1
|
Kim J, Sim AY, Barua S, Kim JY, Lee JE. Agmatine-IRF2BP2 interaction induces M2 phenotype of microglia by increasing IRF2-KLF4 signaling. Inflamm Res 2023:10.1007/s00011-023-01741-z. [PMID: 37314519 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01741-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following central nervous system (CNS) injury, the investigation for neuroinflammation is vital because of its pleiotropic role in both acute injury and long-term recovery. Agmatine (Agm) is well known for its neuroprotective effects and anti-neuroinflammatory properties. However, Agm's mechanism for neuroprotection is still unclear. We screened target proteins that bind to Agm using a protein microarray; the results showed that Agm strongly binds to interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein (IRF2BP2), which partakes in the inflammatory response. Based on these prior data, we attempted to elucidate the mechanism by which the combination of Agm and IRF2BP2 induces a neuroprotective phenotype of microglia. METHODS To confirm the relationship between Agm and IRF2BP2 in neuroinflammation, we used microglia cell-line (BV2) and treated with lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (LPS; 20 ng/mL, 24 h) and interleukin (IL)-4 (20 ng/mL, 24 h). Although Agm bound to IRF2BP2, it failed to enhance IRF2BP2 expression in BV2. Therefore, we shifted our focus onto interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2), which is a transcription factor and interacts with IRF2BP2. RESULTS IRF2 was highly expressed in BV2 after LPS treatment but not after IL-4 treatment. When Agm bound to IRF2BP2 following Agm treatment, the free IRF2 translocated to the nucleus of BV2. The translocated IRF2 activated the transcription of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), causing KLF4 to be induced in BV2. The expression of KLF4 increased the CD206-positive cells in BV2. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, unbound IRF2, resulting from the competitive binding of Agm to IRF2BP2, may provide neuroprotection against neuroinflammation via an anti-inflammatory mechanism of microglia involving the expression of KLF4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A Young Sim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumit Barua
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Youl Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Coradduzza D, Solinas T, Azara E, Culeddu N, Cruciani S, Zinellu A, Medici S, Maioli M, Madonia M, Carru C. Plasma Polyamine Biomarker Panels: Agmatine in Support of Prostate Cancer Diagnosis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040514. [PMID: 35454104 PMCID: PMC9024899 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequent malignant tumour among males (19%), often clinically silent and of difficult prognosis. Although several studies have highlighted the diagnostic and prognostic role of circulating biomarkers, such as PSA, their measurement does not necessarily allow the detection of the disease. Within this context, many authors suggest that the evaluation of circulating polyamines could represent a valuable tool, although several analytical problems still counteract their clinical practice. In particular, agmatine seems particularly intriguing, being a potential inhibitor of polyamines commonly derived from arginine. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the potential role of agmatine as a suitable biomarker for the identification of different classes of patients with prostate cancer (PC). For this reason, three groups of human patients—benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), precancerous lesion (PL), and prostate cancer (PC)—were recruited from a cohort of patients with suspected prostate cancer (n = 170), and obtained plasma was tested using the LC-HRMS method. Statistics on the receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC), and multivariate analysis were used to examine the predictive value of markers for discrimination among the three patient groups. Statistical analysis models revealed good discrimination using polyamine levels to distinguish the three classes of patients. AUC above 0.8, sensitivity ranging from 67% to 89%, specificity ranging from 74% to 89% and accuracy from 73% to 86%, considering the validation set, were achieved. Agmatine plasma levels were measured in PC (39.9 ± 12.06 ng/mL), BPH (77.62 ± 15.05 ng/mL), and PL (53.31 ± 15.27 ng/mL) patients. ROC analysis of the agmatine panel showed an AUC of 0.959 and p ≤ 0.001. These results could represent a future tool able to discriminate patients belonging to the three different clinical groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Coradduzza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.C.); (S.C.); (A.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Tatiana Solinas
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urologic Clinic, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (T.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Emanuela Azara
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.A.); (N.C.)
| | - Nicola Culeddu
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.A.); (N.C.)
| | - Sara Cruciani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.C.); (S.C.); (A.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.C.); (S.C.); (A.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Serenella Medici
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Margherita Maioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.C.); (S.C.); (A.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Massimo Madonia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urologic Clinic, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (T.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.C.); (S.C.); (A.Z.); (M.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and University Hospital of Sassari (AOU), 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Effects of BPA on expression of apoptotic genes and migration of ovine trophectoderm (oTr1) cells during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 83:73-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
4
|
Fernández-Reina A, Urdiales JL, Sánchez-Jiménez F. What We Know and What We Need to Know about Aromatic and Cationic Biogenic Amines in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Foods 2018; 7:E145. [PMID: 30181486 PMCID: PMC6164962 DOI: 10.3390/foods7090145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic amines derived from basic and aromatic amino acids (B/A-BAs), polyamines, histamine, serotonin, and catecholamines are a group of molecules playing essential roles in many relevant physiological processes, including cell proliferation, immune response, nutrition and reproduction. All these physiological effects involve a variety of tissue-specific cellular receptors and signalling pathways, which conforms to a very complex network that is not yet well-characterized. Strong evidence has proved the importance of this group of molecules in the gastrointestinal context, also playing roles in several pathologies. This work is based on the hypothesis that integration of biomedical information helps to reach new translational actions. Thus, the major aim of this work is to combine scientific knowledge on biomolecules, metabolism and physiology of the main B/A-BAs involved in the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract, in order to point out important gaps in information and other facts deserving further research efforts in order to connect molecular information with pathophysiological observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fernández-Reina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - José Luis Urdiales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras & IBIMA, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Francisca Sánchez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras & IBIMA, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu MS, Lee HM, Park A, Park C, Ceong H, Rhee KH, Na D. In silico prediction of potential chemical reactions mediated by human enzymes. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:207. [PMID: 29897324 PMCID: PMC5998764 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Administered drugs are often converted into an ineffective or activated form by enzymes in our body. Conventional in silico prediction approaches focused on therapeutically important enzymes such as CYP450. However, there are more than thousands of different cellular enzymes that potentially convert administered drug into other forms. Result We developed an in silico model to predict which of human enzymes including metabolic enzymes as well as CYP450 family can catalyze a given chemical compound. The prediction is based on the chemical and physical similarity between known enzyme substrates and a query chemical compound. Our in silico model was developed using multiple linear regression and the model showed high performance (AUC = 0.896) despite of the large number of enzymes. When evaluated on a test dataset, it also showed significantly high performance (AUC = 0.746). Interestingly, evaluation with literature data showed that our model can be used to predict not only enzymatic reactions but also drug conversion and enzyme inhibition. Conclusion Our model was able to predict enzymatic reactions of a query molecule with a high accuracy. This may foster to discover new metabolic routes and to accelerate the computational development of drug candidates by enabling the prediction of the potential conversion of administered drugs into active or inactive forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Sang Yu
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Mi Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aaron Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungoo Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyithaek Ceong
- Department of Multimedia, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyeong Rhee
- College of Industrial Sciences, Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyun Na
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Elmetwally MA, Lenis Y, Tang W, Wu G, Bazer FW. Effects of catecholamines on secretion of interferon tau and expression of genes for synthesis of polyamines and apoptosis by ovine trophectoderm†. Biol Reprod 2018; 99:611-628. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Elmetwally
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Yasser Lenis
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Centauro Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Science, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, U.D.C.A, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Wanjin Tang
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effects of Bisphenol-A on proliferation and expression of genes related to synthesis of polyamines, interferon tau and insulin-like growth factor 2 by ovine trophectoderm cells. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 78:90-96. [PMID: 29635046 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on proliferation of ovine trophectoderm (oTr1) cells, as well as expression of genes for transport of arginine and synthesis of polyamines. BPA reduced proliferation of oTr1 cells at concentrations of 1 × 10-6, 1 × 10-5, 1 × 10-4 M compared to concentrations of 0, 1 × 10-9, and 1 × 10-8 M at 24 and 96 h of culture. Lower concentrations of BPA significantly increased expression of mRNAs for agmatinase (AGMAT), arginine decarboxylase (ADC), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC1) and solute carrier family 7 member 1 (SLC7A1). Similarly, synthesis of polyamines by oTr1 cells was greatest at lower concentrations of BPA and decreased as the dose of BPA increased. Expression of mRNAs for interferon tau (IFNT) and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) by oTr1 cells was greater than for controls at 1 × 10-9 M BPA. Overall, the effects of BPA on proliferation and gene expression by oTr1 cells were highly dose-dependent.
