1
|
Peinado-Izaguerri J, Zarzuela E, McLaughlin M, Small AC, Riva F, McKeegan DEF, Bain M, Muñoz J, Bhide M, Preston T. A novel dynamic proteomics approach for the measurement of broiler chicken protein fractional synthesis rate. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9497. [PMID: 36851885 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The study of protein synthesis in farm animals is uncommon despite its potential to increase knowledge about metabolism and discover new biomarkers of health and growth status. The present study describes a novel dynamic proteomics approach for the measurement of protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) in broiler chickens. METHODS Chickens received a 10 g/kg oral dose of 2 H2 O at day 21 of their life. Body water 2 H abundance was measured in plasma samples using a portable Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Free and protein-bound amino acids (AAs) were isolated and had their 2 H enrichment measured by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Peptide 2 H enrichment was measured by proteomics analysis of plasma and muscle samples. Albumin, fibrinogen and muscle protein FSR were calculated from GC/MS and proteomics data. RESULTS Ala appeared to be more enriched at the site of protein synthesis than in the AA free pools. Glu was found to be the AA closest to isotopic equilibrium between the different AA pools. Glu was used as an anchor to calculate n(AA) values necessary for chicken protein FSR calculation in dynamic proteomics studies. FSR values calculated using proteomics data and GC/MS data showed good agreement as evidenced by a Bland-Altman residual plot. CONCLUSIONS A new dynamic proteomics approach for the measurement of broiler chicken individual protein FSR based on the administration of a single 2 H2 O oral bolus has been developed and validated. The proposed approach could facilitate new immunological and nutritional studies on free-living animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Peinado-Izaguerri
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Eduardo Zarzuela
- Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Francesca Riva
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Javier Muñoz
- Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
- Cell Signalling and Clinical Proteomics Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Biocruces Bizkaia, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim J, Seo S, Kim TY. Metabolic deuterium oxide (D 2O) labeling in quantitative omics studies: A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1242:340722. [PMID: 36657897 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an invaluable tool for sensitive detection and characterization of individual biomolecules in omics studies. MS combined with stable isotope labeling enables the accurate and precise determination of quantitative changes occurring in biological samples. Metabolic isotope labeling, wherein isotopes are introduced into biomolecules through biosynthetic metabolism, is one of the main labeling strategies. Among the precursors employed in metabolic isotope labeling, deuterium oxide (D2O) is cost-effective and easy to implement in any biological systems. This tutorial review aims to explain the basic principle of D2O labeling and its applications in omics research. D2O labeling incorporates D into stable C-H bonds in various biomolecules, including nucleotides, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Typically, D2O labeling is performed at low enrichment of 1%-10% D2O, which causes subtle changes in the isotopic distribution of a biomolecule, instead of the complete separation between labeled and unlabeled samples in a mass spectrum. D2O labeling has been employed in various omics studies to determine the metabolic flux, turnover rate, and relative quantification. Moreover, the advantages and challenges of D2O labeling and its future prospects in quantitative omics are discussed. The economy, versatility, and convenience of D2O labeling will be beneficial for the long-term omics studies for higher organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Seungwoo Seo
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi Y, Weng N, Jian W. Measurement of protein in vivo turnover rate with metabolic labeling using LC-MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2023:e5583. [PMID: 36634055 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the protein dynamics of a drug target is important for pharmaceutical research because it provides insight into drug design, target engagement, pharmacodynamics and drug efficacy. Nonradioactive isotope labeling has been the method of choice for protein turnover measurement thanks to the advancement of high-resolution mass spectrometry. While the changes in proteome in cell cultures can be monitored precisely, as the culture media can be completely replaced with 2 H-, 15 N- or 13 C-labeled essential amino acids, quantifying rates of protein synthesis in vivo is more challenging. The amount of isotope tracer that can be administered into the body is relatively small compared with the existing protein, thus requiring more sensitive detection, and the precursor-product labeling relationship is more complicated to interpret. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the principles of in vivo protein turnover studies using deuterium water (2 H2 O) with an emphasis on targeted protein analysis by hybrid LC-MS assay platforms. The pursuit of these opportunities will facilitate drug discovery and research in preclinical and clinical stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Shi
- Bioanalytical Discovery and Development Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Naidong Weng
- Bioanalytical Discovery and Development Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Wenying Jian
- Bioanalytical Discovery and Development Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Reitelseder S, Bülow J, Holm L. Divergent Anabolic Response to Exercise in Young and Older Adult Men-Dependency on Time Frame of Measurement. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:996-999. [PMID: 33539523 PMCID: PMC8266534 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Older adults’ skeletal muscle has shown to be less responsive to anabolic stimuli as compared to young both in vitro, in short and controlled in vivo settings and in long-term training studies. However, to translate controlled mechanistic findings to long-term adaptations intermediate measures allowing daily life routines with regard to activity and diet would be useful to evaluate physiological interventions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the exercise effect in young and older adults with 2 independent methods to measure muscle protein synthesis rate. Healthy young and old men were recruited to the study protocol where myofibrillar fractional synthesis rate was measured during 2 days allowing normal activities of daily living with D2O-labeled alanine and during 4 hours in the overnight fasted state with [13C6]phenylalanine infusion. During this period 1 leg completed an exercise session every day (exercise leg) while the contralateral leg was kept inactive (normal leg). Both legs were used for activities of daily living. Two-day myofibrillar fractional synthesis rate was significantly higher in the exercise leg in both young and old as compared to normal leg with no age difference. The 4-hour overnight fasted myofibrillar fractional synthesis rate showed that only young exercise leg was significantly higher than normal leg. The present findings support the notion that anabolic resistance exists in the skeletal muscle of healthy older men when evaluated in controlled settings. However, this response is not as clear when measured during daily life where variance is greater, which calls for further investigations in larger cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Reitelseder
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bülow
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Lars Holm
