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Klochkova A, Karami AL, Fuller AD, Parham LR, Panchani SR, Natarajan S, Jackson JL, Mu A, Tan Y, Cai KQ, Klein-Szanto AJ, Muir AB, Tétreault MP, Graña X, Hamilton KE, Whelan KA. Autophagy Contributes to Homeostasis in Esophageal Epithelium Where High Autophagic Vesicle Level Marks Basal Cells With Limited Proliferation and Enhanced Self-Renewal Potential. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024:S2352-345X(24)00052-3. [PMID: 38452871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Autophagy plays roles in esophageal pathologies both benign and malignant. Here, we aim to define the role of autophagy in esophageal epithelial homeostasis. METHODS We generated tamoxifen-inducible, squamous epithelial-specific Atg7 (autophagy related 7) conditional knockout mice to evaluate effects on esophageal homeostasis and response to the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) using histologic and biochemical analyses. We fluorescence-activated cell sorted esophageal basal cells based on fluorescence of the autophagic vesicle (AV)-identifying dye Cyto-ID and then subjected these cells to transmission electron microscopy, image flow cytometry, three-dimensional organoid assays, RNA sequencing, and cell cycle analysis. Three-dimensional organoids were subjected to passaging, single-cell RNA sequencing, cell cycle analysis, and immunostaining. RESULTS Genetic autophagy inhibition in squamous epithelium resulted in increased proliferation of esophageal basal cells under homeostatic conditions and also was associated with significant weight loss in mice treated with 4NQO that further displayed perturbed epithelial tissue architecture. Esophageal basal cells with high AV level (Cyto-IDHigh) displayed limited organoid formation capability on initial plating but passaged more efficiently than their counterparts with low AV level (Cyto-IDLow). RNA sequencing suggested increased autophagy in Cyto-IDHigh esophageal basal cells along with decreased cell cycle progression, the latter of which was confirmed by cell cycle analysis. Single-cell RNA sequencing of three-dimensional organoids generated by Cyto-IDLow and Cyto-IDHigh cells identified expansion of 3 cell populations and enrichment of G2/M-associated genes in the Cyto-IDHigh group. Ki67 expression was also increased in organoids generated by Cyto-IDHigh cells, including in basal cells localized beyond the outermost cell layer. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy contributes to maintenance of the esophageal proliferation-differentiation gradient. Esophageal basal cells with high AV level exhibit limited proliferation and generate three-dimensional organoids with enhanced self-renewal capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Klochkova
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam L Karami
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Annie D Fuller
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Louis R Parham
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Surali R Panchani
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shruthi Natarajan
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jazmyne L Jackson
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anbin Mu
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yinfei Tan
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Histopathology Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Amanda B Muir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marie-Pier Tétreault
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xavier Graña
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Cancer & Cellular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Cancer & Cellular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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2
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Sasaki M, Hara T, Wang JX, Zhou Y, Kennedy KV, Umeweni CN, Alston MA, Spergel ZC, Ishikawa S, Teranishi R, Nakagawa R, Mcmillan EA, Whelan KA, Karakasheva TA, Hamilton KE, Ruffner MA, Muir AB. Lysyl Oxidase Regulates Epithelial Differentiation and Barrier Integrity in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 17:923-937. [PMID: 38340809 PMCID: PMC11026689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Epithelial disruption in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) encompasses both impaired differentiation and diminished barrier integrity. We have shown that lysyl oxidase (LOX), a collagen cross-linking enzyme, is up-regulated in the esophageal epithelium in EoE. However, the functional roles of LOX in the esophageal epithelium remains unknown. METHODS We investigated roles for LOX in the human esophageal epithelium using 3-dimensional organoid and air-liquid interface cultures stimulated with interleukin (IL)13 to recapitulate the EoE inflammatory milieu, followed by single-cell RNA sequencing, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, histology, and functional analyses of barrier integrity. RESULTS Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis on patient-derived organoids revealed that LOX was induced by IL13 in differentiated cells. LOX-overexpressing organoids showed suppressed basal and up-regulated differentiation markers. In addition, LOX overexpression enhanced junctional protein genes and transepithelial electrical resistance. LOX overexpression restored the impaired differentiation and barrier function, including in the setting of IL13 stimulation. Transcriptome analyses on LOX-overexpressing organoids identified an enriched bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway compared with wild-type organoids. In particular, LOX overexpression increased BMP2 and decreased the BMP antagonist follistatin. Finally, we found that BMP2 treatment restored the balance of basal and differentiated cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a model whereby LOX exhibits noncanonical roles as a signaling molecule important for epithelial homeostasis in the setting of inflammation via activation of the BMP pathway in the esophagus. The LOX/BMP axis may be integral in esophageal epithelial differentiation and a promising target for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Sasaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Takeo Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua X Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yusen Zhou
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kanak V Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chizoba N Umeweni
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maiya A Alston
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zachary C Spergel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satoshi Ishikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryugo Teranishi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ritsu Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily A Mcmillan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tatiana A Karakasheva
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melanie A Ruffner
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda B Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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3
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Muir AB, Karakasheva TA, Whelan KA. Epithelial-Fibroblast Crosstalk in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 17:713-718. [PMID: 38316214 PMCID: PMC10957450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an emerging form of food allergy that exerts a significant clinical and financial burden worldwide. EoE is clinically characterized by eosinophil-rich inflammatory infiltrates in esophageal mucosa and esophageal dysfunction. Remodeling events in esophageal epithelium and lamina propria also frequently occur in patients with EoE. Because subepithelial fibrosis is associated with esophageal stricture, the most severe consequence of EoE, there exists an urgent need for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating fibrosis in EoE. Here, we review emerging evidence from experimental model systems that implicates crosstalk between esophageal epithelial cells and underlying stromal cells in EoE fibrosis. We further discuss implications for epithelial-stromal interaction with regard to EoE patient care and propose future directions that may be pursued to further the understanding of epithelial-stromal crosstalk in EoE pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Tatiana A Karakasheva
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Cancer & Cellular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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4
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Parham LR, Williams PA, Katada K, Nettleford SK, Chatterji P, Acheampong KK, Danan CH, Ma X, Simon LA, Naughton KE, Mizuno R, Karakasheva T, McMillan EA, Whelan KA, Brady DC, Shaffer SM, Hamilton KE. IGF2BP1/IMP1 Deletion Enhances a Facultative Stem Cell State via Regulation of MAP1LC3B. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:439-451. [PMID: 38081361 PMCID: PMC10835461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The intestinal epithelium interfaces with a diverse milieu of luminal contents while maintaining robust digestive and barrier functions. Facultative intestinal stem cells are cells that survive tissue injury and divide to re-establish the epithelium. Prior studies have shown autophagic state as functional marker of facultative intestinal stem cells, but regulatory mechanisms are not known. The current study evaluated a post-transcriptional regulation of autophagy as an important factor for facultative stem cell state and tissue regeneration. METHODS We evaluated stem cell composition, autophagic vesicle content, organoid formation, and in vivo regeneration in mice with intestinal epithelial deletion of the RNA binding protein IGF2 messenger RNA binding protein 1 (IMP1). The contribution of autophagy to resulting in vitro and in vivo phenotypes was evaluated via genetic inactivation of Atg7. Molecular analyses of IMP1 modulation of autophagy at the protein and transcript localization levels were performed using IMP1 mutant studies and single-molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization. RESULTS Epithelial Imp1 deletion reduced leucine rich repeat containing G protein coupled receptor 5 cell frequency but enhanced both organoid formation efficiency and in vivo regeneration after irradiation. We confirmed prior studies showing increased autophagy with IMP1 deletion. Deletion of Atg7 reversed the enhanced regeneration observed with Imp1 deletion. IMP1 deletion or mutation of IMP1 phosphorylation sites enhanced expression of essential autophagy protein microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3β. Furthermore, immunofluorescence imaging coupled with single-molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization showed IMP1 colocalization with MAP1LC3B transcripts at homeostasis. Stress induction led to decreased colocalization. CONCLUSIONS Depletion of IMP1 enhances autophagy, which promotes intestinal regeneration via expansion of facultative intestinal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis R Parham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick A Williams
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kay Katada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shaneice K Nettleford
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Priya Chatterji
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kofi K Acheampong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles H Danan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xianghui Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren A Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kaitlyn E Naughton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rei Mizuno
- Department of Surgery, Uji-Tokushukai Medical Center, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatiana Karakasheva
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily A McMillan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Donita C Brady
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sydney M Shaffer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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5
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Fuller AD, Whelan KA. The Underappreciated Role of Eosinophils in Esophageal Cancer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:1036-1037. [PMID: 37839465 PMCID: PMC10685143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annie D Fuller
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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6
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Clevenger MH, Karami AL, Carlson DA, Kahrilas PJ, Gonsalves N, Pandolfino JE, Winter DR, Whelan KA, Tétreault MP. Suprabasal cells retain progenitor cell identity programs in eosinophilic esophagitis-driven basal cell hyperplasia. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e171765. [PMID: 37672481 PMCID: PMC10619442 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.171765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an esophageal immune-mediated disease characterized by eosinophilic inflammation and epithelial remodeling, including basal cell hyperplasia (BCH). Although BCH is known to correlate with disease severity and with persistent symptoms in patients in histological remission, the molecular processes driving BCH remain poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that BCH is predominantly characterized by an expansion of nonproliferative suprabasal cells that are still committed to early differentiation. Furthermore, we discovered that suprabasal and superficial esophageal epithelial cells retain progenitor identity programs in EoE, evidenced by increased quiescent cell identity scoring and the enrichment of signaling pathways regulating stem cell pluripotency. Enrichment and trajectory analyses identified SOX2 and KLF5 as potential drivers of the increased quiescent identity and epithelial remodeling observed in EoE. Notably, these alterations were not observed in gastroesophageal reflux disease. These findings provide additional insights into the differentiation process in EoE and highlight the distinct characteristics of suprabasal and superficial esophageal epithelial cells in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarette H. Clevenger
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Adam L. Karami
- Department of Cancer & Cellular Biology, Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dustin A. Carlson
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter J. Kahrilas
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nirmala Gonsalves
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John E. Pandolfino
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Deborah R. Winter
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kelly A. Whelan
- Department of Cancer & Cellular Biology, Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marie-Pier Tétreault
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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7
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Klochkova A, Karami AL, Fuller AD, Parham LR, Panchani SR, Natarajan S, Jackson JL, Mu A, Tan Y, Cai KQ, Klein-Szanto AJ, Muir AB, Tétreault MP, Hamilton KE, Whelan KA. Autophagy contributes to homeostasis in esophageal epithelium where high autophagic vesicle content marks basal cells with limited proliferation and enhanced self-renewal potential. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.20.558614. [PMID: 37781581 PMCID: PMC10541137 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.20.558614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Background & Aims Autophagy has been demonstrated to play roles in esophageal pathologies both benign and malignant. Here, we aim to define the role of autophagy in esophageal epithelium under homeostatic conditions. Methods We generated tamoxifen-inducible, squamous epithelial-specific Atg7 (autophagy related 7) conditional knockout mice to evaluate effects on esophageal homeostasis and response to the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) using histological and biochemical analyses. We FACS sorted esophageal basal cells based upon fluorescence of the autophagic vesicle (AV)-identifying dye Cyto-ID, then subjected these cells to transmission electron microscopy, image flow cytometry, 3D organoid assays, RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq), and cell cycle analysis. 3D organoids were subjected to passaging, single cell (sc) RNA-Seq, cell cycle analysis, and immunostaining. Results Genetic autophagy inhibition in squamous epithelium resulted in increased proliferation of esophageal basal cells. Esophageal basal cells with high AV level (Cyto-ID High ) displayed limited organoid formation capability upon initial plating but passaged more efficiently than their counterparts with low AV level (Cyto-ID Low ). RNA-Seq suggested increased autophagy in Cyto- ID High esophageal basal cells along with decreased cell cycle progression, the latter of which was confirmed by cell cycle analysis. scRNA-Seq of 3D organoids generated by Cyto-ID Low and Cyto- ID High cells identified expansion of 3 cell populations, enrichment of G2/M-associated genes, and aberrant localization of cell cycle-associated genes beyond basal cell populations in the Cyto- ID High group. Ki67 expression was also increased in organoids generated by Cyto-ID High cells, including in cells beyond the basal cell layer. Squamous epithelial-specific autophagy inhibition induced significant weight loss in mice treated with 4NQO that further displayed perturbed epithelial tissue architecture. Conclusions High AV level identifies esophageal epithelium with limited proliferation and enhanced self-renewal capacity that contributes to maintenance of the esophageal proliferation- differentiation gradient in vivo .