Collapse
|
8
|
Benítez J, García D, Romero N, González A, Martínez-Oyanedel J, Figueroa M, Salas M, López V, García-Robles M, Dodd PR, Schenk G, Carvajal N, Uribe E. Metabolic strategies for the degradation of the neuromodulator agmatine in mammals. Metabolism 2018; 81:35-44. [PMID: 29162499 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Agmatine (1-amino-4-guanidinobutane), a precursor for polyamine biosynthesis, has been identified as an important neuromodulator with anticonvulsant, antineurotoxic and antidepressant actions in the brain. In this context it has emerged as an important mediator of addiction/satiety pathways associated with alcohol misuse. Consequently, the regulation of the activity of key enzymes in agmatine metabolism is an attractive strategy to combat alcoholism and related addiction disorders. Agmatine results from the decarboxylation of L-arginine in a reaction catalyzed by arginine decarboxylase (ADC), and can be converted to either guanidine butyraldehyde by diamine oxidase (DAO) or putrescine and urea by the enzyme agmatinase (AGM) or the more recently identified AGM-like protein (ALP). In rat brain, agmatine, AGM and ALP are predominantly localised in areas associated with roles in appetitive and craving (drug-reinstatement) behaviors. Thus, inhibitors of AGM or ALP are promising agents for the treatment of addictions. In this review, the properties of DAO, AGM and ALP are discussed with a view to their role in the agmatine metabolism in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Benítez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - David García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nicol Romero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Arlette González
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - José Martínez-Oyanedel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Figueroa
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mónica Salas
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Vasthi López
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - María García-Robles
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Peter R Dodd
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nelson Carvajal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Elena Uribe
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The immune system is remarkably responsive to a myriad of invading microorganisms and provides continuous surveillance against tissue damage and developing tumor cells. To achieve these diverse functions, multiple soluble and cellular components must react in an orchestrated cascade of events to control the specificity, magnitude and persistence of the immune response. Numerous catabolic and anabolic processes are involved in this process, and prominent roles for l-arginine and l-glutamine catabolism have been described, as these amino acids serve as precursors of nitric oxide, creatine, agmatine, tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, nucleotides and other amino acids, as well as for ornithine, which is used to synthesize putrescine and the polyamines spermidine and spermine. Polyamines have several purported roles and high levels of polyamines are manifest in tumor cells as well in autoreactive B- and T-cells in autoimmune diseases. In the tumor microenvironment, l-arginine catabolism by both tumor cells and suppressive myeloid cells is known to dampen cytotoxic T-cell functions suggesting there might be links between polyamines and T-cell suppression. Here, we review studies suggesting roles of polyamines in normal immune cell function and highlight their connections to autoimmunity and anti-tumor immune cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Hesterberg
- University of South Florida Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
- Department Immunology, PharmD, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, 23033 SRB, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - John L Cleveland
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Pearlie K Epling-Burnette
- Department Immunology, PharmD, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, 23033 SRB, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lenis YY, Wang X, Tang W, Wu G, Bazer FW. Effects of agmatine on secretion of interferon tau and catecholamines and expression of genes related to production of polyamines by ovine trophectoderm cells. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2389-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
11
|
Uspenska KR, Gergalova GL, Lykhmus OY, Skok MV. The effect of amixin and agmatine on cytochrome C release from isolated mitochondria. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2016; 88:5-10. [PMID: 29227073 DOI: 10.15407/ubj88.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) control permeability transition pore formation
and cytochrome c release in the presence of apoptogenic factors. This study demonstrates that pharmacological
agents amixin and agmatine affect mitochondrial nAChR functioning: they slightly suppress
cytochrome c release from mouse brain and liver mitochondria stimulated with apoptogenic dose of Са2+ and
prevent the effect of α7 nAChR agonist PNU282987. We conclude that mitochondria may be one of therapeutic
targets of amixin and agmatine.
Collapse
|
12
|
Agmatine Protects Against 6-OHDA-Induced Apoptosis, and ERK and Akt/GSK Disruption in SH-SY5Y Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:829-838. [PMID: 26346882 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a metabolite of dopamine is known to induce dopaminergic cell toxicity which makes that a suitable agent inducing an experimental model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Agmatine has been shown to protect against some cellular and animal PD models. This study was aimed to assess whether agmatine prevents 6-OHDA-induced SH-SY5Y cell death and if yes, then how it affects Akt/glycogen synthesis kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) signals. The cells were treated with different drugs, and their viability was examined via MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay and morphological observation. Western blot studies were done to assess cleaved caspase-3, Akt/GSK-3β, and ERK proteins. 6-OHDA-induced cell death and caspase-3 cleavage, while agmatine prevented those changes. 6-OHDA also decreased the amount of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt)/Akt while increased GSK-3β activity which was prevented by agmatine. Additionally, this toxin increased pERK/ERK ratio which was averted again by agmatine. The PI3/Akt inhibitor, LY294002, impeded the changes induced by agmatine, while ERK inhibitor (PD98059) did not disturb the effects of agmatine, and by itself, it preserved the cells against 6-OHDA toxicity. This study revealed that agmatine is protective in 6-OHDA model of PD and affects Akt/GSK-3β and ERK pathways.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ramos-Molina B, López-Contreras AJ, Lambertos A, Dardonville C, Cremades A, Peñafiel R. Influence of ornithine decarboxylase antizymes and antizyme inhibitors on agmatine uptake by mammalian cells. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1025-34. [PMID: 25655388 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Agmatine (4-aminobutylguanidine), a dicationic molecule at physiological pH, exerts relevant modulatory actions at many different molecular target sites in mammalian cells, having been suggested that the administration of this compound may have therapeutic interest. Several plasma membrane transporters have been implicated in agmatine uptake by mammalian cells. Here we report that in kidney-derived COS-7 cell line, at physiological agmatine levels, the general polyamine transporter participates in the plasma membrane translocation of agmatine, with an apparent Km of 44 ± 7 µM and Vmax of 17.3 ± 3.3 nmol h(-1) mg(-1) protein, but that at elevated concentrations, agmatine can be also taken up by other transport systems. In the first case, the physiological polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine), several diguanidines and bis(2-aminoimidazolines) and the polyamine transport inhibitor AMXT-1501 markedly decreased agmatine uptake. In cells transfected with any of the three ornithine decarboxylase antizymes (AZ1, AZ2 and AZ3), agmatine uptake was dramatically reduced. On the contrary, transfection with antizyme inhibitors (AZIN1 and AZIN2) markedly increased the transport of agmatine. Furthermore, whereas putrescine uptake was significantly decreased in cells transfected with ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the accumulation of agmatine was stimulated, suggesting a trans-activating effect of intracellular putrescine on agmatine uptake. All these results indicate that ODC and its regulatory proteins (antizymes and antizyme inhibitors) may influence agmatine homeostasis in mammalian tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Desforges B, Curmi PA, Bounedjah O, Nakib S, Hamon L, De Bandt JP, Pastré D. An intercellular polyamine transfer via gap junctions regulates proliferation and response to stress in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1529-43. [PMID: 23515223 PMCID: PMC3655814 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-10-0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are essential for mammalian cell growth and proliferation, and their synthesis in cells or transport from the extracellular environment has attracted much attention, especially in cancer research. Here it is shown for the first time that polyamines can be transferred from cell to cell via gap junctions to coordinate cell growth. In the organism, quiescent epithelial cells have the potential to resume cycling as a result of various stimuli, including wound healing or oxidative stress. Because quiescent cells have a low polyamine level, resuming their growth requires an increase of their intracellular polyamine levels via de novo polyamine synthesis or their uptake from plasma. Another alternative, explored here, is an intercellular exchange with polyamine-rich cycling cells via gap junctions. We show that polyamines promote gap junction communication between proliferating cells by promoting dynamical microtubule plus ends at the cell periphery and thus allow polyamine exchange between cells. In this way, cycling cells favor regrowth in adjacent cells deprived of polyamines. In addition, intercellular interactions mediated by polyamines can coordinate the translational response to oxidative stress through the formation of stress granules. Some putative in vivo consequences of polyamine-mediated intercellular interactions are also discussed regarding cancer invasiveness and tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Desforges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR829, Laboratoire Structure-Activité des Biomolécules Normales et Pathologiques, Université Evry-Val d'Essonne, Evry 91025, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Masri AAA, Eter EE. Agmatine induces gastric protection against ischemic injury by reducing vascular permeability in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2188-96. [PMID: 22611311 PMCID: PMC3351768 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i18.2188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of administration of agmatine (AGM) on gastric protection against ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury.
