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Liu Y, Tu J, Shi L, Fang Z, Fan M, Zhang J, Ding L, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhang E, Xu S, Sharma N, Gillece JD, Reining LJ, Jin L, Huang W. CYP8B1 downregulation mediates the metabolic effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy in mice. Hepatology 2024; 79:1005-1018. [PMID: 37820064 PMCID: PMC11006827 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although the benefits of vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) surgery are well known, the molecular mechanisms by which VSG alleviates obesity and its complications remain unclear. We aim to determine the role of CYP8B1 (cytochrome P450, family 8, subfamily B, polypeptide 1) in mediating the metabolic benefits of VSG. APPROACH AND RESULTS We found that expression of CYP8B1, a key enzyme in controlling the 12α-hydroxylated (12α-OH) bile acid (BA) to non-12α-OH BA ratio, was strongly downregulated after VSG. Using genetic mouse models of CYP8B1 overexpression, knockdown, and knockout, we demonstrated that overexpression of CYP8B1 dampened the metabolic improvements associated with VSG. In contrast, short hairpin RNA-mediated CYP8B1 knockdown improved metabolism similar to those observed after VSG. Cyp8b1 deficiency diminished the metabolic effects of VSG. Further, VSG-induced alterations to the 12α-OH/non-12α-OH BA ratio in the BA pool depended on CYP8B1 expression level. Consequently, intestinal lipid absorption was restricted, and the gut microbiota (GM) profile was altered. Fecal microbiota transplantation from wild type-VSG mice (vs. fecal microbiota transplantation from wild-type-sham mice) improved metabolism in recipient mice, while there were no differences between mice that received fecal microbiota transplantation from knockout-sham and knockout-VSG mice. CONCLUSIONS CYP8B1 is a critical downstream target of VSG. Modulation of BA composition and gut microbiota profile by targeting CYP8B1 may provide novel insight into the development of therapies that noninvasively mimic bariatric surgery to treat obesity and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
- Research Center of Lipid and Vegetable Protein, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jui Tu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Science, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Linsen Shi
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Zhipeng Fang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Mingjie Fan
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Biostatistics and Mathematical Oncology Core, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Lili Ding
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Yiqiang Chen
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Yangmeng Wang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Eryun Zhang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Senlin Xu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Science, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Nisha Sharma
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - John D Gillece
- Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Lauren J Reining
- Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Lihua Jin
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Science, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
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2
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Jin L, Shi L, Huang W. The role of bile acids in human aging. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2024; 4:154-157. [PMID: 38680685 PMCID: PMC11046569 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2024-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids are recognized as important signaling molecules that enable fine-tuned inter-communication from the liver, through the intestine, to virtually any organ, thus encouraging their pleiotropic physiological effects. Aging is a complex natural process defined as a progressive decline in cellular and organismal functions. A causal link between bile acids and the aging process is emerging. However, there are gaps in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and precise targets responsible for the alteration of bile acid profiles and their role in the aging process. Intestinal barrier dysfunction leads to endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, diabetes, lipid accumulation, obesity and fatty liver diseases, and health decline and death. In fact, intestinal barrier dysfunction is suggested to be an evolutionarily conserved hallmark of aging. Bile acids may modulate the aging process by regulating intestinal barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Jin
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, institution-id-type="Ringgold" />City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Linsen Shi
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, institution-id-type="Ringgold" />City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, institution-id-type="Ringgold" />City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biomedical Science, institution-id-type="Ringgold" />City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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3
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Maj MA, Burrin DG, Manjarín R. Decreased FXR Agonism in the Bile Acid Pool Is Associated with Impaired FXR Signaling in a Pig Model of Pediatric NAFLD. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3303. [PMID: 38137523 PMCID: PMC10740974 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether the impairment of farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) signaling in juvenile pigs with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with changes in the composition of the enterohepatic bile acid pool. Eighteen 15-day-old Iberian pigs, pair-housed in pens, were allocated to receive either a control (CON) or high-fructose, high-fat (HFF) diet. Animals were euthanized in week 10, and liver, blood, and distal ileum (DI) samples were collected. HFF-fed pigs developed NAFLD and had decreased FGF19 expression in the DI and lower FGF19 levels in the blood. Compared with the CON, the HFF diet increased the total cholic acid (CA) and the CA to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) ratio in the liver, DI, and blood. CA and CDCA levels in the DI were negatively and positively correlated with ileal FGF19 expression, respectively, and blood levels of FGF19 decreased with an increasing ileal CA to CDCA ratio. Compared with the CON, the HFF diet increased the gene expression of hepatic 12-alpha-hydrolase, which catalyzes the synthesis of CA in the liver. Since CA species are weaker FXR ligands than CDCA, our results suggest that impairment of FXR-FGF19 signaling in NAFLD pigs is associated with a decrease in FXR agonism in the bile acid pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A. Maj
