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Modica R, Liccardi A, Minotta R, Cannavale G, Benevento E, Colao A. Current understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms in neuroendocrine neoplasms. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2024; 19:49-61. [PMID: 37936421 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2023.2279540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the fact that important advances in research on neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) have been made, consistent data about their pathogenetic mechanism are still lacking. Furthermore, different primary sites may recognize different pathogenetic mechanisms. AREAS COVERED This review analyzes the possible biological and molecular mechanisms that may lead to NEN onset and progression in different organs. Through extensive research of the literature, risk factors including hypercholesterolemia, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic atrophic gastritis are evaluated as potential pathogenetic mechanisms. Consistent evidence is available regarding sporadic gastric NENs and MEN1 related duodenopancreatic NENs precursor lesions, and genetic-epigenetic mutations may play a pivotal role in tumor development and bone metastases onset. In lung neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), diffuse proliferation of neuroendocrine cells on the bronchial wall (DIPNECH) has been proposed as a premalignant lesion, while in lung neuroendocrine carcinoma nicotine and smoke could be responsible for carcinogenic processes. Also, rare primary NENs such as thymic (T-NENs) and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) have been analyzed, finding different possible pathogenetic mechanisms. EXPERT OPINION New technologies in genomics and epigenomics are bringing new light to the pathogenetic landscape of NENs, but further studies are needed to improve both prevention and treatment in these heterogeneous neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Modica
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessia Liccardi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Minotta
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cannavale
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Elio Benevento
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Napoli, Italy
- UNESCO Chair "Education for Health and Sustainable Development, " Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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Miura M, Igarashi M, Isotani R, Nakagawa-Nagahama Y, Kuranami S, Naruse K, Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T. SIRT1 Controls Enteroendocrine Progenitor Cell Proliferation in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:1040-1057. [PMID: 37598893 PMCID: PMC10685171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We aimed to investigate how sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a conserved mammalian Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+-dependent protein deacetylase, regulates the number of enteroendocrine cells (EECs). EECs benefit metabolism, and their increase potentially could treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. METHODS We used mice with specific Sirt1 disruption in the intestinal epithelium (VilKO, villin-Cre+, and Sirt1flox/flox mice) or enteroendocrine progenitor cells (EEPCs) (NgnKO, neurogenin 3-Cre+, Sirt1flox/flox mice) and mice with increased SIRT1 activity owing to overexpression (Sir2d mice) or 24-hour fasting. Mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and blood glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose levels were measured. Intestinal tissues, EECs, and formed organoids were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In HFD-fed VilKO and NgnKO mice, an increase in EECs (42.3% and 37.2%), GLP-1- or GLP-2-producing L cells (93.0% and 61.4%), and GLP-1 (85.7% and 109.6%) was observed after glucose loading, explaining the improved metabolic phenotype of HFD-VilKO mice. These increases were associated with up-regulated expression of neurogenin 3 (EEPC marker) in crypts of HFD-VilKO and HFD-NgnKO mice, respectively. Conversely, Sir2d or 24-hour fasted mice showed a decrease in EECs (21.6%), L cells (41.6%), and proliferative progenitor cells. SIRT1 overexpression- or knockdown-mediated change in the progenitor cell proliferation was associated with Wnt/β-catenin activity changes. Notably, Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor completely suppressed EEC and L-cell increases in HFD-VilKO mice or organoids from HFD-VilKO and HFD-NgnKO mice. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal SIRT1 in EECs modulates the EEPC cycle by regulating β-catenin activity and can control the number of EECs in HFD-fed mice, which is a previously unknown role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaomi Miura
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Igarashi
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biology, Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Ryosuke Isotani
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nakagawa-Nagahama
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuranami
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Naruse
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Toshimasa Yamauchi