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Daily Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates in Response to Low- and High-Frequency Resistance Exercise Training in Healthy, Young Men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 31:209-216. [PMID: 33601335 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The impact of resistance exercise frequency on muscle protein synthesis rates remains unknown. The aim of this study was to compare daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates over a 7-day period of low-frequency (LF) versus high-frequency (HF) resistance exercise training. Nine young men (21 ± 2 years) completed a 7-day period of habitual physical activity (BASAL). This was followed by a 7-day exercise period of volume-matched, LF (10 × 10 repetitions at 70% one-repetition maximum, once per week) or HF (2 × 10 repetitions at ∼70% one-repetition maximum, five times per week) resistance exercise training. The participants had one leg randomly allocated to LF and the other to HF. Skeletal muscle biopsies and daily saliva samples were collected to determine myofibrillar protein synthesis rates using 2H2O, with intracellular signaling determined using Western blotting. The myofibrillar protein synthesis rates did not differ between the LF (1.46 ± 0.26%/day) and HF (1.48 ± 0.33%/day) conditions over the 7-day exercise training period (p > .05). There were no significant differences between the LF and HF conditions over the first 2 days (1.45 ± 0.41%/day vs. 1.25 ± 0.46%/day) or last 5 days (1.47 ± 0.30%/day vs. 1.50 ± 0.41%/day) of the exercise training period (p > .05). Daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were not different from BASAL at any time point during LF or HF (p > .05). The phosphorylation status and total protein content of selected proteins implicated in skeletal muscle ribosomal biogenesis were not different between conditions (p > .05). Under the conditions of the present study, resistance exercise training frequency did not modulate daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in young men.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mantha OL, Huneau JF, Mathé V, Hermier D, Khodorova N, Mariotti F, Fouillet H. Differential changes to splanchnic and peripheral protein metabolism during the diet-induced development of metabolic syndrome in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E175-E186. [PMID: 32459526 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00061.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) on protein and amino acid (AA) metabolism. During this study, we took advantage of the variability in interindividual susceptibility to high fat diet-induced MS to study the relationships between MS, protein synthesis, and AA catabolism in multiple tissues in rats. After 4 mo of high-fat feeding, an MS score (ZMS) was calculated as the average of the z-scores for individual MS components [weight, adiposities, homeostasis model for the assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and triglycerides]. In the small intestine, liver, plasma, kidneys, heart, and muscles, tissue protein synthesis was measured by 2H2O labeling, and we evaluated the proportion of tissue AA catabolism (relative to protein synthesis) and nutrient routing to nonindispensable AAs in tissue proteins using natural nitrogen and carbon isotopic distances between tissue proteins and nutrients (Δ15N and Δ13C), respectively. In the liver, protein mass and synthesis increased, whereas the proportion of AA catabolism decreased with ZMS. By contrast, in muscles, we found no association between ZMS and protein mass, protein synthesis (except for a weak positive association in the gastrocnemius muscle only), and proportion of AA catabolism. The development of MS was also associated with altered metabolic flexibility and fatty acid oxidation, as shown by less routing of dietary lipids to nonindispensable AA synthesis in liver and muscle. In conclusion, MS development is associated with a greater gain of both fat and protein masses, with higher protein anabolism that mainly occurs in the liver, whereas muscles probably develop anabolic resistance due to insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O L Mantha
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005, Paris, France
| | - J-F Huneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005, Paris, France
| | - V Mathé
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005, Paris, France
| | - D Hermier
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005, Paris, France
| | - N Khodorova
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005, Paris, France
| | - F Mariotti
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005, Paris, France
| | - H Fouillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Miller BF, Reid JJ, Price JC, Lin HJL, Atherton PJ, Smith K. CORP: The use of deuterated water for the measurement of protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1163-1176. [PMID: 32213116 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00855.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of deuterium oxide (D2O) has greatly expanded the scope of what is possible for the measurement of protein synthesis. The greatest asset of D2O labeling is that it facilitates the measurement of synthesis rates over prolonged periods of time from single proteins through integrated tissue-based measurements. Because the ease of administration, the method is amenable for use in a variety of models and conditions. Although the method adheres to the same rules as other isotope methods, the flexibility can create conditions that are not the same as other approaches and thus requires careful execution to maintain validity and reliability. For this CORP article, we provide a history that gave rise to the method and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the method, the critical assumptions, guidelines, and best practices based on instrumentation, models, and experimental design. The goal of this CORP article is to propagate additional use of D2O in a manner that produces reliable and valid data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Justin J Reid
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - John C Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Hsien-Jung L Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Center for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-ARUK Center for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Millward DJ, Smith K. The application of stable-isotope tracers to study human musculoskeletal protein turnover: a tale of bag filling and bag enlargement. J Physiol 2019; 597:1235-1249. [PMID: 30097998 PMCID: PMC6395420 DOI: 10.1113/jp275430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The nutritional regulation of protein and amino acid balance in human skeletal muscle carried out by the authors with Mike Rennie is reviewed in the context of a simple physiological model for the regulation of the maintenance and growth of skeletal muscle, the "Bag Theory". Beginning in London in the late 1970s the work has involved the use of stable isotopes to probe muscle protein synthesis and breakdown with two basic experimental models, primed-dose continuous tracer infusions combined with muscle biopsies and arterio-venous (A-V) studies across a limb, most often the leg, allowing both protein synthesis and breakdown as well as net balance to be measured. In this way, over a 30 year period, the way in which amino acids and insulin mediate the anabolic effect of a meal has been elaborated in great detail confirming the original concepts of bag filling within the muscle endomysial "bag", which is limited by the "bag" size unless bag enlargement occurs requiring new collagen synthesis. Finally we briefly review some new developments involving 2 H2 O labelling of muscle proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Joe Millward
- Department of Nutritional SciencesSchool of Biosciences and MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
- MRC/ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchNational Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Ken Smith
- Department of Nutritional SciencesSchool of Biosciences and MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
- MRC/ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchNational Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The fractional synthesis rates of plasma proteins as determined using deuterated water are sensitive to dietary intake of lysine in rats. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1719-1727. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
10
|