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Douglas G. Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Rodrigo Manjarín
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
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4
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Kugler BA, Cao X, Wenger M, Franczak E, McCoin CS, Von Schulze A, Morris EM, Thyfault JP. Divergence in aerobic capacity influences hepatic and systemic metabolic adaptations to bile acid sequestrant and short-term high-fat/sucrose feeding in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R712-R724. [PMID: 37811712 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00133.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
High versus low aerobic capacity significantly impacts the risk for metabolic diseases. Rats selectively bred for high or low intrinsic aerobic capacity differently modify hepatic bile acid metabolism in response to high-fat diets (HFDs). Here we tested if a bile acid sequestrant would alter hepatic and whole body metabolism differently in rats with high and low aerobic capacity fed a 1-wk HFD. Male rats (8 mo of age) that were artificially selected to be high (HCR) and low-capacity runners (LCR) with divergent intrinsic aerobic capacities were transitioned from a low-fat diet (LFD, 10% fat) to an HFD (45% fat) with or without a bile acid sequestrant (BA-Seq, 2% cholestyramine resin) for 7 days while maintained in an indirect calorimetry system. HFD + BA-Seq increased fecal excretion of lipids and bile acids and prevented weight and fat mass gain in both strains. Interestingly, HCR rats had increased adaptability to enhance fecal bile acid and lipid loss, resulting in more significant energy loss than their LCR counterpart. In addition, BA-Seq induced a greater expression of hepatic CYP7A1 gene expression, the rate-limiting enzyme of bile acid synthesis in HCR rats both on HFD and HFD + BA-Seq diets. HCR displayed a more significant reduction of RQ in response to HFD than LCR, but HFD + BA-Seq lowered RQ in both groups compared with HFD alone, demonstrating a pronounced impact on metabolic flexibility. In conclusion, BA-Seq provides uniform metabolic benefits for metabolic flexibility and adiposity, but rats with higher aerobic capacity display adaptability for hepatic bile acid metabolism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The administration of bile acid sequestrant (BA-Seq) has uniform metabolic benefits in terms of metabolic flexibility and adiposity in rats with high and low aerobic capacity. However, rats with higher aerobic capacity demonstrate greater adaptability in hepatic bile acid metabolism, resulting in increased fecal bile acid and lipid loss, as well as enhanced fecal energy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Kugler
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, KU Diabetes Institute, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Xin Cao
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, KU Diabetes Institute, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Madi Wenger
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, KU Diabetes Institute, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Edziu Franczak
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, KU Diabetes Institute, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
| | - Colin S McCoin
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, KU Diabetes Institute, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
| | - Alex Von Schulze
- Stowers Research Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
| | - E Matthew Morris
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, KU Diabetes Institute, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, KU Diabetes Institute, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
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5
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Bhattacharya A, Taylor RE, Guo GL. In vivo mouse models to study bile acid synthesis and signaling. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2023; 22:466-473. [PMID: 37620226 PMCID: PMC10790561 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of bile acids (BAs) is carried out by complex pathways characterized by sequential chemical reactions in the liver through various cytochromes P450 (CYP) and other enzymes. Maintaining the integrity of these pathways is crucial for normal physiological function in mammals, encompassing hepatic and neurological processes. Studying on the deficiencies in BA synthesis genes offers valuable insights into the significance of BAs in modulating farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling and metabolic homeostasis. By creating mouse knockout (KO) models, researchers can manipulate deficiencies in genes involved in BA synthesis, which can be used to study human diseases with BA dysregulation. These KO mouse models allow for a more profound understanding of the functions and regulations of genes responsible for BA synthesis. Furthermore, KO mouse models shed light on the distinct characteristics of individual BA and their roles in nuclear receptor signaling. Notably, alterations of BA synthesis genes in mouse models have distinct differences when compared to human diseases caused by the same BA synthesis gene deficiencies. This review summarizes several mouse KO models used to study BA synthesis and related human diseases, including mice deficient in Cyp7a1, Cyp27a1, Cyp7a1/Cyp27a1, Cyp8b1, Cyp7b1, Cyp2c70, Cyp2a12, and Cyp2c70/Cyp2a12, as well as germ-free mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rulaiha E Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey, USA.