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8
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Kabir MF, Jackson JL, Fuller AD, Gathuka L, Karami AL, Conde DG, Klochkova A, Mu A, Cai KQ, Klein-Szanto AJ, Muir AB, Whelan KA. Diclofenac exhibits cytotoxic activity associated with metabolic alterations and p53 induction in ESCC cell lines and decreases ESCC tumor burden in vivo. Carcinogenesis 2023; 44:182-195. [PMID: 37014121 PMCID: PMC10215983 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressive forms of human malignancy, often displaying limited therapeutic response. Here, we examine the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) as a novel therapeutic agent in ESCC using complementary in vitro and in vivo models. DCF selectively reduced viability of human ESCC cell lines TE11, KYSE150, and KYSE410 as compared with normal primary or immortalized esophageal keratinocytes. Apoptosis and altered cell cycle profiles were documented in DCF-treated TE11 and KYSE 150. In DCF-treated TE11, RNA-Sequencing identified differentially expressed genes and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis predicted alterations in pathways associated with cellular metabolism and p53 signaling. Downregulation of proteins associated with glycolysis was documented in DCF-treated TE11 and KYSE150. In response to DCF, TE11 cells further displayed reduced levels of ATP, pyruvate, and lactate. Evidence of mitochondrial depolarization and superoxide production was induced by DCF in TE11 and KYSE150. In DCF-treated TE11, the superoxide scavenger MitoTempo improved viability, supporting a role for mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in DCF-mediated toxicity. DCF treatment resulted in increased expression of p53 in TE11 and KYSE150. p53 was further identified as a mediator of DCF-mediated toxicity in TE11 as genetic depletion of p53 partially limited apoptosis in response to DCF. Consistent with the anticancer activity of DCF in vitro, the drug significantly decreased tumor burdene in syngeneic ESCC xenograft tumors and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-mediated ESCC lesions in vivo. These preclinical findings identify DCF as an experimental therapeutic that should be explored further in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faujul Kabir
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jazmyne L Jackson
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Annie D Fuller
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leonny Gathuka
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam L Karami
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Don-Gerard Conde
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alena Klochkova
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anbin Mu
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Histopathology Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Amanda B Muir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cancer & Cellular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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9
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Williams PA, Naughton KE, Simon LA, Soto GE, Parham LR, Ma X, Danan CH, Hu W, Friedman ES, McMillan EA, Mehta H, Stoltz MA, Ocaña JS, Zackular JP, Bittinger K, Whelan KA, Karakasheva TA, Hamilton KE. Intestinal epithelial autophagy is required for the regenerative benefit of calorie restriction. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G354-G368. [PMID: 36852920 PMCID: PMC10069975 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00248.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Calorie restriction can enhance the regenerative capacity of the injured intestinal epithelium. Among other metabolic changes, calorie restriction can activate the autophagy pathway. Although independent studies have attributed the regenerative benefit of calorie restriction to downregulation of mTORC1, it is not known whether autophagy itself is required for the regenerative benefit of calorie restriction. We used mouse and organoid models with autophagy gene deletion to evaluate the contribution of autophagy to intestinal epithelial regeneration following calorie restriction. In the absence of injury, mice with intestinal epithelial-specific deletion of autophagy gene Atg7 (Atg7ΔIEC) exhibit weight loss and histological changes similar to wild-type mice following calorie restriction. Conversely, calorie-restricted Atg7ΔIEC mice displayed a significant reduction in regenerative crypt foci after irradiation compared with calorie-restricted wild-type mice. Targeted analyses of tissue metabolites in calorie-restricted mice revealed an association between calorie restriction and reduced glycocholic acid (GCA) in wild-type mice but not in Atg7ΔIEC mice. To evaluate whether GCA can directly modulate epithelial stem cell self-renewal, we performed enteroid formation assays with or without GCA. Wild-type enteroids exhibited reduced enteroid formation efficiency in response to GCA treatment, suggesting that reduced availability of GCA during calorie restriction may be one mechanism by which calorie restriction favors epithelial regeneration in a manner dependent upon epithelial autophagy. Taken together, our data support the premise that intestinal epithelial Atg7 is required for the regenerative benefit of calorie restriction, due in part to its role in modulating luminal GCA with direct effects on epithelial stem cell self-renewal.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Calorie restriction is associated with enhanced intestinal regeneration after irradiation, but the requirement of autophagy for this process is not known. Our data support the premise that intestinal epithelial autophagy is required for the regenerative benefit of calorie restriction. We also report that luminal levels of primary bile acid glycocholic acid are modulated by epithelial cell autophagy during calorie restriction with direct effects on epithelial stem cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Williams
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kaitlyn E Naughton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Lauren A Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Gloria E Soto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Louis R Parham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Xianghui Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Charles H Danan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Weiming Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Elliot S Friedman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Emily A McMillan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Hritik Mehta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Madison A Stoltz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Joshua Soto Ocaña
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United States
| | - Joseph P Zackular
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Tatiana A Karakasheva
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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10
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Clevenger MH, Karami AL, Carlson DA, Kahrilas PJ, Gonsalves N, Pandolfino JE, Winter DR, Whelan KA, Tétreault MP. Suprabasal cells retaining stem cell identity programs drive basal cell hyperplasia in eosinophilic esophagitis. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.20.537495. [PMID: 37131652 PMCID: PMC10153277 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.20.537495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an esophageal immune-mediated disease characterized by eosinophilic inflammation and epithelial remodeling, including basal cell hyperplasia (BCH) and loss of differentiation. Although BCH correlates with disease severity and with persistent symptoms in patients in histological remission, the molecular processes driving BCH remain poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that despite the presence of BCH in all EoE patients examined, no increase in basal cell proportion was observed by scRNA-seq. Instead, EoE patients exhibited a reduced pool of KRT15+ COL17A1+ quiescent cells, a modest increase in KI67+ dividing epibasal cells, a substantial increase in KRT13+ IVL+ suprabasal cells, and a loss of differentiated identity in superficial cells. Suprabasal and superficial cell populations demonstrated increased quiescent cell identity scoring in EoE with the enrichment of signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells. However, this was not paired with increased proliferation. Enrichment and trajectory analyses identified SOX2 and KLF5 as potential drivers of the increased quiescent identity and epithelial remodeling observed in EoE. Notably, these findings were not observed in GERD. Thus, our study demonstrates that BCH in EoE results from an expansion of non-proliferative cells that retain stem-like transcriptional programs while remaining committed to early differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarette H. Clevenger
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611-3010, USA
| | - Adam L. Karami
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dustin A. Carlson
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611-3010, USA
| | - Peter J. Kahrilas
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611-3010, USA
| | - Nirmala Gonsalves
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611-3010, USA
| | - John E. Pandolfino
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611-3010, USA
| | - Deborah R. Winter
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611-3010, USA
| | - Kelly A. Whelan
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marie-Pier Tétreault
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611-3010, USA
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11
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Fuller AD, Karami AL, Kabir MF, Klochkova A, Jackson JL, Mu A, Tan Y, Klein-Szanto AJ, Whelan KA. Eosinophilic esophagitis-associated epithelial remodeling may limit esophageal carcinogenesis. Front Allergy 2023; 4:1086032. [PMID: 37064719 PMCID: PMC10090679 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1086032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Under homeostatic conditions, esophageal epithelium displays a proliferation/differentiation gradient that is generated as proliferative basal cells give rise to suprabasal cells then terminally differentiated superficial cells. This proliferation/differentiation gradient is often perturbed in esophageal pathologies. Basal cell hyperplasia may occur in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition in which acid from the stomach enters the esophagus, or eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), an emerging form of food allergy. While GERD is a primary risk factor for esophageal cancer, epidemiological data suggests that EoE patients do not develop esophageal cancer. Methods In order to investigate the impact of EoE and esophageal cancer specifically on the cellular landscape of esophageal epithelium, we perform single cell RNA-sequencing in murine models of EoE and esophageal cancer, specifically esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We further evaluate modules of co-expressed genes in EoE- and ESCC-enriched epithelial cell clusters. Finally, we pair EoE and ESCC murine models to examine the functional relationship between these pathologies. Results In mice with either EoE or ESCC, we find expansion of cell populations as compared to normal esophageal epithelium. In mice with EoE, we detect distinct expansion of 4 suprabasal populations coupled with depletion of 2 basal populations. By contrast, mice with ESCC display unique expansion of 2 basal populations and 1 suprabasal population, as well as depletion of 2 suprabasal populations. Senescence, glucocorticoid receptor signaling, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor pathways are associated with EoE-enriched clusters while pathways associated with cell proliferation and metabolism are identified in ESCC-enriched clusters. Finally, our in vivo data demonstrate that exposure to EoE inflammation limits tumor burden of esophageal carcinogenesis. Discussion Our findings provide the first functional investigation of the relationship between EoE and esophageal cancer and suggest that esophageal epithelial remodeling events occurring in response to EoE inflammation may limit esophageal carcinogenesis. This investigation may have future implications for leveraging allergic inflammation-associated alterations in epithelial biology to prevent and/or treat esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie D. Fuller
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Adam L. Karami
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mohammad Faujul Kabir
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alena Klochkova
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jazmyne L. Jackson
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anbin Mu
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yinfei Tan
- Genomics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Kelly A. Whelan
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Cancer & Cellular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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12
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Sasaki M, Hara T, Wang JX, Zhou Y, Kennedy KV, Umeweni NN, Alston MA, Spergel ZC, Nakagawa R, Mcmillan EA, Whelan KA, Karakasheva TA, Hamilton KE, Ruffner MA, Muir AB. Lysyl oxidase regulates epithelial differentiation and barrier integrity in eosinophilic esophagitis. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.27.534387. [PMID: 37034590 PMCID: PMC10081173 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.27.534387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Background & Aims Epithelial disruption in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) encompasses both impaired differentiation and diminished barrier integrity. We have shown that lysyl oxidase (LOX), a collagen cross-linking enzyme, is upregulated in the esophageal epithelium in EoE. However, the functional roles of LOX in the esophageal epithelium remains unknown. Methods We investigated roles for LOX in the human esophageal epithelium using 3-dimensional organoid and air-liquid interface cultures stimulated with interleukin (IL)-13 to recapitulate the EoE inflammatory milieu, followed by single-cell RNA sequencing, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot, histology, and functional analyses of barrier integrity. Results Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis on patient-derived organoids revealed that LOX was induced by IL-13 in differentiated cells. LOX-overexpressing organoids demonstrated suppressed basal and upregulated differentiation markers. Additionally, LOX overexpression enhanced junctional protein genes and transepithelial electrical resistance. LOX overexpression restored the impaired differentiation and barrier function, including in the setting of IL-13 stimulation. Transcriptome analyses on LOX-overexpressing organoids identified enriched bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway compared to wild type organoids. Particularly, LOX overexpression increased BMP2 and decreased BMP antagonist follistatin. Finally, we found that BMP2 treatment restored the balance of basal and differentiated cells. Conclusions Our data support a model whereby LOX exhibits non-canonical roles as a signaling molecule important for epithelial homeostasis in the setting of inflammation via activation of BMP pathway in esophagus. The LOX/BMP axis may be integral in esophageal epithelial differentiation and a promising target for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Sasaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Takeo Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua X. Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yusen Zhou
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kanak V. Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicole N. Umeweni
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maiya A. Alston
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zachary C. Spergel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ritsu Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily A. Mcmillan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly A. Whelan
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Cancer & Cellular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tatiana A. Karakasheva
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melanie A. Ruffner
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Guo Q, Xin M, Lu Q, Feng D, Yang V, Peng LF, Whelan KA, Hu W, Wu S, Yang X, Wang H, Rothberg BS, Gamero AM, Gerhard GS, Gao B, Yang L. A novel NEDD4L-TXNIP-CHOP axis in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Theranostics 2023; 13:2210-2225. [PMID: 37153733 PMCID: PMC10157740 DOI: 10.7150/thno.81192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a leading cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide. There is a pressing clinical need to identify potential therapeutic targets for NASH treatment. Thioredoxin interacting protein (Txnip) is a stress responsive gene that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of NASH, but its exact role is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the liver- and gene-specific role of Txnip and its upstream/downstream signaling in the pathogenesis of NASH. Methods and Results: Using four independent NASH mouse models, we found that TXNIP protein abnormally accumulated in NASH mouse livers. A decrease in E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4L resulted in impaired TXNIP ubiquitination and its accumulation in the liver. TXNIP protein levels were positively correlated with that of CHOP, a major regulator of ER stress-mediated apoptosis, in NASH mouse liver. Moreover, gain- and loss-of-function studies showed that TXNIP increased protein not mRNA levels of Chop both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the C-terminus of TXNIP associated with the N-terminus of the α-helix domain of CHOP and decreased CHOP ubiquitination, thus increasing the stability of CHOP protein. Lastly, selective knockdown of Txnip by adenovirus-mediated shRNA (not targets Txnip antisense lncRNA) delivery in the livers of both young and aged NASH mice suppressed the expression of CHOP and its downstream apoptotic pathway, and ameliorated NASH by reducing hepatic apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Conclusions: Our study revealed a pathogenic role of hepatic TXNIP in NASH and identified a novel NEDD4L-TXNIP-CHOP axis in the pathogenesis of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mingyang Xin
