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Grummt M, Hafermann L, Claussen L, Herrmann C, Wolfarth B. Rating of Perceived Exertion: A Large Cross-Sectional Study Defining Intensity Levels for Individual Physical Activity Recommendations. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:71. [PMID: 38856875 PMCID: PMC11164849 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity is a growing risk factor worldwide, therefore getting people into sports is necessary. When prescribing physical activity, it is essential to recommend the correct training intensities. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) enables precise determination of individuals' training intensities but is unavailable for a broad population. Therefore, the Borg scale allows individuals to assess perceived exertion and set their intensity easily and cost-efficiently. In order to transfer CPX to rating of perceived exertion (RPE), previous studies investigated RPE on specific physiological anchors, e.g. blood lactate (bLa) concentrations, but representativeness for a broad population is questionable. Some contradictory findings regarding individual factors influencing RPE occur, whereas univariable analysis has been performed so far. Moreover, a multivariable understanding of individual factors influencing RPE is missing. This study aims to determine RPE values at the individual anaerobic threshold (LT2) and defined bLa concentrations in a large cohort and to evaluate individual factors influencing RPE with multivariable analysis. METHODS CPX with bicycle or treadmill ergometer of 6311 participants were analyzed in this cross-sectional study. RPE values at bLa concentrations 2 mmol/l, 3 mmol/l, 4 mmol/l, and LT2 (first rise in bLa over baseline + 1.5 mmol/l) were estimated by spline interpolation. Multivariable cumulative ordinal regression models were performed to assess the influence of sex, age, type of ergometry, VO2max, and duration of exercise testing on RPE. RESULTS Median values [interquartile range (IQR)] of the total population were RPE 13 [11; 14] at 2 mmol/l, RPE 15 [13; 16] at 3 mmol/l, RPE 16 [15; 17] at 4 mmol/l, and RPE 15 [14; 16] at LT2. Main influence of individual factors on RPE were seen especially at 2 mmol/l: male sex (odds ratio (OR) [95%-CI]: 0.65 [0.587; 0.719]), treadmill ergometry (OR 0.754 [0.641; 0.886]), number of stages (OR 1.345 [1.300; 1.394]), age (OR 1.015 [1.012; 1.018]), and VO2max (OR 1.023 [1.015; 1.030]). Number of stages was the only identified influencing factor on RPE at all lactate concentrations/LT2 (3 mmol/l: OR 1.290 [1.244; 1.336]; 4 mmol/l: OR 1.229 [1.187; 1.274]; LT2: OR 1.155 [1.115; 1.197]). CONCLUSION Our results suggest RPE ≤ 11 for light intensity, RPE 12-14 for moderate intensity, and RPE 15-17 for vigorous intensity, which slightly differs from the current American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendations. Additionally, we propose an RPE of 15 delineating heavy and severe intensity domain. Age, sex, type of ergometry, duration of exercise, and cardiopulmonary fitness should be considered when recommending individualized intensities with RPE, primarily at lower intensities. Therefore, this study can be used as a new guideline for prescribing individual RPE values in the clinical practice, predominantly for endurance type exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Grummt
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Philippstr. 13 Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lorena Hafermann
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Claussen
- Institute of Sports Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Herrmann
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Wolfarth
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Philippstr. 13 Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Sports Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Beaudry KM, Surdi JC, Pancevski K, Tremblay C, Devries MC. Greater glycemic control following low-load, high-repetition resistance exercise compared with moderate-intensity continuous exercise in males and females: a randomized control trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024. [PMID: 38518263 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Exercise has long been known for its beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity (IS) and glucose handling with both moderate-intensity continuous (MIC) exercise and resistance exercise (RE) inducing beneficial effects. In recent years, low-load, high-repetition (LLHR) RE has emerged as a strategy to increase muscle mass and strength to levels similar to traditional RE; however, the effects of LLHR RE on glucose handling has yet to be investigated. The purpose of this trial was to compare the acute effects of LLHR RE to MIC exercise on post-exercise glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in males and females. Twenty-four (n = 12/sex) participants completed acute bouts of MIC exercise (30 min at 65% V̇O₂peak) and LLHR (3 circuits, 6 exercises/circuit, 25-35 repetitions/exercise/circuit) matched for time with muscle biopsies immediately pre and post exercise and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 90 min following exercise. Blood glucose concentrations (p = 0.002, ηp 2 = 0.37), glucose AUC (p = 0.002, ηp 2 = 0.35) and max glucose concentration (p = 0.003, ηp 2 = 0.34) were lower during the post exercise OGTT following LLHR RE compared to MIC exercise. There was a main effect of trial on TBC1D1 Ser237 phosphorylation (p = 0.04, ηp 2 = 0.19) such that it was greater following MIC exercise compared to LLHR RE. Furthermore, phosphorylated ACC Ser79 increased following MIC exercise with no change following LLHR RE (p < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.50). Phosphorylation of PTEN Ser380 was greater in males than females during LLHR RE (p = 0.01, ηp 2 = 0.27). These findings suggest that LLHR RE is a feasible exercise modality to improve post-exercise glycemic control in both males and females. Trial registration number: NCT06217679.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian C Surdi
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | | | - Cory Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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Proschinger S, Schenk A, Metcalfe AJ, Zimmer P. HIIT Induces Stronger Shifts within the Peripheral T Cell Compartment Independent of Sex. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:211-221. [PMID: 38134917 DOI: 10.1055/a-2197-0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Acute exercise induces changes within the T-cell compartment, especially in cytotoxic CD8+ memory subsets, depending on exercise intensity and duration. It is unclear whether exercise-induced changes in major T-cell subsets differ in response to acute high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and whether sex-specific effects exist. Twenty-four recreationally active runners (females: n=12, 27.8±4.1years, 54.4±4.6 ml*kg-1*min-1; males: n=12, 31.6±3.8years, 58.9±7.7 ml*kg-1*min-1) participated in this randomized controlled crossover study, and conducted an energy- and duration-matched HIIT and MICT session. Blood was sampled before (T1), immediately (T2) and 1 h after exercise (T3). Flow cytometry was used to identify T-cell populations. HIIT decreased the proportion of CD8+ T-cells more pronounced at T3 compared to MICT (p=0.007), induced a significantly stronger increase in the CD8+ effector memory (TEM) cell proportion at T2 (p=0.032), and decreased CD4+ central memory proportion more pronounced at T2 (p=0.029). A decrease below baseline CD8+ TEM proportion at T3 was observed only after HIIT (p<0.001). No interaction effects between sexes were revealed. Taken together, HIIT represents a more potent stimulus to induce shifts mainly within the cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell compartment, thereby giving implications to investigate the role of HIIT on the cell´s effector phenotype and function in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Proschinger
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), TU Dortmund University, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Schenk
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), TU Dortmund University, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alan J Metcalfe
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), TU Dortmund University, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Dortmund, Germany
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4
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Panov AV. The Structure of the Cardiac Mitochondria Respirasome Is Adapted for the β-Oxidation of Fatty Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2410. [PMID: 38397087 PMCID: PMC10889813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
It is well known that in the heart and kidney mitochondria, more than 95% of ATP production is supported by the β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. However, the β-oxidation of fatty acids by mitochondria has been studied much less than the substrates formed during the catabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids. In the last few decades, several discoveries have been made that are directly related to fatty acid oxidation. In this review, we made an attempt to re-evaluate the β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids from the perspectives of new discoveries. The single set of electron transporters of the cardiac mitochondrial respiratory chain is organized into three supercomplexes. Two of them contain complex I, a dimer of complex III, and two dimers of complex IV. The third, smaller supercomplex contains a dimer of complex III and two dimers of complex IV. We also considered other important discoveries. First, the enzymes of the β-oxidation of fatty acids are physically associated with the respirasome. Second, the β-oxidation of fatty acids creates the highest level of QH2 and reverses the flow of electrons from QH2 through complex II, reducing fumarate to succinate. Third, β-oxidation is greatly stimulated in the presence of succinate. We argue that the respirasome is uniquely adapted for the β-oxidation of fatty acids. The acyl-CoA dehydrogenase complex reduces the membrane's pool of ubiquinone to QH2, which is instantly oxidized by the smaller supercomplex, generating a high energization of mitochondria and reversing the electron flow through complex II, which reverses the electron flow through complex I, increasing the NADH/NAD+ ratio in the matrix. The mitochondrial nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase catalyzes a hydride (H-, a proton plus two electrons) transfer across the inner mitochondrial membrane, reducing the cytosolic pool of NADP(H), thus providing the heart with ATP for muscle contraction and energy and reducing equivalents for the housekeeping processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Panov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31201, USA
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Abo SMC, Casella E, Layton AT. Sexual Dimorphism in Substrate Metabolism During Exercise. Bull Math Biol 2024; 86:17. [PMID: 38228814 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
During aerobic exercise, women oxidize significantly more lipids and less carbohydrates than men. This sexual dimorphism in substrate metabolism has been attributed, in part, to the observed differences in epinephrine and glucagon levels between men and women during exercise. To identify the underpinning candidate physiological mechanisms for these sex differences, we developed a sex-specific multi-scale mathematical model that relates cellular metabolism in the organs to whole-body responses during exercise. We conducted simulations to test the hypothesis that sex differences in the exercise-induced changes to epinephrine and glucagon would result in the sexual dimorphism of hepatic metabolic flux rates via the glucagon-to-insulin ratio (GIR). Indeed, model simulations indicate that the shift towards lipid metabolism in the female model is primarily driven by the liver. The female model liver exhibits resistance to GIR-mediated glycogenolysis, which helps maintain hepatic glycogen levels. This decreases arterial glucose levels and promotes the oxidation of free fatty acids. Furthermore, in the female model, skeletal muscle relies on plasma free fatty acids as the primary fuel source, rather than intramyocellular lipids, whereas the opposite holds true for the male model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie M C Abo
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Elisa Casella
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Anita T Layton
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Cheriton School of Computer Science, Department of Biology, and School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Rudolph TE, Roths M, Freestone AD, White-Springer SH, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH, Selsby JT. Heat stress alters hematological parameters in barrows and gilts. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae123. [PMID: 38706303 PMCID: PMC11141298 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to establish the role biological sex plays in circulating factors following heat stress (HS). Barrows and gilts (36.8 ± 3.7 kg body weight) were kept in either thermoneutral (TN; 20.8 ± 1.6 °C; 62.0% ± 4.7% relative humidity; n = 8/sex) conditions or exposed to HS (39.4 ± 0.6 °C; 33.7% ± 6.3% relative humidity) for either 1 (HS1; n = 8/sex) or 7 (HS7; n = 8/sex) d. Circulating glucose decreased as a main effect of the environment (P = 0.03). Circulating non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) had an environment × sex interaction (P < 0.01) as HS1 barrows had increased NEFA compared to HS1 gilts (P = 0.01) and NEFA from HS7 gilts increased compared to HS1 gilts (P = 0.02) and HS7 barrows (P = 0.04). Cortisol, insulin, glucagon, T3, and T4 were reduced as a main effect of environment (P ≤ 0.01). Creatinine was increased in HS1 and HS7 animals compared to TN (P ≤ 0.01), indicative of decreased glomerular filtration rate. White blood cell populations exhibited differential patterns based on sex and time. Neutrophils and lymphocytes had an environment × sex interaction (P ≤ 0.05) as circulating neutrophils were increased in HS1 barrows compared to TN and HS7 barrows, and HS1 gilts (P ≤ 0.01) and HS7 barrows had less neutrophils compared to TN barrows (P = 0.01), whereas they remained similar in gilts. In contrast, barrow lymphocyte numbers were similar between groups, but in HS7 gilts they were decreased compared to TN and HS1 gilts (P ≤ 0.04). In total, these data demonstrate that HS alters a host of circulating factors and that biological sex mediates, at least in part, the physiological response to HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori E Rudolph
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Melissa Roths
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Alyssa D Freestone
