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Adepu KK, Anishkin A, Adams SH, Chintapalli SV. A versatile delivery vehicle for cellular oxygen and fuels or metabolic sensor? A review and perspective on the functions of myoglobin. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1611-1642. [PMID: 38696337 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
A canonical view of the primary physiological function of myoglobin (Mb) is that it is an oxygen (O2) storage protein supporting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, especially as the tissue O2 partial pressure (Po2) drops and Mb off-loads O2. Besides O2 storage/transport, recent findings support functions for Mb in lipid trafficking and sequestration, interacting with cellular glycolytic metabolites such as lactate (LAC) and pyruvate (PYR), and "ectopic" expression in some types of cancer cells and in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Data from Mb knockout (Mb-/-) mice and biochemical models suggest additional metabolic roles for Mb, especially regulation of nitric oxide (NO) pools, modulation of BAT bioenergetics, thermogenesis, and lipid storage phenotypes. From these and other findings in the literature over many decades, Mb's function is not confined to delivering O2 in support of oxidative phosphorylation but may serve as an O2 sensor that modulates intracellular Po2- and NO-responsive molecular signaling pathways. This paradigm reflects a fundamental change in how oxidative metabolism and cell regulation are viewed in Mb-expressing cells such as skeletal muscle, heart, brown adipocytes, and select cancer cells. Here, we review historic and emerging views related to the physiological roles for Mb and present working models illustrating the possible importance of interactions between Mb, gases, and small-molecule metabolites in regulation of cell signaling and bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Adepu
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
| | - Andriy Anishkin
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Sean H Adams
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States
- Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States
| | - Sree V Chintapalli
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
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Gebhardt K, Hebecker A, Honekamp C, Nolte S, Barthkuhn M, Wilhelm J, Klatt S, Weyh C, Sommer N, Krüger K. Respiratory and Metabolic Responses of CD4 + T Cells to Acute Exercise and Their Association with Cardiorespiratory Fitness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1882-1892. [PMID: 38768035 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study aimed to investigate to what extent acute endurance exercise, especially eccentric exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness, affects the metabolic profile of CD4 + cells. METHODS Fifteen male, healthy adults aged between 20 and 33 yr with a maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2max ) between 44 and 63 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 performed a downhill run (DR) and a level run (LR) for 45 min at 70% of their V̇O 2max on a treadmill in a crossover design. Blood samples were taken before (T0), directly after (T1), 3 h after (T3), and 24 h (T24) after each exercise for analyzing leukocyte numbers and cytokine levels. Isolated CD4 + cells were incubated for 4 h in autologous resting versus 3 h after exercise serum (T3 DR and T3 LR), and subsequently, cellular respiration, transcriptomic, and metabolomics profiles were measured. RESULTS The systemic immune inflammation index increased significantly after DR and LR at T1 and T3 ( P < 0.001). In contrast, the transcriptomic and metabolic profile of CD4 + cells showed no significant alterations after incubation in T3 exercise serum. However, cardiorespiratory fitness positively correlated with the maximal mitochondrial respiration in CD4 + cells after incubation with T3 LR serum ( r = 0.617, P = 0.033) and with gene expression of oxidative phosphorylation and levels of different metabolites. Similarly, V̇O 2max was associated with an anti-inflammatory profile on RNA level. Lower lactate, methylmalonic acid, and d -gluconic acid levels were found in CD4 + cells of participants with a high V̇O 2max ( P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Acute exercise leads to a mild proinflammatory milieu with only small changes in the metabolic homeostasis of CD4 + cells. High cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with a metabolic shift to oxidative phosphorylation in CD4 + cells. Functional relevance of this metabolic shift needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Gebhardt
- Institute of Sports Science, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, GERMANY
| | - Anne Hebecker
- Institute of Sports Science, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, GERMANY
| | - Celine Honekamp
- Nemolab, Institute of Sports Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, GERMANY
| | - Svenja Nolte
- Institute of Sports Science, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, GERMANY
| | - Marek Barthkuhn
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, GERMANY
| | | | - Stephan Klatt
- Institute for Vascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Medicine, CPI, Goethe University, Frankfurt, GERMANY
| | - Christopher Weyh
- Institute of Sports Science, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, GERMANY
| | - Natascha Sommer
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, GERMANY
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Institute of Sports Science, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, GERMANY
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Reisman EG, Caruana NJ, Bishop DJ. Exercise training and changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial proteins: from blots to "omics". Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2024:1-23. [PMID: 39288086 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2024.2383408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential, membrane-enclosed organelles that consist of ∼1100 different proteins, which allow for many diverse functions critical to maintaining metabolism. Highly metabolic tissues, such as skeletal muscle, have a high mitochondrial content that increases with exercise training. The classic western blot technique has revealed training-induced increases in the relatively small number of individual mitochondrial proteins studied (∼5% of the >1100 proteins in MitoCarta), with some of these changes dependent on the training stimulus. Proteomic approaches have identified hundreds of additional mitochondrial proteins that respond to exercise training. There is, however, surprisingly little crossover in the mitochondrial proteins identified in the published human training studies. This suggests that to better understand the link between training-induced changes in mitochondrial proteins and metabolism, future studies need to move beyond maximizing protein detection to adopting methods that will increase the reliability of the changes in protein abundance observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Reisman
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nikeisha J Caruana
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Kim T, Hwang D, Kyun S, Jang I, Kim SW, Park HY, Hwang H, Lim K, Kim J. Exogenous Lactate Treatment Immediately after Exercise Promotes Glycogen Recovery in Type-II Muscle in Mice. Nutrients 2024; 16:2831. [PMID: 39275149 PMCID: PMC11397291 DOI: 10.3390/nu16172831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that lactate intake has a positive effect on glycogen recovery after exercise. However, it is important to verify the effect of lactate supplementation alone and the timing of glycogen recovery. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to examine the effect of lactate supplementation immediately after exercise on glycogen recovery in mice liver and skeletal muscle at 1, 3, and 5 h after exercise. Mice were randomly divided into the sedentary, exercise-only, lactate, and saline-treated groups. mRNA expression and activation of glycogen synthesis and lactate transport-related factors in the liver and skeletal muscle were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Skeletal muscle glycogen concentration showed an increasing trend in the lactate group compared with that in the control group at 3 and 5 h after post-supplementation. Additionally, exogenous lactate supplementation significantly increased the expression of core glycogen synthesis enzymes, lactate transporters, and pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha 1 in the skeletal muscles. Conversely, glycogen synthesis, lactate transport, and glycogen oxidation to acetyl-CoA were not significantly affected in the liver by exogenous lactate supplementation. Overall, these results suggest that post-exercise lactate supplement enables glycogen synthesis and recovery in skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeho Kim
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deunsol Hwang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kyun
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkwon Jang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Young Park
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Hwang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Curl CC, Leija RG, Arevalo JA, Osmond AD, Duong JJ, Huie MJ, Masharani U, Horning MA, Brooks GA. Altered glucose kinetics occurs with aging: a new outlook on metabolic flexibility. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 327:E217-E228. [PMID: 38895979 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00091.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Our purpose was to determine how age affects metabolic flexibility and underlying glucose kinetics in healthy young and older adults. Therefore, glucose and lactate tracers along with pulmonary gas exchange data were used to determine glucose kinetics and respiratory exchange ratios [RER = carbon dioxide production (V̇co2)/oxygen consumption (V̇o2)] during a 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). After an 12-h overnight fast, 28 participants, 15 young (21-35 yr; 7 men and 8 women) and 13 older (60-80 yr; 7 men and 6 women), received venous primed-continuous infusions of [6,6-2H]glucose and [3-13C]lactate with a [Formula: see text] bolus. After a 90-min metabolic stabilization and tracer equilibration period, volunteers underwent an OGTT. Arterialized glucose concentrations ([glucose]) started to rise 15 min post glucose consumption, peaked at 60 min, and remained elevated. As assessed by rates of appearance (Ra) and disposal (Rd) and metabolic clearance rate (MCR), glucose kinetics were suppressed in older compared to young individuals. As well, unlike in young individuals, fractional gluconeogenesis (fGNG) remained elevated in the older population after the oral glucose challenge. Finally, there were no differences in 12-h fasting baseline or peak RER values following an oral glucose challenge in older compared to young men and women, making RER an incomplete measure of metabolic flexibility in the volunteers we evaluated. Our study revealed that glucose kinetics are significantly altered in a healthy aged population after a glucose challenge. Furthermore, those physiological deficits are not detected from changes in RER during an OGTT.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To determine metabolic flexibility in response to an OGTT, we studied healthy young and older men and women to determine glucose kinetics and changes in RER. Compared to young subjects, glucose kinetics were suppressed in older healthy individuals during an OGTT. Surprisingly, the age-related changes in glucose flux were not reflected in RER measurements; thus, RER measurements do not give a complete view of metabolic flexibility in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey C Curl
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Robert G Leija
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Jose A Arevalo
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Adam D Osmond
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Justin J Duong
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Melvin J Huie
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Umesh Masharani
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Michael A Horning
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
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Silva Oliveira P, Boppre G, Fonseca H. Comparison of Polarized Versus Other Types of Endurance Training Intensity Distribution on Athletes' Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:2071-2095. [PMID: 38717713 PMCID: PMC11329428 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polarized training intensity distribution (POL) was recently suggested to be superior to other training intensity distribution (TID) regimens for endurance performance improvement. OBJECTIVE We aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze evidence comparing POL to other TIDs on endurance performance. METHODS PRISMA guidelines were followed. The protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022365117). PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched up to 20 October 2022 for studies in adults and young adults for ≥ 4 weeks comparing POL with other TID interventions regarding VO2peak, time-trial (TT), time to exhaustion (TTE) or speed or power at the second ventilatory or lactate threshold (V/P at VT2/LT2). Risk of bias was assessed with RoB-2 and ROBINS-I. Certainty of evidence was assessed with GRADE. Results were analyzed by random effects meta-analysis using standardized mean differences. RESULTS Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 437 subjects). Pooled effect estimates suggest POL superiority for improving VO2peak (SMD = 0.24 [95% CI 0.01, 0.48]; z = 2.02 (p = 0.040); 11 studies, n = 284; I2 = 0%; high certainty of evidence). Superiority, however, only occurred in shorter interventions (< 12 weeks) (SMD = 0.40 [95% CI 0.08, 0.71; z = 2.49 (p = 0.01); n = 163; I2 = 0%) and for highly trained athletes (SMD = 0.46 [95% CI 0.10, 0.82]; z = 2.51 (p = 0.01); n = 125; I2 = 0%). The remaining endurance performance surrogates were similarly affected by POL and other TIDs: TT (SMD = - 0.01 [95% CI -0.28, 0.25]; z = - 0.10 (p = 0.92); n = 221; I2 = 0%), TTE (SMD = 0.30 [95% CI - 0.20, 0.79]; z = 1.18 (p = 0.24); n = 66; I2 = 0%) and V/P VT2/LT2 (SMD = 0.04 [95% CI -0.21, 0.29]; z = 0.32 (p = 0.75); n = 253; I2 = 0%). Risk of bias for randomized controlled trials was rated as of some concern and for non-randomized controlled trials as low risk of bias (two studies) and some concerns (one study). CONCLUSIONS POL is superior to other TIDs for improving VO2peak, particularly in shorter duration interventions and highly trained athletes. However, the effect of POL was similar to that of other TIDs on the remaining surrogates of endurance performance. The results suggest that POL more effectively improves aerobic power but is similar to other TIDs for improving aerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Silva Oliveira
- Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Giorjines Boppre
- Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Nucleus of Research in Human Movement Science, University Adventista, 3780000, Chillan, Chile
| | - Hélder Fonseca
- Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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Chiron F, Erblang M, Gulören B, Bredariol F, Hamri I, Leger D, Hanon C, Tiollier E, Thomas C. Exploring the Influence of Acid-Base Status on Athletic Performance during Simulated Three-Day 400 m Race. Nutrients 2024; 16:1987. [PMID: 38999735 PMCID: PMC11243418 DOI: 10.3390/nu16131987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the ability of highly trained athletes to consistently perform at their highest level during a simulated three-day 400 m race and to examine the impact of an alkaline diet associated with chronic consumption of bicarbonate-rich water or placebo on their blood metabolic responses before and after the three races. Twenty-two highly trained athletes, divided into two groups-one with an alkalizing diet and placebo water (PLA) and the other with an alkalizing diet and bicarbonate-rich water (BIC)-performed a 400 m race for three consecutive days. Performance metrics, urine and blood samples assessing acid-base balance, and indirect markers of neuro-muscular fatigue were measured before and after each 400 m race. The evolution of the Potential Renal Acid Load (PRAL) index and urinary pH highlights the combination of an alkalizing diet and bicarbonate-rich hydration, modifying the acid-base state (p < 0.05). Athletes in the PLA group replicated the same level of performance during three consecutive daily races without an increase in fatigue-associated markers. Athletes experienced similar levels of metabolic perturbations during the three 400 m races, with improved lactate clearance 20 min after the third race compared to the first two (p < 0.05). This optimization of the buffering capacity through ecological alkaline nutrition and hydration allowed athletes in the BIC group to improve their performance during the third 400 m race (p < 0.01). This study highlights athletes' ability to replicate high-level performances over three consecutive days with the same extreme level of metabolic disturbances, and an alkaline diet combined with bicarbonate-rich water consumption appears to enhance performance in a 400 m race.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Chiron
- Exercise Biology for Performance and Health Laboratory (LBEPS), Univ Evry, IRBA, University Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France; (M.E.); (B.G.); (F.B.); (C.T.)