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qingchun Lu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vicky Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lee F. Peng
- Division of Hepatology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly A. Whelan
- Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences/Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sheng Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences/Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences/Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences/Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brad S. Rothberg
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ana M. Gamero
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Glenn S. Gerhard
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- ✉ Corresponding author: Ling Yang, Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3440 N Broad St, Philadelphia, PA19140, USA. ; Phone: +1-215-707-3779
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14
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Klochkova A, Fuller AD, Miller R, Karami AL, Panchani SR, Natarajan S, Mu A, Jackson JL, Klein-Szanto AJ, Muir AB, Whelan KA. A role for age-associated alterations in esophageal epithelium in eosinophilic esophagitis-associated fibrosis. Front Allergy 2022; 3:983412. [PMID: 36591561 PMCID: PMC9798296 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.983412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Subepithelial fibrosis occurs in a subset of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) patients and is associated with esophageal stricture. While mechanisms driving EoE fibrosis remain incompletely understood, findings from experimental systems support roles for epithelial-fibroblast crosstalk in this type of tissue remodeling. The current paradigm presents EoE as a progressive fibrostenotic disease in which aged patients develop fibrosis as a function of disease chronicity. In the current study we provide evidence that altered epithelial biology in the aging esophagus may also contribute to EoE-associated fibrosis. We find that induction of EoE inflammation in young and aged mice using the MC903/Ovalbumin protocol for the same time period results in increased lamina propria thickness uniquely in aged animals. Additionally, epithelial cells from aged mice less efficiently limit fibroblast contractility in collagen plug contraction assays compared to those from their young counterparts. Finally, to identify potential mechanisms through which aged esophageal epithelial cells may stimulate fibrotic remodeling, we perform cytokine array experiments in young and aged mice. These studies are significant as identification of age-associated factors that contribute to fibrotic remodeling may aid in the design of strategies toward early detection, prevention, and therapy of fibrostenotic EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Klochkova
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Annie D. Fuller
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Riley Miller
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Adam L. Karami
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Surali R. Panchani
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shruthi Natarajan
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anbin Mu
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jazmyne L. Jackson
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kelly A. Whelan
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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15
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Johnson NM, Parham LR, Na J, Monaghan KE, Kolev HM, Klochkova A, Kim MS, Danan CH, Cramer Z, Simon LA, Naughton KE, Adams‐Tzivelekidis S, Tian Y, Williams PA, Leu NA, Sidoli S, Whelan KA, Li N, Lengner CJ, Hamilton KE. Autophagic state prospectively identifies facultative stem cells in the intestinal epithelium. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55209. [PMID: 36120829 PMCID: PMC9638868 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium exhibits a rapid and efficient regenerative response to injury. Emerging evidence supports a model where plasticity of differentiated cells, particularly those in the secretory lineages, contributes to epithelial regeneration upon ablation of injury-sensitive stem cells. However, such facultative stem cell activity is rare within secretory populations. Here, we ask whether specific functional properties predict facultative stem cell activity. We utilize in vivo labeling combined with ex vivo organoid formation assays to evaluate how cell age and autophagic state contribute to facultative stem cell activity within secretory lineages. Strikingly, we find that cell age (time elapsed since cell cycle exit) does not correlate with secretory cell plasticity. Instead, high autophagic vesicle content predicts plasticity and resistance to DNA damaging injury independently of cell lineage. Our findings indicate that autophagic status prior to injury serves as a lineage-agnostic marker for the prospective identification of facultative stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette M Johnson
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Louis R Parham
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jeeyoon Na
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Keara E Monaghan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Hannah M Kolev
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Alena Klochkova
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular BiologyLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Melissa S Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Charles H Danan
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Zvi Cramer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lauren A Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kaitlyn E Naughton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Stephanie Adams‐Tzivelekidis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yuhua Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Patrick A Williams
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - N Adrian Leu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of BiochemistryAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular BiologyLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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16
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Kabir MF, Karami A, Mu A, Conde DG, Whelan KA. Abstract 5808: Diclofenac inhibits esophageal cancer cell growth by depleting mitochondrial functions. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-5808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most aggressive forms of human malignancy with a 5-yearsurvival rate of less than 20%. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that play essential roles in various cellular processes, including energy metabolism, redox homeostasis, and apoptotic cell death. Alterations in mitochondrial biology are associated with esophageal carcinogenesis and esophageal cancer cell response to therapy. As the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF)induces mitochondrial dysfunction, we hypothesized that DCF may inhibit esophageal carcinogenesis by affecting mitochondrial processes. In the human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell line TE11, we performed MTT assay and Annexin-V/Propidium Iodide (PI) to evaluate the impact of DCF on proliferation and cell death, respectively. RNA sequencing and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and altered canonical pathways in DCF-treated TE11 cells. To assess metabolic function, we measured the levels of pyruvate, lactate, and ATP. Mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS production were assessed by flow cytometry for MitoTracker red/green and MitoSox red, respectively. Mice bearing subcutaneous syngeneic ESCC tumors were treated with DCF.DCF inhibited proliferation of TE11 in dose dependent manner with an IC50 concentration of 76.7µM. By contrast, the IC50 concentration of DCF in normal esophageal keratinocytes was 876.2µM, supporting selectivity of DCF for esophageal cancer cells. In TE11, 200 µM DCF induced apoptosis in 60% of cells. RNA-sequencing identified that DCF significantly altered expression of3287 genes (FC ≥ 1.50) in TE11, including the top cancer-associated genes: PLK1, MCM2, MCM3,MCM7, MCM10 and SKP2. IPA analysis revealed that DCF activated p53 signaling while inhibited Gluconeogenesis I, Glycolysis I and Oxidative Phosphorylation. DCF significantly inhibited glycolysis as demonstrated by reduction in concentrations of pyruvate (1.76-fold) and lactate (7.30-fold) and downregulation of the glycolysis- associated genes PKM2, PFKM, LDHA, and PKM1. A decreased production of ATP (5-fold) was also noted in DCF-treated TE11 cells. In addition, DCF depleted mitochondrial membrane potential (2.5-fold) and increased mitochondrial ROS production (5-fold). A reduction in ROS by mitochondrial antioxidant MitoTempo increased viability of the DCF-treated TE11 cells, indicating that ROS contributes to the anticancer activity of DCF. Consistent with antitumor activity of DCF in TE11, the drug significantly decreased the tumor volume in syngeneic ESCC tumors in vivo. Our preclinical findings indicate that DCF may limit esophageal cancer cell growth through the inhibition of mitochondrial functions, identifying a novel experimental therapeutic for ESCC. Future studies will define the precise molecular mechanisms through which DCF promotes cell death in vitro and in vivo.
Citation Format: Mohammad Faujul Kabir, Adam Karami, Anbin Mu, Don-Gerard Conde, Kelly A. Whelan. Diclofenac inhibits esophageal cancer cell growth by depleting mitochondrial functions [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5808.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anbin Mu
- 1Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Don-Gerard Conde
- 2Hunter College at the City University of New York, New York, NY
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17
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Parham LR, Johnson N, Na J, Klochkova A, Williams P, Li N, Whelan KA, Lengner CJ, Hamilton KE. Autophagic State Confers Facultative Stem Cell Capacity in The Intestinal Epithelium. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r3062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louis R. Parham
- Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA
| | | | - Jeeyoon Na
- University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA
| | | | - Patrick Williams
- Post‐doctoral fellowChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Ning Li
- University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA
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18
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Patel K, Murray MG, Whelan KA. Roles for GADD45 in Development and Cancer. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2022; 1360:23-39. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-94804-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Smith SA, Ogawa SA, Chau L, Whelan KA, Hamilton KE, Chen J, Tan L, Chen EZ, Keilbaugh S, Fogt F, Bewtra M, Braun J, Xavier RJ, Clish CB, Slaff B, Weljie AM, Bushman FD, Lewis JD, Li H, Master SR, Bennett MJ, Nakagawa H, Wu GD. Mitochondrial dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease alters intestinal epithelial metabolism of hepatic acylcarnitines. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:133371. [PMID: 33141762 DOI: 10.1172/jci133371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As the interface between the gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system, there has been great interest in the maintenance of colonic epithelial integrity through mitochondrial oxidation of butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced by the gut microbiota. Herein, we showed that the intestinal epithelium could also oxidize long-chain fatty acids, and that luminally delivered acylcarnitines in bile could be consumed via apical absorption by the intestinal epithelium, resulting in mitochondrial oxidation. Finally, intestinal inflammation led to mitochondrial dysfunction in the apical domain of the surface epithelium that may reduce the consumption of fatty acids, contributing to higher concentrations of fecal acylcarnitines in murine Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis and human inflammatory bowel disease. These results emphasized the importance of both the gut microbiota and the liver in the delivery of energy substrates for mitochondrial metabolism by the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sayaka A Ogawa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lillian Chau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lu Tan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Z Chen
- Department of Informatics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sue Keilbaugh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Franz Fogt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meenakshi Bewtra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barry Slaff
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James D Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hongzhe Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen R Master
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael J Bennett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gary D Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Chatterji P, Williams PA, Whelan KA, Samper FC, Andres SF, Simon LA, Parham LR, Mizuno R, Lundsmith ET, Lee DS, Liang S, Wijeratne HS, Marti S, Chau L, Giroux V, Wilkins BJ, Wu GD, Shah P, Tartaglia GG, Hamilton KE. Posttranscriptional regulation of colonic epithelial repair by RNA binding protein IMP1/IGF2BP1. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e47074. [PMID: 34231297 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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21
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Kabir MF, Karami A, Mu A, Whelan KA. Abstract 1752: Exploring the relation of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) with esophageal cancer. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A negative correlation between allergic inflammation and cancer risk has been identified in a variety of organs via population-based studies; however, functional investigations are necessary to define the relationship between allergy and cancer and determine the feasibility of therapeutic approaches leveraging allergic inflammation for cancer prevention and therapy. Esophageal cancer is amongst the most aggressive forms of human cancer. Reflux esophagitis is a primary risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) represents a distinct, food allergen-mediated type of esophagitis characterized by esophageal eosinophilia. In contrast to patients with reflux esophagitis, epidemiological data indicates that EoE patients fail to develop esophageal cancer despite the presence of chronic esophageal inflammation. To investigate the functional relationship between EoE and esophageal cancer, we have paired the food allergen-driven MC903/Ovalbumin (OVA) model of EoE with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma induced by the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO). 10/10 mice treated with 4NQOalone developed ESCC as expected in this robust carcinogen-driven tumor model. In mice co-treated with MC903/OVA and 4NQO, esophageal tumors were detected in 4/5 mice with a significant decrease in tumor load as compared to mice treated with 4NQO alone. Notably, 6/6 mice treated withMC903/OVA alone and 4/4 mice treated with propylene glycol (vehicle for 4NQO) failed to display tumors. To examine the possibility that EoE may induce an anti-tumor inflammatory milieu, we exposed primary esophageal tumor cells to CD45positive immune cells isolated from the peripheral blood of strain- matched donor mice with or without food allergen-mediated EoE. These experiments revealed a robust induction of apoptotic cell death in tumor cells exposed to immune cells from EoE donor mice as compared to those exposed to immune cells from naïve controls. Finally, in order to investigate how EoE and cancer may differentially impact esophageal biology, single cell RNA-sequencing was performed and further identified differences in the esophageal epithelial and immune cell compartments in mice with EoE as compared to those with cancer. The innovative approaches employed here, including combining mouse models of EoE and esophageal cancer capability, establish a robust experimental platform to define the relationship between EoE and esophageal cancer which will be further used for future functional investigations to define the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms through which EoE inflammation limits carcinogenesis. As allergic disorders promote systemic inflammation, findings from the current study may be applicable to cancers occurring in organs other than the esophagus.
