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Zhao C, Zhou X, Shi X. The influence of Nav1.9 channels on intestinal hyperpathia and dysmotility. Channels (Austin) 2023; 17:2212350. [PMID: 37186898 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2023.2212350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Nav1.9 channel is a voltage-gated sodium channel. It plays a vital role in the generation of pain and the formation of neuronal hyperexcitability after inflammation. It is highly expressed in small diameter neurons of dorsal root ganglions and Dogiel II neurons in enteric nervous system. The small diameter neurons in dorsal root ganglions are the primary sensory neurons of pain conduction. Nav1.9 channels also participate in regulating intestinal motility. Functional enhancements of Nav1.9 channels to a certain extent lead to hyperexcitability of small diameter dorsal root ganglion neurons. The hyperexcitability of the neurons can cause visceral hyperalgesia. Intestinofugal afferent neurons and intrinsic primary afferent neurons in enteric nervous system belong to Dogiel type II neurons. Their excitability can also be regulated by Nav1.9 channels. The hyperexcitability of intestinofugal afferent neurons abnormally activate entero-enteric inhibitory reflexes. The hyperexcitability of intrinsic primary afferent neurons disturb peristaltic waves by abnormally activating peristaltic reflexes. This review discusses the role of Nav1.9 channels in intestinal hyperpathia and dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoliu Shi
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Yip JLK, Xavier S, Balasuriya GK, Hill-Yardin EL, Spencer SJ. Macrophage regulation of the "second brain": CD163 intestinal macrophages interact with inhibitory interneurons to regulate colonic motility - evidence from the Cx3cr1-Dtr rat model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269890. [PMID: 37868978 PMCID: PMC10585175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal macrophages are well-studied for their conventional roles in the immune response against pathogens and protecting the gut from chronic inflammation. However, these macrophages may also have additional functional roles in gastrointestinal motility under typical conditions. This is likely to occur via both direct and indirect influences on gastrointestinal motility through interaction with myenteric neurons that contribute to the gut-brain axis, but this mechanism is yet to be properly characterised. The CX3CR1 chemokine receptor is expressed in the majority of intestinal macrophages, so we used a conditional knockout Cx3cr1-Dtr (diphtheria toxin receptor) rat model to transiently ablate these cells. We then utilized ex vivo video imaging to evaluate colonic motility. Our previous studies in brain suggested that Cx3cr1-expressing cells repopulate by 7 days after depletion in this model, so we performed our experiments at both the 48 hr (macrophage depletion) and 7-day (macrophage repopulation) time points. We also investigated whether inhibitory neuronal input driven by nitric oxide from the enteric nervous system is required for the regulation of colonic motility by intestinal macrophages. Our results demonstrated that CD163-positive resident intestinal macrophages are important in regulating colonic motility in the absence of this major inhibitory neuronal input. In addition, we show that intestinal macrophages are indispensable in maintaining a healthy intestinal structure. Our study provides a novel understanding of the interplay between the enteric nervous system and intestinal macrophages in colonic motility. We highlight intestinal macrophages as a potential therapeutic target for gastrointestinal motility disorders when inhibitory neuronal input is suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson L. K. Yip
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Soniya Xavier
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gayathri K. Balasuriya
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Elisa L. Hill-Yardin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah J. Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Abo-Shaban T, Lee CYQ, Hosie S, Balasuriya GK, Mohsenipour M, Johnston LA, Hill-Yardin EL. GutMap: A New Interface for Analysing Regional Motility Patterns in ex vivo Mouse Gastrointestinal Preparations. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4831. [PMID: 37817909 PMCID: PMC10560633 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Different regions of the gastrointestinal tract have specific functions and thus distinct motility patterns. Motility is primarily regulated by the enteric nervous system (ENS), an intrinsic network of neurons located within the gut wall. Under physiological conditions, the ENS is influenced by the central nervous system (CNS). However, by using ex vivo organ bath experiments, ENS regulation of gut motility can also be studied in the absence of CNS influences. The current technique enables the characterisation of small intestinal, caecal, and colonic motility patterns using an ex vivo organ bath and video imaging protocol. This approach is combined with the novel edge detection script GutMap, available in MATLAB, that functions across Windows and Mac platforms. Dissected intestinal segments are cannulated in an organ bath containing physiological saline with a camera mounted overhead. Video recordings of gut contractions are then converted to spatiotemporal heatmaps and analysed using the GutMap software interface. Using data analysed from the heatmaps, parameters of contractile patterns (including contraction propagation frequency and velocity as well as gut diameter) at baseline and in the presence of drugs/treatments/genetic mutations can be compared. Here, we studied motility patterns of female mice at baseline and in the presence of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (Nω-Nitro-L-arginine; NOLA) (nitric oxide being the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of gut motility) to showcase the application of GutMap. This technique is suitable for application to a broad range of animal models of clinical disorders to understand underlying biological pathways contributing to gastrointestinal dysfunction. Key features • Enhanced video imaging analysis of gut contractility in rodents using a novel software interface. • New edge detection algorithm to accurately contour curvatures of the gastrointestinal tract. • Allows for output of high-resolution spatiotemporal heatmaps across Windows and Mac platforms. • Edge detection and analysis method makes motility measurements accessible in different gut regions including the caecum and stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Abo-Shaban