- French Athletics Federation (FFA), 33 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 75640 Paris CEDEX, France;
| | - Mégane Erblang
- Exercise Biology for Performance and Health Laboratory (LBEPS), Univ Evry, IRBA, University Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France; (M.E.); (B.G.); (F.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Bora Gulören
- Exercise Biology for Performance and Health Laboratory (LBEPS), Univ Evry, IRBA, University Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France; (M.E.); (B.G.); (F.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Federica Bredariol
- Exercise Biology for Performance and Health Laboratory (LBEPS), Univ Evry, IRBA, University Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France; (M.E.); (B.G.); (F.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Imad Hamri
- Institute of Biomedical Research and Epidemiology of Sport (IRMES), Institut National du Sport de l’Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), 11, Avenue du Tremblay, 75012 Paris, France;
| | - Damien Leger
- Université Paris Cité, VIFASOM (Vigilance, Fatigue, Sleep and Public Health), ERC 7330, APHP, Hôtel-Dieu, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, 1 Place Parvis Notre Dame, 75004 Paris, France;
| | - Christine Hanon
- French Athletics Federation (FFA), 33 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 75640 Paris CEDEX, France;
- French National Institute for Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, 75012 Paris, France;
| | - Eve Tiollier
- French National Institute for Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, 75012 Paris, France;
| | - Claire Thomas
- Exercise Biology for Performance and Health Laboratory (LBEPS), Univ Evry, IRBA, University Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France; (M.E.); (B.G.); (F.B.); (C.T.)
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Tamura Y, Jee E, Kouzaki K, Kotani T, Nakazato K. Monocarboxylate transporter 4 deficiency enhances high-intensity interval training-induced metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2024; 602:1313-1340. [PMID: 38513062 DOI: 10.1113/jp285719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
High-intensity exercise stimulates glycolysis, subsequently leading to elevated lactate production within skeletal muscle. While lactate produced within the muscle is predominantly released into the circulation via the monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), recent research underscores lactate's function as an intercellular and intertissue signalling molecule. However, its specific intracellular roles within muscle cells remains less defined. In this study, our objective was to elucidate the effects of increased intramuscular lactate accumulation on skeletal muscle adaptation to training. To achieve this, we developed MCT4 knockout mice and confirmed that a lack of MCT4 indeed results in pronounced lactate accumulation in skeletal muscle during high-intensity exercise. A key finding was the significant enhancement in endurance exercise capacity at high intensities when MCT4 deficiency was paired with high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Furthermore, metabolic adaptations supportive of this enhanced exercise capacity were evident with the combination of MCT4 deficiency and HIIT. Specifically, we observed a substantial uptick in the activity of glycolytic enzymes, notably hexokinase, glycogen phosphorylase and pyruvate kinase. The mitochondria also exhibited heightened pyruvate oxidation capabilities, as evidenced by an increase in oxygen consumption when pyruvate served as the substrate. This mitochondrial adaptation was further substantiated by elevated pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, increased activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase - the rate-limiting enzyme in the TCA cycle - and enhanced function of cytochrome c oxidase, pivotal to the electron transport chain. Our findings provide new insights into the physiological consequences of lactate accumulation in skeletal muscle during high-intensity exercises, deepening our grasp of the molecular intricacies underpinning exercise adaptation. KEY POINTS: We pioneered a unique line of monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) knockout mice specifically tailored to the ICR strain, an optimal background for high-intensity exercise studies. A deficiency in MCT4 exacerbates the accumulation of lactate in skeletal muscle during high-intensity exercise. Pairing MCT4 deficiency with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) results in a synergistic boost in high-intensity exercise capacity, observable both at the organismal level (via a treadmill running test) and at the muscle tissue level (through an ex vivo muscle contractile function test). Coordinating MCT4 deficiency with HIIT enhances both the glycolytic enzyme activities and mitochondrial capacity to oxidize pyruvate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tamura
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Sport Training Center, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- High Performance Center, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Coaching Excellence, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eunbin Jee
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karina Kouzaki
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Medical Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Health Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaya Kotani
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Medical Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Health Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Monteith AJ, Ramsey HE, Silver AJ, Brown D, Greenwood D, Smith BN, Wise AD, Liu J, Olmstead SD, Watke J, Arrate MP, Gorska AE, Fuller L, Locasale JW, Stubbs MC, Rathmell JC, Savona MR. Lactate Utilization Enables Metabolic Escape to Confer Resistance to BET Inhibition in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Res 2024; 84:1101-1114. [PMID: 38285895 PMCID: PMC10984779 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Impairing the BET family coactivator BRD4 with small-molecule inhibitors (BETi) showed encouraging preclinical activity in treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, dose-limiting toxicities and limited clinical activity dampened the enthusiasm for BETi as a single agent. BETi resistance in AML myeloblasts was found to correlate with maintaining mitochondrial respiration, suggesting that identifying the metabolic pathway sustaining mitochondrial integrity could help develop approaches to improve BETi efficacy. Herein, we demonstrated that mitochondria-associated lactate dehydrogenase allows AML myeloblasts to utilize lactate as a metabolic bypass to fuel mitochondrial respiration and maintain cellular viability. Pharmacologically and genetically impairing lactate utilization rendered resistant myeloblasts susceptible to BET inhibition. Low-dose combinations of BETi and oxamate, a lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor, reduced in vivo expansion of BETi-resistant AML in cell line and patient-derived murine models. These results elucidate how AML myeloblasts metabolically adapt to BETi by consuming lactate and demonstrate that combining BETi with inhibitors of lactate utilization may be useful in AML treatment. SIGNIFICANCE Lactate utilization allows AML myeloblasts to maintain metabolic integrity and circumvent antileukemic therapy, which supports testing of lactate utilization inhibitors in clinical settings to overcome BET inhibitor resistance in AML. See related commentary by Boët and Sarry, p. 950.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Monteith
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Haley E. Ramsey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alexander J. Silver
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Donovan Brown
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dalton Greenwood
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brianna N. Smith
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ashley D. Wise
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarah D. Olmstead
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jackson Watke
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maria P. Arrate
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Agnieszka E. Gorska
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Londa Fuller
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jason W. Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey C. Rathmell
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael R. Savona
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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10
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Benítez-Muñoz JA, Cupeiro R, Rubio-Arias JÁ, Amigo T, González-Lamuño D. Exercise influence on monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and 4 (MCT4) in the skeletal muscle: A systematic review. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14083. [PMID: 38240467 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This review aims to systematically analyze the effect of exercise on muscle MCT protein levels and mRNA expression of their respective genes, considering exercise intensity, and duration (single-exercise session and training program) in humans and rodents, to observe whether both models offer aligned results. The review also aims to report methodological aspects that need to be improved in future studies. A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist was followed. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 41 studies were included and evaluated using the Cochrane collaboration tool for risk of bias assessment. The main findings indicate that exercise is a powerful stimulus to increase MCT1 protein content in human muscle. MCT4 protein level increases can also be observed after a training program, although its responsiveness is lower compared to MCT1. Both transporters seem to change independently of exercise intensity, but the responses that occur with each intensity and each duration need to be better defined. The effect of exercise on muscle mRNA results is less defined, and more research is needed especially in humans. Moreover, results in rodents only agree with human results on the effect of a training program on MCT1 protein levels, indicating increases in both. Finally, we addressed important and feasible methodological aspects to improve the design of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Benítez-Muñoz
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Cupeiro
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacobo Á Rubio-Arias
- Department of Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Teresa Amigo
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, School of Medicine-IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria-Hospital M. Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Domingo González-Lamuño
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, School of Medicine-IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria-Hospital M. Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
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11
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Cai M, Li S, Cai K, Du X, Han J, Hu J. Empowering mitochondrial metabolism: Exploring L-lactate supplementation as a promising therapeutic approach for metabolic syndrome. Metabolism 2024; 152:155787. [PMID: 38215964 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MetS), affecting various cell types and organs. In MetS animal models, mitochondria exhibit decreased quality control, characterized by abnormal morphological structure, impaired metabolic activity, reduced energy production, disrupted signaling cascades, and oxidative stress. The aberrant changes in mitochondrial function exacerbate the progression of metabolic syndrome, setting in motion a pernicious cycle. From this perspective, reversing mitochondrial dysfunction is likely to become a novel and powerful approach for treating MetS. Unfortunately, there are currently no effective drugs available in clinical practice to improve mitochondrial function. Recently, L-lactate has garnered significant attention as a valuable metabolite due to its ability to regulate mitochondrial metabolic processes and function. It is highly likely that treating MetS and its related complications can be achieved by correcting mitochondrial homeostasis disorders. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the complex relationship between mitochondrial function and MetS and the involvement of L-lactate in regulating mitochondrial metabolism and associated signaling pathways. Furthermore, it highlights recent findings on the involvement of L-lactate in common pathologies of MetS and explores its potential clinical application and further prospects, thus providing new insights into treatment possibilities for MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cai
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, PR China; Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shuyao Li
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, PR China
| | - Keren Cai
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, PR China
| | - Xinlin Du
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, PR China
| | - Jia Han
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, PR China.
| | - Jingyun Hu
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai 201299, PR China.