Citation Format: Mohammad Faujul Kabir, Adam Karami, Anbin Mu, Kelly A. Whelan. Exploring the relation of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) with esophageal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1752.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anbin Mu
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
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22
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Nakagawa H, Kasagi Y, Karakasheva TA, Hara T, Aaron B, Shimonosono M, Kijima T, Giroux V, Bailey D, Wilkins B, Abrams JA, Falk GW, Aceves SS, Spergel JM, Hamilton KE, Whelan KA, Muir AB. Modeling Epithelial Homeostasis and Reactive Epithelial Changes in Human and Murine Three-Dimensional Esophageal Organoids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 52:e106. [PMID: 32105412 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The homeostatic proliferation-differentiation gradient in the esophageal epithelium is perturbed under inflammatory disease conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease and eosinophilic esophagitis. Herein we describe the protocols for rapid generation (<14 days) and characterization of single-cell-derived, three-dimensional (3D) esophageal organoids from human subjects and mice with normal esophageal mucosa or inflammatory disease conditions. While 3D organoids recapitulate normal epithelial renewal, proliferation, and differentiation, non-cell autonomous reactive epithelial changes under inflammatory conditions are evaluated in the absence of the inflammatory milieu. Reactive epithelial changes are reconstituted upon exposure to exogenous recombinant cytokines. These changes are modulated pharmacologically or genetically ex vivo. Molecular, structural, and functional changes are characterized by morphology, flow cytometry, biochemistry, and gene expression analyses. Esophageal 3D organoids can be translated for the development of personalized medicine in assessment of individual cytokine sensitivity and molecularly targeted therapeutics in esophagitis patients © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Generation of esophageal organoids from biopsy or murine esophageal epithelial sheets Basic Protocol 2: Propagation and cryopreservation of esophageal organoids Basic Protocol 3: Harvesting of esophageal organoids for RNA isolation, immunohistochemistry, and evaluation of 3D architecture Basic Protocol 4: Modeling of reactive epithelium in esophageal organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Yuta Kasagi
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Epithelial Biology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tatiana A Karakasheva
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Epithelial Biology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Takeo Hara
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Epithelial Biology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bailey Aaron
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Epithelial Biology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Masataka Shimonosono
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Takashi Kijima
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Veronique Giroux
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Dominique Bailey
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.,Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Benjamin Wilkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julian A Abrams
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Gary W Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Seema S Aceves
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Jonathan M Spergel
- Epithelial Biology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Epithelial Biology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda B Muir
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Epithelial Biology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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23
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Karakasheva TA, Kijima T, Shimonosono M, Maekawa H, Sahu V, Gabre JT, Cruz-Acuña R, Giroux V, Sangwan V, Whelan KA, Natsugoe S, Yoon AJ, Philipone E, Klein-Szanto AJ, Ginsberg GG, Falk GW, Abrams JA, Que J, Basu D, Ferri L, Diehl JA, Bass AJ, Wang TC, Rustgi AK, Nakagawa H. Generation and Characterization of Patient-Derived Head and Neck, Oral, and Esophageal Cancer Organoids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 53:e109. [PMID: 32294323 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancers comprise adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, two distinct histologic subtypes. Both are difficult to treat and among the deadliest human malignancies. We describe protocols to initiate, grow, passage, and characterize patient-derived organoids (PDO) of esophageal cancers, as well as squamous cell carcinomas of oral/head-and-neck and anal origin. Formed rapidly (<14 days) from a single-cell suspension embedded in basement membrane matrix, esophageal cancer PDO recapitulate the histology of the original tumors. Additionally, we provide guidelines for morphological analyses and drug testing coupled with functional assessment of cell response to conventional chemotherapeutics and other pharmacological agents in concert with emerging automated imaging platforms. Predicting drug sensitivity and potential therapy resistance mechanisms in a moderate-to-high throughput manner, esophageal cancer PDO are highly translatable in personalized medicine for customized esophageal cancer treatments. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Generation of esophageal cancer PDO Basic Protocol 2: Propagation and cryopreservation of esophageal cancer PDO Basic Protocol 3: Imaged-based monitoring of organoid size and growth kinetics Basic Protocol 4: Harvesting esophageal cancer PDO for histological analyses Basic Protocol 5: PDO content analysis by flow cytometry Basic Protocol 6: Evaluation of drug response with determination of the half-inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) Support Protocol: Production of RN in HEK293T cell conditioned medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Karakasheva
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Epithelial Biology Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Takashi Kijima
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Masataka Shimonosono
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Hisatsugu Maekawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Varun Sahu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Joel T Gabre
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ricardo Cruz-Acuña
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Veronique Giroux
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Veena Sangwan
- Department of Surgery, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shoji Natsugoe
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Angela J Yoon
- Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Elizabeth Philipone
- Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Gregory G Ginsberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary W Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julian A Abrams
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Devraj Basu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lorenzo Ferri
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Adam J Bass
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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24
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Kelsen JR, Dawany N, Conrad MA, Karakasheva TA, Maurer K, Wei JM, Uman S, Dent MH, Behera R, Bryant LM, Ma X, Moreira L, Chatterji P, Shraim R, Merz A, Mizuno R, Simon LA, Muir AB, Giraudo C, Behrens EM, Whelan KA, Devoto M, Russo PA, Andres SF, Sullivan KE, Hamilton KE. Colonoids From Patients With Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Exhibit Decreased Growth Associated With Inflammation Severity and Durable Upregulation of Antigen Presentation Genes. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:256-267. [PMID: 32556182 PMCID: PMC7813751 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defining epithelial cell contributions to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is essential for the development of much needed therapies for barrier repair. Children with very early onset (VEO)-IBD have more extensive, severe, and refractory disease than older children and adults with IBD and, in some cases, have defective barrier function. We therefore evaluated functional and transcriptomic differences between pediatric IBD (VEO and older onset) and non-IBD epithelium using 3-dimensional, biopsy-derived organoids. METHODS We measured growth efficiency relative to histopathological and clinical parameters in patient enteroid (ileum) and colonoid (colon) lines. We performed RNA-sequencing on patient colonoids and subsequent flow cytometry after multiple passages to evaluate changes that persisted in culture. RESULTS Enteroids and colonoids from pediatric patients with IBD exhibited decreased growth associated with histological inflammation compared with non-IBD controls. We observed increased LYZ expression in colonoids from pediatric IBD patients, which has been reported previously in adult patients with IBD. We also observed upregulation of antigen presentation genes HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DRA, which persisted after prolonged passaging in patients with pediatric IBD. CONCLUSIONS We present the first functional evaluation of enteroids and colonoids from patients with VEO-IBD and older onset pediatric IBD, a subset of which exhibits poor growth. Enhanced, persistent epithelial antigen presentation gene expression in patient colonoids supports the notion that epithelial cell-intrinsic differences may contribute to IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith R Kelsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Noor Dawany
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maire A Conrad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tatiana A Karakasheva
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kelly Maurer
- Division of Allergy Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jane M Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Selen Uman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maiah H Dent
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rithika Behera
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Laura M Bryant
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xianghui Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Leticia Moreira
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red en Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Priya Chatterji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rawan Shraim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Audrey Merz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rei Mizuno
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lauren A Simon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amanda B Muir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Claudio Giraudo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Edward M Behrens
- Division of Rheumatology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Pierre A Russo
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sarah F Andres
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Kathleen E Sullivan
- Division of Allergy Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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25
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Chandramouleeswaran PM, Guha M, Shimonosono M, Whelan KA, Maekawa H, Sachdeva UM, Ruthel G, Mukherjee S, Engel N, Gonzalez MV, Garifallou J, Ohashi S, Klein-Szanto AJ, Mesaros CA, Blair IA, Pellegrino da Silva R, Hakonarson H, Noguchi E, Baur JA, Nakagawa H. Autophagy mitigates ethanol-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in esophageal keratinocytes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239625. [PMID: 32966340 PMCID: PMC7510980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During alcohol consumption, the esophageal mucosa is directly exposed to high concentrations of ethanol (EtOH). We therefore investigated the response of normal human esophageal epithelial cell lines EPC1, EPC2 and EPC3 to acute EtOH exposure. While these cells were able to tolerate 2% EtOH for 8 h in both three-dimensional organoids and monolayer culture conditions, RNA sequencing suggested that EtOH induced mitochondrial dysfunction. With EtOH treatment, EPC1 and EPC2 cells also demonstrated decreased mitochondrial ATPB protein expression by immunofluorescence and swollen mitochondria lacking intact cristae by transmission electron microscopy. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was decreased in a subset of EPC1 and EPC2 cells stained with ΔΨm–sensitive dye MitoTracker Deep Red. In EPC2, EtOH decreased ATP level while impairing mitochondrial respiration and electron transportation chain functions, as determined by ATP fluorometric assay, respirometry, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Additionally, EPC2 cells demonstrated enhanced oxidative stress by flow cytometry for mitochondrial superoxide (MitoSOX), which was antagonized by the mitochondria-specific antioxidant MitoCP. Concurrently, EPC1 and EPC2 cells underwent autophagy following EtOH exposure, as evidenced by flow cytometry for Cyto-ID, which detects autophagic vesicles, and immunoblots demonstrating induction of the lipidated and cleaved form of LC3B and downregulation of SQSTM1/p62. In EPC1 and EPC2, pharmacological inhibition of autophagy flux by chloroquine increased mitochondrial oxidative stress while decreasing cell viability. In EPC2, autophagy induction was coupled with phosphorylation of AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), a cellular energy sensor responding to low ATP levels, and dephosphorylation of downstream substrates of mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex (mTORC)-1 signaling. Pharmacological AMPK activation by AICAR decreased EtOH-induced reduction of ΔΨm and ATP in EPC2. Taken together, acute EtOH exposure leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in esophageal keratinocytes, where the AMPK-mTORC1 axis may serve as a regulatory mechanism to activate autophagy to provide cytoprotection against EtOH-induced cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna M. Chandramouleeswaran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Manti Guha
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Masataka Shimonosono
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Whelan
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hisatsugu Maekawa
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Uma M. Sachdeva
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gordon Ruthel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarmistha Mukherjee
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Noah Engel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael V. Gonzalez
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James Garifallou
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shinya Ohashi
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Andres J. Klein-Szanto
- Histopathology Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Clementina A. Mesaros
- Translational Biomarkers Core, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ian A. Blair
- Translational Biomarkers Core, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Renata Pellegrino da Silva
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eishi Noguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Baur
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Whelan KA, Godwin BC, Wilkins B, Elci OU, Benitez A, DeMarshall M, Sharma M, Gross J, Klein-Szanto AJ, Liacouras CA, Dellon ES, Spergel JM, Falk GW, Muir AB, Nakagawa H. Persistent Basal Cell Hyperplasia Is Associated With Clinical and Endoscopic Findings in Patients With Histologically Inactive Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18:1475-1482.e1. [PMID: 31499251 PMCID: PMC7058491 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although eosinophil count is the standard used to monitor disease activity in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), there are often disparities between patient-reported symptoms and eosinophil counts. We examined the prevalence of epithelial alterations, namely basal cell hyperplasia (BCH) and spongiosis, among patients with inactive EoE (eosinophil counts below 15 following therapy) and aimed to determine whether maintenance of these changes in epithelial morphology are associated with persistent clinical findings. METHODS Esophageal biopsies of 243 patients (mean age, 16.9 years) undergoing routine endoscopy at the University of Pennsylvania were evaluated for epithelial BCH and spongiosis. Univariable analysis was used to calculate the association between epithelial changes and symptoms as well as endoscopic findings and peak eosinophil count. We validated our findings using data from a cohort of patients at the University of North Carolina. RESULTS The discovery and validation cohorts each included patients with inactive EoE, based on histologic factors, but ongoing BCH and spongiosis. Ongoing BCH, but not spongiosis, in patients with inactive EoE was associated with symptoms (odds ratio, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.03-4.42; P = .041) and endoscopic findings (odds ratio, 7.10; 95% CI, 3.12-16.18; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS In patients with EoE, the presence of BCH might indicate ongoing disease activity, independent of eosinophil count. This might account for the persistent symptoms in patients who are considered to be in remission based on histologic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Whelan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140,Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Bridget C. Godwin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin Wilkins
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Okan U. Elci
- Westat-Biostatistics and Data Management Core, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alain Benitez
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maureen DeMarshall
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Medha Sharma
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan Gross
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andres J. Klein-Szanto