Analysis of Mammalian Cell Proliferation and Macromolecule Synthesis Using Deuterated Water and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2016; 6:metabo6040034. [PMID: 27754354 PMCID: PMC5192440 DOI: 10.3390/metabo6040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deuterated water (²H₂O), a stable isotopic tracer, provides a convenient and reliable way to label multiple cellular biomass components (macromolecules), thus permitting the calculation of their synthesis rates. Here, we have combined ²H₂O labelling, GC-MS analysis and a novel cell fractionation method to extract multiple biomass components (DNA, protein and lipids) from the one biological sample, thus permitting the simultaneous measurement of DNA (cell proliferation), protein and lipid synthesis rates. We have used this approach to characterize the turnover rates and metabolism of a panel of mammalian cells in vitro (muscle C2C12 and colon cancer cell lines). Our data show that in actively-proliferating cells, biomass synthesis rates are strongly linked to the rate of cell division. Furthermore, in both proliferating and non-proliferating cells, it is the lipid pool that undergoes the most rapid turnover when compared to DNA and protein. Finally, our data in human colon cancer cell lines reveal a marked heterogeneity in the reliance on the de novo lipogenic pathway, with the cells being dependent on both 'self-made' and exogenously-derived fatty acid.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wilkinson DJ, Brook MS, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Stable isotope tracers and exercise physiology: past, present and future. J Physiol 2016; 595:2873-2882. [PMID: 27610950 DOI: 10.1113/jp272277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable isotope tracers have been invaluable assets in physiological research for over 80 years. The application of substrate-specific stable isotope tracers has permitted exquisite insight into amino acid, fatty-acid and carbohydrate metabolic regulation (i.e. incorporation, flux, and oxidation, in a tissue-specific and whole-body fashion) in health, disease and response to acute and chronic exercise. Yet, despite many breakthroughs, there are limitations to 'substrate-specific' stable isotope tracers, which limit physiological insight, e.g. the need for intravenous infusions and restriction to short-term studies (hours) in controlled laboratory settings. In recent years significant interest has developed in alternative stable isotope tracer techniques that overcome these limitations, in particular deuterium oxide (D2 O or heavy water). The unique properties of this tracer mean that through oral administration, the turnover and flux through a number of different substrates (muscle proteins, lipids, glucose, DNA (satellite cells)) can be monitored simultaneously and flexibly (hours/weeks/months) without the need for restrictive experimental control. This makes it uniquely suited for the study of 'real world' human exercise physiology (amongst many other applications). Moreover, using D2 O permits evaluation of turnover of plasma and muscle proteins (e.g. dynamic proteomics) in addition to metabolomics (e.g. fluxomics) to seek molecular underpinnings, e.g. of exercise adaptation. Here, we provide insight into the role of stable isotope tracers, from substrate-specific to novel D2 O approaches, in facilitating our understanding of metabolism. Further novel potential applications of stable isotope tracers are also discussed in the context of integration with the snowballing field of 'omic' technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Matthew S Brook
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Srivastava A, Kowalski GM, Callahan DL, Meikle PJ, Creek DJ. Strategies for Extending Metabolomics Studies with Stable Isotope Labelling and Fluxomics. Metabolites 2016; 6:metabo6040032. [PMID: 27706078 PMCID: PMC5192438 DOI: 10.3390/metabo6040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a perspective from the peer session on stable isotope labelling and fluxomics at the Australian & New Zealand Metabolomics Conference (ANZMET) held from 30 March to 1 April 2016 at La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia. This report summarizes the key points raised in the peer session which focused on the advantages of using stable isotopes in modern metabolomics and the challenges in conducting flux analyses. The session highlighted the utility of stable isotope labelling in generating reference standards for metabolite identification, absolute quantification, and in the measurement of the dynamic activity of metabolic pathways. The advantages and disadvantages of different approaches of fluxomics analyses including flux balance analysis, metabolic flux analysis and kinetic flux profiling were also discussed along with the use of stable isotope labelling in in vivo dynamic metabolomics. A number of crucial technical considerations for designing experiments and analyzing data with stable isotope labelling were discussed which included replication, instrumentation, methods of labelling, tracer dilution and data analysis. This report reflects the current viewpoint on the use of stable isotope labelling in metabolomics experiments, identifying it as a great tool with the potential to improve biological interpretation of metabolomics data in a number of ways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Srivastava
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Greg M Kowalski
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Damien L Callahan
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Darren J Creek
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li L, Zhang GF, Lee K, Lopez R, Previs SF, Willard B, McCullough A, Kasumov T. A Western diet induced NAFLD in LDLR(-/)(-) mice is associated with reduced hepatic glutathione synthesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:13-21. [PMID: 27036364 PMCID: PMC5297627 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Glutathione is the major anti-oxidant involved in cellular oxidative defense, however there are currently no simple non-invasive methods for assessing hepatic glutathione metabolism in patients with NAFLD. As a primary source of plasma glutathione, liver plays an important role in interorgan glutathione homeostasis. In this study, we have tested the hypothesis that measurements of plasma glutathione turnover could be used to assess the hepatic glutathione metabolism in LDLR(-/)(-) mice, a mouse model of diet-induced NAFLD. Mice were fed a standard low fat diet (LFD) or a high fat diet containing cholesterol (a Western type diet (WD)). The kinetics of hepatic and plasma glutathione were quantified using the (2)H2O metabolic labeling approach. Our results show that a WD leads to reduced fractional synthesis rates (FSR) of hepatic (25%/h in LFD vs. 18%/h in WD, P<0.05) and plasma glutathione (43%/h in LFD vs. 21%/h in WD, P<0.05), without any significant effect on their absolute production rates (PRs). WD-induced concordant changes in both hepatic and plasma glutathione turnover suggest that the plasma glutathione turnover measurements could be used to assess hepatic glutathione metabolism. The safety, simplicity, and low cost of the (2)H2O-based glutathione turnover approach suggest that this method has the potential for non-invasive probing of hepatic glutathione metabolism in patients with NAFLD and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Research Core Services, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kwangwon Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Rocio Lopez
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephen F Previs
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Belinda Willard
- Department of Research Core Services, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Arthur McCullough
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA; Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Simmons E, Fluckey JD, Riechman SE. Cumulative Muscle Protein Synthesis and Protein Intake Requirements. Annu Rev Nutr 2016; 36:17-43. [PMID: 27215586 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) fluctuates widely over the course of a day and is influenced by many factors. The time course of MPS responses to exercise and the influence of training and nutrition can only be pieced together from several different investigations and methods, many of which create unnatural experimental conditions. Measurements of cumulative MPS, the sum synthesis over an extended period, using deuterium oxide have been shown to accurately reflect muscle responses and may allow investigations of the response to exercise, total protein intake requirements, and interaction with protein timing in free-living experimental conditions; these factors have yet to be carefully integrated. Such studies could include clinical and athletic populations to integrate nutritional and exercise recommendations and help guide their revisions to optimize the skeletal muscle function that is so important to overall health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Simmons
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843; ,
| | - James D Fluckey
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843;
| | - Steven E Riechman