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12
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Ashcroft SP, Stocks B, Egan B, Zierath JR. Exercise induces tissue-specific adaptations to enhance cardiometabolic health. Cell Metab 2024; 36:278-300. [PMID: 38183980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The risk associated with multiple cancers, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and all-cause mortality is decreased in individuals who meet the current recommendations for physical activity. Therefore, regular exercise remains a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases. An acute bout of exercise results in the coordinated interaction between multiple tissues to meet the increased energy demand of exercise. Over time, the associated metabolic stress of each individual exercise bout provides the basis for long-term adaptations across tissues, including the cardiovascular system, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, gut, and brain. Therefore, regular exercise is associated with a plethora of benefits throughout the whole body, including improved cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, and glycemic control. Overall, we summarize the exercise-induced adaptations that occur within multiple tissues and how they converge to ultimately improve cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Ashcroft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Stocks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Amirkhosravi L, Kordestani Z, Nikooei R, Safi Z, Yeganeh-Hajahmadi M, Mirtajaddini-Goki M. Exercise-related alterations in MCT1 and GLUT4 expressions in the liver and pancreas of rats with STZ-induced diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:1355-1363. [PMID: 37975118 PMCID: PMC10638214 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Background The liver and pancreas tissues play a central role in controlling glucose homeostasis. In patients with type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM), the function of these tissues is impaired. The positive effects of exercise have been shown in diabetic patients. To demonstrate the positive effects of exercise in T1DM, we examined the effects of moderate-intensity endurance training (MIET) on the liver enzymes and expression of MCT1 and GLUT4 genes. Methods Male Wistar rats were allocated into 4 groups of control (C), training (T), diabetic control (DC), and diabetes + training (DT). The serum levels of liver enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined by ELIZA. MCT1 and GLUT4 mRNA expressions in the liver and pancreas tissues were evaluated through real-time qPCR after 10 weeks of training. Results The mRNA levels of MCT1 and GLUT4 decreased in DC group and increased in DT group. T1DM led to weight loss, but the weight loss was less in the DT group. T1DM caused an increase in liver enzymes such as ALT, AST and ALP, whereas endurance training preserved enzymatic levels. Conclusion These results suggested that MIET increases levels of MCT1 and GLUT4 liver and pancreas in the diabetic rats and improves liver function tests. Upregulation of MCT1 and GLUT4 can probably improve the function of liver and pancreas tissues and promote glucose homeostasis in T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Amirkhosravi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zeinab Kordestani
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Rohollah Nikooei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zohreh Safi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Yeganeh-Hajahmadi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryamossadat Mirtajaddini-Goki
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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14
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Murtagh CF, Hall ECR, Brownlee TE, Drust B, Williams AG, Erskine RM. The Genetic Association with Athlete Status, Physical Performance, and Injury Risk in Soccer. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:941-960. [PMID: 37253386 DOI: 10.1055/a-2103-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to critically appraise the literature concerning the genetic association with athlete status, physical performance, and injury risk in soccer. The objectives were to provide guidance on which genetic markers could potentially be used as part of future practice in soccer and to provide direction for future research in this area. The most compelling evidence identified six genetic polymorphisms to be associated with soccer athlete status (ACE I/D; ACTN3 rs1815739; AGT rs699; MCT1 rs1049434; NOS3 rs2070744; PPARA rs4253778), six with physical performance (ACTN3 rs1815739; AMPD1 rs17602729; BDNF rs6265; COL2A1 rs2070739; COL5A1 rs12722; NOS3 rs2070744), and seven with injury risk (ACTN3 rs1815739; CCL2 rs2857656; COL1A1 rs1800012; COL5A1 rs12722; EMILIN1 rs2289360; IL6 rs1800795; MMP3 rs679620). As well as replication by independent groups, large-scale genome-wide association studies are required to identify new genetic markers. Future research should also investigate the physiological mechanisms associating these polymorphisms with specific phenotypes. Further, researchers should investigate the above associations in female and non-Caucasian soccer players, as almost all published studies have recruited male participants of European ancestry. Only after robust, independently replicated genetic data have been generated, can genetic testing be considered an additional tool to potentially inform future practice in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conall F Murtagh
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Sports Science Department, Liverpool Football Club and Athletic Grounds Ltd, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Elliott C R Hall
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E Brownlee
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alun G Williams
- Manchester Metropolitan Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Mukai K, Ohmura H, Takahashi Y, Ebisuda Y, Yoneda K, Miyata H. Physiological and skeletal muscle responses to high-intensity interval exercise in Thoroughbred horses. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1241266. [PMID: 38026631 PMCID: PMC10679931 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1241266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study was to determine whether acute high-intensity interval exercise or sprint interval exercise induces greater physiological and skeletal muscle responses compared to moderate-intensity continuous exercise in horses. Methods In a randomized crossover design, eight trained Thoroughbred horses performed three treadmill exercise protocols consisting of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (6 min at 70% VO2max; MICT), high-intensity interval exercise (6 × 30 s at 100% VO2max; HIIT), and sprint interval exercise (6 × 15 s at 120% VO2max; SIT). Arterial blood samples were collected to measure blood gas variables and plasma lactate concentration. Biopsy samples were obtained from the gluteus medius muscle before, immediately after, 4 h, and 24 h after exercise for biochemical analysis, western blotting and real-time RT-PCR. Effects of time and exercise protocol were analyzed using mixed models (p < 0.05). Results Heart rate and plasma lactate concentration at the end of exercise were higher in HIIT and SIT than those in MICT (heart rate, HIIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0005; SIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0015; lactate, HIIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0014; SIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0003). Arterial O2 saturation and arterial pH in HIIT and SIT were lower compared with MICT (SaO2, HIIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0035; SIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0265; pH, HIIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0011; SIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0023). Muscle glycogen content decreased significantly in HIIT (p = 0.0004) and SIT (p = 0.0016) immediately after exercise, but not in MICT (p = 0.19). Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in HIIT showed a significant increase immediately after exercise (p = 0.014), but the increase was not significant in MICT (p = 0.13) and SIT (p = 0.39). At 4 h after exercise, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α mRNA increased in HIIT (p = 0.0027) and SIT (p = 0.0019) and vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA increased in SIT (p = 0.0002). Discussion Despite an equal run distance, HIIT and SIT cause more severe arterial hypoxemia and lactic acidosis compared with MICT. In addition, HIIT activates the AMPK signaling cascade, and HIIT and SIT elevate mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis, whereas MICT did not induce any significant changes to these signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Mukai
- Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohmura
- Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yusaku Ebisuda
- Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Koki Yoneda
- Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Miyata
- Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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16
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Orsi JB, Araujo LS, Scariot PPM, Polisel EEC, Cardoso LO, Gobatto CA, Manchado-Gobatto FB. Critical Velocity, Maximal Lactate Steady State, and Muscle MCT1 and MCT4 after Exhaustive Running in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15753. [PMID: 37958736 PMCID: PMC10648804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the critical velocity (CV) protocol has been used to determine the aerobic capacity in rodents, there is a lack of studies that compare CV with maximal lactate steady state intensity (iMLSS) in mice. As a consequence, their physiological and molecular responses after exercise until exhaustion at CV intensity remain unclear. Thus, we aimed to compare and correlate CV with iMLSS in running mice, following different mathematical models for CV estimation. We also evaluated their physiological responses and muscle MCT1 and MCT4 after running until exhaustion at CV. Thirty C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups (exercised-E and control-C). Group E was submitted to a CV protocol (4 days), using linear (lin1 and lin2) and hyperbolic (hyp) mathematical models to determine the distance, velocity, and time to exhaustion (tlim) of each predictive CV trial, followed by an MLSS protocol. After a running effort until exhaustion at CV intensity, the mice were immediately euthanized, while group C was euthanized at rest. No differences were observed between iMLSS (21.1 ± 1.1 m.min-1) and CV estimated by lin1 (21.0 ± 0.9 m.min-1, p = 0.415), lin2 (21.3 ± 0.9 m.min-1, p = 0.209), and hyp (20.6 ± 0.9 m.min-1, p = 0.914). According to the results, CV was significantly correlated with iMLSS. After running until exhaustion at CV (tlim = 28.4 ± 8,29 min), group E showed lower concentrations of hepatic and gluteal glycogen than group C, but no difference in the content of MCT1 (p = 0.933) and MCT4 (p = 0.123) in soleus muscle. Significant correlations were not found between MCT1 and MCT4 and tlim at CV intensity. Our results reinforce that CV is a valid and non-invasive protocol to estimate the maximal aerobic capacity in mice and that the content of MCT1 and MCT4 was not decisive in determining the tlim at CV, at least when measured immediately after the running effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan B Orsi
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara S Araujo
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro P M Scariot
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emanuel E C Polisel
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luisa O Cardoso
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio A Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fúlvia B Manchado-Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Colucci ACM, Tassinari ID, Loss EDS, de Fraga LS. History and Function of the Lactate Receptor GPR81/HCAR1 in the Brain: A Putative Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia. Neuroscience 2023; 526:144-163. [PMID: 37391123 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
GPR81 is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) discovered in 2001, but deorphanized only 7 years later, when its affinity for lactate as an endogenous ligand was demonstrated. More recently, GPR81 expression and distribution in the brain were also confirmed and the function of lactate as a volume transmitter has been suggested since then. These findings shed light on a new function of lactate acting as a signaling molecule in the central nervous system, in addition to its well-known role as a metabolic fuel for neurons. GPR81 seems to act as a metabolic sensor, coupling energy metabolism, synaptic activity, and blood flow. Activation of this receptor leads to Gi-mediated downregulation of adenylyl cyclase and subsequent reduction in cAMP levels, regulating several downstream pathways. Recent studies have also suggested the potential role of lactate as a neuroprotective agent, mainly under brain ischemic conditions. This effect is usually attributed to the metabolic role of lactate, but the underlying mechanisms need further investigation and could be related to lactate signaling via GPR81. The activation of GPR81 showed promising results for neuroprotection: it modulates many processes involved in the pathophysiology of ischemia. In this review, we summarize the history of GPR81, starting with its deorphanization; then, we discuss GPR81 expression and distribution, signaling transduction cascades, and neuroprotective roles. Lastly, we propose GPR81 as a potential target for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Clara Machado Colucci
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Metabolismo (NeuroMet), Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, lab. 660, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Isadora D'Ávila Tassinari
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Metabolismo (NeuroMet), Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, lab. 660, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eloísa da Silveira Loss
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Experimental (LABENEX), Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, lab. 660, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciano Stürmer de Fraga
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Metabolismo (NeuroMet), Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, lab. 660, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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18