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Chalystha Y. Q. Lee
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzanne Hosie
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Gayathri K. Balasuriya
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mitra Mohsenipour
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Leigh A. Johnston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Melbourne Brain Centre Imaging Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elisa L. Hill-Yardin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Hibberd TJ, Ramsay S, Spencer-Merris P, Dinning PG, Zagorodnyuk VP, Spencer NJ. Circadian rhythms in colonic function. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1239278. [PMID: 37711458 PMCID: PMC10498548 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1239278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A rhythmic expression of clock genes occurs within the cells of multiple organs and tissues throughout the body, termed "peripheral clocks." Peripheral clocks are subject to entrainment by a multitude of factors, many of which are directly or indirectly controlled by the light-entrainable clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Peripheral clocks occur in the gastrointestinal tract, notably the epithelia whose functions include regulation of absorption, permeability, and secretion of hormones; and in the myenteric plexus, which is the intrinsic neural network principally responsible for the coordination of muscular activity in the gut. This review focuses on the physiological circadian variation of major colonic functions and their entraining mechanisms, including colonic motility, absorption, hormone secretion, permeability, and pain signalling. Pathophysiological states such as irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis and their interactions with circadian rhythmicity are also described. Finally, the classic circadian hormone melatonin is discussed, which is expressed in the gut in greater quantities than the pineal gland, and whose exogenous use has been of therapeutic interest in treating colonic pathophysiological states, including those exacerbated by chronic circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stewart Ramsay
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Phil G. Dinning
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Colorectal Surgical Unit, Division of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Nick J. Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Oh HK, Sung TS, Ryoo SB, Park KJ. Regional Differences in Intestinal Contractile Responses to Radial Stretch in the Human Lower Gastrointestinal Tract. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 29:113-121. [PMID: 36437512 PMCID: PMC9837542 DOI: 10.5056/jnm21236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Radial stretch evokes an increase or decrease in contractions in the lower gastrointestinal tract via mechanosensory enteric neurons that project into the muscle layers. We aim to elucidate the differences in stretch reflexes according to their location in the human colon. Methods We used healthy intestinal smooth muscle tissue excised during elective colon cancer surgery. Conventional intracellular recordings from colonic muscle cells and tension recordings of colonic segments were performed. Radial stretch was evoked through balloon catheter inflation. Changes in the membrane potential and frequency, amplitude, and area under the curve of muscle contractions were recorded before and after the radial stretch at proximal and distal segment sites. Results In intracellular circular muscle recordings, hyperpolarization was noted at the distal site of sigmoid colonic segments after radial stretch, in contrast to depolarization at all other sites. In tension recordings at proximal ascending or sigmoid colonic segment sites, contractile activation was observed with statistically significant increases in the frequency, amplitude, and area under the curve after radial stretch. Distal sites of ascending and sigmoid colonic segments showed increase and decrease in contraction, respectively. Conclusion Radial stretch in the human colon (in vitro) evokes excitatory activity at both proximal and distal sites of the ascending colon and at the proximal site of the sigmoid colon, whereas it elicits inhibitory activity at the distal site of the sigmoid colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung-Kwon Oh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Tae Sik Sung
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Bum Ryoo
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Joo Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea,Correspondence: Kyu Joo Park, MD, PhD, Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehangno, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea, Tel: +82-2-2072-2901, Fax: +82-2-766-3975, E-mail:
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Chen W, Liao L, Huang Z, Lu Y, Lin Y, Pei Y, Yi S, Huang C, Cao H, Tan B. Patchouli alcohol improved diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome by regulating excitatory neurotransmission in the myenteric plexus of rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:943119. [PMID: 36452228 PMCID: PMC9703083 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.943119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is usually associated with chronic gastrointestinal disorders. Its most common subtype is accompanied with diarrhea (IBS-D). The enteric nervous system (ENS) modulates major gastrointestinal motility and functions whose aberration may induce IBS-D. The enteric neurons are susceptible to long-term neurotransmitter level alterations. The patchouli alcohol (PA), extracted from Pogostemonis Herba, has been reported to regulate neurotransmitter release in the ENS, while its effectiveness against IBS-D and the underlying mechanism remain unknown. Experimental Approach: In this study, we established an IBS-D model in rats through chronic restraint stress. We administered the rats with 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg of PA for intestinal and visceral examinations. The longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP) neurons were further immunohistochemically stained for quantitative, morphological, and neurotransmitters analyses. Key Results: We found that PA decreased visceral sensitivity, diarrhea symptoms and intestinal transit in the IBS-D rats. Meanwhile, 10 and 20 mg/kg of PA significantly reduced the proportion of excitatory LMMP neurons in the distal colon, decreased the number of acetylcholine (Ach)- and substance P (SP)-positive neurons in the distal colon and restored the levels of Ach and SP in the IBS-D rats. Conclusion and Implications: These findings indicated that PA modulated LMMP excitatory neuron activities, improved intestinal motility and alleviated IBS-induced diarrheal symptoms, suggesting the potential therapeutic efficacy of PA against IBS-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyu Chen
- Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Liao
- Shenzhen Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zitong Huang
- Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Lu
- Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yukang Lin
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicines, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Pei
- Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shulin Yi
- Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongying Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Tan
- Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Yip JLK, Balasuriya GK, Spencer SJ, Hill-Yardin EL. Examining enteric nervous system function in rat and mouse: an interspecies comparison of colonic motility. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G477-G487. [PMID: 36126271 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00175.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility is crucial to gut health and has been associated with different disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases and postoperative ileus. Despite rat and mouse being the two animal models most widely used in gastrointestinal research, minimal studies in rats have investigated gastrointestinal motility. Therefore, our study provides a comparison of colonic motility in the mouse and rat to clarify species differences and assess the relative effectiveness of each animal model for colonic motility research. We describe the protocol modifications and optimization undertaken to enable video imaging of colonic motility in the rat. Apart from the broad difference in terms of gastrointestinal diameter and length, we identified differences in the fundamental histology of the proximal colon such that the rat had larger villus height-to-width and villus height-to-crypt depth ratios compared with mouse. Since gut motility is tightly regulated by the enteric nervous system (ENS), we investigated how colonic contractile activity within each rodent species responds to modulation of the ENS inhibitory neuronal network. Here we used Nω-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to assess proximal colon responses to the stimulatory effect of blocking the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, nitric oxide (NO). In rats, the frequency of proximal colonic contractions increased in the presence of l-NNA (vs. control levels) to a greater extent than in mice. This is despite a similar number of NOS-expressing neurons in the myenteric plexus across species. Given this increase in colonic contraction frequency, the rat represents another relevant animal model for investigating how gastrointestinal motility is regulated by the inhibitory neuronal network of the ENS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mice and rats are widely used in gastrointestinal research but have fundamental differences that make them important as different models for different questions. We found that mice have a higher villi length-to-width and villi length-to-crypt depth ratio than rat in proximal colon. Using the ex vivo video imaging technique, we observed that rat colon has more prominent response to blockade of major inhibitory neurotransmitter (nitric oxide) in myenteric plexus than mouse colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson L K Yip
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gayathri K Balasuriya
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisa L Hill-Yardin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Zifan A, Gandu V, Ledgerwood M, Mittal R. Bolus flow and biomechanical properties of the esophageal wall during primary esophageal peristalsis: Effects of bolus viscosity and posture. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14281. [PMID: 34636107 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies show that intraluminal impedance recordings of the esophagus allow one to measure the luminal distension during peristalsis, an important parameter for calculation of the biomechanical properties of esophageal wall. The goal was to determine the effect of subject posture and bolus viscosity on the biomechanical properties of esophageal wall, and the rate of bolus flow along the length of the esophagus during primary peristalsis. METHODS High-resolution manometry impedance recordings were obtained in 14 normal healthy subjects. Swallows of 10 ml saline and viscous bolus were recorded in the supine and Trendelenburg positions. User identified the region of interest, and a custom-designed software extracted parameters of interest such as bolus flow rate, esophageal wall tension, and esophageal wall distensibility in four equal segments of the esophagus. KEY RESULTS Bolus flow rate decreases along the length of the esophagus, being slowest in the distal esophagus. Bolus flow rate is smaller in the Trendelenburg position and with viscous bolus as compared with supine position and saline bolus. Esophageal wall tension is greater in the Trendelenburg position and with viscous bolus as compared with the supine position and saline bolus. The esophageal wall distensibility is larger in the distal as compared with proximal esophagus, which is true for both the saline and viscous bolus. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES We report, for the first time, bolus flow rate and biomechanical properties of the esophageal wall during swallow-induced primary peristalsis. Future studies may investigate biomechanical basis of esophageal motility disorders using the methodology described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zifan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Vignesh Gandu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Melissa Ledgerwood
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ravinder Mittal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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Feng J, Hibberd TJ, Luo J, Yang P, Xie Z, Travis L, Spencer NJ, Hu H. Modification of Neurogenic Colonic Motor Behaviours by Chemogenetic Ablation of Calretinin Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:799717. [PMID: 35317196 PMCID: PMC8934436 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.799717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
