sectional muscle area (CSA), body composition, and single muscle fibers mechanical and phenotype characteristics were measured. RT induced a significant gain in strength (+17%, p < 0.0001), whole muscle CSA (p = 0.024), and single muscle fibers CSA (p < 0.05) of LDM in all subjects. Fiber isometric force increased in proportion to CSA (+22%, p < 0.005) and thus no change in specific tension occurred. A significant transition from 2X to 2A myosin expression was induced by training. The protein supplementation showed no significant effects on all measured outcomes except for a smaller reduction of 2X myosin expression. Our results suggest that in LDM protein supplementation does not further enhance RT-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy nor influence mechanic muscle fiber characteristics but partially counteracts the fast-to-slow fiber shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Quirico F Pacelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Pasqua Cancellara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Luana Toniolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Marta Canato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | | | - Marco Neri
- AIFeM (Italian Medicine and Fitness Federation), Ravenna 48121, Italy.
| | - Aldo Morra
- Euganea Medica, Diagnostic Centre, Via Colombo 13, Albignasego (Padova) 35020, Italy.
| | - Marco Quadrelli
- Euganea Medica, Diagnostic Centre, Via Colombo 13, Albignasego (Padova) 35020, Italy.
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
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Mascarello F, Toniolo L, Cancellara P, Reggiani C, Maccatrozzo L. Expression and identification of 10 sarcomeric MyHC isoforms in human skeletal muscles of different embryological origin. Diversity and similarity in mammalian species. Ann Anat 2016; 207:9-20. [PMID: 26970499 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian genome, among myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms a family can be identified as sarcomeric based on their molecular structure which allows thick filament formation. In this study we aimed to assess the expression of the 10 sarcomeric isoforms in human skeletal muscles, adopting this species as a reference for comparison with all other mammalian species. To this aim, we set up the condition for quantitative Real Time PCR assay to detect and quantify MyHC mRNA expression in a wide variety of human muscles from somitic, presomitic and preotic origin. Specific patterns of expression of the following genes MYH1, MYH2, MYH3, MYH4, MYH6, MYH7, MYH8, MYH13, MYH14/7b and MYH15 were demonstrated in various muscle samples. On the same muscle samples which were analysed for mRNA expression, the corresponding MyHC proteins were studied with SDS PAGE and Western blot. The mRNA-protein comparison allowed the identification of 10 distinct proteins based on the electrophoretic migration rate. Three groups were formed based on the migration rate: fast migrating comprising beta/slow/1, alpha cardiac and fast 2B, slow migrating comprising fast 2X, fast 2A and two developmental isoforms (NEO and EMB), intermediate migrating comprising EO MyHC, slow B (product of MYH15), slow tonic (product of MYH14/7b). Of special interest was the demonstration of a protein band corresponding to 2B-MyHC in laryngeal muscles and the finding that all 10 isoforms are expressed in extraocular muscles. These latter muscles are the unique localization for extraocular, slow B (product of MYH15) and slow tonic (product of MYH14/7b).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mascarello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy.
| | - Luana Toniolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Pasqua Cancellara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Lisa Maccatrozzo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy
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Venturelli M, Saggin P, Muti E, Naro F, Cancellara L, Toniolo L, Tarperi C, Calabria E, Richardson RS, Reggiani C, Schena F. In vivo and in vitro evidence that intrinsic upper- and lower-limb skeletal muscle function is unaffected by ageing and disuse in oldest-old humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 215:58-71. [PMID: 25965867 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To parse out the impact of advanced ageing and disuse on skeletal muscle function, we utilized both in vivo and in vitro techniques to comprehensively assess upper- and lower-limb muscle contractile properties in 8 young (YG; 25 ± 6 years) and 8 oldest-old mobile (OM; 87 ± 5 years) and 8 immobile (OI; 88 ± 4 years) women. METHODS In vivo, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), electrically evoked resting twitch force (RT), and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of the quadriceps and elbow flexors were assessed. Muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis and biceps brachii facilitated the in vitro assessment of single fibre-specific tension (Po). RESULTS In vivo, compared to the young, both the OM and OI exhibited a more pronounced loss of MVC in the lower limb [OM (-60%) and OI (-75%)] than the upper limb (OM = -51%; OI = -47%). Taking into account the reduction in muscle PCSA (OM = -10%; OI = -18%), only evident in the lower limb, by calculating voluntary muscle-specific force, the lower limb of the OI (-40%) was more compromised than the OM (-13%). However, in vivo, RT in both upper and lower limbs (approx. 9.8 N m cm(-2) ) and Po (approx. 123 mN mm(-2) ), assessed in vitro, implies preserved intrinsic contractile function in all muscles of the oldest-old and were well correlated (r = 0.81). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that in the oldest-old, neither advanced ageing nor disuse, per se, impacts intrinsic skeletal muscle function, as assessed in vitro. However, in vivo, muscle function is attenuated by age and exacerbated by disuse, implicating factors other than skeletal muscle, such as neuromuscular control, in this diminution of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Venturelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health; University of Milan; Milan Italy