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Sarah H White-Springer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
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Schytz CT, Ørtenblad N, Lundby AKM, Jacobs RA, Nielsen J, Lundby C. Skeletal muscle mitochondria demonstrate similar respiration per cristae surface area independent of training status and sex in healthy humans. J Physiol 2024; 602:129-151. [PMID: 38051639 DOI: 10.1113/jp285091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of training status and sex on intrinsic skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity remains unclear. We examined this by analysing human skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration relative to mitochondrial volume and cristae density across training statuses and sexes. Mitochondrial cristae density was estimated in skeletal muscle biopsies originating from previous independent studies. Participants included females (n = 12) and males (n = 41) across training statuses ranging from untrained (UT, n = 8), recreationally active (RA, n = 9), active-to-elite runners (RUN, n = 27) and cross-country skiers (XC, n = 9). The XC and RUN groups demonstrated higher mitochondrial volume density than the RA and UT groups while all active groups (RA, RUN and XC) displayed higher mass-specific capacity of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and mitochondrial cristae density than UT. Differences in OXPHOS diminished between active groups and UT when normalising to mitochondrial volume density and were lost when normalising to muscle cristae surface area density. Moreover, active females (n = 6-9) and males (n = 15-18) did not differ in mitochondrial volume and cristae density, OXPHOS, or when normalising OXPHOS to mitochondrial volume density and muscle cristae surface area density. These findings demonstrate: (1) differences in OXPHOS between active and untrained individuals may be explained by both higher mitochondrial volume and cristae density in active individuals, with no difference in intrinsic mitochondrial respiratory capacity (OXPHOS per muscle cristae surface area density); and (2) no sex differences in mitochondrial volume and cristae density or mass-specific and normalised OXPHOS. This highlights the importance of normalising OXPHOS to muscle cristae surface area density when studying skeletal muscle mitochondrial biology. KEY POINTS: Oxidative phosphorylation is the mitochondrial process by which ATP is produced, governed by the electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane with infoldings named cristae. In human skeletal muscle, the mass-specific capacity of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) can change independently of shifts in mitochondrial volume density, which may be attributed to variations in cristae density. We demonstrate that differences in skeletal muscle OXPHOS between healthy females and males, ranging from untrained to elite endurance athletes, are matched by differences in cristae density. This suggests that higher OXPHOS in skeletal muscles of active individuals is attributable to an increase in the density of cristae. These findings broaden our understanding of the variability in human skeletal muscle OXPHOS and highlight the significance of cristae, specific to mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Tvede Schytz
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne-Kristine Meinild Lundby
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Acton Jacobs
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Carsten Lundby
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Health and Exercise Physiology, Inland Norway University of Applied Science, Lillehammer, Norway
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Fernandes Gregnani M, Budu A, Batista RO, Ornellas FH, Estrela GR, Arruda AC, Freitas Lima LC, Kremer JL, Favaroni Mendes LA, Casarini DE, Lotfi CFP, Oyama LM, Bader M, Araújo RC. Kinin B1 receptor modulates glucose homeostasis and physical exercise capacity by altering adrenal catecholamine synthesis and secretion. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 579:112085. [PMID: 37827227 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Our group has shown in several papers that kinin B1 receptor (B1R) is involved in metabolic adaptations, mediating glucose homeostasis and interfering in leptin and insulin signaling. Since catecholamines are involved with metabolism management, we sought to evaluate B1R role in catecholamine synthesis/secretion. Using B1R global knockout mice, we observed increased basal epinephrine content, accompanied by decreased hepatic glycogen content and increased glucosuria. When these mice were challenged with maximal intensity exercise, they showed decreased epinephrine and norepinephrine response, accompanied by disturbed glycemic responses to effort and poor performance. This phenotype was related to alterations in adrenal catecholamine synthesis: increased basal epinephrine concentration and reduced norepinephrine content in response to exercise, as well decreased gene expression and protein content of tyrosine hydroxylase and decreased gene expression of dopamine beta hydroxylase and kinin B2 receptor. We conclude that the global absence of B1R impairs catecholamine synthesis, interfering with glucose metabolism at rest and during maximal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Fernandes Gregnani
- Department of Byophisics, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexandre Budu
- Department of Byophisics, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriel Rufino Estrela
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Nephrology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Discipline of Hematology and Hematotherapy, Federal University of São Paulo, 04037002, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jean Lucas Kremer
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Dulce Elena Casarini
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Nephrology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Max Delbrück Center of Molecular Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
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9
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Mauvais-Jarvis F. Sex differences in energy metabolism: natural selection, mechanisms and consequences. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:56-69. [PMID: 37923858 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis operates differently in men and women. This sex asymmetry is the result of evolutionary adaptations that enable women to resist loss of energy stores and protein mass while remaining fertile in times of energy deficit. During starvation or prolonged exercise, women rely on oxidation of lipids, which are a more efficient energy source than carbohydrates, to preserve glucose for neuronal and placental function and spare proteins necessary for organ function. Carbohydrate reliance in men could be an evolutionary adaptation related to defence and hunting, as glucose, unlike lipids, can be used as a fuel for anaerobic high-exertion muscle activity. The larger subcutaneous adipose tissue depots in healthy women than in healthy men provide a mechanism for lipid storage. As female mitochondria have higher functional capacity and greater resistance to oxidative damage than male mitochondria, uniparental inheritance of female mitochondria may reduce the transmission of metabolic disorders. However, in women, starvation resistance and propensity to obesity have evolved in tandem, and the current prevalence of obesity is greater in women than in men. The combination of genetic sex, programming by developmental testosterone in males, and pubertal sex hormones defines sex-specific biological systems in adults that produce phenotypic sex differences in energy homeostasis, metabolic disease and drug responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine and Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Endocrine service, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Yeo RX, Noone J, Sparks LM. Translating In Vitro Models of Exercise in Human Muscle Cells: A Mitocentric View. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2024; 52:3-12. [PMID: 38126401 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Human skeletal muscle cell (HSkMC) models provide the opportunity to examine in vivo training-induced muscle-specific mitochondrial adaptations, additionally allowing for deeper interrogation into the effect of in vitro exercise models on myocellular mitochondrial quality and quantity. As such, this review will compare and contrast the effects of in vivo and in vitro models of exercise on mitochondrial adaptations in HSkMCs.
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Coe LN, Astorino TA. Sex differences in hemodynamic response to high-intensity interval exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14495. [PMID: 37724816 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in the cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic response to exercise exist due to differences in heart size, blood volume, and hemoglobin mass, eliciting higher maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max ) in men versus women. Data are equivocal whether sex differences in training responsiveness occur. This study investigated potential sex differences in the hemodynamic response (stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO)) to high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Habitually active men (n = 15) and women (n = 13) underwent VO2max testing, followed by three HIIE sessions consisting of the 4 × 4, 10 × 1, and reduced exertion high-intensity training (REHIT), whose order was randomized. During exercise, oxygen uptake (VO2 ) and hemodynamic responses were determined. Results showed no sex difference in peak relative VO2 (p = 0.263), CO (p = 0.277), or SV (p = 0.116), although absolute values were higher in men (p < 0.05). Peak absolute (127.3 ± 20.6 vs. 115.2 ± 16.6 mL/beat, p = 0.004, d = 0.66) and relative SV (111.0 ± 15.5 vs. 100.7 ± 11.1% max, p = 0.005, d = 0.78) were higher with REHIT versus 4 × 4. No sex differences in mean relative VO2 , CO, or SV occurred (p > 0.05). Data showed lower mean VO2 during REHIT versus 4 × 4 (59.3 ± 6.8 vs. 65.8 ± 5.8 %VO2max , p < 0.001, d = 1.05) and 10 × 1 (59.3 ± 6.8 vs. 69.1 ± 7.4 %VO2max , p < 0.001, d = 1.4). Mean CO was lower in REHIT than 10 × 1 (79.8 ± 8.6 vs. 84.0 ± 7.4% max, p = 0.012, d = 0.53). Previously reported differences in VO2max response to HIIE may not be due to unique hemodynamic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Noël Coe
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, California, USA
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12
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Hunter SK, S Angadi S, Bhargava A, Harper J, Hirschberg AL, D Levine B, L Moreau K, J Nokoff N, Stachenfeld NS, Bermon S. The Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance: Consensus Statement for the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:2328-2360. [PMID: 37772882 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones. Adult men are typically stronger, more powerful, and faster than women of similar age and training status. Thus, for athletic events and sports relying on endurance, muscle strength, speed, and power, males typically outperform females by 10%-30% depending on the requirements of the event. These sex differences in performance emerge with the onset of puberty and coincide with the increase in endogenous sex steroid hormones, in particular testosterone in males, which increases 30-fold by adulthood, but remains low in females. The primary goal of this consensus statement is to provide the latest scientific knowledge and mechanisms for the sex differences in athletic performance. This review highlights the differences in anatomy and physiology between males and females that are primary determinants of the sex differences in athletic performance and in response to exercise training, and the role of sex steroid hormones (particularly testosterone and estradiol). We also identify historical and nonphysiological factors that influence the sex differences in performance. Finally, we identify gaps in the knowledge of sex differences in athletic performance and the underlying mechanisms, providing substantial opportunities for high-impact studies. A major step toward closing the knowledge gap is to include more and equitable numbers of women to that of men in mechanistic studies that determine any of the sex differences in response to an acute bout of exercise, exercise training, and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, and Athletic and Human Performance Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Aditi Bhargava
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joanna Harper
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SWEDEN
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Natalie J Nokoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Nina S Stachenfeld
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, Monaco and the LAMHESS, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, FRANCE
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13
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Ruebel ML, Borengasser SJ, Zhong Y, Kang P, Faske J, Shankar K. Maternal Exercise Prior to and during Gestation Induces Sex-Specific Alterations in the Mouse Placenta. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16441. [PMID: 38003633 PMCID: PMC10671464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
While exercise (EX) during pregnancy is beneficial for both mother and child, little is known about the mechanisms by which maternal exercise mediates changes in utero. Six-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: with (exercise, EX; N = 7) or without (sedentary, SED; N = 8) access to voluntary running wheels. EX was provided via 24 h access to wheels for 10 weeks prior to conception until late pregnancy (18.5 days post coitum). Sex-stratified placentas and fetal livers were collected. Microarray analysis of SED and EX placentas revealed that EX affected gene transcript expression of 283 and 661 transcripts in male and female placentas, respectively (±1.4-fold, p < 0.05). Gene Set Enrichment and Ingenuity Pathway Analyses of male placentas showed that EX led to inhibition of signaling pathways, biological functions, and down-regulation of transcripts related to lipid and steroid metabolism, while EX in female placentas led to activation of pathways, biological functions, and gene expression related to muscle growth, brain, vascular development, and growth factors. Overall, our results suggest that the effects of maternal EX on the placenta and presumably on the offspring are sexually dimorphic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L. Ruebel
- Microbiome and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Southeast Area, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA;
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (Y.Z.); (J.F.)