- Histopathology Facility and Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Chris A. Liacouras
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Evan S. Dellon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Spergel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gary W. Falk
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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27
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Muir AB, Whelan KA, Dougherty MK, Aaron B, Navarre B, Aceves SS, Dellon ES, Jensen ET. The potential for malignancy from atopic disorders and allergic inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 50:147-159. [PMID: 31743536 PMCID: PMC6994341 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While chronic inflammation is a well-established risk factor for malignancy, studies evaluating the relationship between allergic inflammation and cancer have revealed conflicting results. Here, we aimed to assess the association between allergic inflammation in the lung (asthma), skin (eczema) or oesophagus (eosinophilic oesophagitis; EoE) and cancer at the organ site. DESIGN We conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify observational studies (case-control, cohort and cross-sectional) evaluating the association between asthma and lung cancer, eczema and skin cancer, or EoE and oesophageal cancer. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed to define pooled estimates of effects. DATA SOURCES PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTION Included studies evaluated the incidence of cancer. RESULTS Thirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria, 27 in the lung, four in the skin and one in the oesophagus. Meta-analysis of the three studies with prospective data collection of asthma diagnosis revealed a positive association with incident lung cancer (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.09-1.44); however, this result was not consistently supported by the larger dataset of retrospective studies (OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.90-1.83). Overall, studies in the lung displayed significant heterogeneity (I2 98%, P < .0001), but no significant effect modification on the association between asthma and lung cancer was identified for the variables of sex, smoking or study design. Meta-analysis could not be applied to the four papers reviewed in the skin, but three suggested an association between eczema and non-melanoma skin cancer, while the remaining study failed to identify an association between melanoma and eczema. A single study meeting inclusion criteria showed no association between EoE and oesophageal malignancy. CONCLUSIONS The current data cannot exclude the possibility of an association between atopy and malignancy the lung, skin and oesophagus. The relationship between allergy and cancer should be explored further in prospective studies that any association identified between these conditions has the potential for significant public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perlman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael K Dougherty
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Bailey Aaron
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brianna Navarre
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Seema S Aceves
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Evan S Dellon
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Elizabeth T Jensen
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and, Prevention, Winston-Salem, NC
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28
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Chatterji P, Williams PA, Whelan KA, Samper FC, Andres SF, Simon LA, Parham LR, Mizuno R, Lundsmith ET, Lee DS, Liang S, Wijeratne HS, Marti S, Chau L, Giroux V, Wilkins BJ, Wu GD, Shah P, Tartaglia GG, Hamilton KE. Posttranscriptional regulation of colonic epithelial repair by RNA binding protein IMP1/IGF2BP1. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201847074. [PMID: 31061170 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA binding proteins, including IMP1/IGF2BP1, are essential regulators of intestinal development and cancer. Imp1 hypomorphic mice exhibit gastrointestinal growth defects, yet the specific role for IMP1 in colon epithelial repair is unclear. Our prior work revealed that intestinal epithelial cell-specific Imp1 deletion (Imp1 Δ IEC ) was associated with better regeneration in mice after irradiation. Here, we report increased IMP1 expression in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. We demonstrate that Imp1 Δ IEC mice exhibit enhanced recovery following dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-mediated colonic injury. Imp1 Δ IEC mice exhibit Paneth cell granule changes, increased autophagy flux, and upregulation of Atg5. In silico and biochemical analyses revealed direct binding of IMP1 to MAP1LC3B, ATG3, and ATG5 transcripts. Genetic deletion of essential autophagy gene Atg7 in Imp1 Δ IEC mice revealed increased sensitivity of double-mutant mice to colonic injury compared to control or Atg7 single mutant mice, suggesting a compensatory relationship between Imp1 and the autophagy pathway. The present study defines a novel interplay between IMP1 and autophagy, where IMP1 may be transiently induced during damage to modulate colonic epithelial cell responses to damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Chatterji
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick A Williams
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fernando C Samper
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah F Andres
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren A Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Louis R Parham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rei Mizuno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emma T Lundsmith
- Thomas Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Sm Lee
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shun Liang
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Stefanie Marti
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lillian Chau
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Veronique Giroux
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Wilkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gary D Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Premal Shah
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Gian G Tartaglia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanc ats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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29
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Shaverdashvili K, Padlo J, Weinblatt D, Jia Y, Jiang W, Rao D, Laczkó D, Whelan KA, Lynch JP, Muir AB, Katz JP. KLF4 activates NFκB signaling and esophageal epithelial inflammation via the Rho-related GTP-binding protein RHOF. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215746. [PMID: 30998758 PMCID: PMC6472825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regulatory mechanisms within esophageal epithelia is essential to gain insight into the pathogenesis of esophageal diseases, which are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The zinc-finger transcription factor Krüppel-like factor (KLF4) is implicated in a large number of cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation in esophageal epithelia. In murine esophageal epithelia, Klf4 overexpression causes chronic inflammation which is mediated by activation of NFκB signaling downstream of KLF4, and this esophageal inflammation produces epithelial hyperplasia and subsequent esophageal squamous cell cancer. Yet, while NFκB activation clearly promotes esophageal inflammation, the mechanisms by which NFκB signaling is activated in esophageal diseases are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that the Rho-related GTP-binding protein RHOF is activated by KLF4 in esophageal keratinocytes, leading to the induction of NFκB signaling. Moreover, RHOF is required for NFκB activation by KLF4 in esophageal keratinocytes and is also important for esophageal keratinocyte proliferation and migration. Finally, we find that RHOF is upregulated in eosinophilic esophagitis, an important esophageal inflammatory disease in humans. Thus, RHOF activation of NFκB in esophageal keratinocytes provides a potentially important and clinically-relevant mechanism for esophageal inflammation and inflammation-mediated esophageal squamous cell cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khvaramze Shaverdashvili
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Jennie Padlo
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Weinblatt
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Yang Jia
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Wenpeng Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Divya Rao
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Dorottya Laczkó
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Whelan
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - John P. Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Katz
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells are among the most rapidly proliferating cell types in the human body. There are several different subtypes of epithelial cells, each with unique functional roles in responding to the ever-changing environment. The epithelium's ability for rapid and customized responses to environmental changes requires multitiered levels of gene regulation. An emerging paradigm in gastrointestinal epithelial cells is the regulation of functionally related mRNA families, or regulons, via RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). RBPs represent a rapid and efficient mechanism to regulate gene expression and cell function. In this review, we will provide an overview of intestinal epithelial RBPs and how they contribute specifically to intestinal epithelial stem cell dynamics. In addition, we will highlight key gaps in knowledge in the global understanding of RBPs in gastrointestinal physiology as an opportunity for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis R. Parham
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick A. Williams
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Priya Chatterji
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A. Whelan
- 3Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,4Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn E. Hamilton
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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31
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Reichenbach ZW, Murray MG, Saxena R, Farkas D, Karassik EG, Klochkova A, Patel K, Tice C, Hall TM, Gang J, Parkman HP, Ward SJ, Tétreault MP, Whelan KA. Clinical and translational advances in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 144:95-135. [PMID: 31349905 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is among the most deadly forms of human malignancy characterized by late stage diagnosis, metastasis, therapy resistance and frequent recurrence. Clinical management of ESCC remains challenging and the disease presently lacks approved targeted therapeutics. However, emerging data from recent clinical and translational investigations hold great promise for future progress toward improving patient outcomes in this deadly disease. Here, we review current clinical perspectives in ESCC epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical care, highlighting recent advances with potential to impact ESCC prevention, diagnosis and management. We further provide an overview of recent translational investigations contributing to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ESCC development, progression and therapy response, including insights gained from genetic studies and various murine model systems. Finally, we discuss future perspectives in the clinical and translational realms, along with remaining hurdles that must be overcome to eradicate ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Wilmer Reichenbach
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Section, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mary Grace Murray
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Reshu Saxena
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel Farkas
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Erika G Karassik
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alena Klochkova
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kishan Patel
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Caitlin Tice
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Timothy M Hall
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Julie Gang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Henry P Parkman
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Section, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sarah J Ward
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marie-Pier Tétreault
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Kasagi Y, Dods K, Wang JX, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Benitez AJ, Gambanga F, Kluger J, Ashorobi T, Gross J, Tobias JW, Klein-Szanto AJ, Spergel JM, Cianferoni A, Falk GW, Whelan KA, Nakagawa H, Muir AB. Fibrostenotic eosinophilic esophagitis might reflect epithelial lysyl oxidase induction by fibroblast-derived TNF-α. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 144:171-182. [PMID: 30578874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis and stricture are major comorbidities in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Lysyl oxidase (LOX), a collagen cross-linking enzyme, has not been investigated in the context of EoE. OBJECTIVE We investigated regulation of epithelial LOX expression as a novel biomarker and functional effector of fibrostenotic disease conditions associated with EoE. METHODS LOX expression was analyzed by using RNA-sequencing, PCR assays, and immunostaining in patients with EoE; cytokine-stimulated esophageal 3-dimensional organoids; and fibroblast-epithelial cell coculture, the latter coupled with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. RESULTS Gene ontology and pathway analyses linked TNF-α and LOX expression in patients with EoE, which was validated in independent sets of patients with fibrostenotic conditions. TNF-α-mediated epithelial LOX upregulation was recapitulated in 3-dimensional organoids and coculture experiments. We find that fibroblast-derived TNF-α stimulates epithelial LOX expression through activation of nuclear factor κB and TGF-β-mediated signaling. In patients receiver operating characteristic analyses suggested that LOX upregulation indicates disease complications and fibrostenotic conditions in patients with EoE. CONCLUSIONS There is a novel positive feedback mechanism in epithelial LOX induction through fibroblast-derived TNF-α secretion. Esophageal epithelial LOX might have a role in the development of fibrosis with substantial translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kasagi
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Kara Dods
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Joshua X Wang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Prasanna M Chandramouleeswaran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa; University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Alain J Benitez
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Fiona Gambanga
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Jonathan Kluger
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Tokunbo Ashorobi
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Jonathan Gross
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Philadelphia, Pa
| | | | - Andres J Klein-Szanto
- Histopathology Facility and Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Jonathan M Spergel
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Antonella Cianferoni
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Gary W Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa; Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa; University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Amanda B Muir
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
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Kijima T, Nakagawa H, Shimonosono M, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Hara T, Sahu V, Kasagi Y, Kikuchi O, Tanaka K, Giroux V, Muir AB, Whelan KA, Ohashi S, Naganuma S, Klein-Szanto AJ, Shinden Y, Sasaki K, Omoto I, Kita Y, Muto M, Bass AJ, Diehl JA, Ginsberg GG, Doki Y, Mori M, Uchikado Y, Arigami T, Avadhani NG, Basu D, Rustgi AK, Natsugoe S. Three-Dimensional Organoids Reveal Therapy Resistance of Esophageal and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:73-91. [PMID: 30510992 PMCID: PMC6260338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Oropharyngeal and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, especially the latter, are a lethal disease, featuring intratumoral cancer cell heterogeneity and therapy resistance. To facilitate cancer therapy in personalized medicine, three-dimensional (3D) organoids may be useful for functional characterization of cancer cells ex vivo. We investigated the feasibility and the utility of patient-derived 3D organoids of esophageal and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. METHODS We generated 3D organoids from paired biopsies representing tumors and adjacent normal mucosa from therapy-naïve patients and cell lines. We evaluated growth and structures of 3D organoids treated with 5-fluorouracil ex vivo. RESULTS Tumor-derived 3D organoids were grown successfully from 15 out of 21 patients (71.4%) and passaged with recapitulation of the histopathology of the original tumors. Successful formation of tumor-derived 3D organoids was associated significantly with poor response to presurgical neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiation therapy in informative patients (P = 0.0357, progressive and stable diseases, n = 10 vs. partial response, n = 6). The 3D organoid formation capability and 5-fluorouracil resistance were accounted for by cancer cells with high CD44 expression and autophagy, respectively. Such cancer cells were found to be enriched in patient-derived 3D organoids surviving 5-fluorouracil treatment. CONCLUSIONS The single cell-based 3D organoid system may serve as a highly efficient platform to explore cancer therapeutics and therapy resistance mechanisms in conjunction with morphological and functional assays with implications for translation in personalized medicine.