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sei Y, Feng J, Zhao X, Dagur P, McCoy JP, Merchant JL, Wank SA. Tissue- and cell-specific properties of enterochromaffin cells affect the fate of tumorigenesis toward nonendocrine adenocarcinoma of the small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G177-G189. [PMID: 36537709 PMCID: PMC9925174 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00205.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) are serotonin-secreting well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of putative enterochromaffin (EC) cell origin. However, EC cell-derived tumorigenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we examined whether the gain of Myc and the loss of RB1 and Trp53 function in EC cells result in SI-NET using tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) Cre-ERT2-driven RB1fl Trp53fl MycLSL (RPM) mice. TPH1-Cre-induced gain of Myc and loss of RB1 and Trp53 function resulted in endocrine or neuronal tumors in pancreas, lung, enteric neurons, and brain. Lineage tracing indicated that the cellular origin for these tumors was TPH1-expressing neuroendocrine, neuronal, or their precursor cells in these organs. However, despite that TPH1 is most highly expressed in EC cells of the small intestine, we observed no incidence of EC cell tumors. Instead, the tumor of epithelial cell origin in the intestine was exclusively nonendocrine adenocarcinoma, suggesting dedifferentiation of EC cells into intestinal stem cells (ISCs) as a cellular mechanism. Furthermore, ex vivo organoid studies indicated that loss of functions of Rb1 and Trp53 accelerated dedifferentiation of EC cells that were susceptible to apoptosis with expression of activated MycT58A, suggesting that the rare dedifferentiating cells escaping cell death went on to develop adenocarcinomas. Lineage tracing demonstrated that EC cells in the small intestine were short-lived compared with neuroendocrine or neuronal cells in other organs. In contrast, EC cell-derived ISCs were long-lasting and actively cycling and thus susceptible to transformation. These results suggest that tissue- and cell-specific properties of EC cells such as rapid cell turnover and homeostatic dedifferentiation, affect the fate and rate of tumorigenesis induced by genetic alterations and provide important insights into EC cell-derived tumorigenesis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors are of putative enterochromaffin (EC) cell origin and are the most common malignancy in the small intestine, followed by adenocarcinoma. However, the tumorigenesis of these tumor types remains poorly understood. The present lineage tracing studies showed that tissue- and cell-specific properties of EC cells such as rapid cell turnover and homeostatic dedifferentiation affect the fate and rate of tumorigenesis induced by genetic alterations toward a rare occurrence of adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitatsu Sei
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jianying Feng
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xilin Zhao
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pradeep Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J Philip McCoy
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Arizona, Tuscan, Arizona
| | - Stephen A Wank
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Gong S, Shahriyari L. A Review of Stochastic and Deterministic Modeling of Stem Cell Dynamics. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-023-00225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Johnson NM, Parham LR, Na J, Monaghan KE, Kolev HM, Klochkova A, Kim MS, Danan CH, Cramer Z, Simon LA, Naughton KE, Adams‐Tzivelekidis S, Tian Y, Williams PA, Leu NA, Sidoli S, Whelan KA, Li N, Lengner CJ, Hamilton KE. Autophagic state prospectively identifies facultative stem cells in the intestinal epithelium. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55209. [PMID: 36120829 PMCID: PMC9638868 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium exhibits a rapid and efficient regenerative response to injury. Emerging evidence supports a model where plasticity of differentiated cells, particularly those in the secretory lineages, contributes to epithelial regeneration upon ablation of injury-sensitive stem cells. However, such facultative stem cell activity is rare within secretory populations. Here, we ask whether specific functional properties predict facultative stem cell activity. We utilize in vivo labeling combined with ex vivo organoid formation assays to evaluate how cell age and autophagic state contribute to facultative stem cell activity within secretory lineages. Strikingly, we find that cell age (time elapsed since cell cycle exit) does not correlate with secretory cell plasticity. Instead, high autophagic vesicle content predicts plasticity and resistance to DNA damaging injury independently of cell lineage. Our findings indicate that autophagic status prior to injury serves as a lineage-agnostic marker for the prospective identification of facultative stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette M Johnson
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Louis R Parham
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jeeyoon Na
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Keara E Monaghan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Hannah M Kolev
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Alena Klochkova
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular BiologyLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Melissa S Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Charles H Danan
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Zvi Cramer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lauren A Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kaitlyn E Naughton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Stephanie Adams‐Tzivelekidis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yuhua Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Patrick A Williams
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - N Adrian Leu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of BiochemistryAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular BiologyLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Johnson NM, Na J, Monaghan KE, Tang AT, Tian Y, Leu NA, Li N, Kahn ML, Lengner CJ. Limitations to Understanding Intestinal Stem Cell Activity via Cre-Lox-Based Lineage Tracing. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:1334-1337.e1. [PMID: 36031151 PMCID: PMC9703131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Key Words