How the enteric nervous system determines the pacing and propagation direction of neurogenic contractions along the colon remains largely unknown. We used a chemogenetic strategy to ablate enteric neurons expressing calretinin (CAL). Mice expressing human diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) in CAL neurons were generated by crossing CAL-ires-Cre mice with Cre-dependent ROSA26-DTR mice. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed treatment with diphtheria toxin incurred a 42% reduction in counts of Hu-expressing colonic myenteric neurons (P = 0.036), and 57% loss of CAL neurons (comprising ∼25% of all Hu neurons; P = 0.004) compared to control. As proportions of Hu-expressing neurons, CAL neurons that contained nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were relatively spared (control: 15 ± 2%, CAL-DTR: 13 ± 1%; P = 0.145), while calretinin neurons lacking NOS were significantly reduced (control: 26 ± 2%, CAL-DTR: 18 ± 5%; P = 0.010). Colonic length and pellet sizes were significantly reduced without overt inflammation or changes in ganglionic density. Interestingly, colonic motor complexes (CMCs) persisted with increased frequency (mid-colon interval 111 ± 19 vs. 189 ± 24 s, CAL-DTR vs. control, respectively, P < 0.001), decreased contraction size (mid-colon AUC 26 ± 24 vs. 59 ± 13 gram/seconds, CAL-DTR vs. control, respectively, P < 0.001), and lacked preferential anterograde migration (P < 0.001). The functional effects of modest calretinin neuron ablation, particularly increased neurogenic motor activity frequencies, differ from models that incur general enteric neuron loss, and suggest calretinin neurons may contribute to pacing, force, and polarity of CMCs in the large bowel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Feng
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Neurological and Psychiatric Research and Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tim J. Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jialie Luo
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Pu Yang
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Zili Xie
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Lee Travis
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nick J. Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Nick J. Spencer,
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Hongzhen Hu,
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Spencer NJ, Costa M. Rhythmicity in the Enteric Nervous System of Mice. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1383:295-306. [PMID: 36587167 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05843-1_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is required for many cyclical patterns of motor activity along different regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. What has remained mysterious is precisely how many thousands of neurons within the ENS are temporally activated to generate cyclical neurogenic contractions of GI-smooth muscle layers. This has been an especially puzzling conundrum, since the ENS consists of an extensive network of small ganglia, with each ganglion consisting of a heterogeneous population of neurons, with diverse cell soma morphologies, neurochemical and biophysical characteristics, and neural connectivity. Neuronal imaging studies of the mouse large intestine have provided major new insights into how the different classes of myenteric neurons are activated during cyclical neurogenic motor patterns, such as the colonic motor complex (CMC). It has been revealed that during CMCs (in the isolated mouse whole colon), large populations of myenteric neurons, across large spatial fields, coordinate their firing, via bursts of fast synaptic inputs at ~2 Hz. This coordinated firing of many thousands of myenteric neurons synchronously over many rows of interconnected ganglia occurs irrespective of the functional class of neuron. Aborally directed propulsion of content along the mouse colon is due, in large part, to polarity of the enteric circuits including the projections of the intrinsic excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons but still involves the fundamental ~2 Hz rhythmic activity of specific classes of enteric neurons. What remains to be determined are the mechanisms that initiate and terminate the patterned firing of large ensembles of enteric neurons during cyclic activity. This remains an exciting challenge for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J Spencer
- Visceral Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.
| | - Marcello Costa
- Visceral Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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Costa M, Wiklendt L, Hibberd T, Dinning P, Spencer NJ, Brookes S. Analysis of Intestinal Movements with Spatiotemporal Maps: Beyond Anatomy and Physiology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1383:271-294. [PMID: 36587166 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05843-1_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Over 150 years ago, methods for quantitative analysis of gastrointestinal motor patterns first appeared. Graphic representations of physiological variables were recorded with the kymograph after the mid-1800s. Changes in force or length of intestinal muscles could be quantified, however most recordings were limited to a single point along the digestive tract.In parallel, photography and cinematography with X-Rays visualised changes in intestinal shape, but were hard to quantify. More recently, the ability to record physiological events at many sites along the gut in combination with computer processing allowed construction of spatiotemporal maps. These included diameter maps (DMaps), constructed from video recordings of intestinal movements and pressure maps (PMaps), constructed using data from high-resolution manometry catheters. Combining different kinds of spatiotemporal maps revealed additional details about gut wall status, including compliance, which relates forces to changes in length. Plotting compliance values along the intestine enabled combined DPMaps to be constructed, which can distinguish active contractions and relaxations from passive changes. From combinations of spatiotemporal maps, it is possible to deduce the role of enteric circuits and pacemaker cells in the generation of complex motor patterns. Development and application of spatiotemporal methods to normal and abnormal motor patterns in animals and humans is ongoing, with further technical improvements arising from their combination with impedance manometry, magnetic resonance imaging, electrophysiology, and ultrasonography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Costa
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.