METHODS: Three groups of rats (6/group); sham, gastric I/R injury, and gastric I/R + AGM (100 mg/kg, i.p. given 15 min prior to gastric ischemia) were recruited. Gastric injury was conducted by ligating celiac artery for 30 min and reperfusion for another 30 min. Gastric tissues were histologically studied and immunostained with angiopoietin 1 (Ang-1) and Ang-2. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were measured in gastric tissue homogenate. To assess whether AKt/phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase (PI3K) mediated the effect of AGM, an additional group was pretreated with Wortmannin (WM) (inhibitor of Akt/PI3K, 15 μg/kg, i.p.), prior to ischemic injury and AGM treatment, and examined histologically and immunostained. Another set of experiments was run to study vascular permeability of the stomach using Evan’s blue dye.
RESULTS: AGM markedly reduced Evan’s blue dye extravasation (3.58 ± 0.975 μg/stomach vs 1.175 ± 0.374 μg/stomach, P < 0.05), VEGF (36.87 ± 2.71 pg/100 mg protein vs 48.4 ± 6.53 pg/100 mg protein, P < 0.05) and MCP-1 tissue level (29.5 ± 7 pg/100 mg protein vs 41.17 ± 10.4 pg/100 mg protein, P < 0.01). It preserved gastric histology and reduced congestion. Ang-1 and Ang-2 immunostaining were reduced in stomach sections of AGM-treated animals. The administration of WM abolished the protective effects of AGM and extensive hemorrhage and ulcerations were seen.
CONCLUSION: AGM protects the stomach against I/R injury by reducing vascular permeability and inflammation. This protection is possibly mediated by Akt/PI3K.
Collapse
|
16
|
Molderings GJ, Haenisch B. Agmatine (decarboxylated l-arginine): Physiological role and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 133:351-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
17
|
Chronic exposure to agmatine results in the selection of agmatine-resistant hepatoma cells. Amino Acids 2011; 42:769-74. [PMID: 21901471 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
During our study of the cytostatic effect of agmatine, we were able to isolate an agmatine resistant clone from a parental hepatoma cell line, HTC. These cells, called Agres, had slower growth rate than the parental cells when cultured in normal medium. The modification in polyamine content induced by agmatine was much lower in these cells and ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase activities were much less affected. By investigating the mechanism responsible for these modifications, it was shown that agmatine and polyamines were not taken up by Agres cells. Their resistance to the antiproliferative effects of agmatine may thus arise from a lack of the polyamine transport system. Moreover, Agres cells were able to take up both glutamic acid and arginine at a rate significantly higher than that detected for HTC cells, most likely to provide components for compensatory increase of PA synthesis. These results emphasize the importance of polyamine transport for cell growth.
Collapse
|
18
|
Effects of exogenous agmatine in human leukemia HMC-1 and HL-60 cells on proliferation, polyamine metabolism and cell cycle. Leuk Res 2011; 35:1248-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
19
|
Kumar A, Yellepeddi VK, Vangara KK, Strychar KB, Palakurthi S. Mechanism of gene transfection by polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers modified with ornithine residues. J Drug Target 2011; 19:770-80. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2011.568061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
20
|
Winter TN, Elmquist WF, Fairbanks CA. OCT2 and MATE1 provide bidirectional agmatine transport. Mol Pharm 2010; 8:133-42. [PMID: 21128598 DOI: 10.1021/mp100180a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Agmatine is a biogenic amine (l-arginine metabolite) of potential relevance to several central nervous system (CNS) conditions. The identities of transporters underlying agmatine and polyamine disposition in mammalian systems are not well-defined. The SLC-family organic cation transporters (OCT) OCT1 and OCT2 and multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter-1 (MATE1) are transport systems that may be of importance for the cellular disposition of agmatine and putrescine. We investigated the transport of [(3)H]agmatine and [(3)H]putrescine in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells stably transfected with hOCT1, hOCT2, and hMATE1. Agmatine transport by hOCT1 and hOCT2 was concentration-dependent, whereas only hOCT2 demonstrated pH-dependent transport. hOCT2 exhibited a greater affinity for agmatine (K(m) = 1.84 ± 0.38 mM) than did hOCT1 (K(m) = 18.73 ± 4.86 mM). Putrescine accumulation was pH- and concentration-dependent in hOCT2-HEK cells (K(m) = 11.29 ± 4.26 mM) but not hOCT1-HEK cells. Agmatine accumulation, in contrast to putrescine, was significantly enhanced by hMATE1 overexpression, and was saturable (K(m) = 240 ± 31 μM; V(max) = 192 ± 10 pmol/min/mg of protein). Intracellular agmatine was also trans-stimulated (effluxed) from hMATE1-HEK cells in the presence of an inward proton-gradient. The hMATE1-mediated transport of agmatine was inhibited by polyamines, the prototypical substrates MPP+ and paraquat, as well as guanidine and arcaine, but not l-arginine. These results suggest that agmatine disposition may be influenced by hOCT2 and hMATE1, two transporters critical in the renal elimination of xenobiotic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tate N Winter
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xie S, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang C. Antitumor conjugates with polyamine vectors and their molecular mechanisms. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:1049-61. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2010.504205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
22
|
Pan G, Winter TN, Roberts JC, Fairbanks CA, Elmquist WF. Organic cation uptake is enhanced in bcrp1-transfected MDCKII cells. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:138-45. [PMID: 19886673 DOI: 10.1021/mp900177r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stably transfected cell models are routinely used to examine drug-transporter interactions. In one such model of bcrp1-transfected MDCKII cells, we observed a significant enhancement of organic cation intracellular accumulation. Therefore, our goal was to further explore the expression and functional consequences of this cation transport system. Transport assays were carried out in wild-type and bcrp1-transfected MDCKII cells to examine uptake of [3H]-prazosin (bcrp1 positive control), [3H]-agmatine, [3H]-TEA, and [14C]-choline. RT-PCR was employed to determine the mRNA levels of bcrp1 and OCT2/OCT3. Western blots were used to evaluate corresponding protein levels. Accumulation studies determined a significant increase in the uptake of the organic cations agmatine, TEA, and choline in bcrp1-transfected cells when compared to wild-type cells. Directional transport of [3H]-agmatine showed a significantly greater apical (A) to basolateral (B) than B-to-A flux in both cell types. In spite of this, the A-to-B flux was significantly lower in bcrp1-transfected cells. RT-PCR revealed 10-fold higher OCT2 mRNA levels in bcrp1-transfected cells, with no changes in OCT3. OCT2 protein expression was approximately 3.5-fold higher in bcrp1-transfected cells. The upregulation of OCT2 in bcrp1-transfected MDCKII cells contributed to a significant enhancement in the uptake of several organic cations. These results are consistent with the endogenous expression of OCT2 in the kidney tubule, and may be related to the expression and function of bcrp1. Our findings illustrate the importance of understanding how endogenous transporters, which may compete for common substrates, may be influenced by the overexpression and enhanced function of recombinant transport systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dastan A, Kocer I, Erdogan F, Ates O, Kiziltunc A. Agmatine as retinal protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury in guinea pigs. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2009; 53:219-24. [PMID: 19484439 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-009-0660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the neuroprotective effect of agmatine (Agm) on the retinas of guinea pigs subjected to a transient ischemia-reperfusion insult. METHODS Twenty-eight guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups. Forty-five minutes before ischemic insult, the guinea pigs were intraperitoneally administered either Agm (50 mg/kg) (Agm 1) or saline (control 1 group) once, or twice separated by a 12-h interval (Agm 2; control 2). Transient ocular ischemia was achieved under general anesthesia by cannulating an anterior chamber maintainer connected to an infusion line of a semiflexible bottle. The saline reservoir pressure was increased by using a blood pressure tolls cuff to achieve an intraocular pressure (IOP) of 150 mmHg. This IOP was maintained for 90 min. Reperfusion was achieved by pulling off the anterior chamber maintainer. The animals in the Agm 1 and control 1 groups were killed at the end of the 4-h reperfusion period. The eyes were enucleated for histopathological (retinal thickness) and biochemical (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, TBARS, and nitric oxide, NO) investigation. The animals in the Agm 2 and control 2 groups were killed at the end of a 24-h reperfusion period. RESULTS The mean retinal thickness of the animals in the Agm 1 (25.94 +/- 1.23 microm) and Agm 2 (24.49 +/- 0.88 microm) groups was lower than that of those in the control 1 (37.60 +/- 2.27 microm) and control 2 (36. 