- cbc, crypt base columnar stem cells
- creer, cre-estrogen receptor fusion
- egfp, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- eyfp, enhanced yellow fluorescent protein
- ires, internal ribosome entry site
- isc, intestinal stem cell
- loxp, locus of x-over p1
- lsl, lox-stop-lox
- tam, tamoxifen
- tdtomato, tandem dimer tomato
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette M Johnson
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeeyoon Na
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Keara E Monaghan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alan T Tang
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuhua Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolae A Leu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Loiola BR, Scofano Neto F, Guedes ROC. Numerical evaluation of the duodenal mucosal resurfacing technique for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 211:106413. [PMID: 34587562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND OBJECTIVES This work presents a numerical analysis of the Duodenal Mucosal Resurfacing (DMR) technique, which is a relatively new treatment for Type 2 diabetes that has been already tested in human beings. In this innovative strategy, an endoscopic catheter is placed inside the duodenum thus serving as a guide to an ablation device. A circumferential ablation is then performed by using a balloon filled with a hot fluid with pre- and post-cooling stages that allows for a controlled thermal procedure. Clinical outcomes indicate that the damaged duodenal lining induces a better control of glycemic levels. Therefore, a numerical evaluation of the efficiency of this treatment is carried out by utilizing the bioheat transfer equation in the transient form. METHODS The finite volume method is used in the discretization of the energy equation and the results are verified by exploring the same mathematical model in a commercial finite-element package. The Arrhenius criterion for the evaluation of the thermally affected tissue is employed in this study. RESULTS A systematic analysis of the simulations is performed by investigating two scenarios: one in which the lifting of the mucosal duodenum layer is achieved and another one where the lifting strategy is not implemented. The role of the magnitude of the blood perfusion coefficient, tissue thermal conductivity, peak, pre- and post-cooling temperatures is thoroughly explored, especially in connection with the evaluation of the extent of the thermally affected region. CONCLUSIONS According to the simulations discussed in the present contribution, this treatment is capable of accurately targeting the cells in the mucosal layer without significantly affecting the outermost stratum of the organ if the lifting process is applied. However, for the case without lifting, the muscularis propria layer may reach temperatures above 42 °C during a short time interval and thus the treatment should be considered with caution by the physician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna R Loiola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-270, Brazil.
| | - Francesco Scofano Neto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-270, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo O C Guedes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-270, Brazil.
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Sphyris N, Hodder MC, Sansom OJ. Subversion of Niche-Signalling Pathways in Colorectal Cancer: What Makes and Breaks the Intestinal Stem Cell. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1000. [PMID: 33673710 PMCID: PMC7957493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium fulfils pleiotropic functions in nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and immune surveillance while also forming a barrier against luminal toxins and gut-resident microbiota. Incessantly barraged by extraneous stresses, the intestine must continuously replenish its epithelial lining and regenerate the full gamut of specialized cell types that underpin its functions. Homeostatic remodelling is orchestrated by the intestinal stem cell (ISC) niche: a convergence of epithelial- and stromal-derived cues, which maintains ISCs in a multipotent state. Following demise of homeostatic ISCs post injury, plasticity is pervasive among multiple populations of reserve stem-like cells, lineage-committed progenitors, and/or fully differentiated cell types, all of which can contribute to regeneration and repair. Failure to restore the epithelial barrier risks seepage of toxic luminal contents, resulting in inflammation and likely predisposing to tumour formation. Here, we explore how homeostatic niche-signalling pathways are subverted in tumorigenesis, enabling ISCs to gain autonomy from niche restraints ("ISC emancipation") and transform into cancer stem cells capable of driving tumour initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. We further consider the implications of the pervasive plasticity of the intestinal epithelium for the trajectory of colorectal cancer, the emergence of distinct molecular subtypes, the propensity to metastasize, and the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sphyris
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
| | - Michael C. Hodder