| | - Luke Wiklendt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Tim Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Phil Dinning
- Department of Gastroenterology and Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Simon Brookes
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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12
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Howard MJ. Refining Enteric Neural Circuitry by Quantitative Morphology and Function in Mice. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1383:213-219. [PMID: 36587160 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05843-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RNA-Seq, electrophysiology and optogenetics in mouse models are used to assess function, identify disease related genes and model enteric neural circuits. Lacking a comprehensive quantitative description of the murine colonic enteric nervous system (ENS) makes it difficult to most effectively use mouse data to better understand ENS function or for development of therapeutic approaches for human motility disorders. Our goal was to provide a quantitative description of mouse colon to establish the extent to which mouse colon architecture, connectivity and function is a useful surrogate for human and other mammalian ENS. Using GCaMP imaging coupled with pharmacology and quantitative confocal and 3D image reconstruction, we present quantitative and functional data demonstrating that regional structural changes and variable distribution of neurons define neural circuit dynamics and functional connectivity responsible for colonic motor patterns and regional functional differences. Our results advance utility of multispecies and gut region-specific data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe J Howard
- University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA.
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13
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Barth BB, Spencer NJ, Grill WM. Activation of ENS Circuits in Mouse Colon: Coordination in the Mouse Colonic Motor Complex as a Robust, Distributed Control System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1383:113-123. [PMID: 36587151 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05843-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic motor patterns of the colon are coordinated by the enteric nervous system (ENS) and involve enterochromaffin (EC) cells, enteric glia, smooth muscle fibers, and interstitial cells. While the fundamental control mechanisms of colonic motor patterns are understood, greater complexity in the circuitry underlying motor patterns has been revealed by recent advances in the field. We review these recent advances and new findings from our laboratories that provide insights into how the ENS coordinates motor patterns in the isolated mouse colon. We contextualize these observations by describing the neuromuscular system underling the colonic motor complex (CMC) as a robust, distributed control system. Framing the colonic motor complex as a control system reveals a new perspective on the coordinated motor patterns in the colon. We test the control system by applying electrical stimulation in the isolated mouse colon to disrupt the coordination and propagation of the colonic motor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley B Barth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Warren M Grill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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14
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Cai W, Makwana R, Straface M, Gharibans A, Andrews PLR, Sanger GJ. Evidence for tetrodotoxin-resistant spontaneous myogenic contractions of mouse isolated stomach that are dependent on acetylcholine. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1187-1200. [PMID: 34519057 PMCID: PMC9297954 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Gastric pacemaker cells, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), are believed to initiate myogenic (non‐neuronal) contractions. These become damaged in gastroparesis, associated with dysrhythmic electrical activity and nausea. We utilised mouse isolated stomach to model myogenic contractions and investigate their origin and actions of interstitial cells of Cajal modulators. Experimental Approach Intraluminal pressure was recorded following distension with a physiological volume; tone, contraction amplitude and frequency were quantified. Compounds were bath applied. Key Results The stomach exhibited regular large amplitude contractions (median amplitude 9.0 [4.7–14.8] cmH2O, frequency 2.9 [2.5–3.4] c.p.m; n = 20), appearing to progress aborally. Tetrodotoxin (TTX, 10−6 M) had no effect on tone, frequency or amplitude but blocked responses to nerve stimulation. ω‐conotoxin GVIA (10−7 M) ± TTX was without effect on baseline motility. In the presence of TTX, (1) atropine (10−10–10−6 M) reduced contraction amplitude and frequency in a concentration‐related manner (pIC50 7.5 ± 0.3 M for amplitude), (2) CaCC channel (previously ANO1) inhibitors MONNA and CaCCinh‐A01 reduced contraction amplitude (significant at 10−5, 10−4 M respectively) and frequency (significant at 10−5 M), and (3), neostigmine (10−5 M) evoked a large, variable, increase in contraction amplitude, reduced by atropine (10−8–10−6 M) but unaffected (exploratory study) by the H1 receptor antagonist mepyramine (10−6 M). Conclusions and Implications The distended mouse stomach exhibited myogenic contractions, resistant to blockade of neural activity by TTX. In the presence of TTX, these contractions were prevented or reduced by compounds blocking interstitial cells of Cajal activity or by atropine and enhanced by neostigmine (antagonised by atropine), suggesting involvement of non‐neuronal ACh in their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Cai
- Blizard Institute and the National Centre for Bowel Research, Barts The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Raj Makwana
- Blizard Institute and the National Centre for Bowel Research, Barts The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marilisa Straface
- Blizard Institute and the National Centre for Bowel Research, Barts The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Armen Gharibans
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul L R Andrews
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Gareth J Sanger
- Blizard Institute and the National Centre for Bowel Research, Barts The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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15