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Brenmoehl J, Brosig E, Trakooljul N, Walz C, Ohde D, Noce A, Walz M, Langhammer M, Petkov S, Röntgen M, Maak S, Galuska CE, Fuchs B, Kuhla B, Ponsuksili S, Wimmers K, Hoeflich A. Metabolic Pathway Modeling in Muscle of Male Marathon Mice (DUhTP) and Controls (DUC)-A Possible Role of Lactate Dehydrogenase in Metabolic Flexibility. Cells 2023; 12:1925. [PMID: 37566003 PMCID: PMC10417281 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In contracting muscles, carbohydrates and fatty acids serve as energy substrates; the predominant utilization depends on the workload. Here, we investigated the contribution of non-mitochondrial and mitochondrial metabolic pathways in response to repeated training in a polygenic, paternally selected marathon mouse model (DUhTP), characterized by exceptional running performance and an unselected control (DUC), with both lines descended from the same genetic background. Both lines underwent three weeks of high-speed treadmill training or were sedentary. Both lines' muscles and plasma were analyzed. Muscle RNA was sequenced, and KEGG pathway analysis was performed. Analyses of muscle revealed no significant selection-related differences in muscle structure. However, in response to physical exercise, glucose and fatty acid oxidation were stimulated, lactate dehydrogenase activity was reduced, and lactate formation was inhibited in the marathon mice compared with trained control mice. The lack of lactate formation in response to exercise appears to be associated with increased lipid mobilization from peripheral adipose tissue in DUhTP mice, suggesting a specific benefit of lactate avoidance. Thus, results from the analysis of muscle metabolism in born marathon mice, shaped by 35 years (140 generations) of phenotype selection for superior running performance, suggest increased metabolic flexibility in male marathon mice toward lipid catabolism regulated by lactate dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brenmoehl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Elli Brosig
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunological Section, University Medicine Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Christina Walz
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Daniela Ohde
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Antonia Noce
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
- Department of Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Michael Walz
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Martina Langhammer
- Lab Animal Facility, Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Petkov
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Monika Röntgen
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Steffen Maak
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Christina E. Galuska
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Beate Fuchs
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Björn Kuhla
- Institute of Nutrition, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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19
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Emhoff CAW, Messonnier LA. Concepts of Lactate Metabolic Clearance Rate and Lactate Clamp for Metabolic Inquiry: A Mini-Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3213. [PMID: 37513631 PMCID: PMC10385598 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate is known to play a central role in the link between glycolytic and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, as well as to serve as a primary gluconeogenic precursor. Blood lactate concentration is sensitive to the metabolic state of tissues and organs as lactate rates of appearance and disposal/disappearance in the circulation rise and fall in response to physical exercise and other metabolic disturbances. The highest lactate flux rates have been measured during moderate intensity exercise in endurance-trained individuals who exhibit muscular and metabolic adaptations lending to superior oxidative capacity. In contrast, a diminished ability to utilize lactate is associated with poor metabolic fitness. Given these widespread implications in exercise performance and health, we discuss the concept of lactate metabolic clearance rate, which increases at the onset of exercise and, unlike flux rates, reaches a peak just below the power output associated with the maximal lactate steady state. The metabolic clearance rate is determined by both disposal rate and blood concentration, two parameters that are mutually interdependent and thus difficult to parse during steady state exercise studies. We review the evolution of the in vivo lactate clamp methodology to control blood lactate concentration and discuss its application in the investigation of whole-body lactate disposal capacities. In conclusion, we assert that the lactate clamp is a useful research methodology for examining lactate flux, in particular the factors that drive metabolic clearance rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-An W Emhoff
- Department of Kinesiology, Saint Mary's College of California, Moraga, CA 94575, USA
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Laurent A Messonnier
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, F-73000 Chambéry, France
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20
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Brooks GA, Osmond AD, Arevalo JA, Duong JJ, Curl CC, Moreno-Santillan DD, Leija RG. Lactate as a myokine and exerkine: drivers and signals of physiology and metabolism. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:529-548. [PMID: 36633863 PMCID: PMC9970662 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00497.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
No longer viewed as a metabolic waste product and cause of muscle fatigue, a contemporary view incorporates the roles of lactate in metabolism, sensing and signaling in normal as well as pathophysiological conditions. Lactate exists in millimolar concentrations in muscle, blood, and other tissues and can rise more than an order of magnitude as the result of increased production and clearance limitations. Lactate exerts its powerful driver-like influence by mass action, redox change, allosteric binding, and other mechanisms described in this article. Depending on the condition, such as during rest and exercise, following carbohydrate nutrition, injury, or pathology, lactate can serve as a myokine or exerkine with autocrine-, paracrine-, and endocrine-like functions that have important basic and translational implications. For instance, lactate signaling is: involved in reproductive biology, fueling the heart, muscle adaptation, and brain executive function, growth and development, and a treatment for inflammatory conditions. Lactate also works with many other mechanisms and factors in controlling cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation during exercise. Ironically, lactate can be disruptive of normal processes such as insulin secretion when insertion of lactate transporters into pancreatic β-cell membranes is not suppressed, and in carcinogenesis when factors that suppress carcinogenesis are inhibited, whereas factors that promote carcinogenesis are upregulated. Lactate signaling is important in areas of intermediary metabolism, redox biology, mitochondrial biogenesis, neurobiology, gut physiology, appetite regulation, nutrition, and overall health and vigor. The various roles of lactate as a myokine and exerkine are reviewed.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Lactate sensing and signaling is a relatively new and rapidly changing field. As a physiological signal lactate works both independently and in concert with other signals. Lactate operates via covalent binding and canonical signaling, redox change, and lactylation of DNA. Lactate can also serve as an element of feedback loops in cardiopulmonary regulation. From conception through aging lactate is not the only a myokine or exerkine, but it certainly deserves consideration as a physiological signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Adam D Osmond
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Jose A Arevalo
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Justin J Duong
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Casey C Curl
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Diana D Moreno-Santillan
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Robert G Leija
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
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21
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Kocianova E, Piatrikova V, Golias T. Revisiting the Warburg Effect with Focus on Lactate. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246028. [PMID: 36551514 PMCID: PMC9776395 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rewired metabolism is acknowledged as one of the drivers of tumor growth. As a result, aerobic glycolysis, or the Warburg effect, is a feature of many cancers. Increased glucose uptake and glycolysis provide intermediates for anabolic reactions necessary for cancer cell proliferation while contributing sufficient energy. However, the accompanying increased lactate production, seemingly wasting glucose carbon, was originally explained only by the need to regenerate NAD+ for successive rounds of glycolysis by the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) reaction in the cytosol. After the discovery of a mitochondrial LDH isoform, lactate oxidation entered the picture, and lactate was recognized as an important oxidative fuel. It has also been revealed that lactate serves a variety of signaling functions and helps cells adapt to the new environment. Here, we discuss recent findings on lactate metabolism and signaling in cancer while attempting to explain why the Warburg effect is adopted by cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kocianova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viktoria Piatrikova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tereza Golias
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
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22
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Suzuki J. Endurance exercise under short-duration intermittent hypoxia promotes endurance performance via improving muscle metabolic properties in mice. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15534. [PMID: 36514879 PMCID: PMC9748492 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to (1) investigate the effects of acute exercise under intermittent hypoxia on muscle mRNA and protein levels, and (2) clarify the mechanisms by which exercise under intermittent hypoxia improves endurance capacity. Experiment-1: Male mice were subjected to either acute endurance exercise, exercise under hypoxia (14% O2 ), exercise under intermittent hypoxia (Int, three cycles of room air [10 min] and 14% O2 [15 min]). At 3 h after exercise under intermittent hypoxia, sirtuin-6 mRNA levels and nuclear prolyl hydroxylases-2 protein levels were significantly upregulated in white gastrocnemius muscle in the Int group. Experiment-2: Mice were assigned to sedentary control (Sed), normoxic exercise-trained (ET), hypoxic exercise-trained (HYP) or exercise-trained under intermittent hypoxia (INT) groups. Exercise capacity was significantly greater in the INT group than in the ET and HYP group. Activity levels of citrate synthase were significantly greater in the INT group than in the HYP group in soleus (SOL) and red gastrocnemius muscles. In SOL, nuclear N-terminal PGC1α levels were considerably increased by the INT training (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-1.79). The INT significantly increased pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity levels in left ventricle (LV). Monocarboxylate transporter-4 protein levels were significantly increased after the INT training in LV. Capillary-to-fiber ratio values were significantly increased in SOL and were substantially increased in LV (CI: 1.10-1.22) after the INT training. These results suggest that exercise training under intermittent hypoxia represents a beneficial strategy for increasing endurance performance via improving metabolic properties and capillary profiles in several hind-leg muscles and the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Health and Sports Sciences, Course of Sports Education, Department of EducationHokkaido University of EducationIwamizawaJapan
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23
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Uszczynska-Ratajczak B, Sugunan S, Kwiatkowska M, Migdal M, Carbonell-Sala S, Sokol A, Winata CL, Chacinska A. Profiling subcellular localization of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial gene products in zebrafish. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 6:6/1/e202201514. [PMID: 36283702 PMCID: PMC9595208 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Most mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear genes, synthetized in the cytosol and targeted into the organelle. To characterize the spatial organization of mitochondrial gene products in zebrafish (Danio rerio), we sequenced RNA from different cellular fractions. Our results confirmed the presence of nuclear-encoded mRNAs in the mitochondrial fraction, which in unperturbed conditions, are mainly transcripts encoding large proteins with specific properties, like transmembrane domains. To further explore the principles of mitochondrial protein compartmentalization in zebrafish, we quantified the transcriptomic changes for each subcellular fraction triggered by the chchd4a -/- mutation, causing the disorders in the mitochondrial protein import. Our results indicate that the proteostatic stress further restricts the population of transcripts on the mitochondrial surface, allowing only the largest and the most evolutionary conserved proteins to be synthetized there. We also show that many nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transcripts translated by the cytosolic ribosomes stay resistant to the global translation shutdown. Thus, vertebrates, in contrast to yeast, are not likely to use localized translation to facilitate synthesis of mitochondrial proteins under proteostatic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Uszczynska-Ratajczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland .,Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sreedevi Sugunan
- ReMedy International Research Agenda Unit, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland,International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Kwiatkowska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland,Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland,International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Migdal
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Silvia Carbonell-Sala
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Sokol
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany,Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Cecilia L Winata
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chacinska