| | - Sarah J. Borengasser
- Tobacco Settlement Endowment Trust Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics—Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ying Zhong
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (Y.Z.); (J.F.)
| | - Ping Kang
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (Y.Z.); (J.F.)
| | - Jennifer Faske
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (Y.Z.); (J.F.)
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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14
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Lee JH, Kim DK, Lee MY, Lim HS, Kwon MJ, Lee YT, Yoon KJ, Park CH. The Association of Carbohydrate Antigen (CA) 19-9 Levels and Low Skeletal Muscle Mass in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:3394. [PMID: 37571330 PMCID: PMC10421491 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) is a commonly used tumor marker for pancreatic cancer. However, CA 19-9 can be overexpressed in several benign inflammatory diseases. We investigated the relationship between high CA 19-9 level and low muscle mass (LMM) in healthy adults without cancer. Participants who underwent evaluation of muscle mass and CA 19-9 were included. Exclusion criteria were any malignancy, cardiovascular disease, tuberculosis, and chronic lung/liver disease. Participants were classified into "normal", "mild LMM", and "severe LMM" groups based on the skeletal muscle mass index. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association of high CA 19-9 with muscle mass status. A total of 263,061 adults were included. The mean age and SMI were 41.03 years and 7.13 kg/m2. After adjustments for various confounders, high CA 19-9 was independently associated with mild LMM (adjusted odds ratio, 1.677 [95% confidence interval, 1.533-1.834]) and severe LMM (2.651 [2.126-3.306]) compared to the normal group. Furthermore, the association between high CA 19-9 and severe LMM was stronger in men than in women. Elevated CA 19-9 levels were independently associated with a higher prevalence of LMM in healthy adults without cancer. Therefore, increased CA 19-9 could be utilized as a novel biomarker for sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kun Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea; (D.-K.K.); (H.-S.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (K.J.Y.)
| | - Mi-Yeon Lee
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of R&D Management, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea;
| | - Han-Sol Lim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea; (D.-K.K.); (H.-S.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (K.J.Y.)
| | - Min-Jung Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yong-Taek Lee
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea; (D.-K.K.); (H.-S.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (K.J.Y.)
| | - Kyung Jae Yoon
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea; (D.-K.K.); (H.-S.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (K.J.Y.)
| | - Chul-Hyun Park
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea; (D.-K.K.); (H.-S.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (K.J.Y.)
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15
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Athanasiou N, Bogdanis GC, Mastorakos G. Endocrine responses of the stress system to different types of exercise. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:251-266. [PMID: 36242699 PMCID: PMC10023776 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity is an important part of human lifestyle although a large percentage of the population remains sedentary. Exercise represents a stress paradigm in which many regulatory endocrine systems are involved to achieve homeostasis. These endocrine adaptive responses may be either beneficial or harmful in case they exceed a certain threshold. The aim of this review is to examine the adaptive endocrine responses of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), catecholamines, cytokines, growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) to a single bout or regular exercise of three distinct types of exercise, namely endurance, high-intensity interval (HIIE) and resistance exercise. In summary, a single bout of endurance exercise induces cortisol increase, while regular endurance exercise-induced activation of the HPA axis results to relatively increased basal cortisolemia; single bout or regular exercise induce similar GH peak responses; regular HIIE training lowers basal cortisol concentrations, while catecholamine response is reduced in regular HIIE compared with a single bout of HIIE. HPA axis response to resistance exercise depends on the intensity and volume of the exercise. A single bout of resistance exercise is characterized by mild HPA axis stimulation while regular resistance training in elderly results in attenuated inflammatory response and decreased resting cytokine concentrations. In conclusion, it is important to consider which type of exercise and what threshold is suitable for different target groups of exercising people. This approach intends to suggest types of exercise appropriate for different target groups in health and disease and subsequently to introduce them as medical prescription models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Athanasiou
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes mellitus and Metabolism, School of medicine, ARETAIEION hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Neofytou Vamva str 10674, Athens, Greece
- grid.414655.70000 0004 4670 4329Dermatology Department, Evangelismos General hospital, Athens, Greece Ipsilantou 45-47, 10676
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece
| | - George Mastorakos
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes mellitus and Metabolism, School of medicine, ARETAIEION hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Neofytou Vamva str 10674, Athens, Greece
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16
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Landen S, Hiam D, Voisin S, Jacques M, Lamon S, Eynon N. Physiological and molecular sex differences in human skeletal muscle in response to exercise training. J Physiol 2023; 601:419-434. [PMID: 34762308 DOI: 10.1113/jp279499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in exercise physiology, such as substrate metabolism and skeletal muscle fatigability, stem from inherent biological factors, including endogenous hormones and genetics. Studies investigating exercise physiology frequently include only males or do not take sex differences into consideration. Although there is still an underrepresentation of female participants in exercise research, existing studies have identified sex differences in physiological and molecular responses to exercise training. The observed sex differences in exercise physiology are underpinned by the sex chromosome complement, sex hormones and, on a molecular level, the epigenome and transcriptome. Future research in the field should aim to include both sexes, control for menstrual cycle factors, conduct large-scale and ethnically diverse studies, conduct meta-analyses to consolidate findings from various studies, leverage unique cohorts (such as post-menopausal, transgender, and those with sex chromosome abnormalities), as well as integrate tissue and cell-specific -omics data. This knowledge is essential for developing deeper insight into sex-specific physiological responses to exercise training, thus directing future exercise physiology studies and practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Matomäki P, Heinonen OJ, Nummela A, Laukkanen J, Auvinen EP, Pirkola L, Kyröläinen H. Durability is improved by both low and high intensity endurance training. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1128111. [PMID: 36875044 PMCID: PMC9977827 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1128111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This is one of the first intervention studies to examine how low- (LIT) and high-intensity endurance training (HIT) affect durability, defined as 'time of onset and magnitude of deterioration in physiological-profiling characteristics over time during prolonged exercise'. Methods: Sedentary and recreationally active men (n = 16) and women (n = 19) completed either LIT (average weekly training time 6.8 ± 0.7 h) or HIT (1.6 ± 0.2 h) cycling for 10 weeks. Durability was analyzed before and after the training period from three factors during 3-h cycling at 48% of pretraining maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max): 1) by the magnitude and 2) onset of drifts (i.e. gradual change in energy expenditure, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, ventilation, left ventricular ejection time, and stroke volume), 3) by the 'physiological strain', defined to be the absolute responses of heart rate and its variability, lactate, and rate of perceived exertion. Results: When all three factors were averaged the durability was improved similarly (time x group p = 0.42) in both groups (LIT: p = 0.03, g = 0.49; HIT: p = 0.01, g = 0.62). In the LIT group, magnitude of average of drifts and their onset did not reach statistically significance level of p < 0.05 (magnitude: 7.7 ± 6.8% vs. 6.3 ± 6.0%, p = 0.09, g = 0.27; onset: 106 ± 57 min vs. 131 ± 59 min, p = 0.08, g = 0.58), while averaged physiological strain improved (p = 0.01, g = 0.60). In HIT, both magnitude and onset decreased (magnitude: 8.8 ± 7.9% vs. 5.4 ± 6.7%, p = 0.03, g = 0.49; onset: 108 ± 54 min vs. 137 ± 57 min, p = 0.03, g = 0.61), and physiological strain improved (p = 0.005, g = 0.78). VO2max increased only after HIT (time x group p < 0.001, g = 1.51). Conclusion: Durability improved similarly by both LIT and HIT based on reduced physiological drifts, their postponed onsets, and changes in physiological strain. Despite durability enhanced among untrained people, a 10-week intervention did not alter drifts and their onsets in a large amount, even though it attenuated physiological strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Matomäki
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ari Nummela
- Finnish Institute of High Performance Sport KIHU, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Laukkanen
- Central Finland Healthcare District, Department of Medicine, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eero-Pekka Auvinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Leena Pirkola
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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18
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Nagy D, Trunic N, Prémusz V, Krutek L, Lipcsik Z, Ács P. Comparison of Metabolic Characteristics of Physically Active Individuals with Different Training Habits during Incremental Treadmill Test. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:70. [PMID: 36612397 PMCID: PMC9819085 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The number of people engaging in self-conducted regular physical activity is increasing, but the effects of home fitness and individually planned workouts on health and metabolism are unknown. We aimed to examine the effects of regular training conducted without the supervision of professionals on exercise metabolism in our cross-sectional observational study. Forty-five physically active volunteers, classified into three groups, based on the type and frequency of their training (group 1 frequent long-term endurance, group 2 three times per week aerobic training, and group 3 two times per week short aerobic and resistance training), fulfilled a vita maxima incremental treadmill test. Aerobic capacity (VO2max), MET (metabolic equivalent of task), and metabolic responses were examined. The results were evaluated by ANOVA and Bonferroni and Scheffe multiple comparison analysis using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 23 programs. (p < 0.05). Significant differences were found between group 1 and 3 in VO2max (p = 0.46) and MET (p = 0.46) between group 1 and 2, in FatmaxHR (heart rate on maximum fat oxidation) (p= 0.04). We concluded self-conducted regular physical activity has positive effects on metabolism and health. Aerobic training performed four times per week showed the most beneficial effects on metabolism and health maintenance. In addition, based on our findings, strength training performed two times per week is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Nagy
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Physical Activity Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nenad Trunic
- Faculty of Physical Culture and Management in Sports, University Singidunum, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Viktória Prémusz
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Physical Activity Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Krutek
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Pongrác Ács
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Physical Activity Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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19