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Nakamori H, Noda K, Mitsui R, Hashitani H. Role of enteric dopaminergic neurons in regulating peristalsis of rat proximal colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14127. [PMID: 33939231 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constipation is commonly seen in patients with Parkinson's disease associated with a loss of dopaminergic neurons in both central and enteric nervous systems. However, the roles of enteric dopaminergic neurons in developing constipation remain to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the roles of enteric dopaminergic neurons in the generation of colonic peristalsis. METHODS Cannulated segments of rat proximal colon were situated in the organ bath, abluminally perfused with physiological salt solution and luminally perfused with 0.9% saline. Drugs were applied in the abluminal solution. Changes in diameter along the length of the colonic segment were captured by a video camera and transformed into spatio-temporal maps. Fluorescence immunohistochemistry was also carried out. KEY RESULTS Blockade of nitrergic neurotransmission prevented oro-aboral propagation of peristaltic waves and caused a colonic constriction without affecting ripples, non-propagating myogenic contractions. Blockade of cholinergic neurotransmission also prevented peristaltic waves but suppressed ripples with a colonic dilatation. Tetrodotoxin (0.6 μM) abolished peristaltic waves and increased ripples with a constriction. SCH 23390 (20 μM), a D1 -like dopamine receptor antagonist, slowed the peristaltic waves and caused a constriction, while GBR 12909 (1 μM), a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, diminished the peristaltic waves with a dilatation. Bath-applied dopamine (3 μM) abolished the peristaltic waves associated with a colonic dilation in an SCH 23390 (5 μM)-sensitive manner. D1 receptor immunoreactivity was co-localized to nitrergic and cholinergic neurons. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Dopaminergic neurons appear to facilitate nitrergic neurons via D1 -like receptors to stabilize asynchronous contractile activity resulting in the generation of colonic peristalsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nakamori
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenta Noda
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Retsu Mitsui
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hikaru Hashitani
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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16
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Costa M, Keightley LJ, Hibberd TJ, Wiklendt L, Dinning PG, Brookes SJ, Spencer NJ. Motor patterns in the proximal and distal mouse colon which underlie formation and propulsion of feces. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14098. [PMID: 33586835 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In herbivores, the proximal and distal colonic regions feature distinct motor patterns underlying formation and propulsion of fecal pellets, respectively. Omnivores, such as mice and humans, lack a similar clear anatomical transition between colonic regions. We investigated whether distinct processes form and propel content along the large intestine of a mouse (an omnivore). METHODS We recorded propulsive and non-propulsive neurogenic motor activity in mouse large intestine under six different stimulus conditions of varying viscosities. Gut wall movements were recorded by video and smooth muscle electrical behavior recorded with extracellular suction electrodes. KEY RESULTS Three major neurally mediated motor patterns contributed to pellet formation and propulsion. (1) Pellet-shaped boluses are pinched off near the ceco-colonic junction and slowly propelled distally to a transition located at 40% length along the colon. (2) At this functional colonic flexure, propulsion speed is significantly increased by self-sustaining neural peristalsis. Speed transition at this location also occurs with artificial pellets and with spontaneously formed boluses in the empty colon. (3) Periodic colonic motor complexes (CMCs) were present in all conditions reaching a maximal frequency of about 0.4 cpm and extending across the proximal and distal colon with faster speed of propagation. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES The three motor patterns share a unique underlying fundamental property of the enteric circuits, which involve extended ensembles of enteric neurons firing at close to 2 Hz. The demonstration of distinct functional differences between proximal and distal colon in rabbit, guinea pig, and now mouse raises the possibility that this may be an organizational principle in other mammalian species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Costa
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Discipline of Human Physiology Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lauren J Keightley
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Discipline of Human Physiology Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Timothy J Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Discipline of Human Physiology Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lukasz Wiklendt
- Discipline of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Phil G Dinning
- Discipline of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Simon J Brookes
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Discipline of Human Physiology Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Discipline of Human Physiology Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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17
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Costa M, Keightley LJ, Hibberd TJ, Wiklendt L, Smolilo DJ, Dinning PG, Brookes SJ, Spencer NJ. Characterization of alternating neurogenic motor patterns in mouse colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14047. [PMID: 33252184 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonic motor complexes (CMCs) have been widely recorded in the large intestine of vertebrates. We have investigated whether in the smooth muscle, a single unified pattern of electrical activity, or different patterns of electrical activity give rise to the different neurogenic patterns of motility underlying CMCs in vitro. METHODS To study differences of the CMCs between proximal and distal colon, we used a novel combination of techniques to simultaneously record muscle diameter and force at multiple sites along the whole mouse colon ex vivo. In addition, electrical activity of smooth muscle was recorded by suction electrodes. KEY RESULTS Two distinct types of CMCs were distinguished; CMCs that propagated along the entire colon (complete CMC) and CMCs which were restricted to the proximal colon (incomplete CMC). The two types of CMC often occurred in the same preparations. Incomplete CMCs had longer bursts of smooth muscle action potentials than complete CMCs and propagated more slowly. Interestingly, both types of CMC were associated with similar frequency bursts of smooth muscle action potentials at ~2.4 Hz. In the most proximal colon, an additional firing frequency was detected close to ~7 Hz generating multiple peaks within each CMC. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES We report distinct characteristics underlying complete and incomplete CMCs in isolated mouse colon. Recognizing these distinct patterns of motility will be important for future interpretation of analysis of murine colonic motility recordings. The identification of alternating patterns of motor activity in proximal colon, but not distal colon may reflect specific neural mechanisms for fecal pellet formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Costa