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6
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Daniel N, Le Barz M, Mitchell PL, Varin TV, Julien IB, Farabos D, Pilon G, Gauthier J, Garofalo C, Kang JX, Trottier J, Barbier O, Roy D, Chassaing B, Levy E, Raymond F, Lamaziere A, Flamand N, Silvestri C, Jobin C, Di Marzo V, Marette A. Comparing Transgenic Production to Supplementation of ω-3 PUFA Reveals Distinct But Overlapping Mechanisms Underlying Protection Against Metabolic and Hepatic Disorders. FUNCTION 2022; 4:zqac069. [PMID: 36778746 PMCID: PMC9909367 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared endogenous ω-3 PUFA production to supplementation for improving obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. Fat-1 transgenic mice, who endogenously convert exogenous ω-6 to ω-3 PUFA, and wild-type littermates were fed a high-fat diet and a daily dose of either ω-3 or ω-6 PUFA-rich oil for 12 wk. The endogenous ω-3 PUFA production improved glucose intolerance and insulin resistance but not hepatic steatosis. Conversely, ω-3 PUFA supplementation fully prevented hepatic steatosis but failed to improve insulin resistance. Both models increased hepatic levels of ω-3 PUFA-containing 2-monoacylglycerol and N-acylethanolamine congeners, and reduced levels of ω-6 PUFA-derived endocannabinoids with ω-3 PUFA supplementation being more efficacious. Reduced hepatic lipid accumulation associated with the endocannabinoidome metabolites EPEA and DHEA, which was causally demonstrated by lower lipid accumulation in oleic acid-treated hepatic cells treated with these metabolites. While both models induced a significant fecal enrichment of the beneficial Allobaculum genus, mice supplemented with ω-3 PUFA displayed additional changes in the gut microbiota functions with a significant reduction of fecal levels of the proinflammatory molecules lipopolysaccharide and flagellin. Multiple-factor analysis identify that the metabolic improvements induced by ω-3 PUFAs were accompanied by a reduced production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα, and that ω-3 PUFA supplementation had a stronger effect on improving the hepatic fatty acid profile than endogenous ω-3 PUFA. While endogenous ω-3 PUFA production preferably improves glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, ω-3 PUFA intake appears to be required to elicit selective changes in hepatic endocannabinoidome signaling that are essential to alleviate high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia L Mitchell
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Centre NUTRISS, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Thibault V Varin
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Centre NUTRISS, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Isabelle Bourdeau Julien
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Centre NUTRISS, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dominique Farabos
- Saint Antoine Research Center, Sorbonne University INSERM UMR 938; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Clinical Metabolomics department, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, 75571, France
| | - Geneviève Pilon
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Centre NUTRISS, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Josée Gauthier
- Department of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Physiology, University of Florida, Gainesville FL, 32608, USA
| | - Carole Garofalo
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal QC H3T 1A8, Canada and Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Jing X Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA 02129, USA
| | - Jocelyn Trottier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU-Quebec Research Centre, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU-Quebec Research Centre, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Denis Roy
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Centre NUTRISS, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- INSERM U1016, Mucosal Microbiota in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases’ Team, CNRS UMR 8104, University of Paris, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Emile Levy
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal QC H3T 1A8, Canada and Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Frédéric Raymond
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Centre NUTRISS, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Antonin Lamaziere
- Saint Antoine Research Center, Sorbonne University INSERM UMR 938; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Clinical Metabolomics department, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, 75571, France
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Laval University, QC G1V 0A6, Canada,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Centre NUTRISS, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Laval University, QC G1V 0A6, Canada,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Physiology, University of Florida, Gainesville FL, 32608, USA
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Centre NUTRISS, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Laval University, QC G1V 0A6, Canada,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada,Joint International Research Unit on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition between Laval University and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Campania, 80078, Italy
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7