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843; , .,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shankaran M, King CL, Angel TE, Holmes WE, Li KW, Colangelo M, Price JC, Turner SM, Bell C, Hamilton KL, Miller BF, Hellerstein MK. Circulating protein synthesis rates reveal skeletal muscle proteome dynamics. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:288-302. [PMID: 26657858 PMCID: PMC4701543 DOI: 10.1172/jci79639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we have described and validated a strategy for monitoring skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates in rodents and humans over days or weeks from blood samples. We based this approach on label incorporation into proteins that are synthesized specifically in skeletal muscle and escape into the circulation. Heavy water labeling combined with sensitive tandem mass spectrometric analysis allowed integrated synthesis rates of proteins in muscle tissue across the proteome to be measured over several weeks. Fractional synthesis rate (FSR) of plasma creatine kinase M-type (CK-M) and carbonic anhydrase 3 (CA-3) in the blood, more than 90% of which is derived from skeletal muscle, correlated closely with FSR of CK-M, CA-3, and other proteins of various ontologies in skeletal muscle tissue in both rodents and humans. Protein synthesis rates across the muscle proteome generally changed in a coordinate manner in response to a sprint interval exercise training regimen in humans and to denervation or clenbuterol treatment in rodents. FSR of plasma CK-M and CA-3 revealed changes and interindividual differences in muscle tissue proteome dynamics. In human subjects, sprint interval training primarily stimulated synthesis of structural and glycolytic proteins. Together, our results indicate that this approach provides a virtual biopsy, sensitively revealing individualized changes in proteome-wide synthesis rates in skeletal muscle without a muscle biopsy. Accordingly, this approach has potential applications for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of muscle disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher Bell
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Karyn L. Hamilton
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Miller
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Marc K. Hellerstein
- KineMed Inc., Emeryville, California, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wilkinson DJ, Cegielski J, Phillips BE, Boereboom C, Lund JN, Atherton PJ, Smith K. Internal comparison between deuterium oxide (D2O) and L-[ring-13C6] phenylalanine for acute measurement of muscle protein synthesis in humans. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/7/e12433. [PMID: 26149278 PMCID: PMC4552519 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable isotope tracer methodologies are becoming increasingly widespread in metabolic research; yet a number of factors restrict their implementation, such as, i.v infusions, multiple cannulae, tissue samples, and significant cost. We recently validated the sensitivity of the orally administered stable isotope tracer deuterium oxide (D2O) for quantifying day-to-day changes in muscle protein synthesis (MPS). This method is less invasive, restrictive, and more cost-effective than traditional amino acid (AA) tracer techniques. In the present study, we hypothesized the sensitivity of our analytical techniques (GC-Pyrolysis-IRMS) would permit D2O-derived measurements of MPS over much shorter periods (i.e., hours) usually only possible using AA-tracer techniques. We recruited nine males (24 ± 3 year, BMI: 25 ± 3 kg·m−²) into an internally controlled comparison of D2O versus 13C AA-tracers. The day before the acute study subjects consumed 400 mL D2O, and on the study day, received a primed (0.3 mg·kg−1) continuous (0.6 mg·kg·h−1) i.v infusion of L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine to quantify MPS under both: (1) basal [postabsorptive] and; (2) stimulated [postprandial] that is, consumption of 20 g EAA, conditions. Measures of MPS yielded indistinguishable technique differences with respect to EAA, 13C: 0.065 ± 0.004 to 0.089 ± 0.006%·h−1 (P < 0.05) and D2O: 0.050 ± 0.007 to 0.088 ± 0.008%·h−1 (P < 0.05) with qualitatively similar increases. Our findings reveal that acute measurement of MPS, usually only possible using AA-tracers, are feasible over shorter periods with orally administered D2O when used in tandem with GC-Pyrolysis-IRMS. We conclude that this D2O approach provides a less invasive, cost-effective, and flexible means by which to quantify MPS acutely over several hours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Jessica Cegielski
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Catherine Boereboom
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Jonathan N Lund
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bederman IR, Lai N, Shuster J, Henderson L, Ewart S, Cabrera ME. Chronic hindlimb suspension unloading markedly decreases turnover rates of skeletal and cardiac muscle proteins and adipose tissue triglycerides. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:16-26. [PMID: 25930021 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00004.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that a single bolus of "doubly-labeled" water ((2)H2 (18)O) can be used to simultaneously determine energy expenditure and turnover rates (synthesis and degradation) of tissue-specific lipids and proteins by modeling labeling patterns of protein-bound alanine and triglyceride-bound glycerol (Bederman IR, Dufner DA, Alexander JC, Previs SF. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290: E1048-E1056, 2006). Using this novel method, we quantified changes in the whole body and tissue-specific energy balance in a rat model of simulated "microgravity" induced by hindlimb suspension unloading (HSU). After chronic HSU (3 wk), rats exhibited marked atrophy of skeletal and cardiac muscles and significant decrease in adipose tissue mass. For example, soleus muscle mass progressively decreased 11, 43, and 52%. We found similar energy expenditure between control (90 ± 3 kcal · kg(-1)· day(-1)) and hindlimb suspended (81 ± 6 kcal/kg day) animals. By comparing food intake (∼ 112 kcal · kg(-1) · day(-1)) and expenditure, we found that animals maintained positive calorie balance proportional to their body weight. From multicompartmental fitting of (2)H-labeling patterns, we found significantly (P < 0.005) decreased rates of synthesis (percent decrease from control: cardiac, 25.5%; soleus, 70.3%; extensor digitorum longus, 44.9%; gastrocnemius, 52.5%; and adipose tissue, 39.5%) and rates of degradation (muscles: cardiac, 9.7%; soleus, 52.0%; extensor digitorum longus, 27.8%; gastrocnemius, 37.4%; and adipose tissue, 50.2%). Overall, HSU affected growth of young rats by decreasing the turnover rates of proteins in skeletal and cardiac muscles and adipose tissue triglycerides. Specifically, we found that synthesis rates of skeletal and cardiac muscle proteins were affected to a much greater degree compared with the decrease in degradation rates, resulting in large negative balance and significant tissue loss. In contrast, we found a small decrease in adipose tissue triglyceride synthesis paired with a large decrease in degradation, resulting in smaller negative energy balance and loss of fat mass. We conclude that HSU in rats differentially affects turnover of muscle proteins vs. adipose tissue triglycerides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Lai
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | | | - Marco E Cabrera
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Quantitation of human peptides and proteins via MS: review of analytically validated assays. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1843-57. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the development of monoclonal antibodies in the 1970s, antibody-based assays have been used for the quantitation of proteins and peptides and, today, they are the most widely used technology in routine laboratory medicine and bioanalysis. However, in the last couple of decades, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) techniques have been adopted in the quantitation of small molecules, and more recently have made significant contributions in the quantitation of proteins and peptides. In this article, we will review clinical MS-based assays for endogenous peptides, proteins, and therapeutic antibodies, for which validated methods exist. We will also cover the measurement of protein turnover and the unique solutions that MS can offer in this field.
Collapse
|
19
|