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Eckstein ML, Erlmann MP, Aberer F, Haupt S, Zimmermann P, Wachsmuth NB, Schierbauer J, Zimmer RT, Herz D, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Moser O. Glucose and Fructose Supplementation and Their Acute Effects on Anaerobic Endurance and Resistance Exercise Performance in Healthy Individuals: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235128. [PMID: 36501158 PMCID: PMC9736485 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of glucose, fructose and a combination of these on physical performance have been subject of investigation, resulting in diverse findings. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate how an individualized amount of glucose, fructose, and a combination of these compared to placebo (sucralose) alter endurance performance on a cycle ergometer, lower and upper body resistance exercise performance at individualized thresholds in healthy young individuals. METHODS A total of 16 healthy adults (9 females) with an age of 23.8 ± 1.6 years and a BMI of 22.6 ± 1.8 kg/m2 (body mass (BM) 70.9 ± 10.8 kg, height 1.76 ± 0.08 m) participated in this study. During the screening visit, the lactate turn point 2 (LTP2) was defined and the weights for chest-press and leg-press were determined. Furthermore, 30 min prior to each exercise session, participants received either 1 g/kg BM of glucose (Glu), 1 g/kg BM of fructose (Fru), 0.5 g/kg BM of glucose/fructose (GluFru) (each), or 0.2 g sucralose (placebo), respectively, which were dissolved in 300 mL of water. All exercises were performed until volitional exhaustion. Time until exhaustion (TTE) and cardio-pulmonary variables were determined for all cycling visits; during resistance exercise, repetitions until muscular failure were counted and time was measured. During all visits, capillary blood glucose and blood lactate concentrations as well as venous insulin levels were measured. RESULTS TTE in cycling was 449 ± 163 s (s) (Glu), 443 ± 156 s (Fru), 429 ± 160 s (GluFru) and 466 ± 162 s (Pla) (p = 0.48). TTE during chest-press sessions was 180 ± 95 s (Glu), 180 ± 92 s (Fru), 172 ± 78 s (GluFru) and 162 ± 66 s (Pla) (p = 0.25), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Pre-exercise supplementation of Glu, Fru and a combination of these did not have an ergogenic effect on high-intensity anaerobic endurance performance and on upper and lower body moderate resistance exercise in comparison to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L. Eckstein
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Maximilian P. Erlmann
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Felix Aberer
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Haupt
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Paul Zimmermann
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Bamberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - Nadine B. Wachsmuth
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Janis Schierbauer
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Rebecca T. Zimmer
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Daniel Herz
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Endocrinology Lab Platform, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Othmar Moser
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)9-2155-3465
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Metabolic myopathies are disorders that affect skeletal muscle substrate oxidation. Although some drugs and hormones can affect metabolism in skeletal muscle, this review will focus on the genetic metabolic myopathies. RECENT FINDINGS Impairments in glycogenolysis/glycolysis (glycogen storage disease), fatty acid transport/oxidation (fatty acid oxidation defects), and mitochondrial metabolism (mitochondrial myopathies) represent most metabolic myopathies; however, they often overlap clinically with structural genetic myopathies, referred to as pseudometabolic myopathies. Although metabolic myopathies can present in the neonatal period with hypotonia, hypoglycemia, and encephalopathy, most cases present clinically in children or young adults with exercise intolerance, rhabdomyolysis, and weakness. In general, the glycogen storage diseases manifest during brief bouts of high-intensity exercise; in contrast, fatty acid oxidation defects and mitochondrial myopathies usually manifest during longer-duration endurance-type activities, often with fasting or other metabolic stressors (eg, surgery, fever). The neurologic examination is often normal between events (except in the pseudometabolic myopathies) and evaluation requires one or more of the following tests: exercise stress testing, blood (eg, creatine kinase, acylcarnitine profile, lactate, amino acids), urine (eg, organic acids, myoglobin), muscle biopsy (eg, histology, ultrastructure, enzyme testing), and targeted (specific gene) or untargeted (myopathy panels) genetic tests. SUMMARY Definitive identification of a specific metabolic myopathy often leads to specific interventions, including lifestyle, exercise, and nutritional modifications; cofactor treatments; accurate genetic counseling; avoidance of specific triggers; and rapid treatment of rhabdomyolysis.
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21
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Górecka M, Krzemiński K, Mikulski T, Ziemba AW. ANGPTL4, IL-6 and TNF-α as regulators of lipid metabolism during a marathon run. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19940. [PMID: 36402848 PMCID: PMC9675781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to reveal whether marathon running influences regulators of lipid metabolism i.e. angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Plasma concentration of ANGPTL4, IL-6, TNF-α and lipids were determined in samples collected from 11 male runners before the marathon, immediately after the run and at 90 min of recovery. Plasma ANGPTL4 increased during exercise from 55.5 ± 13.4 to 78.1 ± 15.0 ng/ml (P < 0.001). This was accompanied by a significant increase in IL-6, TNF-α, free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol (Gly) and a decrease in triacylglycerols (TG). After 90 min of recovery ANGPTL4 and TG did not differ from the exercise values, while plasma IL-6, TNF-α, FFA and Gly concentration were significantly lower. The exercise-induced increase in plasma concentration of ANGPTL4 correlated positively with the rise in plasma IL-6, TNF-α, FFA and Gly and negatively with the duration of the run. The increase in plasma IL-6 and TNF-α correlated positively with the rise in Gly. Summarizing, marathon running induced an increase in plasma ANGPTL4 and the value was higher in faster runners. The increase in plasma FFA, IL-6 and TNF-α concentration during a marathon run may be involved in plasma ANGPTL4 release, which could be a compensatory mechanism against FFA-induced lipotoxicity and oxidative stress. All of the analyzed cytokines may stimulate lipolysis during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Górecka
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Clinical and Research Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Krzemiński
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Clinical and Research Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Mikulski
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Clinical and Research Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wojciech Ziemba
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Clinical and Research Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Matsuda T, Takahashi H, Nakamura M, Kanno M, Ogata H, Ishikawa A, Yamada M, Kamemoto K, Sakamaki-Sunaga M. Influence of menstrual cycle on muscle glycogen utilization during high-intensity intermittent exercise until exhaustion in healthy women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:671-680. [PMID: 35856390 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of the menstrual cycle on muscle glycogen and circulating substrates during high-intensity intermittent exercise until exhaustion in healthy women who habitually exercised. In total, 11 women with regular menstrual cycles completed three tests, which comprised the early follicular phase (E-FP), late follicular phase (L-FP), and luteal phase (LP) of the menstrual cycle. High-intensity intermittent exercise until exhaustion was performed on each test day. Evaluation of muscle glycogen concentration by 13C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and measurement of estradiol, progesterone, blood glucose, lactate, free fatty acids (FFA), and insulin concentrations were conducted before exercise (Pre) and immediately after exercise (Post). Muscle glycogen concentrations from thigh muscles at Pre and Post were not significantly different between menstrual cycle phases (P = 0.57). Muscle glycogen decreases by exercise were significantly greater in L-FP (59.0 ± 12.4 mM) than in E-FP (48.3 ± 14.4 mM, P < 0.05). Nonetheless, blood glucose, blood lactate, serum FFA, serum insulin concentrations, and exercise time until exhaustion in E-FP, L-FP, and LP were similar. The study results suggest that although exercise time does not change according to the menstrual cycle, the menstrual cycle influences muscle glycogen utilization during high-intensity intermittent exercise until exhaustion in women with habitual exercise activity. Novelty: This study compared changes in muscle glycogen concentration across the menstrual cycle during high-intensity intermittent exercise until exhaustion using 13C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Our results highlight the influence of the menstrual cycle on muscle glycogen during high-intensity intermittent exercise in healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Matsuda
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mariko Nakamura
- Department of Sport Science, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Kanno
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hazuki Ogata
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yamada
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kayoko Kamemoto
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
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23
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Mattioli AV, Nasi M, Pinti M, Palumbo C. Teaching Gender Differences at Medical School Could Improve the Safety and Efficacy of Personalized Physical Activity Prescription. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:919257. [PMID: 35811713 PMCID: PMC9260073 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.919257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- *Correspondence: Anna Vittoria Mattioli,
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Carla Palumbo
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Vilarinho R, Faria SM, Monteiro PRR, Melo C, Santos R, Noites A. Effects of Abdominal Microcurrent in the Consumption and Proportion of Energy Substrates during Aerobic Exercise: A Pilot Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:917. [PMID: 35628054 PMCID: PMC9141201 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcurrent therapy can increase lipolytic activity. However, it is unknown if the increased availability of lipids can influence the selection of energy substrates during a single session of aerobic exercise. We aimed to analyze the effect of microcurrent application to the abdominal region in the consumption of lipids and carbohydrates, and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during a single session of moderate aerobic exercise in young adults. A pilot study was conducted in which participants were allocated to intervention (IG) or placebo (PG) groups. In both groups, 40 min of microcurrent application with two frequencies (25 and 10 Hz) followed by 50 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (45−55% of heart rate reserve) on a cycloergometer were performed. The microcurrent application was performed without intensity in the PG. A portable gas analyzer (K4b2) was used during exercise in both groups. Thirty-eight participants (20.6 ± 1.8 years; 18 in IG and 20 in PG) were enrolled. There were no significant differences in the consumption of substrates or RER between the groups during exercise (p > 0.05). Microcurrent application seems to be insufficient to influence the consumption of energy substrates and RER during a single session of aerobic exercise in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Vilarinho
- Center for Rehabilitation Research, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (P.R.R.M.); (C.M.); (R.S.); (A.N.)
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Susana Miriam Faria
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Pedro Ribeiro Rocha Monteiro
- Center for Rehabilitation Research, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (P.R.R.M.); (C.M.); (R.S.); (A.N.)
- Department of Functional Sciences, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Melo
- Center for Rehabilitation Research, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (P.R.R.M.); (C.M.); (R.S.); (A.N.)
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Rubim Santos
- Center for Rehabilitation Research, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (P.R.R.M.); (C.M.); (R.S.); (A.N.)
- Department of Physics, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Noites
- Center for Rehabilitation Research, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (P.R.R.M.); (C.M.); (R.S.); (A.N.)