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Iwasaki W, Yoshida R, Liu H, Hori S, Otsubo Y, Tanaka Y, Sato M, Ishizuka S. The ratio of 12α to non-12-hydroxylated bile acids reflects hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16707. [PMID: 36202928 PMCID: PMC9537321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, enterohepatic 12α-hydroxylated (12α) bile acid (BA) levels were found to be correlated with hepatic triacylglycerol concentration in rats fed high-fat (HF) diet. Since BA composition is diverse depending on animal species, we evaluated whether such a relationship is applicable in mice in response to an HF diet. C57BL/6JJmsSLC (B6) male mice were fed HF diet for 13 weeks and analyzed for triacylglycerol, cholesterol, oxysterols, and other metabolites in the liver. The BA composition was determined in the liver, small intestinal contents, portal plasma, aortic plasma, and feces. Neutral sterols were also measured in the feces. The ratio of 12α BA/non-12 BA increased in the liver, portal plasma, small intestinal contents, and feces of HF-fed B6 mice. Moreover, a positive correlation was observed between the ratio of fecal 12α BAs/non-12 BAs and hepatic triacylglycerol concentration. The concentration of 7α-hydroxycholesterol was increased in the liver of HF-fed B6 mice, whereas no increase was observed in the hepatic expression of cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1. The present study showed that the ratio of 12α BA/non-12 BA in feces is closely associated with hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation in B6 mice fed HF diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Iwasaki
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Ryo Yoshida
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Shota Hori
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yuki Otsubo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0385, Japan
| | - Yasutake Tanaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0385, Japan
| | - Masao Sato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0385, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishizuka
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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8
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Feng T, Wu T, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Liu S, Li L, Li M, Hu E, Wang Q, Fu X, Zhan L, Xie Z, Xie W, Huang X, Shang X, Yu G. Stemness Analysis Uncovers That The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Signaling Pathway Can Mediate Fatty Acid Homeostasis In Sorafenib-Resistant Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:912694. [PMID: 35957896 PMCID: PMC9361019 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.912694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stem cells are regarded as an important part of individualized HCC treatment and sorafenib resistance. However, there is lacking systematic assessment of stem-like indices and associations with a response of sorafenib in HCC. Our study thus aimed to evaluate the status of tumor dedifferentiation for HCC and further identify the regulatory mechanisms under the condition of resistance to sorafenib. Datasets of HCC, including messenger RNAs (mRNAs) expression, somatic mutation, and clinical information were collected. The mRNA expression-based stemness index (mRNAsi), which can represent degrees of dedifferentiation of HCC samples, was calculated to predict drug response of sorafenib therapy and prognosis. Next, unsupervised cluster analysis was conducted to distinguish mRNAsi-based subgroups, and gene/geneset functional enrichment analysis was employed to identify key sorafenib resistance-related pathways. In addition, we analyzed and confirmed the regulation of key genes discovered in this study by combining other omics data. Finally, Luciferase reporter assays were performed to validate their regulation. Our study demonstrated that the stemness index obtained from transcriptomic is a promising biomarker to predict the response of sorafenib therapy and the prognosis in HCC. We revealed the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway (the PPAR signaling pathway), related to fatty acid biosynthesis, that was a potential sorafenib resistance pathway that had not been reported before. By analyzing the core regulatory genes of the PPAR signaling pathway, we identified four candidate target genes, retinoid X receptor beta (RXRB), nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3 (NR1H3), cytochrome P450 family 8 subfamily B member 1 (CYP8B1) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), as a signature to distinguish the response of sorafenib. We proposed and validated that the RXRB and NR1H3 could directly regulate NR1H3 and SCD, respectively. Our results suggest that the combined use of SCD inhibitors and sorafenib may be a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingze Feng
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianzhi Wu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Zhou
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Country Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erqiang Hu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianwen Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaocong Fu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhan
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijing Xie
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqin Xie
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianying Huang
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xianying Huang, ; Xuan Shang, ; Guangchuang Yu,
| | - Xuan Shang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xianying Huang, ; Xuan Shang, ; Guangchuang Yu,
| | - Guangchuang Yu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xianying Huang, ; Xuan Shang, ; Guangchuang Yu,
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9