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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Martins PR, Fakhry J, de Oliveira AJ, Moreira TB, Fothergill LJ, de Oliveira EC, Reis DD, Furness JB. The distribution and chemical coding of enteroendocrine cells in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected individuals with chagasic megacolon. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 155:451-462. [PMID: 33404704 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi that causes chronic cardiac and digestive dysfunction. Megacolon, an irreversible dilation of the left colon, is the main feature of the gastrointestinal form of Chagas disease. Patients have severe constipation, a consequence of enteric neuron degeneration associated with chronic inflammation. Dysmotility, infection, neuronal loss and a chronic exacerbated inflammation, all observed in Chagas disease, can affect enteroendocrine cells (EEC) expression, which in turn, could influence the inflammatory process. In this study, we investigated the distribution and chemical coding of EEC in the dilated and non-dilated portion of T. cruzi-induced megacolon and in non-infected individuals (control colon). Using immunohistochemistry, EECs were identified by applying antibodies to chromogranin A (CgA), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), peptide YY (PYY) and somatostatin (SST). Greater numbers of EEC expressing GLP-1 and SST occurred in the dilated portion compared to the non-dilated portion of the same patients with Chagas disease and in control colon, but numbers of 5-HT and PYY EEC were not significantly different. However, it was noticeable that EEC in which 5-HT and PYY were co-expressed were common in control colon, but were rare in the non-dilated and absent in the dilated portion of chagasic megacolon. An increase in the number of CgA immunoreactive EEC in chagasic patients reflected the increases in EEC numbers summarised above. Our data suggests that the denervation and associated chronic inflammation are accompanied by changes in the number and coding of EEC that could contribute to disorders of motility and defence in the chagasic megacolon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Rocha Martins
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Josiane Fakhry
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Thayse Batista Moreira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | | | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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10
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Rees WD, Tandun R, Yau E, Zachos NC, Steiner TS. Regenerative Intestinal Stem Cells Induced by Acute and Chronic Injury: The Saving Grace of the Epithelium? Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:583919. [PMID: 33282867 PMCID: PMC7688923 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is replenished every 3-4 days through an orderly process that maintains important secretory and absorptive functions while preserving a continuous mucosal barrier. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) derive from a stable population of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that reside in the basal crypts. When intestinal injury reaches the crypts and damages IECs, a mechanism to replace them is needed. Recent research has highlighted the existence of distinct populations of acute and chronic damage-associated ISCs and their roles in maintaining homeostasis in several intestinal perturbation models. What remains unknown is how the damage-associated regenerative ISC population functions in the setting of chronic inflammation, as opposed to acute injury. What long-term consequences result from persistent inflammation and other cellular insults to the ISC niche? What particular "regenerative" cell types provide the most efficacious restorative properties? Which differentiated IECs maintain the ability to de-differentiate and restore the ISC niche? This review will cover the latest research on damage-associated regenerative ISCs and epigenetic factors that determine ISC fate, as well as provide opinions on future studies that need to be undertaken to understand the repercussions of the emergence of these cells, their contribution to relapses in inflammatory bowel disease, and their potential use in therapeutics for chronic intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Rees
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rene Tandun
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Enoch Yau
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Theodore S Steiner
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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11
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Sei Y, Feng J, Zhao X, Wank SA. Role of an active reserve stem cell subset of enteroendocrine cells in intestinal stem cell dynamics and the genesis of small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G494-G501. [PMID: 32845170 PMCID: PMC7654644 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00278.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NET) are serotonin-secreting well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of putative enterochromaffin (EC) cell origin. Recent studies recognize a subset of EC cells that is label-retaining at the +4 position in the crypt and functions as a reserve intestinal stem cell. Importantly, this +4 reserve EC cell subset not only contributes to regeneration of the intestinal epithelium during injury and inflammation but also to basal crypt homeostasis at a constant rate. The latter function suggests that the +4 EC cell subset serves as an active reserve stem cell via a constant rate of dedifferentiation. Characterization of early tumor formation of SI-NET, observed as crypt-based EC cell clusters in many cases of familial SI-NETs, suggests that the +4 active reserve EC cell subset is the cell of origin. This newly discovered active reserve stem cell property of EC cells can account for unique biological mechanisms and processes associated with the genesis and development of SI-NETs. The recognition of this property of the +4 active reserve EC cell subset may provide novel opportunities to explore NETs in the gastrointestinal tract and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitatsu Sei
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jianying Feng
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xilin Zhao
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen A. Wank
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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12