64 +/- 1.32 microm) groups (P < 0.05). The mean TBARS level of the animals in the Agm 1 (8.37 +/- 0.94 nmol/ml) and Agm 2 (8.01 +/- 0.97 nmol/ml) groups was lower than that of those in the control 1 (12.09 +/- 1.27 nmol/ml) and control 2 (12.09 +/- 1.27 and 11.72 +/- 1.63 nmol/ml) groups (P < 0.05). The mean NO level of the animals in the Agm 1 (100.77 +/- 6.20 nmol/ml) and Agm 2 (94.63 +/- 5.24 nmol/ml) was lower than that of those in the control 1 (131.77 +/- 4.61 nmol/ml) and control 2 (122.43 +/- 4.35 nmol/ml) groups (P < 0.05). There were positive correlations between the TBARS and NO levels and retinal thickness in the Agm and control groups. CONCLUSION Agmatine exerts a significant neuroprotective effect on guinea pig retinas after transient ischemia-reperfusion insult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dastan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Arndt MA, Battaglia V, Parisi E, Lortie MJ, Isome M, Baskerville C, Pizzo DP, Ientile R, Colombatto S, Toninello A, Satriano J. The arginine metabolite agmatine protects mitochondrial function and confers resistance to cellular apoptosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 296:C1411-9. [PMID: 19321739 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00529.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Agmatine, an endogenous metabolite of arginine, selectively suppresses growth in cells with high proliferative kinetics, such as transformed cells, through depletion of intracellular polyamine levels. In the present study, we depleted intracellular polyamine content with agmatine to determine if attrition by cell death contributes to the growth-suppressive effects. We did not observe an increase in necrosis, DNA fragmentation, or chromatin condensation in Ha-Ras-transformed NIH-3T3 cells administered agmatine. In response to Ca(2+)-induced oxidative stress in kidney mitochondrial preparations, agmatine demonstrated attributes of a free radical scavenger by protecting against the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups and decreasing hydrogen peroxide content. The functional outcome was a protective effect against Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial swelling and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse. We also observed decreased expression of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members and of execution caspase-3, implying antiapoptotic potential. Indeed, we found that apoptosis induced by camptothecin or 5-fluorourocil was attenuated in cells administered agmatine. Agmatine may offer an alternative to the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor difluoromethyl ornithine for depletion of intracellular polyamine content while avoiding the complications of increasing polyamine import and reducing the intracellular free radical scavenger capacity of polyamines. Depletion of intracellular polyamine content with agmatine suppressed cell growth, yet its antioxidant capacity afforded protection from mitochondrial insult and resistance to cellular apoptosis. These results could explain the beneficial outcomes observed with agmatine in models of injury and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Arndt
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Haenisch B, von Kügelgen I, Bönisch H, Göthert M, Sauerbruch T, Schepke M, Marklein G, Höfling K, Schröder D, Molderings GJ. Regulatory mechanisms underlying agmatine homeostasis in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G1104-10. [PMID: 18832451 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90374.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of agmatine homeostasis has so far only been poorly defined. In the present study, three mechanisms regulating human agmatine homeostasis were investigated. 1) Enzymatic regulation: expression of arginine decarboxylase, diamine oxidase, and ornithine decarboxylase in human colon neoplastic tissue was, at the mRNA level, about 75% and 50% lower and 150% higher, respectively, than in the adjacent normal tissue; expression of agmatinase was unchanged. 2) Bacteria-derived agmatine: ten representative bacteria strains of the human intestinal microbiota considerably differed in agmatine production and its efflux into their surrounding fluid, suggesting that the composition of the intestinal microbiota influences the agmatine availability in the gut lumen for absorption. 3) Regulation of blood plasma agmatine concentration by the human liver: at low concentrations in portal venous blood plasma, agmatine either slightly increased or further decreased in blood plasma through liver passage. Above a threshold of 14 ng/ml agmatine in the portal venous blood plasma, substantial hepatic agmatine removal from blood occurred. Taken together, a perturbation of agmatine homeostasis has been proven to be involved in the regulation of malignant cell proliferation. The amount of agmatine available for absorption, which is an important physiological source of agmatine in the human organism, should differ considerably depending on the composition of the bacterial flora in the chyme since the various species of intestinal bacteria largely differ in their ability to form agmatine. Finally, evidence has been presented that the liver plays a crucial physiological role in the maintenance of agmatine homeostasis in the human organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Haenisch
- Inst. of Human Genetics, Univ. Hospital of Bonn, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Novel agmatine analogue, γ-guanidinooxypropylamine (GAPA) efficiently inhibits proliferation of Leishmania donovani by depletion of intracellular polyamine levels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 375:168-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.07.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
27
|
Kanerva K, Mäkitie LT, Pelander A, Heiskala M, Andersson LC. Human ornithine decarboxylase paralogue (ODCp) is an antizyme inhibitor but not an arginine decarboxylase. Biochem J 2008; 409:187-92. [PMID: 17900240 DOI: 10.1042/bj20071004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
ODC (ornithine decarboxylase), the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, is regulated by specific inhibitors, AZs (antizymes), which in turn are inhibited by AZI (AZ inhibitor). We originally identified and cloned the cDNA for a novel human ODC-like protein called ODCp (ODC paralogue). Since ODCp was devoid of ODC catalytic activity, we proposed that ODCp is a novel form of AZI. ODCp has subsequently been suggested to function either as mammalian ADC (arginine decarboxylase) or as AZI in mice. Here, we report that human ODCp is a novel AZI (AZIN2). By using yeast two-hybrid screening and in vitro binding assay, we show that ODCp binds AZ1-3. Measurements of the ODC activity and ODC degradation assay reveal that ODCp inhibits AZ1 function as efficiently as AZI both in vitro and in vivo. We further demonstrate that the degradation of ODCp is ubiquitin-dependent and AZ1-independent similar to the degradation of AZI. We also show that human ODCp has no intrinsic ADC activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Kanerva
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yellepeddi VK, Pisal DS, Kumar A, Kaushik RS, Hildreth MB, Guan X, Palakurthi S. Permeability of surface-modified polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Int J Pharm 2007; 350:113-21. [PMID: 17913410 PMCID: PMC2266586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this study was to prepare polyamine-conjugated PAMAM dendrimers and study their permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Polyamines, namely, arginine and ornithine were conjugated to the amine terminals of the G4 PAMAM dendrimers by Fmoc synthesis. The apical-to-basolateral (AB) and basolateral-to-apical (BA) apparent permeability coefficients (P(app)) for the PAMAM dendrimers increased by conjugating the dendrimers with both of the polyamines. The enhancement in permeability was dependent on the dendrimer concentration and duration of incubation. The correlation between monolayer permeability and the decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) with both the PAMAM dendrimers and the polyamine-conjugated dendrimers suggests that paracellular transport is one of the mechanisms of transport across the epithelial cells. Cytotoxicity of the polyamine-conjugated dendrimers was evaluated in Caco-2 cells by MTT (methylthiazoletetrazolium) assay. Arginine-conjugated dendrimers were slightly more toxic than PAMAM dendrimer as well as ornithine-conjugated dendrimers. Though investigations on the possible involvement of other transport mechanisms are in progress, results of the present study suggest the potential of dendrimer-polyamine conjugates as drug carriers to increase the oral absorption of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkata K. Yellepeddi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1 Administration Lane, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - Dipak S. Pisal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1 Administration Lane, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1 Administration Lane, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - Radhey S. Kaushik
- Department of Biology & Microbiology/Veterinary Sciences, 1 Administration Lane, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - Michael B. Hildreth