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Ruan Y, Liu R, Gong L. Investigation of dysregulated lipid metabolism in diabetic mice via targeted metabolomics of bile acids in enterohepatic circulation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9236. [PMID: 34897861 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The mechanism of lipid metabolism disorder in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) remains unclear. This study aimed to reveal the mechanism underlying dysregulated lipid metabolism in T2DM through bile acid metabolism. METHODS A db/db mouse model was employed to investigate the alteration of bile acid profiles in T2DM. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify the detailed bile acid levels in each compartment of enterohepatic circulation. The pathological change of mouse liver was assessed by liver histology and serum biochemical assays. The expression level of bile acid-related transporters and synthases was measured with Western blot analysis. RESULTS The results showed that T2DM can result in severe liver fat accumulation and liver damage. In addition, compared to the control group, in T2DM mice, bile acid synthesis is reduced, while the level of bile acids is increased at the storage sites and the reabsorption sites, but there are subtle gender differences. Further, the ratio of conjugated bile acids in total bile acid in the liver of T2DM mice increased significantly relative to the control group for both female and male mice. CONCLUSIONS In T2DM, bile acid metabolism is disordered in both male and female mice, which could be the underlying mechanism of dysregulated lipid metabolism in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Ruan
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Liu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingzhi Gong
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Choudhuri S, Klaassen CD. MOLECULAR REGULATION OF BILE ACID HOMEOSTASIS. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:425-455. [PMID: 34686523 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids have been known for decades to aid in the digestion and absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the intestine. The development of gene knockout mice models and transgenic humanized mouse models have helped us understand other function of bile acids, such as their role in modulating fat, glucose, and energy metabolism, and in the molecular regulation of the synthesis, transport, and homeostasis of bile acids. The G-protein coupled receptor TGR5 regulates the bile acid induced alterations of intermediary metabolism, while the nuclear receptor FXR regulates bile acid synthesis and homeostasis. However, this review indicates that unidentified factors in addition to FXR must exist to aid in the regulation of bile acid synthesis and homeostasis. Significance Statement This review captures the present understanding of bile acid synthesis, the role of bile acid transporters in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, the role of the nuclear receptor FXR on the regulation of bile acid synthesis and bile acid transporters, and the importance of bile acids in activating GPCR signaling via TGR5 to modify intermediary metabolism. This information is useful for developing drugs for the treatment of various hepatic and intestinal diseases, as well as the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, Univ Washington, United States
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11
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Sachdev V, Duta-Mare M, Korbelius M, Vujić N, Leopold C, Freark de Boer J, Rainer S, Fickert P, Kolb D, Kuipers F, Radovic B, Gorkiewicz G, Kratky D. Impaired Bile Acid Metabolism and Gut Dysbiosis in Mice Lacking Lysosomal Acid Lipase. Cells 2021; 10:2619. [PMID: 34685599 PMCID: PMC8533808 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is the sole enzyme known to be responsible for the hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides at an acidic pH in lysosomes, resulting in the release of unesterified cholesterol and free fatty acids. However, the role of LAL in diet-induced adaptations is largely unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that feeding a Western-type diet to Lal-deficient (LAL-KO) mice triggers metabolic reprogramming that modulates gut-liver cholesterol homeostasis. Induction of ileal fibroblast growth factor 15 (three-fold), absence of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase expression, and activation of the ERK phosphorylation cascade results in altered bile acid composition, substantial changes in the gut microbiome, reduced nutrient absorption by 40%, and two-fold increased fecal lipid excretion in LAL-KO mice. These metabolic adaptations lead to impaired bile acid synthesis, lipoprotein uptake, and cholesterol absorption and ultimately to the resistance of LAL-KO mice to diet-induced obesity. Our results indicate that LAL-derived lipolytic products might be important metabolic effectors in the maintenance of whole-body lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Sachdev
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (V.S.); (M.D.-M.); (M.K.); (N.V.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (B.R.)
| | - Madalina Duta-Mare
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (V.S.); (M.D.-M.); (M.K.); (N.V.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (B.R.)
| | - Melanie Korbelius
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (V.S.); (M.D.-M.); (M.K.); (N.V.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (B.R.)
| | - Nemanja Vujić
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (V.S.); (M.D.-M.); (M.K.); (N.V.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (B.R.)
| | - Christina Leopold
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (V.S.); (M.D.-M.); (M.K.); (N.V.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (B.R.)
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.F.d.B.); (F.K.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Rainer
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (V.S.); (M.D.-M.); (M.K.); (N.V.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (B.R.)
| | - Peter Fickert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Center for Medical Research Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.F.d.B.); (F.K.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Branislav Radovic
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (V.S.); (M.D.-M.); (M.K.); (N.V.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (B.R.)