- Department of Neurological, and Movement Sciences; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - P. Saggin
- Division of Radiology and Imaging; City of Verona Diagnostic Center; Verona Italy
| | - E. Muti
- Mons. Mazzali Foundation; Mantova Italy
| | - F. Naro
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology; Sapienza University; Rome Italy
| | - L. Cancellara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - L. Toniolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - C. Tarperi
- Department of Neurological, and Movement Sciences; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - E. Calabria
- Department of Neurological, and Movement Sciences; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - R. S. Richardson
- Division of Geriatrics; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City UT USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center; George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Salt Lake City UT USA
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - C. Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Padova Italy
- CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche); Institute of Neuroscience; Padua Italy
| | - F. Schena
- Department of Neurological, and Movement Sciences; University of Verona; Verona Italy
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Braubach P, Orynbayev M, Andronache Z, Hering T, Landwehrmeyer GB, Lindenberg KS, Melzer W. Altered Ca(2+) signaling in skeletal muscle fibers of the R6/2 mouse, a model of Huntington's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 144:393-413. [PMID: 25348412 PMCID: PMC4210430 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201411255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat within the gene encoding the protein huntingtin. The resulting elongated glutamine (poly-Q) sequence of mutant huntingtin (mhtt) affects both central neurons and skeletal muscle. Recent reports suggest that ryanodine receptor-based Ca(2+) signaling, which is crucial for skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling (ECC), is changed by mhtt in HD neurons. Consequently, we searched for alterations of ECC in muscle fibers of the R6/2 mouse, a mouse model of HD. We performed fluorometric recordings of action potentials (APs) and cellular Ca(2+) transients on intact isolated toe muscle fibers (musculi interossei), and measured L-type Ca(2+) inward currents on internally dialyzed fibers under voltage-clamp conditions. Both APs and AP-triggered Ca(2+) transients showed slower kinetics in R6/2 fibers than in fibers from wild-type mice. Ca(2+) removal from the myoplasm and Ca(2+) release flux from the sarcoplasmic reticulum were characterized using a Ca(2+) binding and transport model, which indicated a significant reduction in slow Ca(2+) removal activity and Ca(2+) release flux both after APs and under voltage-clamp conditions. In addition, the voltage-clamp experiments showed a highly significant decrease in L-type Ca(2+) channel conductance. These results indicate profound changes of Ca(2+) turnover in skeletal muscle of R6/2 mice and suggest that these changes may be associated with muscle pathology in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Braubach
- Institute of Applied Physiology and Department of Neurology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Murat Orynbayev
- Institute of Applied Physiology and Department of Neurology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Zoita Andronache
- Institute of Applied Physiology and Department of Neurology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Hering
- Institute of Applied Physiology and Department of Neurology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany Institute of Applied Physiology and Department of Neurology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Katrin S Lindenberg
- Institute of Applied Physiology and Department of Neurology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Werner Melzer
- Institute of Applied Physiology and Department of Neurology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Expression of the myosin heavy chain IIB gene in porcine skeletal muscle: the role of the CArG-Box promoter response element. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114365. [PMID: 25469802 PMCID: PMC4255089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its similarity to humans, the pig is increasingly being considered as a good animal model for studying a range of human diseases. Despite their physiological similarities, differential expression of the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) IIB gene (MYH4) exists in the skeletal muscles of these species, which is associated with a different muscle phenotype. The expression of different MyHC isoforms is a critical determinant of the contractile and metabolic characteristics of the muscle fibre. We aimed to elucidate whether a genomic mechanism was responsible for the drastically different expression of MYH4 between pigs and humans, thus improving our understanding of the pig as a model for human skeletal muscle research. We utilized approximately 1 kb of the MYH4 promoter from a domestic pig and a human (which do and do not express MYH4, respectively) to elucidate the role of the promoter sequence in regulating the high expression of MYH4 in porcine skeletal muscle. We identified a 3 bp genomic difference within the proximal CArG and E-box region of the MYH4 promoter of pigs and humans that dictates the differential activity of these promoters during myogenesis. Subtle species-specific genomic differences within the CArG-box region caused differential protein-DNA interactions at this site and is likely accountable for the differential MYH4 promoter activity between pigs and humans. We propose that the genomic differences identified herein explain the differential activity of the MYH4 promoter of pigs and humans, which may contribute to the differential expression patterns displayed in these otherwise physiologically similar mammals. Further, we report that both the pig and human MYH4 promoters can be induced by MyoD over-expression, but the capacity to activate the MYH4 promoter is largely influenced by the 3 bp difference located within the CArG-box region of the proximal MYH4 promoter.