- Department of Biology & Microbiology, 1 Administration Lane, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - Xiangming Guan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1 Administration Lane, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - Srinath Palakurthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1 Administration Lane, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Isome M, Lortie MJ, Murakami Y, Parisi E, Matsufuji S, Satriano J. The antiproliferative effects of agmatine correlate with the rate of cellular proliferation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C705-11. [PMID: 17475661 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00084.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are small cationic molecules required for cellular proliferation. Agmatine is a biogenic amine unique in its capacity to arrest proliferation in cell lines by depleting intracellular polyamine levels. We previously demonstrated that agmatine enters mammalian cells via the polyamine transport system. As polyamine transport is positively correlated with the rate of cellular proliferation, the current study examines the antiproliferative effects of agmatine on cells with varying proliferative kinetics. Herein, we evaluate agmatine transport, intracellular accumulation, and its effects on antizyme expression and cellular proliferation in nontransformed cell lines and their transformed variants. H-ras- and Src-transformed murine NIH/3T3 cells (Ras/3T3 and Src/3T3, respectively) that were exposed to exogenous agmatine exhibit increased uptake and intracellular accumulation relative to the parental NIH/3T3 cell line. Similar increases were obtained for human primary foreskin fibroblasts relative to a human fibrosarcoma cell line, HT1080. Agmatine increases expression of antizyme, a protein that inhibits polyamine biosynthesis and transport. Ras/3T3 and Src/3T3 cells demonstrated augmented increases in antizyme protein expression relative to NIH/3T3 in response to agmatine. All transformed cell lines were significantly more sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of agmatine than nontransformed lines. These effects were attenuated in the presence of exogenous polyamines or inhibitors of polyamine transport. In conclusion, the antiproliferative effects of agmatine preferentially target transformed cell lines due to the increased agmatine uptake exhibited by cells with short cycling times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Isome
- University of California San Diego and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Goracke-Postle CJ, Overland AC, Stone LS, Fairbanks CA. Agmatine transport into spinal nerve terminals is modulated by polyamine analogs. J Neurochem 2007; 100:132-41. [PMID: 17227436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Agmatine (decarboxylated arginine) is an endogenous amine found in the CNS that antagonizes NMDA receptors and inhibits nitric oxide synthase. Intrathecally administered agmatine inhibits hyperalgesia evoked by inflammation, nerve injury and intrathecally administered NMDA. These actions suggest an antiglutamatergic neuromodulatory role for agmatine in the spinal cord. Such a function would require a mechanism of regulated clearance of agmatine such as neuronal or glial uptake. Consistent with this concept, radiolabeled agmatine has been shown to accumulate in synaptosomes, but the mechanism of this transport has not been fully characterized. The present study describes an agmatine uptake system in spinal synaptosomes that appears driven by a polyamine transporter. [(3)H]Agmatine uptake was Ca(2+), energy and temperature dependent. [(3)H]Agmatine transport was not moderated by L-arginine, L-glutamate, glycine, GABA, norepinephrine or serotonin. In contrast, [(3)H]agmatine uptake was concentration dependently inhibited by unlabeled putrescine and by unlabeled spermidine (at significantly higher concentrations). Similarly, [(3)H]putrescine uptake was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by unlabeled agmatine and spermidine. The polyamine analogs paraquat and methylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone) inhibited, whereas the polyamine transport enhancer difluoromethylornithine increased, [(3)H]agmatine transport. Taken together, these results suggest that agmatine transport into spinal synaptosomes may be governed by a polyamine transport mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cory J Goracke-Postle
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zomkowski ADE, Santos ARS, Rodrigues ALS. Putrescine produces antidepressant-like effects in the forced swimming test and in the tail suspension test in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30:1419-25. [PMID: 16822602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Putrescine, a polyamine present at high concentrations in the mammalian brain, was suggested to play a role in the modulation of depression. Thus, this study investigated the effect of putrescine in the mouse forced swimming test (FST) and in the tail suspension test (TST), two models predictive of antidepressant activity. Putrescine significantly reduced the immobility time both in the FST and in the TST (dose range of 1-10 mg/kg, i.p.), without changing locomotion in an open-field. I.c.v. injection of putrescine (0.1-10 nmol/site) also reduced the immobility time in the FST and in the TST. The pretreatment of mice with arcaine (1 mg/kg, i.p., an antagonist of the polyamine-site of NMDA receptor) completely blocked the anti-immobility effect of putrescine (10 mg/kg, i.p.). A subeffective dose of putrescine (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a synergistic antidepressant-like effect with agmatine (0.001 mg/kg, i.p.) in the FST. Moreover, a subeffective dose of putrescine (0.01 nmol/site, i.c.v.) produced a synergistic antidepressant-like effect with arcaine (50 microg/site, i.c.v.). The results indicate that putrescine produces antidepressant-like effects in the FST that seems to be mediated through its interaction with the polyamine-site of NMDA receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D E Zomkowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Eto S, Isome M, Sano H, Fukuda Y, Kawasaki Y, Suzuki J, Igarashi K, Satriano J, Suzuki H. Agmatine suppresses mesangial cell proliferation by modulating polyamine metabolism. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2006; 210:145-51. [PMID: 17023768 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.210.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines play an essential role in the growth and differentiation of mammalian cells. The depletion of intracellular polyamines results in the suppression of growth. Proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells (MC) is the most common pathologic change in many forms of glomerulonephritis. Agmatine is a metabolite of arginine via arginine decarboxylase (ADC), highly expressed in the kidney, and unique in its capacity to suppress intracellular polyamine levels required for proliferation. As agmatine enters mammalian cells via the polyamine transport system, its antiproliferative effects may preferentially target cells with increased proliferative kinetics. In the present study, we evaluated the antiproliferative effects of agmatine on human MC in vitro. MC proliferation was stimulated with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB, 20 ng/ml). Cell proliferation was measured using the (4.3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) proliferation assay. Intracellular polyamine levels were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography, and cell death was assessed by cellular DNA fragmentation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The MTT proliferation assay showed that agmatine significantly suppressed proliferation of human MC treated with 20% FBS or 5% FBS + PDGF as compared to human MC treated with 5% FBS. Polyamine levels were markedly lower in cells treated with agmatine, and proliferation was rescued by administration of putrescine. The fragmented DNA was hardly detected in agmatine-treated human MC. In summary, human MC stimulated to increase their proliferative kinetics are significantly more sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of agmatine than normally cultured cells. Suppressed proliferation of the agmatine-treated human MC is not due to increased cell death. These results suggest that agmatine is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of human mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Eto
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Salvi M, Battaglia V, Mancon M, Colombatto S, Cravanzola C, Calheiros R, Marques M, Grillo M, Toninello A. Agmatine is transported into liver mitochondria by a specific electrophoretic mechanism. Biochem J 2006; 396:337-45. [PMID: 16509824 PMCID: PMC1462718 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Agmatine, a divalent diamine with two positive charges at physiological pH, is transported into the matrix of liver mitochondria by an energy-dependent mechanism the driving force of which is DeltaPsi (electrical membrane potential). Although this process showed strict electrophoretic behaviour, qualitatively similar to that of polyamines, agmatine is most probably transported by a specific uniporter. Shared transport with polyamines by means of their transporter is excluded, as divalent putrescine and cadaverine are ineffective in inhibiting agmatine uptake. Indeed, the use of the electroneutral transporter of basic amino acids can also be discarded as ornithine, arginine and lysine are completely ineffective at inducing the inhibition of agmatine uptake. The involvement of the monoamine transporter or the existence of a leak pathway are also unlikely. Flux-voltage analysis and the determination of activation enthalpy, which is dependent upon the valence of agmatine, are consistent with the hypothesis that the mitochondrial agmatine transporter is a channel or a single-binding centre-gated pore. The transport of agmatine was non-competitively inhibited by propargylamines, in particular clorgilyne, that are known to be inhibitors of MAO (monoamine oxidase). However, agmatine is normally transported in mitoplasts, thus excluding the involvement of MAO in this process. The I2 imidazoline receptor, which binds agmatine to the mitochondrial membrane, can also be excluded as a possible transporter since its inhibitor, idazoxan, was ineffective at inducing the inhibition of agmatine uptake. Scatchard analysis of membrane binding revealed two types of binding site, S1 and S2, both with mono-co-ordination, and exhibiting high-capacity and low-affinity binding for agmatine compared with polyamines. Agmatine transport in liver mitochondria may be of physiological importance as an indirect regulatory system of cytochrome c oxidase activity and as an inducer mechanism of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Salvi