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Xiao S, Zhou L. Gastric Stem Cells: Physiological and Pathological Perspectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:571536. [PMID: 33043003 PMCID: PMC7527738 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.571536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric epithelium operates in a hazardous environment that curtails the lifespan of the constituent cells, imposing a requirement for continuous epithelial renewal. Stem cells that reside in the stomach are thus essential for regulating physiological tissue renewal and injury repair because of their self-renewal, high proliferation capacity and multiple differentiation potentials. Recent investigations using lineage tracing models have identified diverse populations of gastric stem cells and even fully differentiated cells that can regain stem cell capacity, so enriching our understanding on the identity and plasticity of gastric stem cells. These cell populations include the Villin promotor, Lgr5+, CCKR2+, Axin2+ and AQP5+ stem cells in the antrum, TFF2 mRNA, Mist1+ cells and Troy+ mature chief cells in the corpus, as well as Sox2, eR1, Lrig1, Bmi1-marked cell in both the antrum and the corpus. Establishment of gastric organoids derived from primary gastric tissues and pluripotent stem cells or embryonic stem cells characterizes niche factors required by the gastric stem cell populations, and further provides new insights into stomach development, host-Helicobacter pylori interactions and malignant transformation. Furthermore, focus on the gastric stem cells and their niches uncovers the initiation of stomach precancerous lesions and origin of gastric cancer, providing options for cancer prevention and intervention. In summary, with the development of stem cell research, gastric stem cells give us more opportunities to prevent and treat stomach diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liya Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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13
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Zhang X, Bandyopadhyay S, Araujo LP, Tong K, Flores J, Laubitz D, Zhao Y, Yap G, Wang J, Zou Q, Ferraris R, Zhang L, Hu W, Bonder EM, Kiela PR, Coffey R, Verzi MP, Ivanov II, Gao N. Elevating EGFR-MAPK program by a nonconventional Cdc42 enhances intestinal epithelial survival and regeneration. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135923. [PMID: 32686657 PMCID: PMC7455142 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulatory mechanisms enabling the intestinal epithelium to maintain a high degree of regenerative capacity during mucosal injury remain unclear. Ex vivo survival and clonogenicity of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) strictly required growth response mediated by cell division control 42 (Cdc42) and Cdc42-deficient enteroids to undergo rapid apoptosis. Mechanistically, Cdc42 engaging with EGFR was required for EGF-stimulated, receptor-mediated endocytosis and sufficient to promote MAPK signaling. Proteomics and kinase analysis revealed that a physiologically, but nonconventionally, spliced Cdc42 variant 2 (V2) exhibited stronger MAPK-activating capability. Human CDC42-V2 is transcriptionally elevated in some colon tumor tissues. Accordingly, mice engineered to overexpress Cdc42-V2 in intestinal epithelium showed elevated MAPK signaling, enhanced regeneration, and reduced mucosal damage in response to irradiation. Overproducing Cdc42-V2 specifically in mouse ISCs enhanced intestinal regeneration following injury. Thus, the intrinsic Cdc42-MAPK program is required for intestinal epithelial regeneration, and elevating this signaling cascade is capable of initiating protection from genotoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sheila Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Leandro Pires Araujo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Tong
- Department of Genetics, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Juan Flores
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel Laubitz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Yanlin Zhao
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - George Yap
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jingren Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Qingze Zou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ronaldo Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lanjing Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center of Princeton, Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pawel R Kiela
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Robert Coffey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ivaylo I Ivanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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14
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Mei X, Gu M, Li M. Plasticity of Paneth cells and their ability to regulate intestinal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020. [PMID: 32787930 DOI: 10.1186/s13287‐020‐01857‐7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells (PCs) are located at the bottom of small intestinal crypts and play an important role in maintaining the stability of the intestinal tract. Previous studies reported on how PCs shape the intestinal microbiota or the response to the immune system. Recent studies have determined that PCs play an important role in the regulation of the homeostasis of intestinal epithelial cells. PCs can regulate the function and homeostasis of intestinal stem cells through several mechanisms. On the one hand, under pathological conditions, PCs can be dedifferentiated into stem cells to promote the repair of intestinal tissues. On the other hand, PCs can regulate stem cell proliferation by secreting a variety of hormones (such as wnt3a) or metabolic intermediates. In addition, we summarise key signalling pathways that affect PC differentiation and mutual effect with intestinal stem cells. In this review, we introduce the diverse functions of PCs in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Mei