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Blaauw B, Schiaffino S, Reggiani C. Mechanisms modulating skeletal muscle phenotype. Compr Physiol 2014; 3:1645-87. [PMID: 24265241 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian skeletal muscles are composed of a variety of highly specialized fibers whose selective recruitment allows muscles to fulfill their diverse functional tasks. In addition, skeletal muscle fibers can change their structural and functional properties to perform new tasks or respond to new conditions. The adaptive changes of muscle fibers can occur in response to variations in the pattern of neural stimulation, loading conditions, availability of substrates, and hormonal signals. The new conditions can be detected by multiple sensors, from membrane receptors for hormones and cytokines, to metabolic sensors, which detect high-energy phosphate concentration, oxygen and oxygen free radicals, to calcium binding proteins, which sense variations in intracellular calcium induced by nerve activity, to load sensors located in the sarcomeric and sarcolemmal cytoskeleton. These sensors trigger cascades of signaling pathways which may ultimately lead to changes in fiber size and fiber type. Changes in fiber size reflect an imbalance in protein turnover with either protein accumulation, leading to muscle hypertrophy, or protein loss, with consequent muscle atrophy. Changes in fiber type reflect a reprogramming of gene transcription leading to a remodeling of fiber contractile properties (slow-fast transitions) or metabolic profile (glycolytic-oxidative transitions). While myonuclei are in postmitotic state, satellite cells represent a reserve of new nuclei and can be involved in the adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Blaauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Butcher MT, Bertram JEA, Syme DA, Hermanson JW, Chase PB. Frequency dependence of power and its implications for contractile function of muscle fibers from the digital flexors of horses. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/10/e12174. [PMID: 25293602 PMCID: PMC4254099 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The digital flexors of horses must produce high force to support the body weight during running, and a need for these muscles to generate power is likely limited during locomotion over level ground. Measurements of power output from horse muscle fibers close to physiological temperatures, and when cyclic strain is imposed, will help to better understand the in vivo performance of the muscles as power absorbers and generators. Skinned fibers from the deep (DDF) and superficial (SDF) digital flexors, and the soleus (SOL) underwent sinusoidal oscillations in length over a range of frequencies (0.5–16 Hz) and strain amplitudes (0.01–0.06) under maximum activation (pCa 5) at 30°C. Results were analyzed using both workloop and Nyquist plot analyses to determine the ability of the fibers to absorb or generate power and the frequency dependence of those abilities. Power absorption was dominant at most cycling frequencies and strain amplitudes in fibers from all three muscles. However, small amounts of power were generated (0.002–0.05 Wkg−1) at 0.01 strain by all three muscles at relatively slow cycling frequencies: DDF (4–7 Hz), SDF (4–5 Hz) and SOL (0.5–1 Hz). Nyquist analysis, reflecting the influence of cross‐bridge kinetics on power generation, corroborated these results. The similar capacity for power generation by DDF and SDF versus lower for SOL, and the faster frequency at which this power was realized in DDF and SDF fibers, are largely explained by the fast myosin heavy chain isoform content in each muscle. Contractile function of DDF and SDF as power absorbers and generators, respectively, during locomotion may therefore be more dependent on their fiber architectural arrangement than on the physiological properties of their muscle fibers. Equine digital flexor muscles fibers have a relatively large capacity for energy absorption. This physiological property of their muscle fibers may be important to the function of these specialized distal limb muscles during locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Butcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio, USA
| | - John E A Bertram
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas A Syme
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John W Hermanson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - P Bryant Chase
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Li J, Liu S, Cheng Q, Nie M, Zhang S, Sheng X, Chen S, Ge P. Changes in electrical response function and myosin heavy chain isoforms following denervation and reinnervation of bilateral posterior cricoarytenoid muscles in dogs. Acta Otolaryngol 2014; 134:318-25. [PMID: 24460155 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2013.860657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS Both electrical response function and mRNA expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) types 2X, 1, and Neonatal of bilateral posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle changed after denervation or reinnervation in canines. OBJECTIVES There is a need to investigate the electrical response function MyHC alteration of denervation or reinnervation in the bilateral PCA muscle of large animals. METHODS MyHC isoforms expression profile and PCA muscle function outcome were detected by real-time reverse transcribed-polymerase chain reaction and muscle response to functional electrical stimulation, 9 weeks after denervation and reinnervation with ansa-recurrent laryngeal nerve anastomosis in dogs. RESULTS Denervation produced up-regulation of MyHC-1 and MyHC-Neonatal messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression. Reinnervation caused a decrease of MyHC-2X mRNA expression. The electrical voltage threshold of vocal fold movement and maximum abduction of denervation were greater than that of the reinnervated or control group. The denervated vocal abduction maximum of response to electrical stimulation was less than that in reinnervation or control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences , Guangzhou city and
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Rupert JE, Rose JA, Organ JM, Butcher MT. Forelimb muscle architecture and myosin isoform composition in the groundhog (Marmota monax). J Exp Biol 2014; 218:194-205. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.107128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Scratch-digging mammals are commonly described as having large, powerful forelimb muscles for applying high force to excavate earth, yet studies quantifying the architectural properties of the musculature are largely unavailable. To further test hypotheses about traits that represent specializations for scratch-digging, we quantified muscle architectural properties and fiber type in the forelimb of the groundhog (Marmota monax), a digger that constructs semi-complex burrows. Architectural properties measured were muscle moment arm, muscle mass (MM), belly length (ML), fascicle length (lF), pennation angle, and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), and these metrics were used to estimate maximum isometric force, joint torque, and power. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform composition was determined in selected forelimb muscles by SDS-PAGE and densitometry analysis. Groundhogs have large limb retractors and elbow extensors that are capable of applying moderately high torque at the shoulder and elbow joints, respectively. Most of these muscles (e.g., latissimus dorsi and pectoralis superficialis) have high lF/ML ratios, indicating substantial shortening ability and moderate power. The unipennate triceps brachii long head has the largest PCSA and is capable of the highest joint torque at both the shoulder and elbow joints. The carpal and digital flexors show greater pennation and shorter fascicle lengths than the limb retractors and elbow extensors, resulting in higher PCSA:MM ratios and force production capacity. Moreover, the digital flexors have the capacity for both appreciable fascicle shortening and force production indicating high muscle work potential. Overall, the forelimb musculature of the groundhog is capable of relatively low sustained force and power, and these properties are consistent with the findings of a predominant expression of the MHC-2A isoform. Aside from the apparent modifications to the digital flexors, the collective muscle properties observed are consistent with its behavioral classification as a less specialized burrower and these may be more representative of traits common to numerous rodents with burrowing habits or mammals with some fossorial ability.