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lauren J Keightley
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Timothy J Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lukasz Wiklendt
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David J Smolilo
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Phil G Dinning
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Simon J Brookes
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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18
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Joshi V, Strege PR, Farrugia G, Beyder A. Mechanotransduction in gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells: role of mechanosensitive ion channels. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G897-G906. [PMID: 33729004 PMCID: PMC8202201 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00481.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensation, the ability to properly sense mechanical stimuli and transduce them into physiologic responses, is an essential determinant of gastrointestinal (GI) function. Abnormalities in this process result in highly prevalent GI functional and motility disorders. In the GI tract, several cell types sense mechanical forces and transduce them into electrical signals, which elicit specific cellular responses. Some mechanosensitive cells like sensory neurons act as specialized mechanosensitive cells that detect forces and transduce signals into tissue-level physiological reactions. Nonspecialized mechanosensitive cells like smooth muscle cells (SMCs) adjust their function in response to forces. Mechanosensitive cells use various mechanoreceptors and mechanotransducers. Mechanoreceptors detect and convert force into electrical and biochemical signals, and mechanotransducers amplify and direct mechanoreceptor responses. Mechanoreceptors and mechanotransducers include ion channels, specialized cytoskeletal proteins, cell junction molecules, and G protein-coupled receptors. SMCs are particularly important due to their role as final effectors for motor function. Myogenic reflex-the ability of smooth muscle to contract in response to stretch rapidly-is a critical smooth muscle function. Such rapid mechanotransduction responses rely on mechano-gated and mechanosensitive ion channels, which alter their ion pores' opening in response to force, allowing fast electrical and Ca2+ responses. Although GI SMCs express a variety of such ion channels, their identities remain unknown. Recent advancements in electrophysiological, genetic, in vivo imaging, and multi-omic technologies broaden our understanding of how SMC mechano-gated and mechanosensitive ion channels regulate GI functions. This review discusses GI SMC mechanosensitivity's current developments with a particular emphasis on mechano-gated and mechanosensitive ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Joshi
- 1Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Peter R. Strege
- 1Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- 1Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,2Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Arthur Beyder
- 1Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,2Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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19
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Jones BS, Keightley LJ, Harris JO, Wiklendt L, Spencer NJ, Dinning PG. Identification of neurogenic intestinal motility patterns in silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) that persist over wide temperature ranges. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14037. [PMID: 33340207 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish are increasingly being utilized as a model species for genetic manipulation studies related to gastrointestinal (GI) motility. Our aim was to identify whether patterns of GI motility in fish and the mechanisms underlying their generation are similar to those recorded from mammals (including humans). METHODS The entire intestine was removed from euthanized adult Silver Perch (n = 11) and lesioned at the midway point to obtain two equal lengths. Proximal and distal segments were studied separately in organ baths with oxygenated Krebs solution, maintained at either 15°C (n = 5) or 25°C (n = 6). Motility was analyzed during rest, after oral infusion of Krebs solution, and after application of hexamethonium (100 µM) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) (0.6 µM). KEY RESULTS Antegrade and retrograde propagating contractions (PC) were recorded in all preparations. In the proximal intestine, at 15 and 25°C, retrograde PCs occurred at 2.7 [1.7-4.5] and 3.1 [1.6-6.5] times the frequency of antegrade PCs, respectively. Colder temperatures did not inhibit PC frequency. Hexamethonium did not inhibit PC, and however, TTX abolished all contractile activity. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Both neurogenic antegrade and retrograde propagating contractions occur throughout the intestine of Silver Perch. However, unlike the mammalian colon, these motor patterns do not require enteric nicotinic transmission and they are not inhibited by cold temperatures (15°C). Therefore, while the GI motility patterns in Silver Perch resemble those recorded from the colon of mammals, there may be differences in the mechanisms that underlying their generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Jones
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lauren J Keightley
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - James O Harris
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lukasz Wiklendt
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Phil G Dinning