- ReMedy International Research Agenda Unit, IMol Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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24
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Kano R, Sato K. The Relationship between Training Cycle-Dependent Fluctuations in Resting Blood Lactate Levels and Exercise Performance in College-Aged Rugby Players. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040093. [PMID: 36278754 PMCID: PMC9589951 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in resting blood lactate (La-) concentration due to metabolic conditions has been reported. However, it is not clear whether resting La- changes with training cycles in athletes. The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that (1) the morning resting La- levels are lower in periods of high training compared to periods of low training and (2) these changes in La- concentration are related to athletes' metabolic capacity during exercise in male college-aged rugby players. Resting La- and blood glucose concentrations were measured in the morning in eight league rugby players during the summer pre-season period (Pre-period), the training and competition season period (TC-period), and the winter post-season period (Post-period). In each period, anaerobic power, La- concentration, and respiratory responses were measured during the 40 s maximal Wingate anaerobic test (WT). The resting La- concentration in the morning was significantly lower in the TC-Period (1.9 ± 0.6 mmol/L) than in the Post-Period (2.3 ± 0.9 mmol/L). The rate of decrease in La- level immediately after the 40 s WT was significantly higher in the TC-Period than in the Post-Period. The resting La- concentration was significantly correlated with the peak oxygen uptake and the carbon dioxide output during the WT. These results support the hypothesis that an athlete's training cycle (i.e., in season and off season) influences the resting La- levels as well as the metabolic capacity during high-intensity exercise. The monitoring of resting La- fluctuations may provide a convenient indication of the training cycle-dependent metabolic capacity in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Kano
- Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Sato
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
- Correspondence:
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25
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Cerda-Kohler H, Haichelis D, Reuquén P, Miarka B, Homer M, Zapata-Gómez D, Aedo-Muñoz E. Training at moderate altitude improves submaximal but not maximal performance-related parameters in elite rowers. Front Physiol 2022; 13:931325. [PMID: 36311238 PMCID: PMC9614325 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.931325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max), physiological thresholds, and hemoglobin mass are strong predictors of endurance performance. High values of V̇O2max, maximal aerobic power (MAP), and power output at anaerobic thresholds are key variables in elite rowers. Endurance athletes often use altitude training as a strategy to improve performance. However, no clear evidence exists that training at natural altitude enhances sea-level performance in elite rowers. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of altitude training on rowing-performance parameters at sea level. The study was conducted on eleven rowers (Six females, five males) from the Chilean National Team during a 3-week moderate altitude training (∼2,900 m. a.s.l.) under the live high-train high (LHTH) model. It included a rowing ergometer maximal incremental test and blood analysis (pre and post-altitude). Gas exchange analysis was performed to measure V̇O2max, ventilatory thresholds (VTs) and rowing economy/efficiency (ECR/GE%). LHTL training improves performance-related variables at sea level (V̇Emax: 3.3% (95% CI, 1.2–5.5); hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]): 4.3% (95% CI, 1.7–6.9); hematocrit (%): 4.5% (95% CI, 0.9–8.2); RBC (red blood cells) count: 5.3% (95% CI, 2.3–8.2); power at VT2: 6.9% (95% CI, 1.7–12.1), V̇EVT2: 6.4% (95% CI, 0.4–12.4); power at VT1: 7.3% (95% CI, 1.3–13.3), V̇EVT1: 8.7% (95% CI, 1.6–15.8)) and economy/efficiency-related variables (ECRVT2: 5.3% (95% CI, −0.6 to −10.0); GE(%): 5.8% (95% CI, 0.8–10.7)). The LHTH training decreased breathing economy at MAP (−2.8% (95% CI, 0.1–5.6)), pVT2 (−9.3% (95% CI, −5.9 to −12.7)), and pVT1 (−9.3% (95% CI, −4.1 to −14.4)). Non-significant changes were found for V̇O2max and MAP. This study describes the effects of a 3-week moderate altitude (LHTH training) on performance and economy/efficiency-related variables in elite rowers, suggesting that it is an excellent option to induce positive adaptations related to endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cerda-Kohler
- Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte y Actividad Física, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Educación Física, eporte y Recreación, Facultad de Artes y Educación Física, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Unidad de Fisiología del Ejercicio, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Danni Haichelis
- Unidad de Fisiología del Ejercicio, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
- Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Reuquén
- Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mark Homer
- School of Human and Social Sciences, Buckinghamshire New University, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Zapata-Gómez
- Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban Aedo-Muñoz
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Esteban Aedo-Muñoz,
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26
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Lawson D, Vann C, Schoenfeld BJ, Haun C. Beyond Mechanical Tension: A Review of Resistance Exercise-Induced Lactate Responses & Muscle Hypertrophy. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040081. [PMID: 36278742 PMCID: PMC9590033 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review aims to explore and discuss recent research relating to the lactate response to resistance training and the potential mechanisms by which lactate may contribute to skeletal muscle hypertrophy or help to prevent muscle atrophy. First, we will discuss foundational information pertaining to lactate including metabolism, measurement, shuttling, and potential (although seemingly elusive) mechanisms for hypertrophy. We will then provide a brief analysis of resistance training protocols and the associated lactate response. Lastly, we will discuss potential shortcomings, resistance training considerations, and future research directions regarding lactate's role as a potential anabolic agent for skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lawson
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Christopher Vann
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College of CUNY, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Cody Haun
- Fitomics, LLC, Alabaster, AL 35007, USA
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27
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Brooks GA, Curl CC, Leija RG, Osmond AD, Duong JJ, Arevalo JA. Tracing the lactate shuttle to the mitochondrial reticulum. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1332-1347. [PMID: 36075947 PMCID: PMC9534995 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Isotope tracer infusion studies employing lactate, glucose, glycerol, and fatty acid isotope tracers were central to the deduction and demonstration of the Lactate Shuttle at the whole-body level. In concert with the ability to perform tissue metabolite concentration measurements, as well as determinations of unidirectional and net metabolite exchanges by means of arterial-venous difference (a-v) and blood flow measurements across tissue beds including skeletal muscle, the heart and the brain, lactate shuttling within organs and tissues was made evident. From an extensive body of work on men and women, resting or exercising, before or after endurance training, at sea level or high altitude, we now know that Organ-Organ, Cell-Cell, and Intracellular Lactate Shuttles operate continuously. By means of lactate shuttling, fuel-energy substrates can be exchanged between producer (driver) cells, such as those in skeletal muscle, and consumer (recipient) cells, such as those in the brain, heart, muscle, liver and kidneys. Within tissues, lactate can be exchanged between white and red fibers within a muscle bed and between astrocytes and neurons in the brain. Within cells, lactate can be exchanged between the cytosol and mitochondria and between the cytosol and peroxisomes. Lactate shuttling between driver and recipient cells depends on concentration gradients created by the mitochondrial respiratory apparatus in recipient cells for oxidative disposal of lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA.
| | - Casey C Curl
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA
| | - Robert G Leija
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA
| | - Adam D Osmond
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA
| | - Justin J Duong
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA
| | - Jose A Arevalo
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA
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28
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Rhibi F, Abderrahman AB, Prioux J, Clark CCT, Bideau B, Besbes S, Hackney AC, Granacher U, Zouhal H. Effects of different training intensities in high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on maximal aerobic velocity, hematological and muscle-damage markers in healthy young adults. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:158. [PMID: 35996161 PMCID: PMC9396849 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of two high-intensity interval training programs (HIIT) on maximal aerobic velocity (MAV), hematological variations and muscle damage markers in young healthy adults. Twenty-nine male physical education students, aged 20.3 ± 3.3 years, volunteered to participate in this study, and were randomly assigned to a control group (CG, n = 9) or two intervention groups (group 1 or 2). Intervention group 1 (n = 10) exercised at 100% of their MAV (EG100) while group 2 (n = 10) exercised at 110% MAV (EG110). Before and after the eight week training program, blood samples were drawn at rest, before, and after an intermittent exercise. Aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), C reactive protein (CRP), creatine kinase (CK) concentrations and hematological parameters (white blood cells [WBC], monocytes [MO], lymphocytes [LY], neutrophil [NE]) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. Post-hoc tests showed that MAV was significantly higher in EG110 compared to EG100 after HIIT (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.05), whilst ALAT, ASAT, and CPR were significantly lower (p < 0.01; 0.02 < ηp2 < 0.11) in EG110 compared to EG100. Moreover, post-hoc tests indicated that LY decreased significantly (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.21) only for EG110. Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations for both EG100 and EG110 between MAV and ALAT (r = 0.66, p = 0.044 and r = 0.64, p = 0.041 respectively), CK (r = 0.67, p = 0.031 and r = 0.86, p = 0.030, respectively), LDH (r = 0.74, p = 0.014, and r = 0.071, p = 0.021, respectively). In addition, there was a significant positive correlation for both, EG100 and EG110 between MAV and LY (r = 0.79, p < 0.01; r = 0.72, p < 0.05, respectively). Concerning the relationship between MAV and NE, there was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.66; p < 0.05) only for EG110. Findings from this study revealed that HIIT at 110% MAV was more efficient to improve MAV and reduce muscle damage. In addition, we observed significant associations between performance improvements (MAV) and markers of muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Rhibi
- Laboratory of Biomonitoring of the Environment, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia.,Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S), UFR-STAPS, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, Av. Charles Tillon, 35044, Rennes Cedex, France
| | | | - Jacques Prioux
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S), UFR-STAPS, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, Av. Charles Tillon, 35044, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Benoît Bideau
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S), UFR-STAPS, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, Av. Charles Tillon, 35044, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Sophia Besbes
- Biochemical Laboratory, Hospital of Kassab, La Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Sandfangweg 4, 79102, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S), UFR-STAPS, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, Av. Charles Tillon, 35044, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Insitut International Des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), 35850, Irodouer, France.
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Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in skeletal muscle and hypothalamus of less or more physically active mice exposed to aerobic training. Life Sci 2022; 307:120872. [PMID: 35948119 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The synthesis of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) can be stimulated by aerobic training, but few is known about this effect associated or not with non-voluntary daily activities. We examined the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training in MCTs on the skeletal muscle and hypothalamus of less or more physically active mice, which can be achieved by keeping them in two different housing models, a small cage (SC) and a large cage (LC). MAIN METHODS Forty male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups. In each housing condition, mice were divided into untrained (N) and trained (T). For 8 weeks, the trained animals ran on a treadmill with an intensity equivalent to 80 % of the individual critical velocity (CV), considered aerobic capacity, 40 min/day, 5 times/week. Protein expression of MCTs was determined with fluorescence Western Blot. KEY FINDINGS T groups had higher hypothalamic MCT2 than N groups (ANOVA, P = 0.032). Significant correlations were detected between hypothalamic MCT2 and CV. There was a difference between the SC and LC groups in relation to MCT4 in the hypothalamus (LC > SC, P = 0.044). Trained mice housed in LC (but not SC-T) exhibited a reduction in MCT4 muscle (P < 0.001). SIGNIFICANCE Our findings indicate that aerobically trained mice increased the expression of MCT2 protein in the hypothalamus, which has been related to the uptake of lactate in neurons. Changes in energy metabolism in physically active mice (kept in LC) may be related to upregulation of hypothalamic MCT4, probably participating in the regulation of satiety.