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Zhang R, Taucer AI, Gashev AA, Muthuchamy M, Zawieja DC, Davis MJ. Maximum shortening velocity of lymphatic muscle approaches that of striated muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H1494-507. [PMID: 23997104 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00898.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic muscle (LM) is widely considered to be a type of vascular smooth muscle, even though LM cells uniquely express contractile proteins from both smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. We tested the hypothesis that LM exhibits an unloaded maximum shortening velocity (Vmax) intermediate between that of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Single lymphatic vessels were dissected from the rat mesentery, mounted in a servo-controlled wire myograph, and subjected to isotonic quick release protocols during spontaneous or agonist-evoked contractions. After maximal activation, isotonic quick releases were performed at both the peak and plateau phases of contraction. Vmax was 0.48 ± 0.04 lengths (L)/s at the peak: 2.3 times higher than that of mesenteric arteries and 11.4 times higher than mesenteric veins. In cannulated, pressurized lymphatic vessels, shortening velocity was determined from the maximal rate of constriction [rate of change in internal diameter (-dD/dt)] during spontaneous contractions at optimal preload and minimal afterload; peak -dD/dt exceeded that obtained during any of the isotonic quick release protocols (2.14 ± 0.30 L/s). Peak -dD/dt declined with pressure elevation or activation using substance P. Thus, isotonic methods yielded Vmax values for LM in the mid to high end (0.48 L/s) of those the recorded for phasic smooth muscle (0.05-0.5 L/s), whereas isobaric measurements yielded values (>2.0 L/s) that overlapped the midrange of values for cardiac muscle (0.6-3.3 L/s). Our results challenge the dogma that LM is classical vascular smooth muscle, and its unusually high Vmax is consistent with the expression of cardiac muscle contractile proteins in the lymphatic vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas
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Rose JA, Sandefur M, Huskey S, Demler JL, Butcher MT. Muscle architecture and out-force potential of the thoracic limb in the eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus). J Morphol 2013; 274:1277-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences; Youngstown State University; Youngstown; Ohio
| | - Mark Sandefur
- Department of Biology; Western Kentucky University; Bowling Green; Kentucky
| | - Steve Huskey
- Department of Biology; Western Kentucky University; Bowling Green; Kentucky
| | - Jennifer L. Demler
- Department of Biological Sciences; Youngstown State University; Youngstown; Ohio
| | - Michael T. Butcher
- Department of Biological Sciences; Youngstown State University; Youngstown; Ohio
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Myosin isoforms and contractile properties of single fibers of human Latissimus Dorsi muscle. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:249398. [PMID: 23971027 PMCID: PMC3736486 DOI: 10.1155/2013/249398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate fiber type distribution and contractile characteristics of Latissimus Dorsi muscle (LDM). Samples were collected from 18 young healthy subjects (9 males and 9 females) through percutaneous fine needle muscle biopsy. The results showed a predominance of fast myosin heavy chain isoforms (MyHC) with 42% of MyHC 2A and 25% of MyHC 2X, while MyHC 1 represented only 33%. The unbalance toward fast isoforms was even greater in males (71%) than in females (64%). Fiber type distribution partially reflected MyHC isoform distribution with 28% type 1/slow fibers and 5% hybrid 1/2A fibers, while fast fibers were divided into 30% type 2A, 31% type A/X, 4% type X, and 2% type 1/2X. Type 1/slow fibers were not only less abundant but also smaller in cross-sectional area than fast fibers. During maximal isometric contraction, type 1/slow fibers developed force and tension significantly lower than the two major groups of fast fibers. In conclusion, the predominance of fast fibers and their greater size and strength compared to slow fibers reveal that LDM is a muscle specialized mainly in phasic and powerful activity. Importantly, such specialization is more pronounced in males than in females.