- *Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica, Università di Padova, Istituto di Neuroscienze del C.N.R., Unità per lo studio delle Biomembrane, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Battaglia
- *Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica, Università di Padova, Istituto di Neuroscienze del C.N.R., Unità per lo studio delle Biomembrane, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Mancon
- *Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica, Università di Padova, Istituto di Neuroscienze del C.N.R., Unità per lo studio delle Biomembrane, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Colombatto
- †Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Biochimica, Università di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cravanzola
- †Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Biochimica, Università di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Rita Calheiros
- ‡Unidade de Quimica-Fisica Molecular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria P. M. Marques
- ‡Unidade de Quimica-Fisica Molecular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria A. Grillo
- †Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Biochimica, Università di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Toninello
- *Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica, Università di Padova, Istituto di Neuroscienze del C.N.R., Unità per lo studio delle Biomembrane, 35121 Padova, Italy
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Romero-Calderón R, Krantz D. Transport of polyamines in Drosophila S2 cells: kinetics, pharmacology and dependence on the plasma membrane proton gradient. Biochem J 2006; 393:583-9. [PMID: 16248856 PMCID: PMC1360709 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyamine transport activities have been described in diverse multicellular systems, but their bioenergetic mechanisms and molecular identity remain unclear. In the present paper, we describe a high-affinity spermine/spermidine transport activity expressed in Drosophila S2 cells. Ion-replacement experiments indicate that polyamine uptake across the cell membrane is Na+-, K+-, Cl-- and Ca2+-independent, but pH-sensitive. Additional experiments using ionophores suggest that polyamine uptake may be H+-coupled. Pharmacological experiments show that polyamine uptake in S2 cells is selectively blocked by MGBG {methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) or 1,1'-[(methylethanediylidine)-dinitrilo]diguanidine} and paraquat (N,N-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium), two known inhibitors of polyamine uptake in mammalian cells. In addition, inhibitors known to block the Slc22 (solute carrier 22) family of organic anion/cation transporters inhibit spermine uptake in S2 cells. These data and the genetic tools available in Drosophila will facilitate the molecular identification and further characterization of this activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Krantz
- †Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mayeur C, Veuillet G, Michaud M, Raul F, Blottière HM, Blachier F. Effects of agmatine accumulation in human colon carcinoma cells on polyamine metabolism, DNA synthesis and the cell cycle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2005; 1745:111-23. [PMID: 16085059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Revised: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Putrescine, spermidine and spermine are low molecular polycations that play important roles in cell growth and cell cycle progression of normal and malignant cells. Agmatine (1-amino-4-guanidobutane), another polyamine formed through arginine decarboxylation, has been reported to act as an antiproliferative agent in several non-intestinal mammalian cell models. Using the human colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 Glc(-/+) cell line, we demonstrate that agmatine, which markedly accumulated inside the cells without being metabolised, exerted a strong cytostatic effect with an IC50 close to 2 mM. Agmatine decreased the rate of L-ornithine decarboxylation and induced a 70% down-regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) expression. Agmatine caused a marked decrease in putrescine and spermidine cell contents, an increase in the N1-acetylspermidine level without altering the spermine pool. We show that agmatine induced the accumulation of cells in the S and G2/M phases, reduced the rate of DNA synthesis and decreased cyclin A and B1 expression. We conclude that the anti-metabolic action of agmatine on HT-29 cells is mediated by a reduction in polyamine biosynthesis and induction in polyamine degradation. The decrease in intracellular polyamine contents, the reduced rate of DNA synthesis and the cell accumulation in the S phase are discussed from a causal perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Mayeur
- Unité de Nutrition et Sécurité alimentaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Reguera RM, Tekwani BL, Balaña-Fouce R. Polyamine transport in parasites: a potential target for new antiparasitic drug development. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 140:151-64. [PMID: 15907761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of the naturally occurring polyamines-putrescine, spermidine and spermine-is a highly integrated system involving biosynthesis, uptake, degradation and interconversion. Metabolic differences in polyamine metabolism have long been considered to be a potential target to arrest proliferative processes ranging from cancer to microbial and parasitic diseases. Despite the early success of polyamine inhibitors such as alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) in treating the latter stages of African sleeping sickness, in which the central nervous system is affected, they proved to be ineffective in checking other major diseases caused by parasitic protozoa, such as Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis or malaria. In the use and design of new polyamine-based inhibitors, account must be taken of the presence of up-regulated polyamine transporters in the plasma membrane of the infectious agent that are able to circumvent the effect of the drug by providing the parasite with polyamines from the host. This review contains information on the polyamine requirements and molecular, biochemical and genetic characterization of different transport mechanisms in the parasitic agents responsible for a number of the deadly diseases that afflict underdeveloped and developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Reguera
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (INTOXCAL), University of Leon, Campus de Vegazana (s/n) 24071 Leon, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Minic Z, Hervé G. Biochemical and enzymological aspects of the symbiosis between the deep-sea tubeworm Riftia pachyptila and its bacterial endosymbiont. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:3093-102. [PMID: 15265029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera) is a giant tubeworm living around the volcanic deep-sea vents of the East Pacific Rise. This animal is devoid of a digestive tract and lives in an intimate symbiosis with a sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacterium. This bacterial endosymbiont is localized in the cells of a richly vascularized organ of the worm: the trophosome. These organisms are adapted to their extreme environment and take advantage of the particular composition of the mixed volcanic and sea waters to extract and assimilate inorganic metabolites, especially carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The high molecular mass hemoglobin of the worm is the transporter for both oxygen and sulfide. This last compound is delivered to the bacterium which possesses the sulfur oxidizing respiratory system, which produces the metabolic energy for the two partners. CO2 is also delivered to the bacterium where it enters the Calvin-Benson cycle. Some of the resulting small carbonated organic molecules are thus provided to the worm for its own metabolism. As far as nitrogen assimilation is concerned, NH3 can be used by the two partners but nitrate can be used only by the bacterium. This very intimate symbiosis applies also to the organization of metabolic pathways such as those of pyrimidine nucleotides and arginine. In particular, the worm lacks the first three enzymes of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathways as well as some enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of polyamines. The bacterium lacks the enzymes of the pyrimidine salvage pathway. This symbiotic organization constitutes a very interesting system to study the molecular and metabolic basis of biological adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Minic
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Signaux Régulateurs Cellulaires et Moléculaires, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Coleman CS, Hu G, Pegg AE. Putrescine biosynthesis in mammalian tissues. Biochem J 2004; 379:849-55. [PMID: 14763899 PMCID: PMC1224126 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Revised: 02/02/2004] [Accepted: 02/06/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