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
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Panov A, Mayorov VI, Dikalov S. Metabolic Syndrome and β-Oxidation of Long-Chain Fatty Acids in the Brain, Heart, and Kidney Mitochondria. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074047. [PMID: 35409406 PMCID: PMC9000033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We present evidence that metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents the postreproductive stage of the human postembryonic ontogenesis. Accordingly, the genes governing this stage experience relatively weak evolutionary selection pressure, thus representing the metabolic phenotype of distant ancestors with β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids (FAs) as the primary energy source. Mitochondria oxidize at high-rate FAs only when succinate, glutamate, or pyruvate are present. The heart and brain mitochondria work at a wide range of functional loads and possess an intrinsic inhibition of complex II to prevent oxidative stress at periods of low functional activity. Kidney mitochondria constantly work at a high rate and lack inhibition of complex II. We suggest that in people with MetS, oxidative stress is the central mechanism of the heart and brain pathologies. Oxidative stress is a secondary pathogenetic mechanism in the kidney, while the primary mechanisms are kidney hypoxia caused by persistent hyperglycemia and hypertension. Current evidence suggests that most of the nongenetic pathologies associated with MetS originate from the inconsistencies between the metabolic phenotype acquired after the transition to the postreproductive stage and excessive consumption of food rich in carbohydrates and a sedentary lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Panov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31201, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-210-7031
| | - Vladimir I. Mayorov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31201, USA;
| | - Sergey Dikalov
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
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26
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Lavin KM, Coen PM, Baptista LC, Bell MB, Drummer D, Harper SA, Lixandrão ME, McAdam JS, O’Bryan SM, Ramos S, Roberts LM, Vega RB, Goodpaster BH, Bamman MM, Buford TW. State of Knowledge on Molecular Adaptations to Exercise in Humans: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3193-3279. [PMID: 35578962 PMCID: PMC9186317 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, regular exercise has been acknowledged as a potent stimulus to promote, maintain, and restore healthy functioning of nearly every physiological system of the human body. With advancing understanding of the complexity of human physiology, continually evolving methodological possibilities, and an increasingly dire public health situation, the study of exercise as a preventative or therapeutic treatment has never been more interdisciplinary, or more impactful. During the early stages of the NIH Common Fund Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) Initiative, the field is well-positioned to build substantially upon the existing understanding of the mechanisms underlying benefits associated with exercise. Thus, we present a comprehensive body of the knowledge detailing the current literature basis surrounding the molecular adaptations to exercise in humans to provide a view of the state of the field at this critical juncture, as well as a resource for scientists bringing external expertise to the field of exercise physiology. In reviewing current literature related to molecular and cellular processes underlying exercise-induced benefits and adaptations, we also draw attention to existing knowledge gaps warranting continued research effort. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3193-3279, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleen M. Lavin
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Human Health, Resilience, and Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Paul M. Coen
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Liliana C. Baptista
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Margaret B. Bell
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Devin Drummer
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sara A. Harper
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Manoel E. Lixandrão
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeremy S. McAdam
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Samia M. O’Bryan
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sofhia Ramos
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa M. Roberts
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rick B. Vega
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Bret H. Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Human Health, Resilience, and Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas W. Buford
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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27
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Pinto G, Militello R, Amoresano A, Modesti PA, Modesti A, Luti S. Relationships between Sex and Adaptation to Physical Exercise in Young Athletes: A Pilot Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10020358. [PMID: 35206972 PMCID: PMC8871996 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the redox, hormonal, metabolic, and lipid profiles of female and male basketball players during the seasonal training period, compared to their relative sedentary controls. 20 basketball players (10 female and 10 male) and 20 sedentary controls (10 female and 10 male) were enrolled in the study. Oxidative stress, adiponectin level, and metabolic profile were determined. Male and female athletes showed an increased antioxidant capacity (27% for males; 21% for females) and lactate level (389% for males; 460% for females) and reduced salivary cortisol (25% for males; 51% for females) compared to the sedentary controls. Moreover, a peculiar metabolite (in particular, amino acids and urea), hormonal, and lipidic profile were highlighted in the two groups of athletes. Female and male adaptations to training have several common traits, such as antioxidant potential enhancement, lactate increase, and activation of detoxifying processes, such as the urea cycle and arachidonic pathways as a response to inflammation. Moreover, we found different lipid and amino acid utilization related to sex. Deeper investigation could help coaches in developing training programs based on the athletes’ sex in order to reduce the drop-out rate of sporting activity by girls and fight the gender stereotypes in sport that also have repercussions in social fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Pinto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.P.); (A.A.)
- INBB, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Consorzio Interuniversitario, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Militello
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.P.); (A.A.)
- INBB, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Consorzio Interuniversitario, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Amedeo Modesti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Modesti
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Simone Luti
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.M.); (A.M.)
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Correspondence:
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28
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Salamone IM, Quattrocelli M, Barefield DY, Page PG, Tahtah I, Hadhazy M, Tomar G, McNally EM. Intermittent glucocorticoid treatment enhances skeletal muscle performance through sexually dimorphic mechanisms. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:149828. [PMID: 35143417 PMCID: PMC8920338 DOI: 10.1172/jci149828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid steroids are commonly prescribed for many inflammatory conditions, but chronic daily use produces adverse effects, including muscle wasting and weakness. In contrast, shorter glucocorticoid pulses may improve athletic performance, although the mechanisms remain unclear. Muscle is sexually dimorphic and comparatively little is known about how male and female muscles respond to glucocorticoids. We investigated the impact of once-weekly glucocorticoid exposure on skeletal muscle performance comparing male and female mice. One month of once-weekly glucocorticoid dosing improved muscle specific force in both males and females. Transcriptomic profiling of isolated myofibers identified a striking sexually dimorphic response to weekly glucocorticoids. Male myofibers had increased expression of genes in the IGF1/PI3K pathway and calcium handling, while female myofibers had profound upregulation of lipid metabolism genes. Muscles from weekly prednisone–treated males had improved calcium handling, while comparably treated female muscles had reduced intramuscular triglycerides. Consistent with altered lipid metabolism, weekly prednisone–treated female mice had greater endurance relative to controls. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we defined a sexually dimorphic chromatin landscape after weekly prednisone. These results demonstrate that weekly glucocorticoid exposure elicits distinct pathways in males versus females, resulting in enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella M Salamone
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Mattia Quattrocelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Cinicinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - David Y Barefield
- Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, United States of America
| | - Patrick G Page
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Ibrahim Tahtah
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Michele Hadhazy
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Garima Tomar
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
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Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant expansion in female participation in endurance (road and trail) running. The often reported sex differences in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) are not the only differences between sexes during prolonged running. The aim of this narrative review was thus to discuss sex differences in running biomechanics, economy (both in fatigue and non-fatigue conditions), substrate utilization, muscle tissue characteristics (including ultrastructural muscle damage), neuromuscular fatigue, thermoregulation and pacing strategies. Although males and females do not differ in terms of running economy or endurance (i.e. percentage VO2max sustained), sex-specificities exist in running biomechanics (e.g. females have greater non-sagittal hip and knee joint motion compared to males) that can be partly explained by anatomical (e.g. wider pelvis, larger femur-tibia angle, shorter lower limb length relative to total height in females) differences. Compared to males, females also show greater proportional area of type I fibres, are more able to use fatty acids and preserve carbohydrates during prolonged exercise, demonstrate a more even pacing strategy and less fatigue following endurance running exercise. These differences confer an advantage to females in ultra-endurance performance, but other factors (e.g. lower O2 carrying capacity, greater body fat percentage) counterbalance these potential advantages, making females outperforming males a rare exception. The present literature review also highlights the lack of sex comparison in studies investigating running biomechanics in fatigue conditions and during the recovery process.
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Holcomb LE, Rowe P, O’Neill CC, DeWitt EA, Kolwicz SC. Sex differences in endurance exercise capacity and skeletal muscle lipid metabolism in mice. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15174. [PMID: 35133078 PMCID: PMC8822869 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that sex differences in lipid metabolism exist with females demonstrating a higher utilization of lipids during exercise, which is mediated partly by increased utilization of muscle triglycerides. However, whether these changes in lipid metabolism contribute directly to endurance exercise performance is unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of exercise substrate metabolism to sex differences in endurance exercise capacity (EEC) in mice. Male and female C57BL/6-NCrl mice were subjected to an EEC test until exhaustion on a motorized treadmill. The treadmill was set at a 10% incline, and the speed gradually increased from 10.2 m/min to 22.2 m/min at fixed intervals for up to 2.5 h. Tissues and blood were harvested in mice immediately following the EEC. A cohort of sedentary, non-exercised male and female mice were used as controls. Females outperformed males by ~25% on the EEC. Serum levels of both fatty acids and ketone bodies were ~50% higher in females at the end of the EEC. In sedentary female mice, skeletal muscle triglyceride content was significantly greater compared to sedentary males. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that genes involved in skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation were significantly higher in females with no changes in genes associated with glucose uptake or ketone body oxidation. The findings suggest that female mice have a higher endurance exercise capacity and a greater ability to mobilize and utilize fatty acids for energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola E. Holcomb
- Heart and Muscle Metabolism LaboratoryDepartment of Health and Exercise PhysiologyUrsinus CollegeCollegevillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Patrick Rowe
- Heart and Muscle Metabolism LaboratoryDepartment of Health and Exercise PhysiologyUrsinus CollegeCollegevillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Caitlin C. O’Neill
- Heart and Muscle Metabolism LaboratoryDepartment of Health and Exercise PhysiologyUrsinus CollegeCollegevillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Elizabeth A. DeWitt
- Heart and Muscle Metabolism LaboratoryDepartment of Health and Exercise PhysiologyUrsinus CollegeCollegevillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Stephen C. Kolwicz
- Heart and Muscle Metabolism LaboratoryDepartment of Health and Exercise PhysiologyUrsinus CollegeCollegevillePennsylvaniaUSA
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31
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Hallam LC, Amorim FT. Expanding the Gap: An Updated Look Into Sex Differences in Running Performance. Front Physiol 2022; 12:804149. [PMID: 35058806 PMCID: PMC8764368 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.804149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Males consistently outperform females in athletic endeavors, including running events of standard Olympic distances (100 m to Marathon). The magnitude of this percentage sex difference, i.e., the sex gap, has evolved over time. Two clear trends in sex gap evolution are evident; a narrowing of the gap during the 20th century, followed by a period of stability thereafter. However, an updated perspective on the average sex gap from top 20 athlete performances over the past two decades reveals nuanced trends over time, indicating the sex gap is not fixed. Additionally, the sex gap varies with performance level; the difference in absolute running performance between males and females is lowest for world record/world lead performances and increases in lower-ranked elite athletes. This observation of an increased sex gap with world rank is evident in events 400 m and longer and indicates a lower depth in female competitive standards. Explanations for the sex difference in absolute performance and competition depth include physical (physiological, anatomical, neuromuscular, biomechanical), sociocultural, psychological, and sport-specific factors. It is apparent that females are the disadvantaged sex in sport; therefore, measures should be taken to reduce this discrepancy and enable both sexes to reach their biological performance potential. There is scope to narrow the sex performance gap by addressing inequalities between the sexes in opportunities, provisions, incentives, attitudes/perceptions, research, and media representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia C Hallam
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Fabiano T Amorim
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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An Overview on How Exercise with Green Tea Consumption Can Prevent the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Improve Sports Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010218. [PMID: 35010479 PMCID: PMC8750450 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Free radicals are reactive products that have multiple effects on the human body. Endogenous and exogenous antioxidants manage the overproduction of free radicals. However, an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidant factors causes oxidative stress. Exercise and physical activity are factors that increase oxidative stress and disrupts the body’s homeostasis. Intensity and duration of training, training characteristics, and fitness level can have positive or negative effects on oxidative stress. Green tea consumption is recommended for the prevention of a variety of diseases, health maintenance, and weight loss. The effectiveness of green tea is primarily due to the presence of catechins and polyphenols, specifically (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties based on clinical and animal studies. This review investigates the effect of green tea exercise and their interactive effects on free radicals and sports improvement.