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Distribution of Muscle Fibers in Skeletal Muscles of the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana africana). MAMMAL STUDY 2013. [DOI: 10.3106/041.038.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Complex tropomyosin and troponin T isoform expression patterns in orbital and global fibers of adult dog and rat extraocular muscles. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2013; 34:211-31. [PMID: 23700265 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-013-9346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We reported marked differences in the myosin heavy and light chain (MHC and MLC) isoform composition of fast and slow fibers between the global and orbital layers of dog extraocular muscles. Many dog extraocular fibers, especially orbital fibers, have MHC and MLC isoform patterns that are distinct from those in limb skeletal muscles. Additional observations suggested possible differences in the tropomyosin (Tm) and troponin T (TnT) isoform composition of global and orbital fibers. Therefore, we tested, using SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting, whether differences in Tm and TnT isoform expression do, in fact, exist between global and orbital layers of dog and rat EOMs and to compare expression patterns among identified fast and slow single fibers from both muscle layers. The Tm isoforms expressed in global fast and slow fibers are the same as in limb fast (α-Tm and β-Tm) and slow (γ-Tm and β-Tm) fibers, respectively. Orbital slow orbital fibers, on the other hand, each co-express all three sarcomeric Tm isoforms (α, β and γ). The results indicate that fast global and orbital fibers express only fast isoforms of TnT, but the relative amounts of the individual isoforms are different from those in limb fast muscle fibers and an abundant fast TnT isoform in the orbital layer was not detected in fast limb muscles. Slow fibers in both layers express slow TnT isoforms and the relative amounts also differ from those in limb slow fibers. Unexpectedly, significant amounts of cardiac TnT isoforms were also detected in slow fibers, especially in the orbital layer in both species. TnI and TnC isoform patterns are the same as in fast and slow fibers in limb muscles. These results expand the understanding of the elaborate diversity in contractile protein isoform expression in mammalian extraocular muscle fibers and suggest that major differences in calcium-activation properties exist among these fibers, based upon Tm and TnT isoform expression patterns.
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Sánchez-Collado C, Vázquez JM, Rivero MA, Martínez F, Ramírez G, Gil F. Distribution Pattern of Muscle Fibre Types In Soft Palate of the Dog (Canis familiaris,L.). Anat Histol Embryol 2013; 43:56-63. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Sánchez-Collado
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy; Faculty of Veterinary; Universidad de Murcia; 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - J. M. Vázquez
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy; Faculty of Veterinary; Universidad de Murcia; 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - M. A. Rivero
- Department of Morphology; Faculty of Veterinary; Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; 35413 Las Palmas de G.C Spain
| | - F. Martínez
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy; Faculty of Veterinary; Universidad de Murcia; 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - G. Ramírez
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy; Faculty of Veterinary; Universidad de Murcia; 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - F. Gil
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy; Faculty of Veterinary; Universidad de Murcia; 30100 Murcia Spain
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Kohn TA, Noakes TD. Lion (Panthera leo) and caracal (Caracal caracal) type IIx single muscle fibre force and power exceed that of trained humans. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:960-9. [PMID: 23155088 PMCID: PMC3587382 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.078485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated for the first time maximum force production, shortening velocity (Vmax) and power output in permeabilised single muscle fibres at 12°C from lion, Panthera leo (Linnaeus 1758), and caracal, Caracal caracal (Schreber 1776), and compared the values with those from human cyclists. Additionally, the use and validation of previously frozen tissue for contractile experiments is reported. Only type IIx muscle fibres were identified in the caracal sample, whereas type IIx and only two type I fibres were found in the lion sample. Only pure type I and IIa, and hybrid type IIax fibres were identified in the human samples - there were no pure type IIx fibres. Nevertheless, compared with all the human fibre types, the lion and caracal fibres were smaller (P<0.01) in cross-sectional area (human: 6194±230 μm(2), lion: 3008±151 μm(2), caracal: 2583±221 μm(2)). On average, the felid type IIx fibres produced significantly greater force (191-211 kN m(-2)) and ~3 times more power (29.0-30.3 kN m(-2) fibre lengths s(-1)) than the human IIax fibres (100-150 kN m(-2), 4-11 kN m(-2) fibre lengths s(-1)). Vmax values of the lion type IIx fibres were also higher than those of human type IIax fibres. The findings suggest that the same fibre type may differ substantially between species and potential explanations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tertius A Kohn
- UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, PO Box 115, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa.