Wilkinson DJ, Franchi MV, Brook MS, Narici MV, Williams JP, Mitchell WK, Szewczyk NJ, Greenhaff PL, Atherton PJ, Smith K. A validation of the application of D(2)O stable isotope tracer techniques for monitoring day-to-day changes in muscle protein subfraction synthesis in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E571-9. [PMID: 24381002 PMCID: PMC3948971 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00650.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) remains a cornerstone for understanding the control of muscle mass. Traditional [(13)C]amino acid tracer methodologies necessitate sustained bed rest and intravenous cannulation(s), restricting studies to ~12 h, and thus cannot holistically inform on diurnal MPS. This limits insight into the regulation of habitual muscle metabolism in health, aging, and disease while querying the utility of tracer techniques to predict the long-term efficacy of anabolic/anticatabolic interventions. We tested the efficacy of the D2O tracer for quantifying MPS over a period not feasible with (13)C tracers and too short to quantify changes in mass. Eight men (22 ± 3.5 yr) undertook one-legged resistance exercise over an 8-day period (4 × 8-10 repetitions, 80% 1RM every 2nd day, to yield "nonexercised" vs. "exercise" leg comparisons), with vastus lateralis biopsies taken bilaterally at 0, 2, 4, and 8 days. After day 0 biopsies, participants consumed a D2O bolus (150 ml, 70 atom%); saliva was collected daily. Fractional synthetic rates (FSRs) of myofibrillar (MyoPS), sarcoplasmic (SPS), and collagen (CPS) protein fractions were measured by GC-pyrolysis-IRMS and TC/EA-IRMS. Body water initially enriched at 0.16-0.24 APE decayed at ~0.009%/day. In the nonexercised leg, MyoPS was 1.45 ± 0.10, 1.47 ± 0.06, and 1.35 ± 0.07%/day at 0-2, 0-4, and 0-8 days, respectively (~0.05-0.06%/h). MyoPS was greater in the exercised leg (0-2 days: 1.97 ± 0.13%/day; 0-4 days: 1.96 ± 0.15%/day, P < 0.01; 0-8 days: 1.79 ± 0.12%/day, P < 0.05). CPS was slower than MyoPS but followed a similar pattern, with the exercised leg tending to yield greater FSRs (0-2 days: 1.14 ± 0.13 vs. 1.45 ± 0.15%/day; 0-4 days: 1.13 ± 0.07%/day vs. 1.47 ± 0.18%/day; 0-8 days: 1.03 ± 0.09%/day vs. 1.40 ± 0.11%/day). SPS remained unchanged. Therefore, D2O has unrivaled utility to quantify day-to-day MPS in humans and inform on short-term changes in anabolism and presumably catabolism alike.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wilkinson
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhou H, Castro-Perez J, Lassman ME, Thomas T, Li W, McLaughlin T, Dan X, Jumes P, Wagner JA, Gutstein DE, Hubbard BK, Rader DJ, Millar JS, Ginsberg HN, Reyes-Soffer G, Cleary M, Previs SF, Roddy TP. Measurement of apo(a) kinetics in human subjects using a microfluidic device with tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1294-302. [PMID: 23681806 PMCID: PMC4944116 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] is the defining protein component of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The regulation of Lp(a) levels in blood is poorly understood in part due to technical challenges in measuring Lp(a) kinetics. Improvements in the ability to readily and reliably measure the kinetics of apo(a) using a stable isotope labeled tracer is expected to facilitate studies of the role of Lp(a) in cardiovascular disease. Since investigators typically determine the isotopic labeling of protein-bound amino acids following acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of a protein of interest [e.g., apo(a)], studies of protein synthesis require extensive protein purification which limits throughput and often requires large sample volumes. We aimed to develop a rapid and efficient method for studying apo(a) kinetics that is suitable for use in studies involving human subjects. METHODS Microfluidic device and tandem mass spectrometry were used to quantify the incorporation of [(2)H3]-leucine tracer into protein-derived peptides. RESULTS We demonstrated that it is feasible to quantify the incorporation of [(2)H3]-leucine tracer into a proteolytic peptide from the non-kringle repeat region of apo(a) in human subjects. Specific attention was directed toward optimizing the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions, mass spectrometer settings, and chromatography (i.e., critical parameters that affect the sensitivity and reproducibility of isotopic enrichment measurements). The results demonstrated significant advantages with the use of a microfluidic device technology for studying apo(a) kinetics, including enhanced sensitivity relative to conventional micro-flow chromatography, a virtually drift-free elution profile, and a stable and robust electrospray. CONCLUSIONS The technological advances described herein enabled the implementation of a novel method for studying the kinetics of apo(a) in human subjects infused with [(2)H3]-leucine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Zhou
- Molecular Biomarkers-PPDM, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
| | - Jose Castro-Perez
- Molecular Biomarkers-PPDM, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
| | - Michael E. Lassman
- Clinical Development Laboratory, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
| | | | - Wenyu Li
- Molecular Biomarkers-PPDM, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
| | - Theresa McLaughlin
- Molecular Biomarkers-PPDM, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
| | - Xie Dan
- Molecular Biomarkers-PPDM, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
| | - Patricia Jumes
- Clinical Pharmacology, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
| | - John A. Wagner
- Clinical Pharmacology, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
| | - David E. Gutstein
- Clinical Pharmacology, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
| | - Brian K. Hubbard
- Molecular Biomarkers-PPDM, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John S. Millar
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Michele Cleary
- Molecular Biomarkers-PPDM, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
| | - Stephen F. Previs
- Molecular Biomarkers-PPDM, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
- Correspondence to: S. F. Previs, Molecular Biomarkers, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | - Thomas P. Roddy
- Molecular Biomarkers-PPDM, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Holm L, O'Rourke B, Ebenstein D, Toth MJ, Bechshoeft R, Holstein-Rathlou NH, Kjaer M, Matthews DE. Determination of steady-state protein breakdown rate in vivo by the disappearance of protein-bound tracer-labeled amino acids: a method applicable in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E895-907. [PMID: 23423170 PMCID: PMC3625778 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00579.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A method to determine the rate of protein breakdown in individual proteins was developed and tested in rats and confirmed in humans, using administration of deuterium oxide and incorporation of the deuterium into alanine that was subsequently incorporated into body proteins. Measurement of the fractional breakdown rate of proteins was determined from the rate of disappearance of deuterated alanine from the proteins. The rate of disappearance of deuterated alanine from the proteins was calculated using an exponential decay, giving the fractional breakdown rate (FBR) of the proteins. The applicability of this protein-specific FBR approach is suitable for human in vivo experimentation. The labeling period of deuterium oxide administration is dependent on the turnover rate of the protein of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dideriksen K, Reitelseder S, Holm L. Influence of amino acids, dietary protein, and physical activity on muscle mass development in humans. Nutrients 2013; 5:852-76. [PMID: 23486194 PMCID: PMC3705323 DOI: 10.3390/nu5030852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingestion of protein is crucial for maintenance of a variety of body functions and within the scope of this review we will specifically focus on the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. A quantitative limitation exists as to how much muscle protein the body can synthesize in response to protein intake. Ingestion of excess protein exerts an unwanted load to the body and therefore, it is important to find the least amount of protein that provides the maximal hypertrophic stimulus. Hence, research has focused on revealing the relationship between protein intake (dose) and its resulting stimulation of muscle protein synthesis (response). In addition to the protein amount, the protein digestibility and, hence, the availability of its constituent amino acids is decisive for the response. In this regard, recent studies have provided in-depth knowledge about the time-course of the muscle protein synthetic response dependent on the characteristics of the protein ingested. The effect of protein intake on muscle protein accretion can further be stimulated by prior exercise training. In the ageing population, physical training may counteract the development of “anabolic resistance” and restore the beneficial effect of protein feeding. Presently, our knowledge is based on measures obtained in standardized experimental settings or during long-term intervention periods. However, to improve coherence between these types of data and to further improve our knowledge of the effects of protein ingestion, other investigative approaches than those presently used are requested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Dideriksen
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark; E-Mails: (S.R.); (L.H.)
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +45-3531-3948; Fax: +45-3531-2733
| | - Søren Reitelseder
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark; E-Mails: (S.R.); (L.H.)
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lars Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark; E-Mails: (S.R.); (L.H.)