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Bourdas DI, Souglis A, Zacharakis ED, Geladas ND, Travlos AK. Meta-Analysis of Carbohydrate Solution Intake during Prolonged Exercise in Adults: From the Last 45+ Years' Perspective. Nutrients 2021; 13:4223. [PMID: 34959776 PMCID: PMC8704222 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation during prolonged exercise postpones fatigue. However, the optimum administration timing, dosage, type of CHO intake, and possible interaction of the ergogenic effect with athletes' cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are not clear. Ninety-six studies (from relevant databases based on predefined eligibility criteria) were selected for meta-analysis to investigate the acute effect of ≤20% CHO solutions on prolonged exercise performance. The between-subject standardized mean difference [SMD = ([mean post-value treatment group-mean post-value control group]/pooled variance)] was assessed. Overall, SMD [95% CI] of 0.43 [0.35, 0.51] was significant (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that SMD was reduced as the subjects' CRF level increased, with a 6-8% CHO solution composed of GL:FRU improving performance (exercise: 1-4 h); administration during the event led to a superior performance compared to administration before the exercise, with a 6-8% single-source CHO solution increasing performance in intermittent and 'stop and start' sports and an ~6% CHO solution appearing beneficial for 45-60 min exercises, but there were no significant differences between subjects' gender and age groups, varied CHO concentrations, doses, or types in the effect measurement. The evidence found was sound enough to support the hypothesis that CHO solutions, when ingested during endurance exercise, have ergogenic action and a possible crossover interaction with the subject's CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios I. Bourdas
- Section of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios Souglis
- Section of Didactics and Coaching in Sport Games, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (E.D.Z.)
| | - Emmanouil D. Zacharakis
- Section of Didactics and Coaching in Sport Games, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (E.D.Z.)
| | - Nickos D. Geladas
- Section of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece;
| | - Antonios K. Travlos
- Department of Sports Organization and Management, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Efstathiou and Stamatikis Valioti & Plataion Avenue, 23100 Tripoli, Greece;
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Fritsch LJ, McCaulley SJ, Johnson CR, Lawson NJ, Gorres-Martens BK. Exercise prevents whole body type 2 diabetes risk factors better than estradiol replacement in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1520-1531. [PMID: 34590912 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00098.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of estrogens in postmenopausal women is linked to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and estradiol replacement can decrease this risk. Notably, exercise can also treat and prevent T2D. This study seeks to understand the molecular mechanisms by which estradiol and exercise induce their beneficial effects via assessing whole body and cellular changes. Female Wistar rats were ovariectomized and fed a high-fat diet for 10 wk and divided into the following four experimental groups: 1) no treatment (control), 2) exercise (Ex), 3) estradiol replacement, and 4) Ex + estradiol. Both Ex and estradiol decreased the total body weight gain. However, only exercise effectively reduced the white adipose tissue (WAT) weight gain, food intake, blood glucose levels, and serum insulin levels. At the molecular level, exercise increased the noninsulin-stimulated pAkt levels in the WAT. In the liver, estradiol increased the protein expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) and estradiol decreased the hepatic protein expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL). In the WAT, estradiol and exercise increased the protein expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Exercise provides better protection against T2D when considering whole body measurements, which may be due to increased noninsulin-stimulated pAkt in the WAT. However, at the cellular level, several molecular changes in fat metabolism and fat storage occurred in the liver and WAT with estradiol treatment.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercise provides better protection than estradiol against type 2 diabetes when considering whole body measurements including adipose tissue weight, blood glucose levels, and serum insulin levels, which may be due to increased noninsulin-stimulated pAkt in the adipose tissue. However, at the cellular level, several molecular changes in fat metabolism and fat storage occurred in the liver and adipose tissue with estradiol treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Fritsch
- Biology Department, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Skylar J McCaulley
- Biology Department, University of Sioux Falls, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Colton R Johnson
- Exercise Science Department, University of Sioux Falls, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Nicholaus J Lawson
- Exercise Science Department, University of Sioux Falls, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
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Exercise attenuates low back pain and alters epigenetic regulation in intervertebral discs in a mouse model. Spine J 2021; 21:1938-1949. [PMID: 34116218 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Chronic low back pain (LBP) is a multifactorial disorder with complex underlying mechanisms, including associations with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration in some individuals. It has been demonstrated that epigenetic processes are involved in the pathology of IVD degeneration. Epigenetics refers to several mechanisms, including DNA methylation, that have the ability to change gene expression without inducing any change in the underlying DNA sequence. DNA methylation can alter the entire state of a tissue for an extended period of time and thus could potentially be harnessed for long-term pain relief. Lifestyle factors, such as physical activity, have a strong influence on epigenetic regulation. Exercise is a commonly prescribed treatment for chronic LBP, and sex-specific epigenetic adaptations in response to endurance exercise have been reported. However, whether exercise interventions that attenuate LBP are associated with epigenetic alterations in degenerating IVDs has not been evaluated. PURPOSE We hypothesize that the therapeutic efficacy of physical activity is mediated, at least in part, at the epigenetic level. The purpose of this study was to use the SPARC-null mouse model of LBP associated with IVD degeneration to clarify (1) if IVD degeneration is associated with altered expression of epigenetic regulatory genes in the IVDs, (2) if epigenetic regulatory machinery is sensitive to therapeutic environmental intervention, and (3) if there are sex-specific differences in (1) and/or (2). STUDY DESIGN Eight-month-old male and female SPARC-null and age-matched control (WT) mice (n=108) were assigned to exercise (n=56) or sedentary (n=52) groups. Deletion of SPARC is associated with progressive IVD degeneration and behavioral signs of LBP. The exercise group received a circular plastic home cage running wheel on which they could run freely. The sedentary group received an identical wheel secured in place to prevent rotation. After 6 months, the results obtained in each group were compared. METHODS After 6 months of exercise, LBP-related behavioral indices were determined, and global DNA methylation (5-methylcytosine) and epigenetic regulatory gene mRNA expression in IVDs were assessed. This project was supported by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research. The authors have no conflicts of interest. RESULTS Lumbar IVDs from WT sedentary and SPARC-null sedentary mice had similar levels of global DNA methylation (%5-mC) and comparable mRNA expression of epigenetic regulatory genes (Dnmt1,3a,b, Mecp2, Mbd2a,b, Tet1-3) in both sexes. Exercise attenuated LBP-related behaviors, decreased global DNA methylation in both WT (p<.05) and SPARC-null mice (p<.01) and reduced mRNA expression of Mecp2 in SPARC-null mice (p<.05). Sex-specific effects of exercise on expression of mRNA were also observed. CONCLUSIONS Exercise alleviates LBP in a mouse model. This may be mediated, in part, by changes in the epigenetic regulatory machinery in degenerating IVDs. Epigenetic alterations due to a lifestyle change could have a long-lasting therapeutic impact by changing tissue homeostasis in IVDs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study confirmed the therapeutic benefits of exercise on LBP and suggests that exercise results in sex-specific alterations in epigenetic regulation in IVDs. Elucidating the effects of exercise on epigenetic regulation may enable the discovery of novel gene targets or new strategies to improve the treatment of chronic LBP.
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Nederveen JP, Manta K, Bujak AL, Simone AC, Fuda MR, Nilsson MI, Hettinga BP, Hughes MC, Perry CGR, Tarnopolsky MA. A Novel Multi-Ingredient Supplement Activates a Browning Program in White Adipose Tissue and Mitigates Weight Gain in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:3726. [PMID: 34835983 PMCID: PMC8623014 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of a novel multi-ingredient supplement comprised of polyphenol antioxidants and compounds known to facilitate mitochondrial function and metabolic enhancement (ME) in a mouse model of obesity. In this study, 6-week-old male C57/BL6J mice were placed on a high-fat diet (HFD; ~60% fat) for 6 weeks, with subsequent allocation into experimentalgroups for 4 weeks: HFD control, HFD + ME10 (10 components), HFD + ME7 (7 components), HFD + ME10 + EX, HFD + EX (where '+EX' animals exercised 3 days/week), and chow-fed control. After the intervention, HFD control animals had significantly greater body weight and fat mass. Despite the continuation of HFD, animals supplemented with multi-ingredient ME or who performed exercise training showed an attenuation of fat mass and preservation of lean body mass, which was further enhanced when combined (ME+EX). ME supplementation stimulated the upregulation of white and brown adipose tissue mRNA transcripts associated with mitochondrial biogenesis, browning, fatty acid transport, and fat metabolism. In WAT depots, this was mirrored by mitochodrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) protein expression, and increased in vivo fat oxidation measured via CLAMS. ME supplementation also decreased systemic and local inflammation markers. Herein, we demonstrated that novel multi-ingredient nutritional supplements induced significant fat loss independent of physical activity while preserving muscle mass in obese mice. Mechanistically, these MEs appear to act by inducing a browning program in white adipose tissue and decreasing other pathophysiological impairments associated with obesity, including mitochondrial respiration alterations induced by HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Nederveen
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (J.P.N.); (K.M.); (A.C.S.); (M.R.F.)
| | - Katherine Manta
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (J.P.N.); (K.M.); (A.C.S.); (M.R.F.)
| | - Adam L. Bujak
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (A.L.B.); (M.I.N.); (B.P.H.)
| | - Alexander C. Simone
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (J.P.N.); (K.M.); (A.C.S.); (M.R.F.)
| | - Matthew R. Fuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (J.P.N.); (K.M.); (A.C.S.); (M.R.F.)
| | - Mats I. Nilsson
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (A.L.B.); (M.I.N.); (B.P.H.)
| | - Bart P. Hettinga
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (A.L.B.); (M.I.N.); (B.P.H.)
| | - Meghan C. Hughes
- Muscle Health Research Centre (MHRC), School of Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (M.C.H.); (C.G.R.P.)
| | - Christopher G. R. Perry
- Muscle Health Research Centre (MHRC), School of Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (M.C.H.); (C.G.R.P.)
| | - Mark A. Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (J.P.N.); (K.M.); (A.C.S.); (M.R.F.)