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Goto M, Kawai M, Nakata M, Itamoto K, Miyata H, Ikebe Y, Tajima T, Wada N. Distribution of muscle fibers in skeletal muscles of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). Mamm Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hazimihalis P, Gorvet M, Butcher M. Myosin Isoform Fiber Type and Fiber Size in the Tail of the Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 296:96-107. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Moore AL, Budny JE, Russell AP, Butcher MT. Architectural specialization of the intrinsic thoracic limb musculature of the American badger (Taxidea taxus). J Morphol 2012; 274:35-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cappello V, Vezzoli E, Righi M, Fossati M, Mariotti R, Crespi A, Patruno M, Bentivoglio M, Pietrini G, Francolini M. Analysis of neuromuscular junctions and effects of anabolic steroid administration in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 51:12-21. [PMID: 22800606 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that neuromuscular junction (NMJ) destruction and disassembly is an early phenomenon in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here we analyzed by confocal and electron microscopy the NMJ structure in the diaphragm of SOD1G93A mice at symptom onset. In these mice, which provide a model for familial ALS, diaphragm denervation (~50%) as well as gastrocnemius denervation (~40%) was found. In addition, the size of the synaptic vesicle pool was reduced and alterations of mitochondria were observed in approximately 40% of the remaining presynaptic terminals. Chronic treatment of SOD1G93A mice with the anabolic steroid nandrolone during the presymptomatic stage preserved the diaphragm muscle mass and features indicative of synaptic activity. These features were represented by the number of vesicles docked within 200 nm from the presynaptic membrane and area of acetylcholine receptor clusters. Structural preservation of mitochondria was documented in presynaptic terminals. However, innervation of diaphragm muscle fibers was only slightly increased in nandrolone-treated SOD1-mutant mice. Altogether the results point out and define fine structural alterations of diaphragm NMJs in the murine model of familial ALS at symptom onset, and indicate that nandrolone may prevent or delay structural alterations in NMJ mitochondria and stimulate presynaptic activity but does not prevent muscle denervation during the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cappello
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
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Pandorf CE, Jiang W, Qin AX, Bodell PW, Baldwin KM, Haddad F. Regulation of an antisense RNA with the transition of neonatal to IIb myosin heavy chain during postnatal development and hypothyroidism in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 302:R854-67. [PMID: 22262309 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00591.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal development of fast skeletal muscle is characterized by a transition in expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms, from primarily neonatal MHC at birth to primarily IIb MHC in adults, in a tightly coordinated manner. These isoforms are encoded by distinct genes, which are separated by ∼17 kb on rat chromosome 10. The neonatal-to-IIb MHC transition is inhibited by a hypothyroid state. We examined RNA products [mRNA, pre-mRNA, and natural antisense transcript (NAT)] of developmental and adult-expressed MHC genes (embryonic, neonatal, I, IIa, IIx, and IIb) at 2, 10, 20, and 40 days after birth in normal and thyroid-deficient rat neonates treated with propylthiouracil. We found that a long noncoding antisense-oriented RNA transcript, termed bII NAT, is transcribed from a site within the IIb-Neo intergenic region and across most of the IIb MHC gene. NATs have previously been shown to mediate transcriptional repression of sense-oriented counterparts. The bII NAT is transcriptionally regulated during postnatal development and in response to hypothyroidism. Evidence for a regulatory mechanism is suggested by an inverse relationship between IIb MHC and bII NAT in normal and hypothyroid-treated muscle. Neonatal MHC transcription is coordinately expressed with bII NAT. A comparative phylogenetic analysis also suggests that bII NAT-mediated regulation has been a conserved trait of placental mammals for most of the eutherian evolutionary history. The evidence in support of the regulatory model implicates long noncoding antisense RNA as a mechanism to coordinate the transition between neonatal and IIb MHC during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay E Pandorf
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Univ. of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Abstract
Mammalian skeletal muscle comprises different fiber types, whose identity is first established during embryonic development by intrinsic myogenic control mechanisms and is later modulated by neural and hormonal factors. The relative proportion of the different fiber types varies strikingly between species, and in humans shows significant variability between individuals. Myosin heavy chain isoforms, whose complete inventory and expression pattern are now available, provide a useful marker for fiber types, both for the four major forms present in trunk and limb muscles and the minor forms present in head and neck muscles. However, muscle fiber diversity involves all functional muscle cell compartments, including membrane excitation, excitation-contraction coupling, contractile machinery, cytoskeleton scaffold, and energy supply systems. Variations within each compartment are limited by the need of matching fiber type properties between different compartments. Nerve activity is a major control mechanism of the fiber type profile, and multiple signaling pathways are implicated in activity-dependent changes of muscle fibers. The characterization of these pathways is raising increasing interest in clinical medicine, given the potentially beneficial effects of muscle fiber type switching in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Schiaffino