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Takahashi K, Kitaoka Y, Hatta H. Effects of endurance training on metabolic enzyme activity and transporter protein levels in the skeletal muscles of orchiectomized mice. J Physiol Sci 2022; 72:14. [PMID: 35768774 PMCID: PMC10717707 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-022-00839-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether endurance training attenuates orchiectomy (ORX)-induced metabolic alterations. At 7 days of recovery after sham operation or ORX surgery, the mice were randomized to remain sedentary or undergo 5 weeks of treadmill running training (15-20 m/min, 60 min, 5 days/week). ORX decreased glycogen concentration in the gastrocnemius muscle, enhanced phosphofructokinase activity in the plantaris muscle, and decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity in the plantaris and soleus muscles. Mitochondrial enzyme activities and protein content in the plantaris and soleus muscles were also decreased after ORX, but preserved, in part, by endurance training. In the treadmill running test (15 m/min, 60 min) after 4 weeks of training, orchiectomized sedentary mice showed impaired exercise performance, which was restored by endurance training. Thus, endurance training could be a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent the hypoandrogenism-induced decline in muscle mitochondrial content and physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Takahashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Yu Kitaoka
- Department of Human Sciences, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1, Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 221-8686, Japan
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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Pellerin L, Connes P, Bisbal C, Lambert K. Editorial: Lactate as a Major Signaling Molecule for Homeostasis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:910567. [PMID: 35755437 PMCID: PMC9214235 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.910567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Pellerin
- IRMETIST Inserm U1313, Université et CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Philippe Connes
- LIBM. EA7424, Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell Team, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Bisbal
- PhyMedExp Inserm U1046-CNRS 9214, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Karen Lambert
- PhyMedExp Inserm U1046-CNRS 9214, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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San-Millan I, Sparagna GC, Chapman HL, Warkins VL, Chatfield KC, Shuff SR, Martinez JL, Brooks GA. Chronic Lactate Exposure Decreases Mitochondrial Function by Inhibition of Fatty Acid Uptake and Cardiolipin Alterations in Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes. Front Nutr 2022; 9:809485. [PMID: 35308271 PMCID: PMC8931465 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.809485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lactate is an important signaling molecule with autocrine, paracrine and endocrine properties involved in multiple biological processes including regulation of gene expression and metabolism. Levels of lactate are increased chronically in diseases associated with cardiometabolic disease such as heart failure, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. Using neonatal ventricular myocytes, we tested the hypothesis that chronic lactate exposure could decrease the activity of cardiac mitochondria that could lead to metabolic inflexibility in the heart and other tissues. Methods Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) were treated for 48 h with 5, 10, or 20 mM lactate and CPT I and II activities were tested using radiolabelled assays. The molecular species profile of the major mitochondrial phospholipid, cardiolipin, was determined using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry along with reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels measured by Amplex Red and mitochondrial oxygen consumption using the Seahorse analyzer. Results CPT I activity trended downward (p = 0.07) and CPT II activity significantly decreased with lactate exposure (p < 0.001). Cardiolipin molecular species containing four 18 carbon chains (72 carbons total) increased with lactate exposure, but species of other sizes decreased significantly. Furthermore, ROS production was strongly enhanced with lactate (p < 0.001) and mitochondrial ATP production and maximal respiration were both significantly down regulated with lactate exposure (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 respectively). Conclusions Chronic lactate exposure in cardiomyocytes leads to a decrease in fatty acid transport, alterations of cardiolipin remodeling, increases in ROS production and decreases in mitochondrial oxygen consumption that could have implications for both metabolic health and flexibility. The possibility that both intra-, or extracellular lactate levels play roles in cardiometabolic disease, heart failure, and other forms of metabolic inflexibility needs to be assessed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo San-Millan
- Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Genevieve C. Sparagna
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Hailey L. Chapman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Valerie L. Warkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kathryn C. Chatfield
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sydney R. Shuff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Janel L. Martinez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - George A. Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Takeda R, Nonaka Y, Kakinoki K, Miura S, Kano Y, Hoshino D. Effect of endurance training and PGC-1α overexpression on calculated lactate production volume during exercise based on blood lactate concentration. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1635. [PMID: 35102189 PMCID: PMC8803982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate production is an important clue for understanding metabolic and signal responses to exercise but its measurement is difficult. Therefore, this study aimed (1) to develop a method of calculating lactate production volume during exercise based on blood lactate concentration and compare the effects between endurance exercise training (EX) and PGC-1α overexpression (OE), (2) to elucidate which proteins and enzymes contribute to changes in lactate production due to EX and muscle PGC-1α OE, and (3) to elucidate the relationship between lactate production volume and signaling phosphorylations involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. EX and PGC-1α OE decreased muscle lactate production volume at the absolute same-intensity exercise, but only PGC-1α OE increased lactate production volume at the relative same-intensity exercise. Multiple linear regression revealed that phosphofructokinase, monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)1, MCT4, and citrate synthase equally contribute to the lactate production volume at high-intensity exercise within physiological adaptations, such as EX, not PGC-1α OE. We found that an exercise intensity-dependent increase in the lactate production volume was associated with a decrease in glycogen concentration and an increase in P-AMPK/T-AMPK. This suggested that the calculated lactate production volume was appropriate and reflected metabolic and signal responses but further modifications are needed for the translation to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reo Takeda
- Bioscience and Technology Program, Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Tokyo, 182-8585, Chofu, Japan
| | - Yudai Nonaka
- Bioscience and Technology Program, Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Tokyo, 182-8585, Chofu, Japan
- Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Miura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kano
- Bioscience and Technology Program, Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Tokyo, 182-8585, Chofu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hoshino
- Bioscience and Technology Program, Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Tokyo, 182-8585, Chofu, Japan.
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Genetic basis of elite combat sports athletes: a systematic review. Biol Sport 2021; 38:667-675. [PMID: 34937977 PMCID: PMC8670794 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2022.102864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Each athlete’s innate talent is widely recognized as one of the important contributors to achievement in athletic performance, and genetic factors determine a significant portion of talent or traits. Advances in DNA sequencing technology allow us to discover specific genetic variants contributing to these traits in sports performance. The objective of this systematic review is to identify genes that may play a significant role in the performance of elite-level combat sports athletes. Through the review of 18 full-text articles, a total of 109 different polymorphisms were investigated in 14,313 participants (2,786 combat sports athletes, 8,969 non-athlete controls, 2,558 other sports athletes). Thirteen polymorphisms showed a significant difference between elite combat athletes and the control group, and consist of 8 (PPARA rs4253778, ACTN3 rs1815739, ACE rs4646994, CKM rs8111989, MCT1 rs1049434, FTO rs9939609, GABPβ1 rs7181866 and rs8031031) oriented to athletic performance and 5 (COMT rs4680, FEV rs860573, SLC6A2 rs2242446, HTR1B rs11568817, ADRA2A rs521674) focused on psychological traits including emotional and mental traits in combat sports athletes. In addition, a recent whole genome sequencing study identified 4 polymorphisms (KIF27 rs10125715, APC rs518013, TMEM229A rs7783359, LRRN3 rs80054135) associated with reaction time in wrestlers. However, it is not clearly identified which genes are linked explicitly with elite combat sports athletes and how they affect the elite athlete’s status or performance in combat sports. Hence, a greater number of candidate genes should be included in future studies to practically utilize the genetic information.
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Feringer-Júnior WH, de Carvalho JRG, Moranza HG, de Almeida MLM, Lemos EGM, Soares OAB, Ribeiro G, de Camargo Ferraz G. Cost of transport, but not gluteus medius and red blood cells monocarboxylate-transporters density differentiated Brazilian Sport Horses at two performance levels. Res Vet Sci 2021; 143:20-27. [PMID: 34954568 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cost of transport (COT) and monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) could affect the ability to perform fast actions during a jumping discipline. This study aimed to compare the COT and evaluate the MCT1, MCT4, and their auxiliary protein CD147 content in the gluteus medius and RBCs of Brazilian sport horses (BH), a breed developed for jumping competitions, with low-level (LL) or intermediate-level (IL) jumping capacities. The physiological difference between the horses was assessed by an incremental jump test (IJT), in which the cost of lactate (COTLAC) and heart rate (COTHR) of running were determined for each animal by the ratio between each variable and the running speed. Western blotting was performed on muscle and RBC membranes to quantify MCT1, MCT4, and CD147. IL showed lower COTLAC and COTHR than LL at all jumping heights. The amount of MCT1, MCT4, and CD147 found in muscle and RBCs were not dependent on performance level. Muscle MCT4 and MCT1 were correlated positively with CD147. We conclude that the relatively small differences between performances did not relevantly influence MCT expression in BH. While MCT analyses are inaccessible for most trainers and veterinarians, the cost of transport measurements is a feasible and sensitive tool to distinguish intermediate and low-level jumping horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Heinz Feringer-Júnior
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Equine Exercise Physiology (LAFEQ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Ribeiro Garcia de Carvalho
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Equine Exercise Physiology (LAFEQ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henriette Gellert Moranza
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Equine Exercise Physiology (LAFEQ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Mendes de Almeida
- Department of Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Gertrudes Macedo Lemos
- Department of Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Guilherme de Camargo Ferraz
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Equine Exercise Physiology (LAFEQ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Mukai K, Kitaoka Y, Takahashi Y, Takahashi T, Takahashi K, Ohmura H. Moderate-intensity training in hypoxia improves exercise performance and glycolytic capacity of skeletal muscle in horses. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15145. [PMID: 34889527 PMCID: PMC8661515 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether moderate-intensity training of horses in moderate hypoxia for 4 weeks elicits greater adaptations in exercise performance, aerobic capacity, and glycolytic/oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle compared to normoxic training. In a randomized crossover study design, seven untrained Thoroughbred horses (5.9 ± 1.1 years, 508 ± 9 kg) completed 4 weeks (3 sessions/week) of two training protocols consisting of 3-min cantering at 70% of maximal oxygen consumption ( V ˙ O 2 max ) in hypoxia (HYP; FI O2 = 14.7%) and normoxia (NOR; FI O2 = 21.0%) with a 4-month washout period. Normoxic incremental exercise tests (IET) were conducted before and after training. Biopsy samples were obtained from the middle gluteal muscle before IET and monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) protein expression and glycolytic/mitochondrial enzyme activities were analyzed. Data were analyzed using mixed models (p < 0.05). Running speed was 7.9 ± 0.2 m/s in both groups and arterial oxygen saturation during training in NOR and HYP were 92.9 ± 0.9% and 75.7 ± 3.9%, respectively. Run time in HYP (+9.7%) and V ˙ O 2 max in both groups (NOR, +6.4%; HYP, +4.3%) at IET increased after 4 weeks of training. However, cardiac output, arterial-mixed venous O2 difference, and hemoglobin concentration at exhaustion were unchanged in both conditions. While MCT1 protein and citrate synthase activity did not increase in both conditions after training, MCT4 protein (+13%), and phosphofructokinase activity (+42%) increased only in HYP. In conclusion, 4 weeks of moderate-intensity hypoxic training improves exercise performance and glycolytic capacity of skeletal muscle in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Mukai
- Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationShimotsukeTochigiJapan
| | - Yu Kitaoka
- Department of Human SciencesKanagawa UniversityYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationShimotsukeTochigiJapan
| | - Toshiyuki Takahashi
- Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationShimotsukeTochigiJapan
| | | | - Hajime Ohmura
- Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationShimotsukeTochigiJapan
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Massidda M, Flore L, Kikuchi N, Scorcu M, Piras F, Cugia P, Cięszczyk P, Tocco F, Calò CM. Influence of the MCT1-T1470A polymorphism (rs1049434) on repeated sprint ability and blood lactate accumulation in elite football players: a pilot study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3399-3408. [PMID: 34480633 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the MCT1 T1470A polymorphism (rs1049434) on repeated sprint ability (RSA) and lactate accumulation after RSA testing. METHODS Twenty-six elite Italian male football players (age: 17.7 ± 0.78 years; height: 179.2 ± 7.40 cm; weight: 72.1 ± 5.38 kg) performed RSA testing (6 × 30-m sprints with an active recovery between sprints), and lactate measurements were obtained at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 min post-exercise. Genotyping for the MCT1 T1470A polymorphism was performed using PCR. RESULTS Genotype distributions were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, being 42% wildtype (A/A), 46% heterozygotes (T/A), and 12% mutated homozygotes (T/T). Significant differences between genotypic groups were found in the two final sprint times of the RSA test. Under a dominant model, carriers of the major A-allele (Glu-490) in the dominant model showed a significantly lower sprint time compared to footballers with the T/T (Asp/Asp) genotype (5th Sprint time: A/A + T/A = 4.60 s vs TT = 4.97 s, 95% CI 0.07-0.67, p = 0.022; 6th Sprint: A/A + T/A = 4.56 s vs T/T = 4.87 s, 95% CI 0.05-0.57, p = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS The T1470A (Glu490Asp) polymorphism of MCT1 was associated with RSA. Our findings suggest that the presence of the major A-allele (Glu-490) is favourable for RSA in football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Massidda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine Federation (FMSI), Rome, Italy.