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Ming Gu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Meiying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
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15
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Mei X, Gu M, Li M. Plasticity of Paneth cells and their ability to regulate intestinal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:349. [PMID: 32787930 PMCID: PMC7425583 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells (PCs) are located at the bottom of small intestinal crypts and play an important role in maintaining the stability of the intestinal tract. Previous studies reported on how PCs shape the intestinal microbiota or the response to the immune system. Recent studies have determined that PCs play an important role in the regulation of the homeostasis of intestinal epithelial cells. PCs can regulate the function and homeostasis of intestinal stem cells through several mechanisms. On the one hand, under pathological conditions, PCs can be dedifferentiated into stem cells to promote the repair of intestinal tissues. On the other hand, PCs can regulate stem cell proliferation by secreting a variety of hormones (such as wnt3a) or metabolic intermediates. In addition, we summarise key signalling pathways that affect PC differentiation and mutual effect with intestinal stem cells. In this review, we introduce the diverse functions of PCs in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Mei
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Ming Gu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Meiying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
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16
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Baulies A, Angelis N, Li VSW. Hallmarks of intestinal stem cells. Development 2020; 147:147/15/dev182675. [PMID: 32747330 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are highly proliferative cells that fuel the continuous renewal of the intestinal epithelium. Understanding their regulatory mechanisms during tissue homeostasis is key to delineating their roles in development and regeneration, as well as diseases such as bowel cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. Previous studies of ISCs focused mainly on the position of these cells along the intestinal crypt and their capacity for multipotency. However, evidence increasingly suggests that ISCs also exist in distinct cellular states, which can be an acquired rather than a hardwired intrinsic property. In this Review, we summarise the recent findings into how ISC identity can be defined by proliferation state, signalling crosstalk, epigenetics and metabolism, and propose an update on the hallmarks of ISCs. We further discuss how these properties contribute to intestinal development and the dynamics of injury-induced regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baulies
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nikolaos Angelis
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Vivian S W Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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17
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Bohin N, Keeley TM, Carulli AJ, Walker EM, Carlson EA, Gao J, Aifantis I, Siebel CW, Rajala MW, Myers MG, Jones JC, Brindley CD, Dempsey PJ, Samuelson LC. Rapid Crypt Cell Remodeling Regenerates the Intestinal Stem Cell Niche after Notch Inhibition. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:156-170. [PMID: 32531190 PMCID: PMC7363878 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal crypts have great capacity for repair and regeneration after intestinal stem cell (ISC) injury. Here, we define the cellular remodeling process resulting from ISC niche interruption by transient Notch pathway inhibition in adult mice. Although ISCs were retained, lineage tracing demonstrated a marked reduction in ISC function after Notch disruption. Surprisingly, Notch ligand-expressing Paneth cells were rapidly lost by apoptotic cell death. The ISC-Paneth cell changes were followed by a regenerative response, characterized by expansion of cells expressing Notch ligands Dll1 and Dll4, enhanced Notch signaling, and a proliferative surge. Lineage tracing and organoid studies showed that Dll1-expressing cells were activated to function as multipotential progenitors, generating both absorptive and secretory cells and replenishing the vacant Paneth cell pool. Our analysis uncovered a dynamic, multicellular remodeling response to acute Notch inhibition to repair the niche and restore homeostasis. Notably, this crypt regenerative response did not require ISC loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Bohin
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Theresa M Keeley
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alexis J Carulli
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily M Walker
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Carlson
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christian W Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Michael W Rajala
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer C Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Constance D Brindley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Peter J Dempsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Linda C Samuelson
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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18