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Key Words
- 3D Organoids
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- 5-Fluorouracil
- 5FU, 5-fluorouracil
- AV, autophagy vesicle
- Autophagy
- CD44
- CD44H, high expression of CD44
- CQ, chloroquine
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- LC3, light chain 3
- OPSCC, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
- PI, propidium iodide
- SCCs, squamous cell carcinomas
- TE11R, 5-fluorouracil–resistant derivative of TE11
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kijima
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Masataka Shimonosono
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Prasanna M Chandramouleeswaran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Takeo Hara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Varun Sahu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuta Kasagi
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Osamu Kikuchi
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Veronique Giroux
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda B Muir
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shinya Ohashi
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Naganuma
- Department of Pathology, Kochi University School of Medicine, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Andres J Klein-Szanto
- Histopathology Facility and Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yoshiaki Shinden
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ken Sasaki
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Itaru Omoto
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kita
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Manabu Muto
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Adam J Bass
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Gregory G Ginsberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuto Uchikado
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takaaki Arigami
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Narayan G Avadhani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Devraj Basu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Shoji Natsugoe
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Tanaka K, Kijima T, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Whelan KA, Kasagi Y, Shimonosono M, Furukawa H, Hara T, Makino T, Yamasaki M, Klein-Szanto AJ, Natsugoe S, Mori M, Doki Y, Nakagawa H. Abstract 5026: Alcohol enriches therapy-resistant cancer cells with high autophagy, CD44 expression and tumor initiating capability. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-5026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the deadliest of all human cancers with alcohol (EtOH) as a major risk factor. Malignant properties of ESCC have been attributed to ESCC cells with high CD44 expression (CD44H) and autophagy; however, the pathogenic role of EtOH in ESCC remains elusive
Methods: With a goal of translation in personalized medicine, we analyzed therapy-naïve ESCC tumor biopsies from patients and ESCC cell lines in three-dimensional (3D) organoids for functional characterization of ESCC cells following exposure to 5-fluorouracil (5FU) or EtOH ex vivo. Tumor growth was assessed in EtOH-fed mice carrying xenograft tumors with two independent ESCC cell lines in the presence or absence of 4-methylpyrazole (4MP), an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor. 3D organoids and tumors were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunostaining for CD44, Ki67, p53 and autophagic vesicle (AV) content.
Results: ESCC patient biopsies contained CD44H cells with increased AV content. ESCC 3D organoids were grown successfully from 11 out of 16 tumors (68.8%) and passaged with recapitulation of the histopathology, proliferation, p53 and CD44 expression and autophagy present in the original in situ tumors. Successful organoid formation was significantly associated with poor chemoradiation therapy response (progressive and stable diseases, n=10 vs. partial response, n=6). In 3D organoids surviving 5FU treatment, CD44H cells with high autophagic activity was found to be enriched. Pharmacological autophagy flux inhibition by chloroquine augmented 5FU-mediated cytotoxicity in 3D ESCC organoids. 5FU-resistant CD44H cells were more capable of forming 3D organoids compared to bulk populations of ESCC cells. EtOH promoted expansion of CD44H cells with significantly increased proliferation and organoid formation rate upon serial passages, suggesting the increased self-renewal of CD44H cells. In xenograft tumors, alcohol drinking not only promoted tumor growth but increased the intratumoral CD44H cell content which was antagonized by 4MP. Moreover, pharmacological autophagy flux impairment depleted CD44H cells in xenograft tumors.
Conclusions: The novel single cell-based 3D ESCC organoid system may serve as a highly efficient platform to explore the role of alcohol and other environmental factors as well as cancer therapeutics and therapy resistance mechanisms in conjunction with morphological and functional assays with implications for translation in personalized medicine.
Citation Format: Koji Tanaka, Takashi Kijima, Prasanna Modayur Chandramouleeswaran, Kelly A Whelan, Yuta Kasagi, Masataka Shimonosono, Haruna Furukawa, Takeo Hara, Tomoki Makino, Makoto Yamasaki, Andres J Klein-Szanto, Shoji Natsugoe, Masaki Mori, Yuichiro Doki, Hiroshi Nakagawa. Alcohol enriches therapy-resistant cancer cells with high autophagy, CD44 expression and tumor initiating capability [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5026.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuta Kasagi
- 2University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Hall TM, Tétreault MP, Hamilton KE, Whelan KA. Autophagy as a cytoprotective mechanism in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 41:12-19. [PMID: 29677645 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is amongst the most aggressive human malignancies, representing a significant health burden worldwide. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that degrades and recycles damaged organelles and misfolded proteins to maintain cellular homeostasis. Alterations in autophagy are associated with cancer pathogenesis, including ESCC; however, the functional role of autophagy in ESCC remains elusive. Here, we discuss the clinical relevance of autophagy effectors in ESCC and review current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms through which autophagy contributes to ESCC. We highlight the cytoprotective role of autophagy in ESCC and discuss autophagy inhibitors as novel experimental therapeutics to potentiate the effects of anti-cancer therapies and/or to overcome therapeutic resistance in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Hall
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Marie-Pier Tétreault
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Whelan KA, Muir AB, Nakagawa H. Esophageal 3D Culture Systems as Modeling Tools in Esophageal Epithelial Pathobiology and Personalized Medicine. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:461-478. [PMID: 29713660 PMCID: PMC5924738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus shows a proliferative basal layer of keratinocytes that undergo terminal differentiation in overlying suprabasal layers. Esophageal pathologies, including eosinophilic esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett's esophagus, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, cause perturbations in the esophageal epithelial proliferation-differentiation gradient. Three-dimensional (3D) culture platforms mimicking in vivo esophageal epithelial tissue architecture ex vivo have emerged as powerful experimental tools for the investigation of esophageal biology in the context of homeostasis and pathology. Herein, we describe types of 3D culture that are used to model the esophagus, including organotypic, organoid, and spheroid culture systems. We discuss the development and optimization of various esophageal 3D culture models; highlight the applications, strengths, and limitations of each method; and summarize how these models have been used to evaluate the esophagus under homeostatic conditions as well as under the duress of inflammation and precancerous/cancerous conditions. Finally, we present future perspectives regarding the use of esophageal 3D models in basic science research as well as translational studies with the potential for personalized medicine.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- BE, Barrett’s esophagus
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- CSC, cancer stem cell
- EADC, esophageal adenocarcinoma
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- EoE, eosinophilic esophagitis
- Esophageal Disease
- FEF3, primary human fetal esophageal fibroblast
- GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease
- OTC, organotypic 3-dimensional culture
- Organoid
- Organotypic Culture
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3
- Spheroid Culture
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Whelan
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Amanda B. Muir, MD, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center 902E, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103. fax: (267) 426–7814.
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Kasagi Y, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Whelan KA, Tanaka K, Giroux V, Sharma M, Wang J, Benitez AJ, DeMarshall M, Tobias JW, Hamilton KE, Falk GW, Spergel JM, Klein-Szanto AJ, Rustgi AK, Muir AB, Nakagawa H. The Esophageal Organoid System Reveals Functional Interplay Between Notch and Cytokines in Reactive Epithelial Changes. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:333-352. [PMID: 29552622 PMCID: PMC5852293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Aberrations in the esophageal proliferation-differentiation gradient are histologic hallmarks in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and gastroesophageal reflux disease. A reliable protocol to grow 3-dimensional (3D) esophageal organoids is needed to study esophageal epithelial homeostasis under physiological and pathologic conditions. METHODS We modified keratinocyte-serum free medium to grow 3D organoids from endoscopic esophageal biopsies, immortalized human esophageal epithelial cells, and murine esophagi. Morphologic and functional characterization of 3D organoids was performed following genetic and pharmacologic modifications or exposure to EoE-relevant cytokines. The Notch pathway was evaluated by transfection assays and by gene expression analyses in vitro and in biopsies. RESULTS Both murine and human esophageal 3D organoids displayed an explicit proliferation-differentiation gradient. Notch inhibition accumulated undifferentiated basal keratinocytes with deregulated squamous cell differentiation in organoids. EoE patient-derived 3D organoids displayed normal epithelial structure ex vivo in the absence of the EoE inflammatory milieu. Stimulation of esophageal 3D organoids with EoE-relevant cytokines resulted in a phenocopy of Notch inhibition in organoid 3D structures with recapitulation of reactive epithelial changes in EoE biopsies, where Notch3 expression was significantly decreased in EoE compared with control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Esophageal 3D organoids serve as a novel platform to investigate regulatory mechanisms in squamous epithelial homeostasis in the context of EoE and other diseases. Notch-mediated squamous cell differentiation is suppressed by cytokines known to be involved in EoE, suggesting that this may contribute to epithelial phenotypes associated with disease. Genetic and pharmacologic manipulations establish proof of concept for the utility of organoids for future studies and personalized medicine in EoE and other esophageal diseases.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- BCH, basal cell hyperplasia
- DAPI, 4′,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride
- DNMAML1, dominant negative MAML1
- DOX, doxycycline
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- EoE, eosinophilic esophagitis
- Eosinophilic Esophagitis
- GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GSI, γ-secretase inhibitor
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IL, interleukin
- IVL, Involucrin
- KSFM, keratinocyte SFM
- KSFMC, KSFM containing 0.6 mM Ca2+
- Keratinocytes
- MAML1, Mastermind-like protein1
- OFR, organoid formation rate
- Squamous Cell Differentiation
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- Three-Dimensional
- Tslp, thymic stromal lymphopoietin
- aDMEM/F12, advanced Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kasagi
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Prasanna M. Chandramouleeswaran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A. Whelan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Veronique Giroux
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Medha Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua Wang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alain J. Benitez
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maureen DeMarshall
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John W. Tobias
- Penn Genomic Analysis Core, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn E. Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary W. Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan M. Spergel
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andres J. Klein-Szanto
- Histopathology Facility and Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anil K. Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Hiroshi Nakagawa, MD, PhD, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 956 Biomedical Research Building, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160. fax: (215) 573–2024.Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicinePerelman School of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania956 Biomedical Research Building, 421 Curie BoulevardPhiladelphia19104-6160Pennsylvania
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Natsuizaka M, Whelan KA, Kagawa S, Tanaka K, Giroux V, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Long A, Sahu V, Darling DS, Que J, Yang Y, Katz JP, Wileyto EP, Basu D, Kita Y, Natsugoe S, Naganuma S, Klein-Szanto AJ, Diehl JA, Bass AJ, Wong KK, Rustgi AK, Nakagawa H. Interplay between Notch1 and Notch3 promotes EMT and tumor initiation in squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1758. [PMID: 29170450 PMCID: PMC5700926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch1 transactivates Notch3 to drive terminal differentiation in stratified squamous epithelia. Notch1 and other Notch receptor paralogs cooperate to act as a tumor suppressor in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). However, Notch1 can be stochastically activated to promote carcinogenesis in murine models of SCC. Activated form of Notch1 promotes xenograft tumor growth when expressed ectopically. Here, we demonstrate that Notch1 activation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) are coupled to promote SCC tumor initiation in concert with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β present in the tumor microenvironment. We find that TGFβ activates the transcription factor ZEB1 to repress Notch3, thereby limiting terminal differentiation. Concurrently, TGFβ drives Notch1-mediated EMT to generate tumor initiating cells characterized by high CD44 expression. Moreover, Notch1 is activated in a small subset of SCC cells at the invasive tumor front and predicts for poor prognosis of esophageal SCC, shedding light upon the tumor promoting oncogenic aspect of Notch1 in SCC. Notch receptors can exert different roles in cancer. In this manuscript, the authors reveal that Notch1 activation and EMT promote tumor initiation and cancer cell heterogeneity in squamous cell carcinoma, while the repression of Notch3 by ZEB1 limits Notch1-induced differentiation, permitting Notch1-mediated EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuteru Natsuizaka
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shingo Kagawa
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Veronique Giroux
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Prasanna M Chandramouleeswaran
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Apple Long
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Varun Sahu
- Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Douglas S Darling
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, and Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yizeng Yang
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan P Katz
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - E Paul Wileyto
- Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Devraj Basu
- Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Kita
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Shoji Natsugoe
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Seiji Naganuma
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Andres J Klein-Szanto
- Histopathology Facility and Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Adam J Bass
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Maehara O, Suda G, Natsuizaka M, Ohnishi S, Komatsu Y, Sato F, Nakai M, Sho T, Morikawa K, Ogawa K, Shimazaki T, Kimura M, Asano A, Fujimoto Y, Ohashi S, Kagawa S, Kinugasa H, Naganuma S, Whelan KA, Nakagawa H, Nakagawa K, Takeda H, Sakamoto N. Fibroblast growth factor-2-mediated FGFR/Erk signaling supports maintenance of cancer stem-like cells in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:1073-1083. [PMID: 28927233 PMCID: PMC5862278 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), a subset of cells defined by high expression of CD44 and low expression of CD24 has been reported to possess characteristics of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). Novel therapies directly targeting CSCs have the potential to improve prognosis of ESCC patients. Although fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) expression correlates with recurrence and poor survival in ESCC patients, the role of FGF-2 in regulation of ESCC CSCs has yet to be elucidated. We report that FGF-2 is significantly upregulated in CSCs and significantly increases CSC content in ESCC cell lines by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Conversely, the FGFR inhibitor, AZD4547, sharply diminishes CSCs via induction of mesenchymal-epithelial transition. Further experiments revealed that MAPK/Erk kinase (Mek)/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (Erk) pathway is crucial for FGF-2-mediated CSC regulation. Pharmacological inhibition of FGF receptor (FGFR)-mediated signaling via AZD4547 did not affect CSCs in Ras mutated cells, implying that Mek/Erk pathway, downstream of FGFR signaling, might be an important regulator of CSCs. Indeed, the Mek inhibitor, trametinib, efficiently suppressed ESCC CSCs even in the context of Ras mutation. Consistent with these findings in vitro, xenotransplantation studies demonstrated that inhibition of FGF-2-mediated FGFR/Erk signaling significantly delayed tumor growth. Taken together, these findings indicate that FGF-2 is an essential factor regulating CSCs via Mek/Erk signaling in ESCC. Additionally, inhibition of FGFR and/or Mek signaling represents a potential novel therapeutic option for targeting CSCs in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Maehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Goki Suda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Natsuizaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Natsuizaka clinic, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohnishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshito Komatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masato Nakai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuya Sho
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Morikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koji Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoe Shimazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Megumi Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Asano
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fujimoto