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kasumov T, Dabkowski ER, Shekar KC, Li L, Ribeiro RF, Walsh K, Previs SF, Sadygov RG, Willard B, Stanley WC. Assessment of cardiac proteome dynamics with heavy water: slower protein synthesis rates in interfibrillar than subsarcolemmal mitochondria. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 304:H1201-14. [PMID: 23457012 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00933.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Traditional proteomics provides static assessment of protein content, but not synthetic rates. Recently, proteome dynamics with heavy water ((2)H2O) was introduced, where (2)H labels amino acids that are incorporated into proteins, and the synthesis rate of individual proteins is calculated using mass isotopomer distribution analysis. We refine this approach with a novel algorithm and rigorous selection criteria that improve the accuracy and precision of the calculation of synthesis rates and use it to measure protein kinetics in spatially distinct cardiac mitochondrial subpopulations. Subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) and interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM) were isolated from adult rats, which were given (2)H2O in the drinking water for up to 60 days. Plasma (2)H2O and myocardial (2)H-enrichment of amino acids were stable throughout the experimental protocol. Multiple tryptic peptides were identified from 28 proteins in both SSM and IFM and showed a time-dependent increase in heavy mass isotopomers that was consistent within a given protein. Mitochondrial protein synthesis was relatively slow (average half-life of 30 days, 2.4% per day). Although the synthesis rates for individual proteins were correlated between IFM and SSM (R(2) = 0.84; P < 0.0001), values in IFM were 15% less than SSM (P < 0.001). In conclusion, administration of (2)H2O results in stable enrichment of the cardiac precursor amino acid pool, with the use of refined analytical and computational methods coupled with cell fractionation one can measure synthesis rates for cardiac proteins in subcellular compartments in vivo, and protein synthesis is slower in mitochondria located among the myofibrils than in the subsarcolemmal region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Delgado TC, Martins FO, Carvalho F, Gonçalves A, Scott DK, O'Doherty R, Macedo MP, Jones JG. ²H enrichment distribution of hepatic glycogen from ²H₂O reveals the contribution of dietary fructose to glycogen synthesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E384-91. [PMID: 23211519 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00185.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fructose can benefit or hinder glycemic control, depending on the quantity consumed, and these contrasting effects are reflected by alterations in postprandial hepatic glycogen synthesis. Recently, we showed that ²H enrichment of glycogen positions 5 and 2 from deuterated water (²H₂O) informs direct and indirect pathway contributions to glycogenesis in naturally feeding rats. Inclusion of position 6(S) ²H enrichment data allows indirect pathway sources to be further resolved into triose phosphate and Krebs cycle precursors. This analysis was applied to six rats that had fed on standard chow (SC) and six rats that had fed on SC plus 35% sucrose in their drinking water (HS). After 2 wk, hepatic glycogenesis sources during overnight feeding were determined by ²H₂O administration and postmortem analysis of glycogen ²H enrichment at the conclusion of the dark period. Net overnight hepatic glycogenesis was similar between SC and HS rodents. Whereas direct pathway contributions were similar (403 ± 71 μmol/g dry wt HS vs. 578 ± 76 μmol/g dry wt SC), triose phosphate contributions were significantly higher for HS compared with SC (382 ± 61 vs. 87 ± 24 μmol/g dry wt, P < 0.01) and Krebs cycle inputs lower for HS compared with SC (110 ± 9 vs. 197 ± 32 μmol/g dry wt, P < 0.05). Analysis of plasma glucose ²H enrichments at the end of the feeding period also revealed a significantly higher fractional contribution of triose phosphate to plasma glucose levels in HS vs. SC. Hence, the ²H enrichment distributions of hepatic glycogen and glucose from ²H₂O inform the contribution of dietary fructose to hepatic glycogen and glucose synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C Delgado
- Intermediary Metabolism Group, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Miller BF, Robinson MM, Reuland DJ, Drake JC, Peelor FF, Bruss MD, Hellerstein MK, Hamilton KL. Calorie restriction does not increase short-term or long-term protein synthesis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 68:530-8. [PMID: 23105041 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased protein synthesis is proposed as a mechanism of life-span extension during caloric restriction (CR). We hypothesized that CR does not increase protein synthesis in all tissues and protein fractions and that any increased protein synthesis with CR would be due to an increased anabolic effect of feeding. We used short- (4 hours) and long-term (6 weeks) methods to measure in vivo protein synthesis in lifelong ad libitum (AL) and CR mice. We did not detect an acute effect of feeding on protein synthesis while liver mitochondrial protein synthesis was lower in CR mice versus AL mice. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling was repressed in liver and heart from CR mice indicative of energetic stress and suppression of growth. Our main findings were that CR did not increase rates of mixed protein synthesis over the long term or in response to acute feeding, and protein synthesis was maintained despite decreased mTOR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Miller
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523-1582, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li L, Willard B, Rachdaoui N, Kirwan JP, Sadygov RG, Stanley WC, Previs S, McCullough AJ, Kasumov T. Plasma proteome dynamics: analysis of lipoproteins and acute phase response proteins with 2H2O metabolic labeling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:M111.014209. [PMID: 22393261 PMCID: PMC3394944 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.014209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathologies related to the regulation of protein metabolism requires methods for studying the kinetics of individual proteins. We developed a (2)H(2)O metabolic labeling technique and software for protein kinetic studies in free living organisms. This approach for proteome dynamic studies requires the measurement of total body water enrichments by GC-MS, isotopic distribution of the tryptic peptide by LC-MS/MS, and estimation of the asymptotical number of deuterium incorporated into a peptide by software. We applied this technique to measure the synthesis rates of several plasma lipoproteins and acute phase response proteins in rats. Samples were collected at different time points, and proteins were separated by a gradient gel electrophoresis. (2)H labeling of tryptic peptides was analyzed by ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LTQ MS/MS) for measurement of the fractional synthesis rates of plasma proteins. The high sensitivity of LTQ MS in zoom scan mode in combination with (2)H label amplification in proteolytic peptides allows detection of the changes in plasma protein synthesis related to animal nutritional status. Our results demonstrate that fasting has divergent effects on the rate of synthesis of plasma proteins, increasing synthesis of ApoB 100 but decreasing formation of albumin and fibrinogen. We conclude that this technique can effectively measure the synthesis of plasma proteins and can be used to study the regulation of protein homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- From the Departments of ‡Research Core Services and
| | | | - Nadia Rachdaoui
- §School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - John P. Kirwan
- ¶Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Rovshan G. Sadygov
- the ‖Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, and
| | - William C. Stanley
- the **Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1595
| | - Stephen Previs
- §School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | | | - Takhar Kasumov
- ¶Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhou H, Li W, Wang SP, Mendoza V, Rosa R, Hubert J, Herath K, McLaughlin T, Rohm RJ, Lassman ME, Wong KK, Johns DG, Previs SF, Hubbard BK, Roddy TP. Quantifying apoprotein synthesis in rodents: coupling LC-MS/MS analyses with the administration of labeled water. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1223-31. [PMID: 22389331 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d021295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable isotope tracer studies of apoprotein flux in rodent models present difficulties as they require working with small volumes of plasma. We demonstrate the ability to measure apoprotein flux by administering either (2)H- or (18)O-labeled water to mice and then subjecting samples to LC-MS/MS analyses; we were able to simultaneously determine the labeling of several proteolytic peptides representing multiple apoproteins. Consistent with relative differences reported in the literature regarding apoprotein flux in humans, we found that the fractional synthetic rate of apoB is greater than apoA1 in mice. In addition, the method is suitable for quantifying acute changes in protein flux: we observed a stimulation of apoB production in mice following an intravenous injection of Intralipid and a decrease in apoB production in mice treated with an inhibitor of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. In summary, we demonstrate a high-throughput method for studying apoprotein kinetics in rodent models. Although notable differences exist between lipoprotein profiles that are observed in rodents and humans, we expect that the method reported here has merit in studies of dyslipidemia as i) rodent models can be used to probe target engagement in cases where one aims to modulate apoprotein production and ii) the approach should be adaptable to studies in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Zhou
- Atherosclerosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Herath K, Bhat G, Miller PL, Wang SP, Kulick A, Andrews-Kelly G, Johnson C, Rohm RJ, Lassman ME, Previs SF, Johns DG, Hubbard BK, Roddy TP. Equilibration of (2)H labeling between body water and free amino acids: enabling studies of proteome synthesis. Anal Biochem 2011; 415:197-9. [PMID: 21596013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein synthesis can be estimated by measuring the incorporation of a labeled amino acid into a proteolytic peptide. Although prelabeled amino acids are typically administered, recent studies have tested (2)H(2)O; the assumption is that there is rapid equilibration of (2)H (in body water) with the carbon-bound hydrogens of amino acids before those amino acids are incorporated into a protein(s). We have determined the temporal changes in (2)H labeling of body water and amino acids which should build confidence in (2)H(2)O-based studies of protein synthesis when one aims to measure the (2)H labeling of proteolytic peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kithsiri Herath
- Atherosclerosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kasumov T, Ilchenko S, Li L, Rachdaoui N, Sadygov RG, Willard B, McCullough AJ, Previs S. Measuring protein synthesis using metabolic ²H labeling, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and an algorithm. Anal Biochem 2011; 412:47-55. [PMID: 21256107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We recently developed a method for estimating protein dynamics in vivo with heavy water ((2)H(2)O) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) [16], and we confirmed that (2)H labeling of many hepatic free amino acids rapidly equilibrated with body water. Although this is a reliable method, it required modest sample purification and necessitated the determination of tissue-specific amino acid labeling. Another approach for quantifying protein kinetics is to measure the (2)H enrichments of body water (precursor) and protein-bound amino acid or proteolytic peptide (product) and to estimate how many copies of deuterium are incorporated into a product. In the current study, we used nanospray linear trap Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LTQ FT-ICR MS) to simultaneously measure the isotopic enrichment of peptides and protein-bound amino acids. A mathematical algorithm was developed to aid the data processing. The most notable improvement centers on the fact that the precursor/product labeling ratio can be obtained by measuring the labeling of water and a protein (or peptide) of interest, thereby minimizing the need to measure the amino acid labeling. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate that this approach can detect the effect of nutritional status on albumin synthesis in rats given (2)H(2)O.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To outline different approaches of how protein breakdown can be quantified and to present a new approach to determine the fractional breakdown rate of individual slow turnover proteins in vivo. RECENT FINDINGS None of the available methods for determining protein breakdown can be used to determine the breakdown rate of specific proteins and, therefore, do not keep up to the preceding methodological demands in physiological research. A newly developed approach to determine the fractional breakdown rate of single proteins seems promising. Its conceptual advantage is that the proteins of interest are the site of measurement. Hence, the application initially demands the proteins to be labeled with stable isotopically labeled amino acids. Subsequently, the loss of label from the proteins will be dependent on the protein breakdown rate when no labeled amino acids are reincorporated into the protein, the protein mass is steady, and when proteins contained in the measured fraction are stochastically selected for degradation. SUMMARY Although the synthesis rate of specific proteins can be accurately determined, methodological improvements are required to elucidate the physiological role of protein degradation. The novel approach is promising but future studies are needed to address its wider applicability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yang XY, Chen WP, Rendahl AK, Hegeman AD, Gray WM, Cohen JD. Measuring the turnover rates of Arabidopsis proteins using deuterium oxide: an auxin signaling case study. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 63:680-695. [PMID: 20525007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Rapid environmental responses in plants rely on endogenous signaling mechanisms, which in many cases are mediated by changes in protein turnover rates. It is therefore necessary to develop methods for measuring protein dynamics that monitor large sets of plant proteins to begin to apply a systems biology approach to the study of plant behavior. The use of stable isotope labeling strategies that are adaptable to proteomic methods is particularly attractive for this purpose. Here, we explore one example of such methods that is particularly suitable for plants at the seedling stage, where measurement of amino acid and protein turnover rates is accomplished using a heavy water labeling strategy. The method is backed by microarray evaluation to define its feasibility for specific experimental approaches, and the CULLIN-ASSOCIATED AND NEDDYLATION DISSOCIATED 1 (CAND1) and TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1 (TIR1) proteins are used to illustrate the potential utility in understanding hormonal signaling regulation. These studies provide insight not only into the potential utility of the method, but also address possible areas of concern regarding the use of heavy water labeling during plant growth. These considerations suggest a prescription for specific experimental designs that minimize interference resulting from the induction of treatment-specific gene expression in the results obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yuan Yang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gasier HG, Fluckey JD, Previs SF. The application of 2H2O to measure skeletal muscle protein synthesis. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:31. [PMID: 20409307 PMCID: PMC2873296 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle protein synthesis has generally been determined by the precursor:product labeling approach using labeled amino acids (e.g., [13C]leucine or [13C]-, [15N]-, or [2H]phenylalanine) as the tracers. Although reliable for determining rates of protein synthesis, this methodological approach requires experiments to be conducted in a controlled environment, and as a result, has limited our understanding of muscle protein renewal under free-living conditions over extended periods of time (i.e., integrative/cumulative assessments). An alternative tracer, 2H2O, has been successfully used to measure rates of muscle protein synthesis in mice, rats, fish and humans. Moreover, perturbations such as feeding and exercise have been included in these measurements without exclusion of common environmental and biological factors. In this review, we discuss the principle behind using 2H2O to measure muscle protein synthesis and highlight recent investigations that have examined the effects of feeding and exercise. The framework provided in this review should assist muscle biologists in designing experiments that advance our understanding of conditions in which anabolism is altered (e.g., exercise, feeding, growth, debilitating and metabolic pathologies).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heath G Gasier
- Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory, Groton, CT, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
De Riva A, Deery MJ, McDonald S, Lund T, Busch R. Measurement of protein synthesis using heavy water labeling and peptide mass spectrometry: Discrimination between major histocompatibility complex allotypes. Anal Biochem 2010; 403:1-12. [PMID: 20406617 PMCID: PMC2896473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Methodological limitations have hampered the use of heavy water (2H2O), a convenient, universal biosynthetic label, for measuring protein synthesis. Analyses of 2H-labeled amino acids are sensitive to contamination; labeling of peptides has been measured for a few serum proteins, but this approach awaits full validation. Here we describe a method for quantifying protein synthesis by peptide mass spectrometry (MS) after 2H2O labeling, as applied to various proteins of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Human and murine antigen-presenting cells were cultured in medium containing 5% 2H2O; class I and class II MHC proteins were immunoprecipitated, bands were excised, and Ala-/Gly-rich, allele-specific tryptic peptides were identified by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Mass isotopomer distributions were quantified precisely by LC–MS and shifted markedly on 2H2O labeling. Experimental data agreed closely with models obtained by mass isotopomer distribution analysis (MIDA) and were consistent with contributions from Ala, Gly, and other amino acids to labeling. Estimates of fractional protein synthesis from peptides of the same protein were precise and internally consistent. The method was capable of discriminating between MHC isotypes and alleles, applicable to primary cells, and readily extendable to other proteins. It simplifies measurements of protein synthesis, enabling novel applications in physiology, in genotype/phenotype interactions, and potentially in kinetic proteomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Deery
- Centre for Proteomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Sarah McDonald
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Torben Lund
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Robert Busch