| | - Gregor Gorkiewicz
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (V.S.); (M.D.-M.); (M.K.); (N.V.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (B.R.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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12
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Acharya P, Uppin V, Zarei M, Talahalli RR. Role of n-3 Fatty Acids on Bile Acid Metabolism and Transport in Dyslipidemia: A Review. Lipids 2020; 56:125-139. [PMID: 33074554 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dietary n-3 fatty acids, especially of marine origin, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), have always been lauded for their profound effects on regulating the risk factors for major metabolic disorders. Yet, their consumption rate is poor compared to n-6 fatty acids [linoleic acid (18:2n-6)], which are predominantly consumed. Hence, the skewed n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio may have a bearing on the risk factors of various diseases, including dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia and other lifestyle diseases associated with it, such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, are a growing concern in both developed and developing countries. A common strategy for addressing dyslipidemia involves bile acid (BA) sequestration, to interrupt the enterohepatic circulation of BA, resulting in the modulation of lipid absorption in the intestine, thereby normalizing the levels of circulating lipids. The BA homeostasis is under the tight control of hepatic and enteric BA transporters. Many investigations have reported the effects of dietary constituents, including certain fatty acids on the reabsorption and transport of BA. However, a critical review of the effects of n-3 fatty acids on BA metabolism and transport is not available. The present review attempts to explore certain unmapped facets of the n-3 fatty acids on BA metabolism and transport in dyslipidemia, and their interplay with biological processes involving lipid rafts and gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Acharya
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, KRS Road, Mysore, Karnataka, 570020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Vinayak Uppin
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, KRS Road, Mysore, Karnataka, 570020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Mehrdad Zarei
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, KRS Road, Mysore, Karnataka, 570020, India
| | - Ramaprasad R Talahalli
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, KRS Road, Mysore, Karnataka, 570020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
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13
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Duca FA, Lam TK. Bye, bye, bile: how altered bile acid composition changes small intestinal lipid sensing. Gut 2020; 69:1549-1550. [PMID: 32303610 PMCID: PMC8237715 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. Duca
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona,School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Tony K.T. Lam
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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14
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Chiang JY, Ferrell JM. Up to date on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in bile acid synthesis. LIVER RESEARCH 2020; 4:47-63. [PMID: 34290896 PMCID: PMC8291349 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1, EC1.14) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the classic bile acid synthesis pathway. Much progress has been made in understanding the transcriptional regulation of CYP7A1 gene expression and the underlying molecular mechanisms of bile acid feedback regulation of CYP7A1 and bile acid synthesis in the last three decades. Discovery of bile acid-activated receptors and their roles in the regulation of lipid, glucose and energy metabolism have been translated to the development of bile acid-based drug therapies for the treatment of liver-related metabolic diseases such as alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, liver cirrhosis, diabetes, obesity and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review will provide an update on the advances in our understanding of the molecular biology and mechanistic insights of the regulation of CYP7A1 in bile acid synthesis in the last 40 years.
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15
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Qiu Y, Shen L, Fu L, Yang J, Cui C, Li T, Li X, Fu C, Gao X, Wang W, Ning G, Gu Y. The glucose-lowering effects of α-glucosidase inhibitor require a bile acid signal in mice. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1002-1016. [PMID: 32034442 PMCID: PMC7145781 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Bile-acid (BA) signalling is crucial in metabolism homeostasis and has recently been found to mediate the therapeutic effects of glucose-lowering treatments, including α-glucosidase inhibitor (AGI). However, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be clarified. We hypothesised that BA signalling may be required for the glucose-lowering effects and metabolic benefits of AGI. METHODS Leptin receptor (Lepr)-knockout (KO) db/db mice and high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS)-fed Fxr (also known as Nr1h4)-KO mice were treated with AGI. Metabolic phenotypes and BA signalling in different compartments, including the liver, gut and endocrine pancreas, were evaluated. BA pool profiles were analysed by mass spectrometry. The islet transcription profile was assayed by RNA sequencing. The gut microbiome were assayed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. RESULTS AGI lowered microbial BA levels in BA pools of different compartments in the body, and increased gut BA reabsorption in both db/db and HFHS-fed mouse models via altering the gut microbiome. The AGI-induced changes in BA signalling (including increased activation of farnesoid X receptor [FXR] in the liver and inhibition of FXR in the ileum) echoed the alterations in BA pool size and composition in different organs. In Fxr-KO mice, the glucose- and lipid-lowering effects of AGI were partially abrogated, possibly due to the Fxr-dependent effects of AGI on decelerating beta cell replication, alleviating insulin hypersecretion and improving hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION By regulating microbial BA metabolism, AGI elicited diverse changes in BA pool composition in different host compartments to orchestrate BA signalling in the whole body. The AGI-induced changes in BA signalling may be partly required for its glucose-lowering effects. Our study, hence, sheds light on the promising potential of regulating microbial BA and host FXR signalling for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. DATA AVAILABILITY Sequencing data are available from the BioProject Database (accession no. PRJNA600345; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/600345).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Qiu