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinya Ohashi
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shingo Kagawa
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kinugasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Seiji Naganuma
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Gastroenterology Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Gastroenterology Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Koji Nakagawa
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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40
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Whelan KA, Merves JF, Giroux V, Tanaka K, Guo A, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Benitez AJ, Dods K, Que J, Masterson JC, Fernando SD, Godwin BC, Klein-Szanto AJ, Chikwava K, Ruchelli ED, Hamilton KE, Muir AB, Wang ML, Furuta GT, Falk GW, Spergel JM, Nakagawa H. Autophagy mediates epithelial cytoprotection in eosinophilic oesophagitis. Gut 2017; 66:1197-1207. [PMID: 26884425 PMCID: PMC4987278 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The influence of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE)-associated inflammation upon oesophageal epithelial biology remains poorly understood. We investigated the functional role of autophagy in oesophageal epithelial cells (keratinocytes) exposed to the inflammatory EoE milieu. DESIGN Functional consequences of genetic or pharmacological autophagy inhibition were assessed in endoscopic oesophageal biopsies, human oesophageal keratinocytes, single cell-derived ex vivo murine oesophageal organoids as well as a murine model recapitulating EoE-like inflammation and basal cell hyperplasia. Gene expression, morphological and functional characterisation of autophagy and oxidative stress were performed by transmission electron microscopy, immunostaining, immunoblotting, live cell imaging and flow cytometry. RESULTS EoE-relevant inflammatory conditions promoted autophagy and basal cell hyperplasia in three independent murine EoE models and oesophageal organoids. Inhibition of autophagic flux via chloroquine treatment augmented basal cell hyperplasia in these model systems. Oesophageal keratinocytes stimulated with EoE-relevant cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-13 exhibited activation of autophagic flux in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner. Autophagy inhibition via chloroquine treatment or depletion of Beclin-1 or ATG-7, augmented oxidative stress induced by EoE-relevant stimuli in murine EoE, oesophageal organoids and human oesophageal keratinocytes. Oesophageal epithelia of paediatric EoE patients with active inflammation displayed increased autophagic vesicle content compared with normal and EoE remission subjects. Functional flow cytometric analysis revealed autophagic flux in human oesophageal biopsies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal for the first time that autophagy may function as a cytoprotective mechanism to maintain epithelial redox balance and homeostasis under EoE inflammation-associated stress, providing mechanistic insights into the role of autophagy in EoE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Whelan
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jamie F. Merves
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Veronique Giroux
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andy Guo
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Prasanna M. Chandramouleeswaran
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alain J. Benitez
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kara Dods
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Center for Human Development and Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joanne C. Masterson
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shahan D. Fernando
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bridget C. Godwin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andres J. Klein-Szanto
- Histopathology Facility and Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Kudakwashe Chikwava
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eduardo D. Ruchelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Hamilton
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mei-Lun Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Glenn T. Furuta
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Gary W. Falk
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Spergel
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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41
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Laronda MM, Rutz AL, Xiao S, Whelan KA, Duncan FE, Roth EW, Woodruff TK, Shah RN. A bioprosthetic ovary created using 3D printed microporous scaffolds restores ovarian function in sterilized mice. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28509899 DOI: 10.1038/ncommsl5261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging additive manufacturing techniques enable investigation of the effects of pore geometry on cell behavior and function. Here, we 3D print microporous hydrogel scaffolds to test how varying pore geometry, accomplished by manipulating the advancing angle between printed layers, affects the survival of ovarian follicles. 30° and 60° scaffolds provide corners that surround follicles on multiple sides while 90° scaffolds have an open porosity that limits follicle-scaffold interaction. As the amount of scaffold interaction increases, follicle spreading is limited and survival increases. Follicle-seeded scaffolds become highly vascularized and ovarian function is fully restored when implanted in surgically sterilized mice. Moreover, pups are born through natural mating and thrive through maternal lactation. These findings present an in vivo functional ovarian implant designed with 3D printing, and indicate that scaffold pore architecture is a critical variable in additively manufactured scaffold design for functional tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Laronda
- Division of Reproductive Biology in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Oncofertility Consortium, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Alexandra L Rutz
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Division of Reproductive Biology in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Oncofertility Consortium, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Division of Reproductive Biology in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Oncofertility Consortium, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Francesca E Duncan
- Division of Reproductive Biology in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Oncofertility Consortium, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Eric W Roth
- Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Teresa K Woodruff
- Division of Reproductive Biology in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Oncofertility Consortium, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Ramille N Shah
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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42
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Laronda MM, Rutz AL, Xiao S, Whelan KA, Duncan FE, Roth EW, Woodruff TK, Shah RN. A bioprosthetic ovary created using 3D printed microporous scaffolds restores ovarian function in sterilized mice. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15261. [PMID: 28509899 PMCID: PMC5440811 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging additive manufacturing techniques enable investigation of the effects of pore geometry on cell behavior and function. Here, we 3D print microporous hydrogel scaffolds to test how varying pore geometry, accomplished by manipulating the advancing angle between printed layers, affects the survival of ovarian follicles. 30° and 60° scaffolds provide corners that surround follicles on multiple sides while 90° scaffolds have an open porosity that limits follicle-scaffold interaction. As the amount of scaffold interaction increases, follicle spreading is limited and survival increases. Follicle-seeded scaffolds become highly vascularized and ovarian function is fully restored when implanted in surgically sterilized mice. Moreover, pups are born through natural mating and thrive through maternal lactation. These findings present an in vivo functional ovarian implant designed with 3D printing, and indicate that scaffold pore architecture is a critical variable in additively manufactured scaffold design for functional tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M. Laronda
- Division of Reproductive Biology in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Oncofertility Consortium, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Alexandra L. Rutz
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Division of Reproductive Biology in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Oncofertility Consortium, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Kelly A. Whelan
- Division of Reproductive Biology in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Oncofertility Consortium, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Francesca E. Duncan
- Division of Reproductive Biology in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Oncofertility Consortium, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Eric W. Roth
- Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Teresa K. Woodruff
- Division of Reproductive Biology in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Oncofertility Consortium, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Ramille N. Shah
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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43
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Giroux V, Lento AA, Islam M, Pitarresi JR, Kharbanda A, Hamilton KE, Whelan KA, Long A, Rhoades B, Tang Q, Nakagawa H, Lengner CJ, Bass AJ, Wileyto EP, Klein-Szanto AJ, Wang TC, Rustgi AK. Long-lived keratin 15+ esophageal progenitor cells contribute to homeostasis and regeneration. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2378-2391. [PMID: 28481227 DOI: 10.1172/jci88941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The esophageal lumen is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium comprised of proliferative basal cells that differentiate while migrating toward the luminal surface and eventually desquamate. Rapid epithelial renewal occurs, but the specific cell of origin that supports this high proliferative demand remains unknown. Herein, we have described a long-lived progenitor cell population in the mouse esophageal epithelium that is characterized by expression of keratin 15 (Krt15). Genetic in vivo lineage tracing revealed that the Krt15 promoter marks a long-lived basal cell population able to self-renew, proliferate, and generate differentiated cells, consistent with a progenitor/stem cell population. Transcriptional profiling demonstrated that Krt15+ basal cells are molecularly distinct from Krt15- basal cells. Depletion of Krt15-derived cells resulted in decreased proliferation, thereby leading to atrophy of the esophageal epithelium. Further, Krt15+ cells were radioresistant and contributed to esophageal epithelial regeneration following radiation-induced injury. These results establish the presence of a long-lived and indispensable Krt15+ progenitor cell population that provides additional perspective on esophageal epithelial biology and the widely prevalent diseases that afflict this epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Giroux
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, and.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley A Lento
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, and.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mirazul Islam
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason R Pitarresi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, and.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Akriti Kharbanda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, and.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, and.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, and.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Apple Long
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, and.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ben Rhoades
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, and.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qiaosi Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, and.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, and.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam J Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - E Paul Wileyto
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andres J Klein-Szanto
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, and.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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44
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Whelan KA, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Tanaka K, Natsuizaka M, Guha M, Srinivasan S, Darling DS, Kita Y, Natsugoe S, Winkler JD, Klein-Szanto AJ, Amaravadi RK, Avadhani NG, Rustgi AK, Nakagawa H. Autophagy supports generation of cells with high CD44 expression via modulation of oxidative stress and Parkin-mediated mitochondrial clearance. Oncogene 2017; 36:4843-4858. [PMID: 28414310 PMCID: PMC5570661 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High CD44 expression is associated with enhanced malignant potential in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), amongst the deadliest of all human carcinomas. Although alterations in autophagy and CD44 expression are associated with poor patient outcomes in various cancer types, the relationship between autophagy and cells with high CD44 expression remains incompletely understood. In transformed esophageal keratinocytes, CD44Low-CD24High (CD44L) cells give rise to CD44High-CD24−/Low (CD44H) cells via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in response to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. We couple patient samples and xenotransplantation studies with this tractable in vitro system of CD44L to CD44H cell conversion to investigate the functional role of autophagy in generation of cells with high CD44 expression. We report that high expression of the autophagy marker cleaved LC3 expression correlates with poor clinical outcome in ESCC. In ESCC xenograft tumors, pharmacological autophagy inhibition with chloroquine derivatives depletes cells with high CD44 expression while promoting oxidative stress. Autophagic flux impairment during EMT-mediated CD44L to CD44H cell conversion in vitro induces mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and cell death. During CD44H cell generation, transformed keratinocytes display evidence of mitophagy, including mitochondrial fragmentation, decreased mitochondrial content and mitochondrial translocation of Parkin, essential in mitophagy. RNA interference-mediated Parkin depletion attenuates CD44H cell generation. These data suggest that autophagy facilitates EMT-mediated CD44H generation via modulation of redox homeostasis and Parkin-dependent mitochondrial clearance. This is the first report to implicate mitophagy in regulation of tumor cells with high CD44 expression, representing a potential novel therapeutic avenue in cancers where EMT and CD44H cells have been implicated, including ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Whelan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - P M Chandramouleeswaran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - K Tanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - M Natsuizaka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - M Guha
- Department of Animal Biology, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - S Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Biology, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - D S Darling
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, and Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA
| | - Y Kita
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - S Natsugoe
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - J D Winkler
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - A J Klein-Szanto
- Histopathology Facility and Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - R K Amaravadi
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA.,Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - N G Avadhani
- Department of Animal Biology, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - A K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - H Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA
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45
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Kong J, Whelan KA, Laczkó D, Dang B, Caro Monroig A, Soroush A, Falcone J, Amaravadi RK, Rustgi AK, Ginsberg GG, Falk GW, Nakagawa H, Lynch JP. Autophagy levels are elevated in barrett's esophagus and promote cell survival from acid and oxidative stress. Mol Carcinog 2016; 55:1526-1541. [PMID: 26373456 PMCID: PMC4794420 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved mechanism that is activated during cellular stress. We hypothesized that autophagy may be induced by acid reflux, which causes injury, and inflammation, and therefore, contributes to the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Currently, the role of autophagy in BE and EAC is poorly studied. We quantitatively define autophagy levels in human BE cell lines, a transgenic mouse model of BE, and human BE, and EAC biopsies. Human non-dysplastic BE had the highest basal number of autophagic vesicles (AVs), while AVs were reduced in normal squamous cells and dysplastic BE cells, and nearly absent in EAC. To demonstrate a functional role for autophagy in BE pathogenesis, normal squamous (STR), non-dysplastic BE (CPA), dysplastic BE (CPD), and EAC (OE19) cell lines were exposed to an acid pulse (pH 3.5) followed by incubation in the presence or absence of chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor. Acid exposure increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in STR and CPA cells. Chloroquine alone had a small impact on intracellular ROS or cell survival. However, combination of chloroquine with the acid pulse resulted in a significant increase in ROS levels at 6 h in STR and CPA cells, and increased cell death in all cell lines. These findings establish increased numbers of AVs in human BE compared to normal squamous or EAC, and suggest that autophagy functions to improve cell survival after acid reflux injury. Autophagy may thus play a critical role in BE pathogenesis and progression. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Kong
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dorottya Laczkó
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brendan Dang
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Angeliz Caro Monroig
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ali Soroush
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Falcone
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, and the Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory G Ginsberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary W Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John P Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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46
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Tanaka K, Whelan KA, Rustgi NL, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Naganuma S, Kagawa S, Natsuizaka M, Kita Y, Natsugoe S, Jianwen Q, Basu D, Klein-Szanto AJ, Bass A, Diehl JA, Nakagawa H. Abstract 2678: Notch1 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor-initiating capability in esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Notch signaling may act as a tumor suppressor during the development of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs); yet, Notch activation promotes tumor growth in a subset of SCC cells. The roles of Notch in the pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain elusive.