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Bohin N, McGowan KP, Keeley TM, Carlson EA, Yan KS, Samuelson LC. Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and mTORC1 Signaling Promote the Intestinal Regenerative Response After Irradiation Injury. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:797-810. [PMID: 32502530 PMCID: PMC7502577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal crypts have a remarkable capacity to regenerate after injury from loss of crypt base columnar (CBC) stem cells. After injury, facultative stem cells (FSCs) are activated to replenish the epithelium and replace lost CBCs. Our aim was to assess the role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) to activate FSCs for crypt repair. METHODS The intestinal regenerative response was measured after whole body 12-Gy γ-irradiation of adult mice. IGF-1 signaling or its downstream effector mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) was inhibited by administering BMS-754807 or rapamycin, respectively. Mice with inducible Rptor gene deletion were studied to test the role of mTORC1 signaling in the intestinal epithelium. FSC activation post-irradiation was measured by lineage tracing. RESULTS We observed a coordinate increase in growth factor expression, including IGF-1, at 2 days post-irradiation, followed by a surge in mTORC1 activity during the regenerative phase of crypt repair at day 4. IGF-1 was localized to pericryptal mesenchymal cells, and IGF-1 receptor was broadly expressed in crypt progenitor cells. Inhibition of IGF-1 signaling via BMS-754807 treatment impaired crypt regeneration after 12-Gy irradiation, with no effect on homeostasis. Similarly, rapamycin inhibition of mTORC1 during the growth factor surge blunted the regenerative response. Analysis of Villin-CreERT2;Rptorfl/fl mice showed that epithelial mTORC1 signaling was essential for crypt regeneration. Lineage tracing from Bmi1-marked cells showed that rapamycin blocked FSC activation post-irradiation. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that IGF-1 signaling through mTORC1 drives crypt regeneration. We propose that IGF-1 release from pericryptal cells stimulates mTORC1 in FSCs to regenerate lost CBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Bohin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin P McGowan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Theresa M Keeley
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elizabeth A Carlson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kelley S Yan
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Departments of Medicine and Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Linda C Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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19
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Rees WD, Sly LM, Steiner TS. How do immune and mesenchymal cells influence the intestinal epithelial cell compartment in inflammatory bowel disease? Let's crosstalk about it! J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:309-321. [PMID: 32057139 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0120-567r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells provide a front line of defense by establishing a barrier against food Ags, pathogens, and commensal microorganisms. This defense includes the establishment of a tolerogenic environment in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The intestinal epithelium replenishes itself by cell turnover every 4-5 days, and this process is facilitated by various pathways of communication between the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), the underlying stromal cell network, and professional immune cells, which together help establish a proper intestinal stem cell (ISC) niche in the crypt. However, during a state of inflammation, such as in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), these communication pathways can be altered, and this can lead to the development of inflammatory IECs within the crypt that further drive inflammation. Here, we review the current literature looking at crosstalk between immune cells, stromal cells, and IECs: how does the immune system potentially alter the ISC niche, and how do IECs influence intestinal immunity? We discuss the latest research using single cell RNA sequencing and intestinal organoid cultures to help answer these questions. A better understanding of this complex crosstalk can help lead to a better understanding of intestinal biology in general, and more efficient therapeutic approaches to treat IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Rees
- Department of Medicine, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura M Sly
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Theodore S Steiner
- Department of Medicine, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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20
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Li C, Barton C, Henke K, Daane J, Treaster S, Caetano-Lopes J, Tanguay RL, Harris MP. celsr1a is essential for tissue homeostasis and onset of aging phenotypes in the zebrafish. eLife 2020; 9:50523. [PMID: 31985398 PMCID: PMC7010407 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of genetics has been invaluable in defining the complex mechanisms of aging and longevity. Zebrafish, while a prominent model for vertebrate development, have not been used systematically to address questions of how and why we age. In a mutagenesis screen focusing on late developmental phenotypes, we identified a new mutant that displays aging phenotypes at young adult stages. We find that the phenotypes are due to loss-of-function in the non-classical cadherin celsr1a. The premature aging is not associated with increased cellular senescence or telomere length but is a result of a failure to maintain progenitor cell populations. We show that celsr1a is essential for maintenance of stem cell progenitors in late stages. Caloric restriction can ameliorate celsr1a aging phenotypes. These data suggest that celsr1a function helps to mediate stem cell maintenance during maturation and homeostasis of tissues and thus regulates the onset or expressivity of aging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Carrie Barton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Corvallis, United States
| | - Katrin Henke
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Jake Daane