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (A.L.B.); (M.I.N.); (B.P.H.)
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Analysis of sex-based differences in energy substrate utilization during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:29-70. [PMID: 34550468 PMCID: PMC8748379 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore sex-based differences in energy substrate utilization during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise; to identify the underpinning candidate physiological mechanisms. METHODS Three databases were searched from inception to August 2020. Pertinent studies quantifying the utilization of substrates during moderate aerobic exercise in healthy men and reproductive-age women were considered. Studies conducted on sedentary/recreationally active and athletic populations were included and analyzed separately. RESULTS Thirty-five studies entered the meta-analysis (21 in sedentary/recreationally active, 14 in athletic populations). Compared to women, the respiratory exchange ratio was significantly higher both in sedentary (mean difference, MD: + 0.03; p < 0.00001) and athletic men (MD: + 0.02; p < 0.0001). Greater carbohydrate oxidation was observed both in sedentary (standardized MD, SMD: 0.53; p = 0.006) and athletic men (SMD: 1.24; p < 0.00001). Regarding lipid substrates, sedentary men oxidized less fat than women (SMD: - 0.77; p = 0.0002), while no sex-based differences in fat oxidation were observed in athletes (SMD: 0.06; p = 0.77). Paucity of data prevented robust meta-analyses for protein sources. Sex hormones and different adrenergic activation were the most cited mechanisms to discuss sex-based differences. CONCLUSIONS Meta-analyses confirmed that men display greater reliance on carbohydrates while women rely more on lipids to sustain moderate aerobic exercise. The latter finding was not confirmed in athletes, a novel aspect of the present study. Mechanistically driven research is needed to further dissect the physiological underpinnings of sex differences in substrate utilization during aerobic exercise, especially for proteins, which are still less investigated than other substrates.
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Frandsen J, Poggi AI, Ritz C, Larsen S, Dela F, Helge JW. Peak Fat Oxidation Rate Is Closely Associated With Plasma Free Fatty Acid Concentrations in Women; Similar to Men. Front Physiol 2021; 12:696261. [PMID: 34408659 PMCID: PMC8364948 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.696261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In men, whole body peak fat oxidation (PFO) determined by a graded exercise test is closely tied to plasma free fatty acid (FFA) availability. Men and women exhibit divergent metabolic responses to fasting and exercise, and it remains unknown how the combined fasting and exercise affect substrate utilization in women. We aimed to investigate this, hypothesizing that increased plasma FFA concentrations in women caused by fasting and repeated exercise will increase PFO during exercise. Then, that PFO would be higher in women compared with men (data from a previous study). Methods: On two separate days, 11 young endurance-trained women were investigated, either after an overnight fast (Fast) or 3.5 h after a standardized meal (Fed). On each day, a validated graded exercise protocol (GXT), used to establish PFO by indirect calorimetry, was performed four times separated by 3.5 h of bed rest both in the fasted (Fast) or fed (Fed) state. Results: Peak fat oxidation increased in the fasted state from 11 ± 3 (after an overnight fast, Fast 1) to 16 ± 3 (mean ± SD) mg/min/kg lean body mass (LBM) (after ~22 h fast, Fast 4), and this was highly associated with plasma FFA concentrations, which increased from 404 ± 203 (Fast 1) to 865 ± 210 μmol/L (Fast 4). No increase in PFO was found during the fed condition with repeated exercise. Compared with trained men from a former identical study, we found no sex differences in relative PFO (mg/min/kg LBM) between men and women, in spite of significant differences in plasma FFA concentrations during exercise after fasting. Conclusion: Peak fat oxidation increased with fasting and repeated exercise in trained women, but the relative PFO was similar in young trained men and women, despite major differences in plasma lipid concentrations during graded exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Frandsen
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Axel Illeris Poggi
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Manca A, Cano A, Ventura L, Martinez G, Frid L, Deriu F, Kalron A. Sex-Based Differences in Oxygen Cost of Walking and Energy Equivalents in Minimally Disabled People with Multiple Sclerosis and Controls. Int J MS Care 2021; 24:54-61. [DOI: 10.7224/1537-2073.2020-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Elevated oxygen cost of walking and energy equivalents are reported for highly and moderately disabled people with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, less is known about minimally impaired individuals. Moreover, no sex-based data on the metabolic rates of people with MS are available. In this cross-sectional study, the metabolic rates and temporospatial parameters of gait during overground walking in minimally disabled people with MS versus matched controls were quantified and whether sex-based differences occur was examined.
Methods: Sixty-nine minimally impaired adults with MS (37, relapsing-remitting MS [RRMS]; 32, clinically isolated syndrome [CIS]) and 25 matched controls completed two 6-minute walking bouts at comfortable and fast speeds. The oxygen cost of walking, energy equivalents, and respiratory exchange ratio were recorded through breath-by-breath open-circuit spirometry. Gait analysis was performed via a portable electronic walkway.
Results: At comfortable but not at fast speed, men with RRMS showed higher oxygen cost of walking than men with CIS (+17.9%, P = .04) and male controls (+21.3%, P = .03). In the RRMS group, men showed higher oxygen cost of walking (+19.2%, P = .04) and energy equivalents (+19.2%, P = .02) than women. Elevated oxygen cost of walking and energy equivalents in men were paralleled by significantly larger base of support and step time asymmetry during walking.
Conclusions: Metabolic demands are elevated while walking in minimally disabled people with RRMS. Furthermore, higher energy demands occur in men, probably due to increased step symmetry and base of support. Clinicians are advised to follow energy expenditure metrics collected while walking because they can indicate a decrease in fitness, even in the early phase of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Manca
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy (AM, AC, LV, GM, FD)
| | - Antonella Cano
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy (AM, AC, LV, GM, FD)
| | - Lucia Ventura
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy (AM, AC, LV, GM, FD)
| | - Gianluca Martinez
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy (AM, AC, LV, GM, FD)
| | - Lior Frid
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (LF)
| | - Franca Deriu
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy (AM, AC, LV, GM, FD)
| | - Alon Kalron
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (AK)
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Network of biomarkers and their mediation effects on the associations between regular exercise and the incidence of cardiovascular & metabolic diseases. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12802. [PMID: 34140622 PMCID: PMC8211674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92312-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the biological process related to the prevention of cardiovascular & metabolic diseases (CMD), including diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia via regular exercise. This study included 17,053 subjects aged 40–69 years in the Health Examinees Study from 2004 to 2012. Participation in regular exercise was investigated by questionnaires. Data on 42 biomarkers were collected from anthropometric measures and laboratory tests. We examined the associations between regular exercise and biomarkers using general linear models, between biomarkers and the risk of CMD using cox proportional hazard models, and the mediation effect of biomarkers using mediation analyses. Biomarker networks were constructed based on the significant differential correlations (p < 0.05) between the exercise and non-exercise groups in men and women, respectively. We observed significant mediators in 14 and 16 of the biomarkers in men and women, respectively. Triglyceride level was a noteworthy mediator in decreasing the risk of CMD with exercise, explaining 23.79% in men and 58.20% in women. The biomarker network showed comprehensive relationships and associations among exercise, biomarkers, and CMD. Body composition-related biomarkers were likely to play major roles in men, while obesity-related biomarkers seemed to be key factors in women.
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Boisseau N, Isacco L. Substrate metabolism during exercise: sexual dimorphism and women's specificities. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:672-683. [PMID: 34134602 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1943713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss sexual dimorphism of energy metabolism, and to describe the impact of women's hormonal status on substrate oxidation during exercise. Many evidences indicate that sex steroids play a pivotal role in the sex-related differences of body composition and energy substrate storage. Compared with men, women rely more on fat and less on carbohydrates at the same relative exercise intensity. Scientific data suggest that 17-β oestradiol is a key hormone for the regulation of body composition and substrate metabolism. However, in women, measurements with stable isotopic tracers did not highlight any difference in whole-body substrate oxidation rates between the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle during endurance exercise. The remaining discrepancies about the effect of menstrual cycle-related hormone fluctuations on substrate oxidation could be partly explained by the exercise intensity, which is an important regulator of substrate oxidation. Due to their specific nature and concentration, the synthetic ovarian hormones contained in oral contraceptives also influence substrate metabolism during endurance exercise. However, more studies are needed to confirm that oral contraceptives increase lipolytic activity during endurance exercise without any substantial (or detectable) effect on substrate utilization. Pregnancy and menopause also modify body composition and substrate utilization during exercise through specific hormonal fluctuations.This review highlights that the hormonal status is likely to affect substrate oxidation during exercise in women emphasizing the need to take it into consideration to optimize their health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Boisseau
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P), University Clermont Auvergne (UCA), EA 3533, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurie Isacco
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P), University Clermont Auvergne (UCA), EA 3533, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,EA3920 Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPSI) platform, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Dynamics of Fat Oxidation from Sitting at Rest to Light Exercise in Inactive Young Humans. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060334. [PMID: 34073688 PMCID: PMC8225068 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Societal erosion of daily life low-level physical activity has had a great influence on the obesity epidemic. Given that low fat oxidation is also a risk factor for obesity, we investigated, in a repeated measures design, the dynamics of fat oxidation from a resting state to a light-intensity leg cycling exercise (0–50 watts) in inactive, healthy young adults. Using indirect calorimetry, energy expenditure and the respiratory quotient (RQ) were assessed in a sitting posture at rest and during a cycling exercise in 35 subjects (20 women). The rate of perceived exhaustion (RPE) was assessed using the Borg Scale. During graded leg cycling, the mean RPE did not exceed values corresponding to the exercise being perceived as ‘light’. However, analysis of individual data at 50 watts revealed two distinct subgroups among the subjects: those having RPE values corresponding to the exercise being perceived as ‘very light to light’ and showing no increase in RQ relative to resting levels, as opposed to an increase in RQ in those who perceived the exercise as being ‘somewhat hard to hard’ (p < 0.001). Our study in inactive individuals showing that high fat oxidation was maintained during ‘light-perceived’ physical activity reinforced the potential importance of light physical activity in the prevention of obesity.