Methods: Notch1 activation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were determined in an esophageal epithelium-targeted cell-lineage traceable (K5CreERT2-Rosa26tdTomatolsl) mouse model of ESCC induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO), which was coupled with flow cytometry and single cell-derived ESCC organoid formation assays. Tumor-initiating capability was assessed in xenograft transplantation experiments with TE11 human ESCC cells carrying either Crispr-Cas9-deleted Notch1 loci or tetracycline-inducible expression of the activated form of Notch1 (ICN1). Surgically resected primary tumors and adjacent normal mucosa from ESCC patients (n = 152) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for Notch1 activation and the EMT marker ZEB1.
Results: 4NQO-treated mice developed tdTomato-positive primary and metastatic ESCC tumors with EpCAM-negative ESCC cells displaying traits compatible with EMT. Notch1 activation and ZEB1 expression were co-localized in ESCC cells at the stromal interface, a finding that was further recapitulated in ESCC tumor organoids. Interestingly, Cre-mediated ex vivo Notch1 deletion in a single cell suspension from Notch1loxP/loxP mouse-derived ESCC tumors decreased organoid formation rate. TE11 xenograft tumors appeared to contain a unique ESCC cell fraction containing EpCAM-negative cells, where ICN1 conferred tumorigenicity upon serial transplantation. This population displayed upregulation of Notch1 target genes and the ESCC-lineage survival factor/oncogene SOX2. Moreover, Notch1 deletion in TE11 not only limited tumor formation, but also decreased EMT in culture. A subset of ESCC patients (49/140, 33%) showed ICN1-positive ESCC cells with concurrent ZEB1 expression at the tumor invasive front. The presence of such ESCC cells was associated with poor 5-year survival (P = 0.001), tumor depth (P = 0.01), lymphatic and venous invasion (P = 0.003) and distant metastasis (P = 0.002). Moreover, such ICN1-expressing cells were increased in ESCC patients (7/12, 58%) who received pre-surgical neoadjuvant therapy.
Conclusions: Cell-lineage tracing experiments validate for the first time Notch1 activation and EMT in the 4NQO-induced mouse model of ESCC. Analyses of single cell-derived ESCC tumor organoids, xenograft and primary ESCC tumors reveal that Notch1 activation may be associated with tumor initiating capability, EMT and chemotherapy resistance, implicating Notch1 activation in the pathogenesis of ESCC and potentially other SCCs.
Citation Format: Koji Tanaka, Kelly A. Whelan, Naryan L. Rustgi, Prasanna M. Chandramouleeswaran, Seiji Naganuma, Shingo Kagawa, Mitsuteru Natsuizaka, Yoshiaki Kita, Shoji Natsugoe, Que Jianwen, Devraj Basu, Andres J. Klein-Szanto, Adam Bass, J. Alan Diehl, Hiroshi Nakagawa. Notch1 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor-initiating capability in esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2678.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tanaka
- 1Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kelly A. Whelan
- 1Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Naryan L. Rustgi
- 1Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Seiji Naganuma
- 2Department of Pathology, Kochi University Medical School, Japan
| | - Shingo Kagawa
- 3Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiaki Kita
- 5Department of Digestive Surgery, and Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shoji Natsugoe
- 5Department of Digestive Surgery, and Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Que Jianwen
- 6Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY
| | - Devraj Basu
- 7Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Adam Bass
- 9Division of Cellular and Molecular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - J. Alan Diehl
- 10Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- 1Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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47
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Kim SY, Ebbert K, Cordeiro MH, Romero MM, Whelan KA, Suarez AA, Woodruff TK, Kurita T. Constitutive Activation of PI3K in Oocyte Induces Ovarian Granulosa Cell Tumors. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3851-61. [PMID: 27197196 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions play crucial roles in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, a loss of which often leads to varying diseases, including cancer. Here, we report that uncontrolled PI3K activity within oocytes irreversibly transforms granulosa cells (GC), causing GC tumors (GCT) through perturbed local cell communication. Previously, we reported reproductive phenotypes of transgenic mice, in which expression of constitutively active mutant PI3K was induced in primordial oocytes by Gdf9-iCre. The transgenic mice (Cre(+)) demonstrated severe ovarian phenotypes, including the overgrowth of excess ovarian follicles and anovulation. Surprisingly, the Cre(+) mice became cachectic by postnatal day 80 due to bilateral GCT. Although GCT cells proliferated independently of oocytes, local interactions with mutant PI3K-positive oocytes during early folliculogenesis were essential for the GC transformation. Growing GCT cells expressed high levels of inhibin βA and nuclear SMAD3, and the proliferation rate was positively correlated with a high activin A to inhibin A ratio. These results suggested that the tumor cells stimulated their growth through an activin A autocrine signaling pathway, a hypothesis confirmed by activin A secretion in cultured GCT cells, which proliferated in response. Although communication between the oocyte and surrounding somatic cells is critical for the normal development of ovarian follicles, perturbations in oocyte-GC communication during early folliculogenesis can induce GCT by activating an autocrine growth circuit program in GC. Cancer Res; 76(13); 3851-61. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Youn Kim
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Katherine Ebbert
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marilia H Cordeiro
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Megan M Romero
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Adrian A Suarez
- Department of Pathology, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Teresa K Woodruff
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Takeshi Kurita
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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48
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Tanaka K, Whelan KA, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Kagawa S, Rustgi SL, Noguchi C, Guha M, Srinivasan S, Amanuma Y, Ohashi S, Muto M, Klein-Szanto AJ, Noguchi E, Avadhani NG, Nakagawa H. ALDH2 modulates autophagy flux to regulate acetaldehyde-mediated toxicity thresholds. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:781-96. [PMID: 27186430 PMCID: PMC4859883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A polymorphic mutation in the acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) gene has been epidemiologically linked to the high susceptibility to esophageal carcinogenesis for individuals with alcohol use disorders. Mice subjected to alcohol drinking show increased oxidative stress and DNA adduct formation in esophageal epithelia where Aldh2 loss augments alcohol-induced genotoxic effects; however, it remains elusive as to how esophageal epithelial cells with dysfunctional Aldh2 cope with oxidative stress related to alcohol metabolism. Here, we investigated the role of autophagy in murine esophageal epithelial cells (keratinocytes) exposed to ethanol and acetaldehyde. We find that ethanol and acetaldehyde trigger oxidative stress via mitochondrial superoxide in esophageal keratinocytes. Aldh2-deficient cells appeared to be highly susceptible to ethanol- or acetaldehyde-mediated toxicity. Alcohol dehydrogenase-mediated acetaldehyde production was implicated in ethanol-induced cell injury in Aldh2 deficient cells as ethanol-induced oxidative stress and cell death was partially inhibited by 4-methylpyrazole. Acetaldehyde activated autophagy flux in esophageal keratinocytes where Aldh2 deficiency increased dependence on autophagy to cope with ethanol-induced acetaldehyde-mediated oxidative stress. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy flux by chloroquine stabilized p62/SQSTM1, and increased basal and acetaldehyde-mediate oxidative stress in Aldh2 deficient cells as documented in monolayer culture as well as single-cell derived three-dimensional esophageal organoids, recapitulating a physiological esophageal epithelial proliferation-differentiation gradient. Our innovative approach indicates, for the first time, that autophagy may provide cytoprotection to esophageal epithelial cells responding to oxidative stress that is induced by ethanol and its major metabolite acetaldehyde. Defining autophagymediated cytoprotection against alcohol-induced genotoxicity in the context of Aldh2 deficiency, our study provides mechanistic insights into the tumor suppressor functions of ALDH2 and autophagy in alcohol-related esophageal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tanaka
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Prasanna M Chandramouleeswaran
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shingo Kagawa
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sabrina L Rustgi
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chiaki Noguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Manti Guha
- Department of Animal Biology, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Satish Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Biology, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yusuke Amanuma
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Ohashi
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Muto
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Andres J Klein-Szanto
- Histopathology Facility and Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eishi Noguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Narayan G Avadhani
- Department of Animal Biology, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
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49
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Merves JF, Whelan KA, Benitez AJ, Muir AB, Furuta GT, Wang ML, Falk GW, Spergel JM, Nakagawa H. ATG7 Gene Expression as a Novel Tissue Biomarker in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111:151-3. [PMID: 26785669 PMCID: PMC4725062 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2015.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie F. Merves
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Kelly A. Whelan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Alain J. Benitez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Glenn T. Furuta
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mei-Lun Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Gary W. Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Jonathan M. Spergel
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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50
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Whelan KA, Kinugasa H, Tanaka K, Srinivasan S, Guha M, St. Clair D, Klein-Szanto A, Avadhani N, Diehl A, Rustgi A, Nakagawa H. Abstract 1254: Mitochondrial SOD2 regulates EMT and cancer stem cell-like cell populations. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in cancer cell invasion, metastasis and treatment failure. EMT may promote conversion of a subset of cancer cells defined by low expression of CD44 (CD44L) to those with high expression of CD44 (CD44H), the latter associated with increased malignant properties of cancer cells. Triggered by a variety of stimuli such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, hypoxia and chemoradiation, EMT may be activated in cancer cells via stress-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the tumor microenvironment. Excessive ROS may cause cell death or senescence; however, cells undergoing EMT may require a physiological level of ROS. It remains elusive as to how cellular antioxidant capabilities may influence EMT. Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) is frequently overexpressed in oral and esophageal cancers. Here, we investigated mechanisms of SOD2 transcriptional regulation in EMT as well as the functional role of this antioxidant in EMT. Using well-characterized genetically engineered oral and esophageal human epithelial cell lines coupled with RNA interference (RNAi) and flow cytometric approaches, we find that TGF-β stimulates EMT, resulting in conversion of CD44L to CD44H cells, the latter of which display SOD2 upregulation. SOD2 induction in transformed cells was concurrent with suppression of TGF-β-mediated induction of both ROS and senescence. SOD2 gene expression appeared to be transcriptionally regulated by NF-κB and ZEB2, but not ZEB1. Moreover, SOD2-mediated antioxidant activity may restrict conversion of CD44L cells to CD44H cells at the early stages of EMT. In aggregate, this study provides novel mechanistic insights into the dynamic expression of SOD2 during EMT and delineates a functional role for SOD2 in EMT, influencing distinct CD44L and CD44H subsets of cancer cells that have been implicated in oral and esophageal tumor biology.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting.
Citation Format: Kelly A. Whelan, Hideaki Kinugasa, Koji Tanaka, Satish Srinivasan, Manti Guha, Daret St. Clair, Andres Klein-Szanto, Narayan Avadhani, Alan Diehl, Anil Rustgi, Hiroshi Nakagawa. Mitochondrial SOD2 regulates EMT and cancer stem cell-like cell populations. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1254. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1254
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Koji Tanaka
- 1University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Manti Guha
- 1University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - Alan Diehl
- 4Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Anil Rustgi
- 1University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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