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Sport and Exercise Science Degree Courses, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - L Flore
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - N Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Scorcu
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine Federation (FMSI), Rome, Italy
- Cagliari Calcio Spa, Cagliari, Italy
| | - F Piras
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine Federation (FMSI), Rome, Italy
- Cagliari Calcio Spa, Cagliari, Italy
| | - P Cugia
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine Federation (FMSI), Rome, Italy
- Cagliari Calcio Spa, Cagliari, Italy
| | - P Cięszczyk
- Department of Physical Education, University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - F Tocco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - C M Calò
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Putative Role of MCT1 rs1049434 Polymorphism in High-Intensity Endurance Performance: Concept and Basis to Understand Possible Individualization Stimulus. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9100143. [PMID: 34678924 PMCID: PMC8537363 DOI: 10.3390/sports9100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) have been proposed as important mediators of the exchange between lactate (La−) producer and La− recipient (consumer) cells. Previous studies have suggested that the MCT1 A1470T genotype could be related to different physical performance phenotypes. This study followed the guidelines for Strengthening the Reporting of Genetic Association Studies (STREGA) and aimed to evaluate the distribution of the MCT1 polymorphism rs1049434 in endurance-trained athletes compared to the untrained population. Moreover, this study explored the potential influence of the polymorphism alleles phenotypes on high-intensity exercise performance. In a cross-sectional study fashion, a total of 85 triathletes from northern Spain were genotyped for MCT1 rs1049434 and compared to a control group of 107 healthy male participants (1000 Genomes Research Study for Iberian Populations in Spain). All athletes performed a 30 s Wingate all-out test (WAnT) on a cycle ergometer. Peak and mean power (absolute and relative) were measured. After verification of the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, the findings indicated that the MCT1 TT genotype was overrepresented in triathletes in comparison to the genotypic frequency of the general Spanish population. No significant associations were found between any MCT1 genotype and peak or mean power performance in the WAnT. Further studies are required to understand the relationship among MCT1 A1470T polymorphism, endurance-trained athletes, and high-intensity performance.
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Appel M, Zentgraf K, Krüger K, Alack K. Effects of Genetic Variation on Endurance Performance, Muscle Strength, and Injury Susceptibility in Sports: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:694411. [PMID: 34366884 PMCID: PMC8334364 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.694411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effects of genetic variations and polymorphisms on endurance performance, muscle strength and injury susceptibility in competitive sports. The electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science were searched for eligible studies. The study quality was assessed using the RoBANS tool. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (1) human study in English or German; (2) published in the period 2015–2019; (3) investigation of an association between genetic variants and endurance performance and/or muscle strength and/or endurance/strength training status as well as ligament, tendon, or muscle injuries; (4) participants aged 18–60 years and national or international competition participation; (5) comparison with a control group. Nineteen studies and one replication study were identified. Results revealed that the IGF-1R 275124 A>C rs1464430 polymorphism was overrepresented in endurance trained athletes. Further, genotypes of PPARGC1A polymorphism correlated with performance in endurance exercise capacity tests in athletes. Moreover, the RR genotype of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism, the C allele of IGF-1R polymorphism and the gene variant FTO T>A rs9939609 and/or their AA genotype were linked to muscle strength. In addition, gene variants of MCT1 (T1470A rs1049434) and ACVR1B (rs2854464) were also positively associated with strength athletes. Among others, the gene variants of the MMP group (rs591058 and rs679620) as well as the polymorphism COL5A1 rs13946 were associated with susceptibility to injuries of competitive athletes. Based on the identified gene variants, individualized training programs for injury prevention and optimization of athletic performance could be created for competitive athletes using gene profiling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Appel
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Karen Zentgraf
- Department of Exercise and Movement Science, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina Alack
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Iepsen UW, Plovsing RR, Tjelle K, Foss NB, Meyhoff CS, Ryrsø CK, Berg RMG, Secher NH. The role of lactate in sepsis and COVID-19: Perspective from contracting skeletal muscle metabolism. Exp Physiol 2021; 107:665-673. [PMID: 34058787 PMCID: PMC8239768 DOI: 10.1113/ep089474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Lactate is considered an important substrate for mitochondria in the muscles, heart and brain during exercise and is the main gluconeogenetic precursor in the liver and kidneys. In this light, we review the (patho)physiology of lactate metabolism in sepsis and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). What advances does it highlight? Elevated blood lactate is strongly associated with mortality in septic patients. Lactate seems unrelated to tissue hypoxia but is likely to reflect mitochondrial dysfunction and high adrenergic stimulation. Patients with severe COVID-19 exhibit near-normal blood lactate, indicating preserved mitochondrial function, despite a systemic hyperinflammatory state similar to sepsis. ABSTRACT In critically ill patients, elevated plasma lactate is often interpreted as a sign of organ hypoperfusion and/or tissue hypoxia. This view on lactate is likely to have been influenced by the pioneering exercise physiologists around 1920. August Krogh identified an oxygen deficit at the onset of exercise that was later related to an oxygen 'debt' and lactate accumulation by A. V. Hill. Lactate is considered to be the main gluconeogenetic precursor in the liver and kidneys during submaximal exercise, but hepatic elimination is attenuated by splanchnic vasoconstriction during high-intensity exercise, causing an exponential increase in blood lactate. With the development of stable isotope tracers, lactate has become established as an important energy source for muscle, brain and heart tissue, where it is used for mitochondrial respiration. Plasma lactate > 4 mM is strongly associated with mortality in septic shock, with no direct link between lactate release and tissue hypoxia. Herein, we provide evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction and adrenergic stimulation as explanations for the sepsis-induced hyperlactataemia. Despite profound hypoxaemia and intense work of breathing, patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rarely exhibit hyperlactataemia (> 2.5 mM), while presenting a systemic hyperinflammatory state much like sepsis. However, lactate dehydrogenase, which controls the formation of lactate, is markedly elevated in plasma and strongly associated with mortality in severe COVID-19. We briefly review the potential mechanisms of the lactate dehydrogenase elevation in COVID-19 and its relationship to lactate metabolism based on mechanisms established in contracting skeletal muscle and the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Winning Iepsen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronni R Plovsing
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Tjelle
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Bang Foss
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian S Meyhoff
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla K Ryrsø
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronan M G Berg
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Niels H Secher
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Anaesthesiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Soudmand P, Tofighi A, Tolouei Azar J, Razi M, Ghaderi Pakdel F. Different continuous exercise training intensities induced effect on sertoli-germ cells metabolic interaction; implication on GLUT-1, GLUT-3 and MCT-4 transporting proteins expression level. Gene 2021; 783:145553. [PMID: 33711407 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite other tissues, the effect of different exercise training protocols (ETPs) on the expression levels of metabolic substrates transmembrane transporters in the testicular tissue, remains completely unexplored. Thus, the effects of low, moderate and high-intensity ETPs on the SCs and germ cells potentials in GLUT-1, GLUT-3 and MCT-4 expression levels was investigated in this study. The animals were assigned into 4 groups, including sedentary control, low-intensity continuous (LICT), moderate-intensity (MICT) and high-intensity (HICT) ETPs-induced groups (n = 6/group). The GLUT-1, GLUT-3 and MCT-4 expressions, cytoplasmic carbohydrate storages of SCs and germ cells, the SCs survival and the spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis rates were assessed. The LICT and MICT did not significantly alter the protein expression levels of GLUT-3 and MCT-4 in the SCs and germ cells, while decreased the GLUT-1 protein content versus the sedentary control animals. In contrast, the HICT remarkably suppressed the GLUT-1 and MCT-4 in both SCs, and germ cells and diminished GLUT-3 in SCs and increased in the germ cells. No significant changes were revealed in the cytoplasmic carbohydrate storage in the LICT and MICT groups, while significantly diminished in the HICT group. The HICT group showed a failed spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis, which were not demonstrated in the sedentary control, LICT and MICT groups. In conclusion, the HICT, by reducing the GLUT-1, GLUT-3 and MCT-4 protein contents in the SCs and reducing the SCs survival, can suppress the glucose transmembrane transport and inhibit the lactate export from SCs, which in turn, ends with failed spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poupak Soudmand
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Asghar Tofighi
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Javad Tolouei Azar
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mazdak Razi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O.BOX: 1177, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Firouz Ghaderi Pakdel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Hering GO, Stepan J. The Maximal Lactate Steady State Workload Determines Individual Swimming Performance. Front Physiol 2021; 12:668123. [PMID: 33981254 PMCID: PMC8107465 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.668123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lactate threshold (LT) and the strongly related maximal lactate steady state workload (MLSSW) are critical for physical endurance capacity and therefore of major interest in numerous sports. However, their relevance to individual swimming performance is not well understood. We used a custom-made visual light pacer for real-time speed modulation during front crawl to determine the LT and MLSSW in a single-exercise test. When approaching the LT, we found that minute variations in swimming speed had considerable effects on blood lactate concentration ([La-]). The LT was characterized by a sudden increase in [La-], while the MLSSW occurred after a subsequent workload reduction, as indicated by a rapid cessation of blood lactate accumulation. Determination of the MLSSW by this so-called "individual lactate threshold" (ILT)-test was highly reproducible and valid in a constant speed test. Mean swimming speed in 800 and 1,500 m competition (S-Comp) was 3.4% above MLSSW level and S-Comp, and the difference between S-Comp and the MLSSW (Δ S-Comp/MLSSW) were higher for long-distance swimmers (800-1,500 m) than for short- and middle-distance swimmers (50-400 m). Moreover, Δ S-Comp/MLSSW varied significantly between subjects and had a strong influence on overall swimming performance. Our results demonstrate that the MLSSW determines individual swimming performance, reflects endurance capacity in the sub- to supra-threshold range, and is therefore appropriate to adjust training intensity in moderate to severe domains of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot O Hering
- Department of Sport and Health Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jens Stepan
- Department of Sport and Health Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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Ahmadi A, Sheikholeslami-Vatani D, Ghaeeni S, Baazm M. The effects of different training modalities on monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and MCT4, hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and PGC-1α gene expression in rat skeletal muscles. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2153-2161. [PMID: 33625690 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The research literature suggests that different training modalities cause various patterns in training-induced genes expression. This study aimed to investigate the effects of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and isocaloric high intensity interval training (HIIT) on gene expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and 4 (MCT4), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) skeletal muscles of rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups of control, MICT, and HIIT. Training protocols were performed according to the principle of overload for 8 weeks and 5 sessions per week. Then, the soleus and EDL muscles were extracted and the expression levels were analyzed using the real time PCR method. In the MICT group, only the EDL HIF-1α mRNA level was significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05). In the HIIT group, however, mRNA levels of MCT4, PGC-1α, and HIF-1α in both muscles were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). The comparison between the two training methods demonstrated that the gene expression levels of soleus and EDL MCT4, soleus PGC-1α, and soleus HIF-1α were significantly higher in the HIIT group compared to the MICT group (p < 0.05). There were also significant positive correlations between all mRNA levels of HIF-1α and corresponding mRNA levels of MCT4 (p < 0.05). HIIT caused greater positive responses in the gene expression of MCT4, PGC-1α, and HIF-1α compared to MICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Ahmadi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | - Saeed Ghaeeni
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Baazm