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Linyan Shen
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Endocrinology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihong Fu
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Canqi Cui
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xuelin Li
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chenyang Fu
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xianfu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Yanyun Gu
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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16
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Chiang JYL, Ferrell JM. Bile acid receptors FXR and TGR5 signaling in fatty liver diseases and therapy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G554-G573. [PMID: 31984784 PMCID: PMC7099488 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00223.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid synthesis is the most significant pathway for catabolism of cholesterol and for maintenance of whole body cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids are physiological detergents that absorb, distribute, metabolize, and excrete nutrients, drugs, and xenobiotics. Bile acids also are signal molecules and metabolic integrators that activate nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and membrane Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5; i.e., G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1) to regulate glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism. The gut-to-liver axis plays a critical role in the transformation of primary bile acids to secondary bile acids, in the regulation of bile acid synthesis to maintain composition within the bile acid pool, and in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis to prevent hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, obesity, and diabetes. High-fat and high-calorie diets, dysbiosis, alcohol, drugs, and disruption of sleep and circadian rhythms cause metabolic diseases, including alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Bile acid-based drugs that target bile acid receptors are being developed for the treatment of metabolic diseases of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Y. L. Chiang
- Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Jessica M. Ferrell
- Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
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17
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Pathak P, Chiang JYL. Sterol 12α-Hydroxylase Aggravates Dyslipidemia by Activating the Ceramide/mTORC1/SREBP-1C Pathway via FGF21 and FGF15. Gene Expr 2019; 19:161-173. [PMID: 30890204 PMCID: PMC6827038 DOI: 10.3727/105221619x15529371970455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sterol 12α-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) is required for the synthesis of cholic acid in the classic bile acid synthesis pathway and plays a role in dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. However, the mechanism of the involvement of Cyp8b1 in dyslipidemia and insulin resistance is not known. CYP8B1 mRNA and protein expression are elevated in diabetic and obese (db/db) mouse liver. In this study adenovirus-mediated transduction of CYP8B1 was used to study the effect of Cyp8b1 on lipid metabolism in mice. Results show that Ad-Cyp8b1 increased 12α-hydroxylated bile acids and induced sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (Srebp-1c)-mediated lipogenic gene expression. Interestingly, Ad-Cyp8b1 increased ceramide synthesis and activated hepatic mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-p70S6K signaling cascade and inhibited AKT/insulin signaling in mice. Ad-Cyp8b1 increased free fatty acid uptake into mouse primary hepatocytes. Ceramides stimulated S6K phosphorylation in both mouse and human primary hepatocytes. In high-fat diet-fed mice, Ad-Cyp8b1 reduced fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), activated intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) target gene expression, increased serum ceramides, VLDL secretion, and LDL cholesterol. In high-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, Cyp8b1 ablation by adenovirus-mediated shRNA improved oral glucose tolerance, increased FGF21, and reduced liver triglycerides, inflammatory cytokine expression, nuclear localization of Srebp-1c and phosphorylation of S6K. In conclusion, this study unveiled a novel mechanism linking CYP8B1 to ceramide synthesis and mTORC1 signaling in dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, via intestinal FXR-mediated induction of FGF15 and liver FGF21. Reducing cholic acid synthesis may be a potential therapeutic strategy to treat dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Pathak
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - John Y. L. Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
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18
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Xu Y, Xu Y, Zhu Y, Sun H, Juguilon C, Li F, Fan D, Yin L, Zhang Y. Macrophage miR-34a Is a Key Regulator of Cholesterol Efflux and Atherosclerosis. Mol Ther 2019; 28:202-216. [PMID: 31604677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, but the molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show that microRNA-34a (miR-34a) is a key regulator of macrophage cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport by modulating ATP-binding cassette transporters ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 1 (ABCG1). miR-34a also regulates M1 and M2 macrophage polarization via liver X receptor α. Furthermore, global loss of miR-34a reduces intestinal cholesterol or fat absorption by inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP7A1 and sterol 12α-hydroxylase (CYP8B1). Consistent with these findings, macrophage-selective or global ablation of miR-34a markedly inhibits the development of atherosclerosis. Finally, therapeutic inhibition of miR-34a promotes atherosclerosis regression and reverses diet-induced metabolic disorders. Our studies outline a central role of miR-34a in regulating macrophage cholesterol efflux, inflammation, and atherosclerosis, suggesting that miR-34a is a promising target for treatment of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Huihui Sun
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Cody Juguilon
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daping Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.