L-ornithine decarboxylase provides de novo putrescine biosynthesis in mammals. Alternative pathways to generate putrescine that involve ADC (L-arginine decarboxylase) occur in non-mammalian organisms. It has been suggested that an ADC-mediated pathway may generate putrescine via agmatine in mammalian tissues. Published evidence for a mammalian ADC is based on (i) assays using mitochondrial extracts showing production of 14CO2 from [1-14C]arginine and (ii) cloned cDNA sequences that have been claimed to represent ADC. We have reinvestigated this evidence and were unable to find any evidence supporting a mammalian ADC. Mitochondrial extracts prepared from freshly isolated rodent liver and kidney using a metrizamide/Percoll density gradient were assayed for ADC activity using L-[U-14C]-arginine in the presence or absence of arginine metabolic pathway inhibitors. Although 14CO2 was produced in substantial amounts, no labelled agmatine or putrescine was detected. [14C]Agmatine added to liver extracts was not degraded significantly indicating that any agmatine derived from a putative ADC activity was not lost due to further metabolism. Extensive searches of current genome databases using non-mammalian ADC sequences did not identify a viable candidate ADC gene. One of the putative mammalian ADC sequences appears to be derived from bacteria and the other lacks several residues that are essential for decarboxylase activity. These results indicate that 14CO2 release from [1-14C]arginine is not adequate evidence for a mammalian ADC. Although agmatine is a known constituent of mammalian cells, it can be transported from the diet. Therefore L-ornithine decarboxylase remains the only established route for de novo putrescine biosynthesis in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S Coleman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, P.O. Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Molderings GJ, Kribben B, Heinen A, Schröder D, Brüss M, Göthert M. Intestinal tumor and agmatine (decarboxylated arginine): low content in colon carcinoma tissue specimens and inhibitory effect on tumor cell proliferation in vitro. Cancer 2004; 101:858-68. [PMID: 15305420 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polyamine system is a promising target for anticancer therapy. Ideally, an antineoplastic compound affecting this system should inhibit both ornithine decarboxylase and the polyamine transporter, and toxicity should be mild. Agmatine, decarboxylated L-arginine, appears to be such a compound. METHODS Adenosine triphosphate levels and the protein content of cell populations in culture were identified as surrogate markers for cell count. Agmatine content in cells and tissue specimens was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Antizyme levels were estimated by Western blotting. RESULTS Agmatine inhibited the proliferation of six human intestinal tumor cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner; this inhibition probably was attributable to an interaction between agmatine and the intracellular polyamine system. Consistent with the inverse relation between cell proliferation and agmatine concentration was the finding that agmatine content in human colon carcinoma tissue was approximately one-half as great as it was in adjacent macroscopically normal tissue. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study were compatible with the hypothesis that agmatine possesses antineoplastic action against intestinal tumor cells. It is likely that this activity is attributable to agmatine's regulatory role in polyamine homeostasis.
Collapse
|
42
|
Theiss C, Bohley P, Bisswanger H, Voigt J. Uptake of polyamines by the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and their effect on ornithine decarboxylase activity. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 161:3-14. [PMID: 15002659 DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Uptake of exogenous polyamines by the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and their effects on polyamine metabolism were investigated. Our data show that, in contrast to mammalian cells, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii does not contain short-living, high-affinity polyamine transporters whose cellular level is dependent on the polyamine concentration. However, exogenous polyamines affect polyamine metabolism in Chlamydomonas cells. Exogenous putrescine caused a slow increase of both putrescine and spermidine and, vice versa, exogenous spermidine also led to an increase of the intracellular levels of both spermidine and putrescine. No intracellular spermine was detected under any conditions. Exogenous spermine was taken up by the cells and caused a decrease in their putrescine and spermidine levels. As in other organisms, exogenous polyamines led to a decrease in the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, a key enzyme of polyamine synthesis. In contrast to mammalian cells, this polyamine-induced decrease in ornithine decarboxylase activity is not mediated by a polyamine-dependent degradation or inactivation, but exclusively due to a decreased synthesis of ornithine decarboxylase. Translation of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA, but not overall protein biosynthesis is slowed by increased polyamine levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Theiss
- Physiologisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gardini G, Cravanzola C, Autelli R, Testore G, Cesa R, Morando L, Solinas SP, Muzio G, Grillo MA, Colombatto S. Agmatine inhibits the proliferation of rat hepatoma cells by modulation of polyamine metabolism. J Hepatol 2003; 39:793-9. [PMID: 14568263 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(03)00386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Previous experiments have shown that agmatine, the product of arginine decarboxylase, is transported in competition with putrescine into quiescent rat hepatocytes, where it promotes several effects, including marked decrease of intracellular polyamines and induction of apoptosis. The primary aim of the present study was to assess the action of agmatine on transformed and proliferating hepatic rat cells. METHODS To assess the effect of agmatine on hepatoma cells, analysis by flow cytometry, Western blotting, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence detection of beta-actin and alpha-tubulin were performed. RESULTS The results showed that agmatine has antiproliferative effects on the cell lines studied (HTC, JM2, HepG2). Further experiments were performed on HTC cells. The effect was proportional to agmatine concentration (in a range between 50 and 500 microM). It was not correlated with induction of necrosis or apoptosis and was accompanied by accumulation in G(2)/M cell cycle phase and by dramatic modification of cell morphology. Spermidine reversed these effects, suggesting that the marked decrease of the polyamine pool is the main target of agmatine . CONCLUSIONS The results obtained show a relationship between the decrease of intracellular polyamine content, the rate of cell growth and the cytoskeleton organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Gardini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Biochimica, Università di Torino, Via Michelangelo 27, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Minic Z, Herve G. Arginine metabolism in the deep sea tube worm Riftia pachyptila and its bacterial endosymbiont. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:40527-33. [PMID: 12882969 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307835200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the distribution and properties of enzymes involved in arginine metabolism in Riftia pachyptila, a tubeworm living around deep sea hydrothermal vents and known to be engaged in a highly specific symbiotic association with a bacterium. The results obtained show that the arginine biosynthetic enzymes, carbamyl phosphate synthetase, ornithine transcarbamylase, and argininosuccinate synthetase are present in all of the tissues of the worm and in the bacteria. Thus, Riftia and its bacterial endosymbiont can assimilate nitrogen and carbon via this arginine biosynthetic pathway. The kinetic properties of ornithine transcarbamylase strongly suggest that neither Riftia nor the bacteria possess the catabolic form of this enzyme belonging to the arginine deiminase pathway, the absence of this pathway being confirmed by the lack of arginine deiminase activity. Arginine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase are involved in the biosynthesis of polyamines such as putrescine and agmatine. These activities are present in the trophosome, the symbiont-harboring tissue, and are higher in the isolated bacteria than in the trophosome, indicating that these enzymes are of bacterial origin. This finding indicates that Riftia is dependent on its bacterial endosymbiont for the biosynthesis of polyamines that are important for its metabolism and physiology. These results emphasize a particular organization of the arginine metabolism and the exchanges of metabolites between the two partners of this symbiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Minic