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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Brooks GA, Arevalo JA, Osmond AD, Leija RG, Curl CC, Tovar AP. Lactate in contemporary biology: a phoenix risen. J Physiol 2021; 600:1229-1251. [PMID: 33566386 PMCID: PMC9188361 DOI: 10.1113/jp280955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After a century, it's time to turn the page on understanding of lactate metabolism and appreciate that lactate shuttling is an important component of intermediary metabolism in vivo. Cell‐cell and intracellular lactate shuttles fulfil purposes of energy substrate production and distribution, as well as cell signalling under fully aerobic conditions. Recognition of lactate shuttling came first in studies of physical exercise where the roles of driver (producer) and recipient (consumer) cells and tissues were obvious. Moreover, the presence of lactate shuttling as part of postprandial glucose disposal and satiety signalling has been recognized. Mitochondrial respiration creates the physiological sink for lactate disposal in vivo. Repeated lactate exposure from regular exercise results in adaptive processes such as mitochondrial biogenesis and other healthful circulatory and neurological characteristics such as improved physical work capacity, metabolic flexibility, learning, and memory. The importance of lactate and lactate shuttling in healthful living is further emphasized when lactate signalling and shuttling are dysregulated as occurs in particular illnesses and injuries. Like a phoenix, lactate has risen to major importance in 21st century biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jose A Arevalo
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Adam D Osmond
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert G Leija
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Casey C Curl
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ashley P Tovar
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Rhim HC, Kim SJ, Park J, Jang KM. Effect of citrulline on post-exercise rating of perceived exertion, muscle soreness, and blood lactate levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:553-561. [PMID: 33308806 PMCID: PMC7749242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrulline is one of the non-essential amino acids that is thought to improve exercise performance and reduce post-exercise muscle soreness. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of citrulline supplements on the post-exercise rating of perceived exertion (RPE), muscle soreness, and blood lactate levels. METHODS A random effects model was used to calculate the effect sizes due to the high variability in the study design and study populations of the articles included. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov was performed. Eligibility for study inclusion was limited to studies that were randomized controlled trials involving healthy individuals and that investigated the acute effect of citrulline supplements on RPE, muscle soreness, and blood lactate levels. The supplementation time frame was limited to 2 h before exercise. The types and number of participants, types of exercise tests performed, supplementation protocols for L-citrulline or citrulline malate, and primary (RPE and muscle soreness) and secondary (blood lactate level) study outcomes were extracted from the identified studies. RESULTS The analysis included 13 eligible articles including a total of 206 participants. The most frequent dosage used in the studies was 8 g of citrulline malate. Citrulline supplementation significantly reduced RPE (n = 7, p = 0.03) and muscle soreness 24-h and 48-h after post-exercise (n = 7, p = 0.04; n = 6, p = 0.25, respectively). However, citrulline supplementation did not significantly reduce muscle soreness 72-h post-exercise (n = 4, p = 0.62) or lower blood lactate levels (n = 8, p = 0.17). CONCLUSION Citrulline supplements significantly reduced post-exercise RPE and muscle soreness without affecting blood lactate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Chang Rhim
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02842, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jong Kim
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02842, Republic of Korea
| | - Jewel Park
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02842, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Mo Jang
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02842, Republic of Korea; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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46
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Poole DC, Rossiter HB, Brooks GA, Gladden LB. The anaerobic threshold: 50+ years of controversy. J Physiol 2020; 599:737-767. [PMID: 33112439 DOI: 10.1113/jp279963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaerobic threshold (AT) remains a widely recognized, and contentious, concept in exercise physiology and medicine. As conceived by Karlman Wasserman, the AT coalesced the increase of blood lactate concentration ([La- ]), during a progressive exercise test, with an excess pulmonary carbon dioxide output ( V ̇ C O 2 ). Its principal tenets were: limiting oxygen (O2 ) delivery to exercising muscle→increased glycolysis, La- and H+ production→decreased muscle and blood pH→with increased H+ buffered by blood [HCO3 - ]→increased CO2 release from blood→increased V ̇ C O 2 and pulmonary ventilation. This schema stimulated scientific scrutiny which challenged the fundamental premise that muscle anoxia was requisite for increased muscle and blood [La- ]. It is now recognized that insufficient O2 is not the primary basis for lactataemia. Increased production and utilization of La- represent the response to increased glycolytic flux elicited by increasing work rate, and determine the oxygen uptake ( V ̇ O 2 ) at which La- accumulates in the arterial blood (the lactate threshold; LT). However, the threshold for a sustained non-oxidative contribution to exercise energetics is the critical power, which occurs at a metabolic rate often far above the LT and separates heavy from very heavy/severe-intensity exercise. Lactate is now appreciated as a crucial energy source, major gluconeogenic precursor and signalling molecule but there is no ipso facto evidence for muscle dysoxia or anoxia. Non-invasive estimation of LT using the gas exchange threshold (non-linear increase of V ̇ C O 2 versus V ̇ O 2 ) remains important in exercise training and in the clinic, but its conceptual basis should now be understood in light of lactate shuttle biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Poole
- Departments of Kinesiology and Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Harry B Rossiter
- Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, and The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - George A Brooks
- Department of Integrative Biology, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Changes in gene expression of lactate carriers (MCT1 and CD147) in cardiac muscle of diabetic male rats: the effect of dichloroacetate and endurance training. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj92.05.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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48
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Forte LDM, Rodrigues NA, Cordeiro AV, de Fante T, Simino LAP, Torsoni AS, Torsoni MA, Gobatto CA, Manchado-Gobatto FB. Periodized versus non-periodized swimming training with equal total training load: Physiological, molecular and performance adaptations in Wistar rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239876. [PMID: 32997706 PMCID: PMC7526899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of non-periodized training performed at 80, 100 and 120% of the anaerobic threshold intensity (AnT) and a linear periodized training model adapted for swimming rats on the gene expression of monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 (MCT1 and 4, in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles), protein contents, blood biomarkers, tissue glycogen, body mass, and aerobic and anaerobic capacities. Sixty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 10 per group): a baseline (BL; euthanized before training period), a control group (GC; not exercised during the training period), three groups exercised at intensities equivalent to 80, 100 and 120% of the AnT (G80, G100 and G120, respectively) at the equal workload and a linear periodized training group (GPE). Each training program lasted 12 weeks subdivided into three periods: basic mesocycle (6 weeks), specific mesocycle (5 weeks) and taper (1 week). Although G80, G100 and G120 groups were submitted to monotony workload (i.e. non-modulation at intensity or volume throughout the training program), rodents were evaluated during the same experimental timepoints as GPE to be able comparisons. Our main results showed that all training programs were capable to minimize the aerobic capacity decrease promoted by age, which were compared to control group. Rats trained in periodization model had reduced levels of lipid blood biomarkers and increased hepatic glycogen stores compared to all other trained groups. At the molecular level, only expressions of MCT1 in the muscle were modified by different training regimens, with MCT1 mRNA increasing in rats trained at lower intensities (G80), and MCT1 protein content showed higher values in non-periodized groups compared to pre-training and GPE. Here, training at different intensities but at same total workload promoted similar adaptations in rats. Nevertheless, our results suggested that periodized training seems to be optimize the physiological responses of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D. M. Forte
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália A. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André V. Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais de Fante
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Laís A. P. Simino
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Adriana S. Torsoni
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Márcio A. Torsoni
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Claudio A. Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fúlvia B. Manchado-Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
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Posa DK, Baba SP. Intracellular pH Regulation of Skeletal Muscle in the Milieu of Insulin Signaling. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102910. [PMID: 32977552 PMCID: PMC7598285 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), along with obesity, is one of the leading health problems in the world which causes other systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and kidney failure. Impairments in glycemic control and insulin resistance plays a pivotal role in the development of diabetes and its complications. Since skeletal muscle constitutes a significant tissue mass of the body, insulin resistance within the muscle is considered to initiate the onset of diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance is associated with impaired glucose uptake, resulting from defective post-receptor insulin responses, decreased glucose transport, impaired glucose phosphorylation, oxidation and glycogen synthesis in the muscle. Although defects in the insulin signaling pathway have been widely studied, the effects of cellular mechanisms activated during metabolic syndrome that cross-talk with insulin responses are not fully elucidated. Numerous reports suggest that pathways such as inflammation, lipid peroxidation products, acidosis and autophagy could cross-talk with insulin-signaling pathway and contribute to diminished insulin responses. Here, we review and discuss the literature about the defects in glycolytic pathway, shift in glucose utilization toward anaerobic glycolysis and change in intracellular pH [pH]i within the skeletal muscle and their contribution towards insulin resistance. We will discuss whether the derangements in pathways, which maintain [pH]i within the skeletal muscle, such as transporters (monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4) and depletion of intracellular buffers, such as histidyl dipeptides, could lead to decrease in [pH]i and the onset of insulin resistance. Further we will discuss, whether the changes in [pH]i within the skeletal muscle of patients with T2D, could enhance the formation of protein aggregates and activate autophagy. Understanding the mechanisms by which changes in the glycolytic pathway and [pH]i within the muscle, contribute to insulin resistance might help explain the onset of obesity-linked metabolic syndrome. Finally, we will conclude whether correcting the pathways which maintain [pH]i within the skeletal muscle could, in turn, be effective to maintain or restore insulin responses during metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Kumar Posa
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Shahid P Baba
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Béland-Millar A, Takimoto M, Hamada T, Messier C. Brain and muscle adaptation to high-fat diets and exercise: Metabolic transporters, enzymes and substrates in the rat cortex and muscle. Brain Res 2020; 1749:147126. [PMID: 32946799 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence suggesting that the effects of diet and physical activity on physical and mental well-being are the result of altered metabolic profiles. Though the central and peripheral systems work in tandem, the interactions between peripheral and central changes that lead to these altered states of well-being remains elusive. We measured changes in the metabolic profile of brain (cortex) and muscle (soleus and plantaris) tissue in rats following 5-weeks of treadmill exercise and/or a high-fat diet to evaluate peripheral and central interactions as well as identify any common adaptive mechanisms. To characterize changes in metabolic profiles, we measured relative changes in key metabolic enzymes (COX IV, hexokinase, LDHB, PFK), substrates (BHB, FFA, glucose, lactate, insulin, glycogen, BDNF) and transporters (MCT1, MCT2, MCT4, GLUT1, GLUT3). In the cortex, there was an increase in MCT1 and a decrease in glycogen following the high-fat diet, suggesting an increased reliance on monocarboxylates. Muscle changes were dependent muscle type. Within the plantaris, a high-fat diet increased the oxidative capacity of the muscle likely supported by increased glycolysis, whereas exercise increased the oxidative capacity of the muscle likely supported via increased glycogen synthesis. There was no effect of diet on soleus measurements, but exercise increased its oxidative capacity likely fueled by endogenous and exogenous monocarboxylates. For both the plantaris and soleus, combining exercise training and high-fat diet mediated results, resulting in a middling effect. Together, these results indicate the variable adaptions of two main metabolic pathways: glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. The results also suggest a dynamic relationship between the brain and body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Béland-Millar
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Masaki Takimoto
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taku Hamada
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Claude Messier
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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