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Frandsen J, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Landgrebe A, Dela F, Ruiz JR, Helge JW, Larsen S. The influence of age, sex and cardiorespiratory fitness on maximal fat oxidation rate. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1241-1247. [PMID: 33848440 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fat oxidation decreases with age, yet no studies have previously investigated if aging affects the maximal fat oxidation rate (MFO) during exercise in men and women differently. We hypothesized that increased age would be associated with a decline in MFO and this would be more pronounced in women due to menopause, compared with men. In this cross-sectional study design, 435 (247/188, male/female) subjects of varying ages performed a DXA scan, a submaximal graded exercise test and a maximal oxygen uptake test, to measure MFO and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) by indirect calorimetry. Subjects were stratified into 12 groups according to sex (male/female), age (<45, 45-55 and >55 years), CRF (below average and above average). Women aged <45 years had a higher MFO relative to fat free mass (FFM) (mg/min/kg) compared with men, regardless of CRF. However, there were no differences in MFO (mg/min/kg FFM) between men and women, in the groups aged between 45-55 and >55 years. In summary, we found that women aged <45 years display a higher MFO (mg/min/kg FFM) compared with men and that this sexual divergence is abolished after the age of 45 years. Novelty: Maximal fat oxidation rate is higher in young women compared with men. This sex-related difference is attenuated after the age of 45 years. Cardiorespiratory fitness does not influence this sex-related difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frandsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F J Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.,PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - A Landgrebe
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F Dela
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J R Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - J W Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Larsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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44
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Henderson GC, Meyer JM. Transient elevation of triacylglycerol content in the liver: a fundamental component of the acute response to exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1293-1303. [PMID: 33475457 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00930.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is well appreciated as a therapeutic approach to improve health. Although chronic exercise training can change metabolism, even a single exercise session can have significant effects upon metabolism. Responses of adipose tissue lipolysis and skeletal muscle triacylglycerol (TAG) utilization have been well appreciated as components of the acute exercise response. However, there are other central components of the physiological response to be considered, as well. A robust and growing body of literature depicts a rapid responsiveness of hepatic TAG content to single bouts of exercise, and there is a remaining need to incorporate this information into our overall understanding of how exercise affects the liver. TAG content in the liver increases during an exercise session and can continue to rise for a few hours afterwards, followed by a fairly rapid return to baseline. Here, we summarize evidence that rapid responsiveness of hepatic TAG content to metabolic stress is a fundamental component of the exercise response. Adipose tissue lipolysis and plasma free fatty acid concentration are likely the major metabolic controllers of enhanced lipid storage in the liver after each exercise bout, and we discuss nutritional impacts as well as health implications. Although traditionally clinicians would be merely concerned with hepatic lipids in overnight-fasted, rested individuals, it is now apparent that the content of hepatic TAG fluctuates in response to metabolic challenges such as exercise, and these responses likely exert significant impacts on health and cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliauna M. Meyer
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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45
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Wohlgemuth KJ, Arieta LR, Brewer GJ, Hoselton AL, Gould LM, Smith-Ryan AE. Sex differences and considerations for female specific nutritional strategies: a narrative review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:27. [PMID: 33794937 PMCID: PMC8015182 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a plethora of information available regarding the impact of nutrition on exercise performance, many recommendations are based on male needs due to the dominance of male participation in the nutrition and exercise science literature. Female participation in sport and exercise is prevalent, making it vital for guidelines to address the sex-specific nutritional needs. Female hormonal levels, such as estrogen and progesterone, fluctuate throughout the mensural cycle and lifecycle requiring more attention for effective nutritional considerations. Sex-specific nutritional recommendations and guidelines for the active female and female athlete have been lacking to date and warrant further consideration. This review provides a practical overview of key physiological and nutritional considerations for the active female. Available literature regarding sex-specific nutrition and dietary supplement guidelines for women has been synthesized, offering evidenced-based practical information that can be incorporated into the daily lives of women to improve performance, body composition, and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kealey J Wohlgemuth
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Luke R Arieta
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Gabrielle J Brewer
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Andrew L Hoselton
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Lacey M Gould
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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46
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Chrzanowski-Smith OJ, Edinburgh RM, Smith E, Thomas MP, Walhin JP, Koumanov F, Williams S, Betts JA, Gonzalez JT. Resting skeletal muscle PNPLA2 (ATGL) and CPT1B are associated with peak fat oxidation rates in men and women but do not explain observed sex differences. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:1208-1223. [PMID: 33675111 DOI: 10.1113/ep089431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What is the relationship between proteins in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue determined at rest and at peak rates of fat oxidation in men and women? What is the main finding and its importance? The resting contents of proteins in skeletal muscle involved in triglyceride hydrolysis and mitochondrial lipid transport were more strongly associated with peak fat oxidation rates than proteins related to lipid transport or hydrolysis in adipose tissue. Although females displayed higher relative rates of fat oxidation than males, this was not explained by the proteins measured in this study, suggesting that other factors determine sex differences in fat metabolism. ABSTRACT We explored key proteins involved in fat metabolism that might be associated with peak fat oxidation (PFO) and account for sexual dimorphism in fuel metabolism during exercise. Thirty-six healthy adults [15 women; 40 ± 11 years of age; peak oxygen consumption 42.5 ± 9.5 ml (kg body mass)-1 min-1 ; mean ± SD] completed two exercise tests to determine PFO via indirect calorimetry. Resting adipose tissue and/or skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained to determine the adipose tissue protein content of PLIN1, ABHD5 (CGI-58), LIPE (HSL), PNPLA2 (ATGL), ACSL1, CPT1B and oestrogen receptor α (ERα) and the skeletal muscle protein content of FABP 3 (FABPpm), PNPLA2 (ATGL), ACSL1, CTP1B and ESR1 (ERα). Moderate strength correlations were found between PFO [in milligrams per kilogram of fat-free mass (FFM) per minute] and the protein content of PNPLA2 (ATGL) [rs = 0.41 (0.03-0.68), P < 0.05] and CPT1B [rs = 0.45 (0.09-0.71), P < 0.05] in skeletal muscle. No other statistically significant bivariate correlations were found consistently. Females had a greater relative PFO than males [7.1 ± 1.9 vs. 4.5 ± 1.3 and 7.3 ± 1.7 vs. 4.8 ± 1.2 mg (kg FFM)-1 min-1 in the adipose tissue (n = 14) and skeletal muscle (n = 12) subgroups, respectively (P < 0.05)]. No statistically significant sex differences were found in the content of these proteins. The regulation of PFO might involve processes relating to intramyocellular triglyceride hydrolysis and mitochondrial fatty acid transport, and adipose tissue is likely to play a more minor role than muscle. Sex differences in fat metabolism are likely to be attributable to factors other than the resting content of proteins in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue relating to triglyceride hydrolysis and fatty acid transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Philippe Walhin
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Francoise Koumanov
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - James A Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Javier T Gonzalez
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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47
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MARGOLIS LEEM, ALLEN JILLIANT, HATCH-MCCHESNEY ADRIENNE, PASIAKOS STEFANM. Coingestion of Carbohydrate and Protein on Muscle Glycogen Synthesis after Exercise: A Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:384-393. [PMID: 32826640 PMCID: PMC7803445 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE Evidence suggests that carbohydrate and protein (CHO-PRO) ingestion after exercise enhances muscle glycogen repletion to a greater extent than carbohydrate (CHO) alone. However, there is no consensus at this point, and results across studies are mixed, which may be attributable to differences in energy content and carbohydrate intake relative to body mass consumed after exercise. The purpose of this study was determine the overall effects of CHO-PRO and the independent effects of energy and relative carbohydrate content of CHO-PRO supplementation on postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis compared with CHO alone. METHODS Meta-analysis was conducted on crossover studies assessing the influence of CHO-PRO compared with CHO alone on postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis. Studies were identified in a systematic review from PubMed and Cochrane Library databases. Data are presented as effect size (95% confidence interval [CI]) using Hedges' g. Subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate effects of isocaloric and nonisocaloric energy content and dichotomized by median relative carbohydrate (high, ≥0.8 g·kg-1⋅h-1; low, <0.8 g·kg-1⋅h-1) content on glycogen synthesis. RESULTS Twenty studies were included in the analysis. CHO-PRO had no overall effect on glycogen synthesis (0.13, 95% CI = -0.04 to 0.29) compared with CHO. Subgroup analysis found that CHO-PRO had a positive effect (0.26, 95% CI = 0.04-0.49) on glycogen synthesis when the combined intervention provided more energy than CHO. Glycogen synthesis was not significant (-0.05, 95% CI = -0.23 to 0.13) in CHO-PRO compared with CON when matched for energy content. There was no statistical difference of CHO-PRO on glycogen synthesis in high (0.07, 95% CI = -0.11 to 0.22) or low (0.21, 95% CI = -0.08 to 0.50) carbohydrate content compared with CHO. CONCLUSION Glycogen synthesis rates are enhanced when CHO-PRO are coingested after exercise compared with CHO only when the added energy of protein is consumed in addition to, not in place of, carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- LEE M. MARGOLIS
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - JILLIAN T. ALLEN
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN
| | | | - STEFAN M. PASIAKOS
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
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48
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Bidirectional Interactions between the Menstrual Cycle, Exercise Training, and Macronutrient Intake in Women: A Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020438. [PMID: 33572821 PMCID: PMC7910908 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Women have a number of specificities that differentiate them from men. In particular, the role of sex steroid hormones and the menstrual cycle (MC) significantly impact women’s physiology. The literature has shown nonlinear relationships between MC, exercise, and nutritional intake. Notably, these relationships are bidirectional and less straightforward than one would suppose. For example, the theoretical implications of the MC’s phases on exercise performance do not always translate into relevant practical effects. There is often a disconnect between internal measures (e.g., levels of hormone concentrations) and external performance. Furthermore, it is not entirely clear how nutritional intake varies across the MC’s phases and whether these variations impact on exercise performance. Therefore, a thorough review of the existing knowledge could help in framing these complex relationships and potentially contribute to the optimization of exercise prescription and nutritional intake according to the naturally occurring phases of the MC. Throughout this review, an emerging trend is the lack of generalizability and the need to individualize interventions, since the consequences of the MC’s phases and their relationships with exercise and nutritional intake seem to vary greatly from person to person. In this sense, average data are probably not relevant and could potentially be misleading.
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49
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Borba DA, Rodrigues PS, Oliveira GFFD, Ferreira Júnior JB. The sex differences in the 10,000 m race strategy. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-657420210000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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50
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Fuller KNZ, Thyfault JP. Barriers in translating preclinical rodent exercise metabolism findings to human health. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:182-192. [PMID: 33180643 PMCID: PMC7944931 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00683.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity and low aerobic capacity are primary drivers of chronic disease pathophysiology and are independently associated with all-cause mortality. Conversely, increased physical activity and exercise are central to metabolic disease prevention and longevity. Although these relationships are well characterized in the literature, what remains incompletely understood are the mechanisms by which physical activity/exercise prevents disease. Given methodological constraints of clinical research, investigators must often rely on preclinical rodent models to investigate these potential underlying mechanisms. However, there are several key barriers to applying exercise metabolism findings from rodent models to human health. These barriers include housing temperature, nutrient metabolism, exercise modality, exercise testing, and sex differences. Increased awareness and understanding of these barriers will enhance the ability to impact human health through more appropriate experimental design and interpretation of data within the context of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly N Z Fuller
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Research Service Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Kansas City, Missouri
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