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neurosciences, and Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neurosciences, and Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Francisco CL, Jorge AM, Dal-Pai-Silva M, Carani FR, Cabeço LC, Silva SR. Muscle fiber type characterization and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression in Mediterranean buffaloes. Meat Sci 2011; 88:535-41. [PMID: 21371827 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression and muscle fiber types of Longissimus dorsi (LD) and Semitendinosus (ST) in Mediterranean buffaloes and possible fibers muscles modulation according to different slaughter weights. The presence of MyHC IIb isoforms was not found. Only three isoforms of MyHC (IIa, IIx/d and I) were observed and their percentages did not vary significantly among slaughter weights. The confirmation of the presence of hybrid muscles fibers (IIA/X) in LD and ST muscles necessitated classifying the fiber types into fast and slow according to their contractile activity, by m-ATPase assay. For both muscles, the muscle fiber frequency was higher for fast than for slow fibers in all weight groups. There was a difference (P<0.05) in the frequency of LD and ST muscle fiber types according to slaughter weights, which demonstrate that the slaughter weight influences the profile of muscle fibers from buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Francisco
- UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Produção Animal, P. O. Box 560, 18618-000 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Kohn TA, Burroughs R, Hartman MJ, Noakes TD. Fiber type and metabolic characteristics of lion (Panthera leo), caracal (Caracal caracal) and human skeletal muscle. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 159:125-33. [PMID: 21320626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lion (Panthera leo) and caracal (Caracal caracal) skeletal muscle samples from Vastus lateralis, Longissimus dorsi and Gluteus medius were analyzed for fiber type and citrate synthase (CS; EC 2.3.3.1), 3-hydroxyacyl Co A dehydrogenase (3HAD; EC 1.1.1.35), phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK; EC 2.7.1.11), creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2), phosphorylase (PHOS; EC 2.4.1.1) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; EC 1.1.1.27) activities and compared to human runners, the latter also serving as validation of methodology. Both felids had predominantly type IIx fibers (range 50-80%), whereas human muscle had more types I and IIa. Oxidative capacity of both felids (CS: 5-9 μmol/min/g ww and 3HAD: 1.4-2.6 μmol/min/g ww) was lower than humans, whereas the glycolytic capacity was elevated. LDH activity of caracal (346 ± 81) was higher than lion (227 ± 62 μmol/min/g ww), with human being the lowest (55 ± 17). CK and PHOS activities were also higher in caracal and lion compared to human, but PFK was lower in both felid species. The current data and past research are illustrated graphically showing a strong relationship between type II fibers and sprinting ability in various species. These data on caracal and lion muscles confirm their sprinting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tertius Abraham Kohn
- UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa.
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Kim JP, Khalmuratova R, Jeon SY, Park JJ, Hur DG, Ahn SK, Woo SH, Kang KM, Chai GY. Quantitative analysis of myosin heavy chain expression change in laryngeal muscle after irradiation in rats. Yonsei Med J 2011; 52:158-64. [PMID: 21155049 PMCID: PMC3017692 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2011.52.1.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy for head and neck cancer does not impair the voice quality as much as laser treatment or surgery, but it can induce muscle wasting and fibrosis and symptoms of dry mouth. We investigated the effect of irradiation on the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression in laryngeal muscles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were irradiated with one dose of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 Gy and other rats were irradiated with 20 Gy. The thyroarytenoid (TA), posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA), and cricothyroid (CT) muscles were subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Two weeks after irradiation with 10, 15, or 20 Gy, all the MyHC type expressions had decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the TA, PCA, and CT muscles, and especially the expression of MyHC IIa decreased much more than the expressions of the other MyHC isoforms in all muscles. In the 20 Gy-irradiated rats, almost all the MyHC isoform expressions declined over 12 weeks in the TA, PCA, and CT muscles, except for the MyHC I expression in the PCA and CT muscle. The MyHC IIa expression was markedly decreased in all the muscles. CONCLUSION The laryngeal muscles responded differently to radiation, but they showed a time-dependent and long-lasting decrease in the expressions of all the MyHC isoforms in the TA, PCA, and CT muscles. In particular, the expression of the MyHC IIa isoform in all the muscles may be more sensitive to irradiation than the expressions of the other MyHC isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Pyeong Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Institute of Health Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 90 Chilam-dong, Jinju 660-702, Korea.
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Type II muscle fibers atrophy associated with silent corticotroph adenoma in a dog. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2010; 48:403-6. [PMID: 21071346 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-010-0038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Silent Corticotroph Adenoma (SCA) is a pituitary adenoma variant characterized by the immunoreactivity for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and related peptides, without the clinical signs of Cushing's disease. SCA has been postulated to either secrete structurally abnormal ACTH that is inactive but detectable by immunohistochemistry or radioimmunoassay, or to secrete ACTH intermittently or at low levels continuously. Excess of ACTH has been associated to type II muscle atrophy. We describe a case of type II muscle fibers atrophy associated with silent corticotroph adenoma in a dog. The dog showed moderate to severe proximal muscle wasting and weakness with normal levels of muscle-associated enzymes. In the limb muscle biopsies, type II fibers were uniformly smaller than type I fibers. In temporalis muscles, there were few atrophic fibers, and several irregular areas of loss of enzymatic activity observed in NADH, SDH and COX stains. The tumour showed a trabecular growth pattern and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for ACTH. The muscle atrophy was considered to be related to an excess of inactive ACTH. Studying spontaneous occurring rare diseases in animals could help to understand the mechanism of similar diseases in human has well.