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Xie C, Takahashi S, Brocker CN, He S, Chen L, Xie G, Jang K, Gao X, Krausz KW, Qu A, Levi M, Gonzalez FJ. Hepatocyte peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α regulates bile acid synthesis and transport. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1396-1411. [PMID: 31195146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) controls lipid homeostasis through regulation of lipid transport and catabolism. PPARα activators are clinically used for hyperlipidemia treatment. The role of PPARα in bile acid (BA) homeostasis is beginning to emerge. Herein, Ppara-null and hepatocyte-specific Ppara-null (Ppara∆Hep) as well as the respective wild-type mice were treated with the potent PPARα agonist Wy-14,643 (Wy) and global metabolomics performed to clarify the role of hepatocyte PPARα in the regulation of BA homeostasis. Levels of all serum BAs were markedly elevated in Wy-treated wild-type mice but not in Ppara-null and Ppara∆Hep mice. Gene expression analysis showed that PPARα activation (1) down-regulated the expression of sodium-taurocholate acid transporting polypeptide and organic ion transporting polypeptide 1 and 4, responsible for the uptake of BAs into the liver; (2) decreased the expression of bile salt export pump transporting BA from hepatocytes into the bile canaliculus; (3) upregulated the expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 and 4 transporting BA from hepatocytes into the portal vein. Moreover, there was a notable increase in the compositions of serum, hepatic and biliary cholic acid and taurocholic acid following Wy treatment, which correlated with the upregulated expression of the Cyp8b1 gene encoding sterol 12α-hydroxylase. The effects of Wy were identical between the Ppara∆Hep and Ppara-null mice. Hepatocyte PPARα controlled BA synthesis and transport not only via direct transcriptional regulation but also via crosstalk with hepatic farnesoid X receptor signaling. These findings underscore a key role for hepatocyte PPARα in the control of BA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Xie
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States of America; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America.
| | - Chad N Brocker
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States of America.
| | - Shijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Guomin Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Katrina Jang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States of America.
| | - Xiaoxia Gao
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States of America.
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States of America.
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America.
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States of America.
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20
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Browning MG, Pessoa BM, Khoraki J, Campos GM. Changes in Bile Acid Metabolism, Transport, and Signaling as Central Drivers for Metabolic Improvements After Bariatric Surgery. Curr Obes Rep 2019; 8:175-184. [PMID: 30847736 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-019-00334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review current evidence regarding changes in bile acid (BA) metabolism, transport, and signaling after bariatric surgery and how these might bolster fat mass loss and energy expenditure to promote improvements in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). RECENT FINDINGS The two most common bariatric techniques, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), increase the size and alter the composition of the circulating BA pool that may then impact energy metabolism through altered activities of BA targets in the many tissues perfused by systemic blood. Recent reports in human patients indicate that gene expression of the major BA target, the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), is increased in the liver but decreased in the small intestine after RYGB. In contrast, intestinal expression of the transmembrane G protein-coupled BA receptor (TGR5) is upregulated after surgery. Despite these apparent conflicting changes in receptor transcription, changes in BAs after both RYGB and VSG are associated with elevated postprandial systemic levels of fibroblast growth factor 19 (from FXR activation) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (from TGR5 activation). These signaling activities are presumed to support fat mass loss and related metabolic benefits of bariatric surgery, and this supposition is in agreement with findings from rodent models of RYGB and VSG. However, inter-species differences in BA physiology limit direct translation and mechanistic understanding of how changes in individual BA species contribute to post-operative improvements of T2D and NAFLD in humans. Thus, details of all these changes and their influences on BAs' biological actions are still under scrutiny. Changes in BA physiology and receptor activities after RYGB and VSG likely support weight loss and promote sustained metabolic improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Browning
- Division of Bariatric and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1200 East Broad Street, PO Box 980519, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Bernardo M Pessoa
- Division of Bariatric and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1200 East Broad Street, PO Box 980519, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Jad Khoraki
- Division of Bariatric and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1200 East Broad Street, PO Box 980519, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Guilherme M Campos
- Division of Bariatric and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1200 East Broad Street, PO Box 980519, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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21
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Ferrell JM, Chiang JYL. Understanding Bile Acid Signaling in Diabetes: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Targets. Diabetes Metab J 2019; 43:257-272. [PMID: 31210034 PMCID: PMC6581552 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2019.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and obesity have reached an epidemic status worldwide. Diabetes increases the risk for cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Primary bile acids are synthesized in hepatocytes and are transformed to secondary bile acids in the intestine by gut bacteria. Bile acids are nutrient sensors and metabolic integrators that regulate lipid, glucose, and energy homeostasis by activating nuclear farnesoid X receptor and membrane Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5. Bile acids control gut bacteria overgrowth, species population, and protect the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Gut bacteria, in turn, control circulating bile acid composition and pool size. Dysregulation of bile acid homeostasis and dysbiosis causes diabetes and obesity. Targeting bile acid signaling and the gut microbiome have therapeutic potential for treating diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Ferrell
- Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - John Y L Chiang
- Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.
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