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Stephen Treaster
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Joana Caetano-Lopes
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Corvallis, United States
| | - Matthew P Harris
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
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21
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Abstract
Regenerative processes that maintain the function of the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium are critical for health and survival of multicellular organisms. In insects and vertebrates, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) regenerate the GI epithelium. ISC function is regulated by intrinsic, local, and systemic stimuli to adjust regeneration to tissue demands. These control mechanisms decline with age, resulting in significant perturbation of intestinal homeostasis. Processes that lead to this decline have been explored intensively in Drosophila melanogaster in recent years and are now starting to be characterized in mammalian models. This review presents a model for age-related regenerative decline in the fly intestine and discusses recent findings that start to establish molecular mechanisms of age-related decline of mammalian ISC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Jasper
- Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA;
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22
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The Enterochromaffin-like [ECL] Cell-Central in Gastric Physiology and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102444. [PMID: 31108898 PMCID: PMC6567877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies on the regulation of gastric and pancreatic secretion began more than 100 years ago. Secretin was the first hormone postulated to exist, initiating the field of endocrinology. Gastrin produced in the antral mucosa was the second postulated hormone, and together with histamine and acetylcholine, represent the three major gastric acid secretagogues known since 1920. For a long time, the mast cell was the only recognized histamine-producing cell in the oxyntic mucosa and, in the mid-1980s, the ECL cell was recognized as the cell producing histamine, taking part in the regulation of gastric acid secretion. Methods: This review is based upon literature research and personal knowledge. Results: The ECL cell carries the gastrin receptor, and gastrin regulates its function (histamine release) as well as proliferation. Long-term hypergastrinemia results in gastric neoplasia of variable malignancies, implying that gastric hypoacidity resulting in increased gastrin release will induce gastric neoplasia, including gastric cancer. Conclusions: The trophic effect of gastrin on the ECL cell has implications to the treatment with inhibitors of acid secretion.
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23
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Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are sensory cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Most EECs reside in the mucosal lining of the stomach or intestine and sense food in the gut lumen. Food signals stimulate the release of hormones into the paracellular space where they either act locally or are taken up into the blood and circulate to distant organs. It recently was recognized that many EECs possess basal processes known as neuropods that not only contain hormones but also connect to nerves. This review describes how neuropods contribute to EEC function beyond typical hormonal actions. For example, gastrointestinal hormones not only act on distant organs, but, through neuropods, some act locally to stimulate other mucosal cells such as intestinal stem cells, enterocytes, or other EECs. With the recent discovery that EECs communicate directly with enteric nerves, EECs not only have the ability to sense food and bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, but can communicate these signals directly to the nervous system.
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24
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Waldum HL, Fossmark R. Types of Gastric Carcinomas. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124109. [PMID: 30567376 PMCID: PMC6321162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer has reduced prevalence, but poor prognoses. To improve treatment, better knowledge of carcinogenesis and cells of origin should be sought. Stomach cancers are typically localized to one of the three mucosae; cardial, oxyntic and antral. Moreover, not only the stem cell, but the ECL cell may proliferate and give rise to tumours. According to Laurén, the classification of gastric carcinomas seems to reflect biological important differences and possible different cell of origin since the two subtypes, intestinal and diffuse, do not transform into the other and show different epidemiology. The stem cell probably gives rise to the intestinal type, whereas the ECL cell may be important in the diffuse type. Elevation of gastrin may be the carcinogenic factor for Helicobacter pylori as well as the recently described increased risk of gastric cancer due to proton pump inhibitor treatment. Therefore, it is essential to determine the role of the gastrin target cell, the ECL cell, in gastric carcinogenesis. Clinical trials with gastrin antagonists could improve prognoses in those with gastrin receptor positive tumours. However, further studies on gastric carcinomas applying relative available methods and with the highest sensitivity are warranted to improve our knowledge of gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge L Waldum
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7006 Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Reidar Fossmark
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7006 Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway.
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