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Thompson JT, Bartol IK, Baksi AE, Li KY, Krueger PS. The ontogeny of muscle structure and locomotory function in the long-finned squid Doryteuthis pealeii. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:1079-91. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.034553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Understanding the extent to which changes in muscle form and function underlie ontogenetic changes in locomotory behaviors and performance is important in understanding the evolution of musculoskeletal systems and also the ecology of different life stages. We explored ontogenetic changes in the structure, myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression and contractile properties of the circular muscles that provide power for jet locomotion in the long-finned squid Doryteuthis pealeii. The circular muscle fibers of newly hatched paralarvae had different sizes, shapes, thick filament lengths, thin:thick filament ratio, myofilament organization and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) distribution than those of adults. Viewed in cross section, most circular muscle cells were roughly triangular or ovoid in shape with a core of mitochondria; however, numerous muscle cells with crescent or other unusual cross-sectional shapes and muscle cells with unequal distributions of mitochondria were present in the paralarvae. The frequency of these muscle cells relative to ‘normal’ circular muscle cells ranged from 1:6 to 1:10 among the 19 paralarvae we surveyed. The thick filaments of the two types of circular fibers, superficial mitochondria-rich (SMR) and central mitochondria-poor (CMP), differed slightly in length among paralarvae with thick filament lengths of 0.83±0.15 μm and 0.71±0.1 μm for the SMR and CMP fibers, respectively (P 0.05; ANOVA). During ontogeny the thick filament lengths of both the CMP and SMR fibers increased significantly to 1.78±0.27 μm and 3.12±0.56 μm, respectively, in adults (P<0.0001 for both comparisons; ANOVA with Tukey's highly significant difference post hoc tests). When sectioned parallel to their long axes, the SMR and CMP fibers of both paralarvae and adults exhibited the myofilament arrangements typical of obliquely striated muscle cells but the angle of obliquity of the dense bodies was 22.8±2.4 deg. and 4.6±0.87 deg. for paralarvae and adults, respectively. There were also differences in the distribution of the anastomosing network of SR. In paralarvae, the outer and central zones of SR were well developed but the intramyoplasmic zone was greatly reduced in some cells or was scattered non-uniformly across the myoplasm. Whereas in adults the intramyoplasmic SR region was composed primarily of flattened tubules, it was composed primarily of rounded vesicles or tubules when present in the paralarvae. The ontogenetic differences in circular muscle structure were correlated with significant differences in their contractile properties. In brief tetanus at 20°C, the mean unloaded shortening velocity of the paralarval circular muscle preparations was 9.1 L0 s−1 (where L0 was the preparation length that generated the peak isometric stress), nearly twice that measured in other studies for the CMP fibers of adults. The mean peak isometric stress was 119±15 mN mm−2 physiological cross section, nearly half that measured for the CMP fibers of adults. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of paralarval and adult mantle samples revealed very similar expression patterns of the two known isoforms of squid MHC. The ontogenetic differences in the structure and physiology of the circular muscles may result in more rapid mantle movements during locomotion. This prediction is consistent with jet pulse durations observed in other studies, with shorter jet pulses providing hydrodynamic advantages for paralarvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. T. Thompson
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604-3003, USA
| | - I. K. Bartol
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - A. E. Baksi
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604-3003, USA
| | - K. Y. Li
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604-3003, USA
| | - P. S. Krueger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
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Hyatt JPK, Roy RR, Rugg S, Talmadge RJ. Myosin heavy chain composition of tiger (Panthera tigris) and cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) hindlimb muscles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 313:45-57. [PMID: 19768738 DOI: 10.1002/jez.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Felids have a wide range of locomotor activity patterns and maximal running speeds, including the very fast cheetah (Acinonyx jubatas), the roaming tiger (Panthera tigris), and the relatively sedentary domestic cat (Felis catus). As previous studies have suggested a relationship between the amount and type of activity and the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform composition of a muscle, we assessed the MHC isoform composition of selected hindlimb muscles from these three felid species with differing activity regimens. Using gel electrophoresis, western blotting, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry with MHC isoform-specific antibodies, we compared the MHC composition in the tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius (MG), plantaris (Plt), and soleus muscles of the tiger, cheetah, and domestic cat. The soleus muscle was absent in the cheetah. At least one slow (type I) and three fast (types IIa, IIx, and IIb) MHC isoforms were present in the muscles of each felid. The tiger had a high combined percentage of the characteristically slower isoforms (MHCs I and IIa) in the MG (62%) and the Plt (86%), whereas these percentages were relatively low in the MG (44%) and Plt (55%) of the cheetah. In general, the MHC isoform characteristics of the hindlimb muscles matched the daily activity patterns of these felids: the tiger has daily demands for covering long distances, whereas the cheetah has requirements for speed and power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Philippe K Hyatt
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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