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Corresponding author. Fax: +44 1223 330 160.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rachdaoui N, Austin L, Kramer E, Previs MJ, Anderson VE, Kasumov T, Previs SF. Measuring proteome dynamics in vivo: as easy as adding water? Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:2653-63. [PMID: 19724074 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900026-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics investigations typically yield information regarding static gene expression profiles. The central issues that limit the study of proteome dynamics include how to (i) administer a labeled amino acid in vivo, (ii) measure the isotopic labeling of a protein(s) (which may be low), and (iii) reliably interpret the precursor/product labeling relationships. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of quantifying proteome dynamics by coupling the administration of stable isotopes with mass spectrometric assays. Although the direct administration of a labeled amino acid(s) is typically used to measure protein synthesis, we explain the application of labeled water, comparing (2)H(2)O versus H(2)(18)O for measuring albumin biosynthesis in vivo. This application emphasizes two distinct advantages of using labeled water over a labeled amino acid(s). First, in long term studies (e.g. days or weeks), it is not practical to continuously administer a labeled amino acid(s); however, in the presence of labeled water, organisms will generate labeled amino acids. Second, to calculate rates of protein synthesis in short term studies (e.g. hours), one must utilize a precursor/product labeling ratio; when using labeled water it is possible to reliably identify and easily measure the precursor labeling (i.e. water). We demonstrate that labeled water permits studies of protein synthesis (e.g. albumin synthesis in mice) during metabolic "steady-state" or "non-steady-state" conditions, i.e. integrating transitions between the fed and fasted state or during an acute perturbation (e.g. following a meal), respectively. We expect that the use of labeled water is applicable to wide scale investigations of proteome dynamics and can therein be used to obtain a functional image of gene expression in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Rachdaoui
- Department Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gasier HG, Riechman SE, Wiggs MP, Previs SF, Fluckey JD. A comparison of 2H2O and phenylalanine flooding dose to investigate muscle protein synthesis with acute exercise in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297:E252-9. [PMID: 19366878 PMCID: PMC4043319 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90872.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this investigation was to determine whether (2)H(2)O and phenylalanine (Phe) flooding dose methods yield comparable fractional rates of protein synthesis (FSR) in skeletal muscle following a single bout of high-intensity resistance exercise (RE). Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned by body mass to either 4-h control (CON 4 h; n = 6), 4-h resistance exercise (RE 4 h; n = 6), 24-h control (CON 24 h; n = 6), or 24-h resistance exercise (RE 24 h; n = 6). The RE groups were operantly conditioned to engage in a single bout of high-intensity, "squat-like" RE. All rats were given an intraperitoneal injection of 99.9% (2)H(2)O and provided 4.0% (2)H(2)O drinking water for either 24 (n = 12) or 4 h (n = 12) prior to receiving a flooding dose of l-[2,3,4,5,6-(3)H]Phe 16 h post-RE. Neither method detected an effect of RE on FSR in the mixed gastrocnemius, plantaris, or soleus muscle. Aside from the qualitative similarities between methods, the 4-h (2)H(2)O FSR measurements, when expressed in percent per hour, were quantitatively greater than the 24-h (2)H(2)O and Phe flooding in all muscles (P < 0.001), and the 24-h (2)H(2)O was greater than the Phe flooding dose in the mixed gastrocnemius and plantaris (P < 0.05). In contrast, the actual percentage of newly synthesized protein was significantly higher in the 24- vs. 4-h (2)H(2)O and Phe flooding dose groups (P < 0.001). These results suggest that the methodologies provide "qualitatively" similar results when a perturbation such as RE is studied. However, due to potential quantitative differences between methods, the experimental question should determine what approach should be used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heath G Gasier
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
A novel approach for assessing protein synthesis in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 154:235-8. [PMID: 19563906 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of animal growth requires adequate knowledge of protein synthesis (PS), which in fish, has traditionally been determined by the flooding dose method. However, this procedure is limited to short-term assessments and may not accurately describe fish growth over extended periods of time. Since deuterium oxide ((2)H(2)O) has been used to non-invasively quantify PS in mammals over short- and long-term periods, we aimed at determining if (2)H(2)O could also be used to measure PS in channel catfish. Fish were stocked in a 40-L aquarium with approximately 4% (2)H(2)O and sampled at 4, 8 and 24h (n=6 at each time period) to determine (2)H-labeling of body water (plasma), as well as protein-free and protein-bound (2)H-labeled alanine. The labeling of body water reflected that of aquarium water and the labeling of protein-free alanine remained constant over 24h and was approximately 3.8 times greater than that of body water. By measuring (2)H-labeled alanine incorporation after 24h of (2)H(2)O exposure we were able to calculate a rate of PS: 0.04+/-0.01% h(-1). These results demonstrate that PS in fish can be effectively measured using (2)H(2)O and, because this method yields integrative measures of PS, is relatively inexpensive and accounts for perturbations such as feeding, it is a novel and practical assessment option.
Collapse
|
37
|
Current world literature. Ageing: biology and nutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009; 12:95-100. [PMID: 19057195 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e32831fd97a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
38
|
Yuan CL, Sharma N, Gilge DA, Stanley WC, Li Y, Hatzoglou M, Previs SF. Preserved protein synthesis in the heart in response to acute fasting and chronic food restriction despite reductions in liver and skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E216-22. [PMID: 18445754 PMCID: PMC2493593 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00545.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Whole body protein synthesis is reduced during the fed-to-fasted transition and in cases of chronic dietary restriction; however, less is known about tissue-specific alterations. We have assessed the extent to which protein synthesis in cardiac muscle responds to dietary perturbations compared with liver and skeletal muscle by applying a novel (2)H(2)O tracer method to quantify tissue-specific responses of protein synthesis in vivo. We hypothesized that protein synthesis in cardiac muscle would be unaffected by acute fasting or food restriction, whereas protein synthesis in the liver and gastrocnemius muscle would be reduced when there is a protein-energy deficit. We found that, although protein synthesis in liver and gastrocnemius muscle was significantly reduced by acute fasting, there were no changes in protein synthesis in the left ventricle of the heart for either the total protein pool or in isolated mitochondrial or cytosolic compartments. Likewise, a chronic reduction in calorie intake, induced by food restriction, did not affect protein synthesis in the heart, whereas protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and liver was decreased. The later observations are supported by changes in the phosphorylation state of two critical mediators of protein synthesis (4E-BP1 and eIF2alpha) in the respective tissues. We conclude that cardiac protein synthesis is maintained in cases of nutritional perturbations, in strong contrast to liver and gastrocnemius muscle, where protein synthesis is decreased by acute fasting or chronic food restriction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celvie L Yuan
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Anderson SR, Gilge DA, Steiber AL, Previs SF. Diet-induced obesity alters protein synthesis: tissue-specific effects in fasted versus fed mice. Metabolism 2008; 57:347-54. [PMID: 18249206 PMCID: PMC2323208 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of obesity on protein dynamics is not clearly understood. We have designed experiments to test the hypothesis that obesity impairs the stimulation of tissue-specific protein synthesis after nutrient ingestion. C57BL/6J mice were randomized into 2 groups: group 1 (control, n = 16) was fed a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet, whereas group 2 (experimental, n = 16) was fed a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet ad libitum for 9 weeks. On the experiment day, all mice were fasted for 6 hours and given an intraperitoneal injection of (2)H(2)O. They were then randomized into 2 subgroups and either given a sham saline gavage or a liquid-meal challenge. Rates of protein synthesis were determined via the incorporation of [(2)H]alanine (5 hours postchallenge) into total gastrocnemius muscle protein, total liver protein, and plasma albumin. High-fat feeding led to an increase in total body fat (P < .001) and epididymal fat pad weights (P < .001) and elevated fasting plasma glucose levels (P < .01). Diet-induced obesity (a) did not affect basal rates of skeletal muscle protein synthesis, but did impair the activation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis in response to nutrient ingestion (P < .05), and (b) slightly reduced basal rates of synthesis of total hepatic proteins and plasma albumin (P = .10), but did not affect the synthesis of either in response to the meal challenge. In conclusion, there are alterations in tissue-specific protein metabolism in the C57BL/6J mouse model of diet-induced obesity. This model may prove to be helpful in future studies that explore the mechanisms that account for altered protein dynamics in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R. Anderson
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Danielle A. Gilge
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Alison L. Steiber
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Stephen F. Previs
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Meija J, Mester Z. Paradigms in isotope dilution mass spectrometry for elemental speciation analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 607:115-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|