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Signaux Régulateurs Cellulaires et Moléculaires, UMR 7631, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 96 Boulevard Raspail, F-75006 Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Heinen A, Brüss M, Bönisch H, Göthert M, Molderings GJ. Pharmacological characteristics of the specific transporter for the endogenous cell growth inhibitor agmatine in six tumor cell lines. Int J Colorectal Dis 2003; 18:314-9. [PMID: 12774246 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-002-0466-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2002] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study examined agmatine transport into six human intestinal tumor cell lines and compared the pharmacological properties of this transporter with those of the agmatine carrier previously characterized in human glioblastoma cells. METHODS Carrier-mediated uptake was determined as specific accumulation of [(14)C]agmatine in the cells. The changes in intracellular agmatine concentration in the tumor cells after 24 h incubation with 1 mM agmatine was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Specific [(14)C]agmatine accumulation was found in the six human intestinal tumor cell lines Caco2, Cx1, Colo320, HT29, Colo205E, and SW480. Specific [(14)C]agmatine accumulation was inhibited by phentolamine, putrescine, spermine, clonidine, and decynium-22 but not by corticosterone, O-methylisoprenaline, or l-carnitine. Incubation with exogenous agmatine for 24 h increased intracellular agmatine content in all cell lines by a multiple of the basal endogenous content. Transfection of HEK293 cells with cDNA encoding either hOCT1, hOCT2, or hOCT3 did not enhance [(14)C]agmatine accumulation compared to nontransfected cells. CONCLUSION All intestinal tumor cell lines investigated express a functional specific agmatine transporter which exhibit pharmacological characteristics similar to those of the agmatine transporter in glioblastoma cells. This agmatine carrier is not identical with any so far known organic cation transport system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Heinen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Reuterstrasse 2b, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Polyamines are aliphatic cations present in all cells. In normal cells, polyamine levels are intricately controlled by biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes. The biosynthetic enzymes are ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, spermidine synthase, and spermine synthase. The catabolic enzymes include spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase, flavin containing polyamine oxidase, copper containing diamine oxidase, and possibly other amine oxidases. Multiple abnormalities in the control of polyamine metabolism and uptake might be responsible for increased levels of polyamines in cancer cells as compared to that of normal cells. This review is designed to look at the current research in polyamine biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport pathways, enumerate the functions of polyamines, and assess the potential for using polyamine metabolism or function as targets for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thresia Thomas
- Department of Environmental & Community Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Masuko T, Kusama-Eguchi K, Sakata K, Kusama T, Chaki S, Okuyama S, Williams K, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K. Polyamine transport, accumulation, and release in brain. J Neurochem 2003; 84:610-7. [PMID: 12558981 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cycling of polyamines (spermine and spermidine) in the brain was examined by measuring polyamine transport in synaptic vesicles, synaptosomes and glial cells, and the release of spermine from hippocampal slices. It was found that membrane potential-dependent polyamine transport systems exist in synaptosomes and glial cells, and a proton gradient-dependent polyamine transport system exists in synaptic vesicles. The glial cell transporter had high affinities for both spermine and spermidine, whereas the transporters in synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles had a much higher affinity for spermine than for spermidine. Polyamine transport by synaptosomes was inhibited by putrescine, agmatine, histidine, and histamine. Transport by glial cells was also inhibited by these four compounds and additionally by norepinephrine. On the other hand, polyamine transport by synaptic vesicles was inhibited only by putrescine and histamine. These results suggest that the polyamine transporters present in glial cells, neurons, and synaptic vesicles each have different properties and are, presumably, different molecular entities. Spermine was found to be accumulated in synaptic vesicles and was released from rat hippocampal slices by depolarization using a high concentration of KCl. Polyamines, in particular spermine, may function as neuromodulators in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Masuko
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gründemann D, Hahne C, Berkels R, Schömig E. Agmatine is efficiently transported by non-neuronal monoamine transporters extraneuronal monoamine transporter (EMT) and organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 304:810-7. [PMID: 12538837 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.044404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Agmatine has received considerable attention recently. Available evidence suggests that agmatine functions as a neurotransmitter and inhibits, via induction of antizyme, cellular proliferation. Because of its positive charge, agmatine will not appreciably cross cellular membranes by simple diffusion. Indeed, all physiological models require a channel or transporter protein in the plasma membrane to effect inactivation or nonexocytotic release of agmatine. However, a transport mechanism for agmatine has not been identified on a molecular level so far. In the present study, the non-neuronal monoamine transporters, organic cation transporter (OCT) 1, OCT2, and extraneuronal monoamine transporter (EMT) (gene symbols SLC22A1-A3), both from human and rat, were examined, stably expressed in 293 cells, for [(3)H]agmatine transport. Our results indicate that OCT2 and EMT, but not OCT1, efficiently translocate agmatine. The structural homolog putrescine was not accepted as substrate. Uptake of agmatine via EMT and OCT2 was saturable, with K(m) values of 1 to 2 mM. The affinity of OCT1 was 10-fold lower. Carrier-mediated efflux of agmatine was documented in a trans-stimulation experiment. Finally, uptake of agmatine increased dramatically with increasing pH. Thus, only the singly charged species of agmatine is accepted as substrate. In conclusion, both EMT and OCT2 must be considered for the control of agmatine levels in rat and human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Gründemann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Dudkowska M, Lai J, Gardini G, Stachurska A, Grzelakowska-Sztabert B, Colombatto S, Manteuffel-Cymborowska M. Agmatine modulates the in vivo biosynthesis and interconversion of polyamines and cell proliferation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1619:159-66. [PMID: 12527112 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Agmatine has recently gained wide interest as a bioactive arginine metabolite with a multitude of physiological functions. This study evaluates the in vivo role of agmatine in the modulation of metabolism and intracellular level of polyamines. Here, we report that agmatine, administered to mice, differentially affects the renal and liver activity of the two key enzymes regulating polyamine biosynthesis and interconversion/degradation. Thus, agmatine exerts a negative regulation of ODC activity and protein content, and positive regulation of SSAT activity, having no effect on ODC and SSAT transcript level. Agmatine modulation of ODC and SSAT activities is noticeably augmented by the inhibitor of its catabolism, aminoguanidine. Antizyme and eIF4E protein content appears to be affected by agmatine only insignificantly and apparently do not contribute to agmatine-induced down-regulation of ODC content. The homeostasis of spermidine and spermine is preserved after agmatine injection, while the putrescine level decreases. Furthermore, when tested in a mouse kidney injury model, agmatine, partially but significantly, reduces [3H] thymidine incorporation into DNA. This is consistent with suppressed renal tubule epithelial cell proliferation. The findings provide in vivo evidence of a substantial role of agmatine as a modulator of polyamine biosynthesis and degradation and suggest its suppressive effect on cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dudkowska
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Nissim I, Horyn O, Daikhin Y, Nissim I, Lazarow A, Yudkoff M. Regulation of urea synthesis by agmatine in the perfused liver: studies with 15N. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 283:E1123-34. [PMID: 12388162 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00246.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Administration of arginine or a high-protein diet increases the hepatic content of N-acetylglutamate (NAG) and the synthesis of urea. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown. We have explored the hypothesis that agmatine, a metabolite of arginine, may stimulate NAG synthesis and, thereby, urea synthesis. We tested this hypothesis in a liver perfusion system to determine 1) the metabolism of l-[guanidino-15N2]arginine to either agmatine, nitric oxide (NO), and/or urea; 2) hepatic uptake of perfusate agmatine and its action on hepatic N metabolism; and 3) the role of arginine, agmatine, or NO in regulating NAG synthesis and ureagenesis in livers perfused with 15N-labeled glutamine and unlabeled ammonia or 15NH4Cl and unlabeled glutamine. Our principal findings are 1) [guanidino-15N2]agmatine is formed in the liver from perfusate l-[guanidino-15N2]arginine ( approximately 90% of hepatic agmatine is derived from perfusate arginine); 2) perfusions with agmatine significantly stimulated the synthesis of 15N-labeled NAG and [15N]urea from 15N-labeled ammonia or glutamine; and 3) the increased levels of hepatic agmatine are strongly correlated with increased levels and synthesis of 15N-labeled NAG and [15N]urea. These data suggest a possible therapeutic strategy encompassing the use of agmatine for the treatment of disturbed ureagenesis, whether secondary to inborn errors of metabolism or to liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itzhak Nissim
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Division of Child Development and Rehabilitation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|