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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20
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Wiklendt L, Costa M, Scott MS, Brookes SJH, Dinning PG. Automated Analysis Using a Bayesian Functional Mixed-Effects Model With Gaussian Process Responses for Wavelet Spectra of Spatiotemporal Colonic Manometry Signals. Front Physiol 2021; 11:605066. [PMID: 33643057 PMCID: PMC7905106 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.605066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Manual analysis of human high-resolution colonic manometry data is time consuming, non-standardized and subject to laboratory bias. In this article we present a technique for spectral analysis and statistical inference of quasiperiodic spatiotemporal signals recorded during colonic manometry procedures. Spectral analysis is achieved by computing the continuous wavelet transform and cross-wavelet transform of these signals. Statistical inference is achieved by modeling the resulting time-averaged amplitudes in the frequency and frequency-phase domains as Gaussian processes over a regular grid, under the influence of categorical and numerical predictors specified by the experimental design as a functional mixed-effects model. Parameters of the model are inferred with Hamiltonian Monte Carlo. Using this method, we re-analyzed our previously published colonic manometry data, comparing healthy controls and patients with slow transit constipation. The output from our automated method, supports and adds to our previous manual analysis. To obtain these results took less than two days. In comparison the manual analysis took 5 weeks. The proposed mixed-effects model approach described here can also be used to gain an appreciation of cyclical activity in individual subjects during control periods and in response to any form of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Wiklendt
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Marcello Costa
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Mark S. Scott
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. H. Brookes
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Phil G. Dinning
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Discipline of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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21
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Spencer NJ, Costa M, Hibberd TJ, Wood JD. Advances in colonic motor complexes in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G12-G29. [PMID: 33085903 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00317.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The primary functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are to absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes that are essential for life. This is accompanied by the capability of the GI tract to mix ingested content to maximize absorption and effectively excrete waste material. There have been major advances in understanding intrinsic neural mechanisms involved in GI motility. This review highlights major advances over the past few decades in our understanding of colonic motor complexes (CMCs), the major intrinsic neural patterns that control GI motility. CMCs are generated by rhythmic coordinated firing of large populations of myenteric neurons. Initially, it was thought that serotonin release from the mucosa was required for CMC generation. However, careful experiments have now shown that neither the mucosa nor endogenous serotonin are required, although, evidence suggests enteroendocrine (EC) cells modulate CMCs. The frequency and extent of propagation of CMCs are highly dependent on mechanical stimuli (circumferential stretch). In summary, the isolated mouse colon emerges as a good model to investigate intrinsic mechanisms underlying colonic motility and provides an excellent preparation to explore potential therapeutic agents on colonic motility, in a highly controlled in vitro environment. In addition, during CMCs, the mouse colon facilitates investigations into the emergence of dynamic assemblies of extensive neural networks, applicable to the nervous system of different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Spencer
- Visceral Neurophysiology Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - M Costa
- Visceral Neurophysiology Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - T J Hibberd
- Visceral Neurophysiology Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - J D Wood
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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22
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York NW, Parker H, Xie Z, Tyus D, Waheed MA, Yan Z, Grange DK, Remedi MS, England SK, Hu H, Nichols CG. Kir6.1- and SUR2-dependent KATP over-activity disrupts intestinal motility in murine models of Cantu Syndrome. JCI Insight 2020; 5:141443. [PMID: 33170808 PMCID: PMC7714409 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cantύ Syndrome (CS), caused by gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in pore-forming (Kir6.1, KCNJ8) and accessory (SUR2, ABCC9) ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel subunit genes, is frequently accompanied by gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility, and we describe one CS patient who required an implanted intestinal irrigation system for successful stooling. We used gene-modified mice to assess the underlying KATP channel subunits in gut smooth muscle, and to model the consequences of altered KATP channels in CS gut. We show that Kir6.1/SUR2 subunits underlie smooth muscle KATP channels throughout the small intestine and colon. Knock-in mice, carrying human KCNJ8 and ABCC9 CS mutations in the endogenous loci, exhibit reduced intrinsic contractility throughout the intestine, resulting in death when weaned onto solid food in the most severely affected animals. Death is avoided by weaning onto a liquid gel diet, implicating intestinal insufficiency and bowel impaction as the underlying cause, and GI transit is normalized by treatment with the KATP inhibitor glibenclamide. We thus define the molecular basis of intestinal KATP channel activity, the mechanism by which overactivity results in GI insufficiency, and a viable approach to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel W York
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Helen Parker
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Zili Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - David Tyus
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Maham A Waheed
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Zihan Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Dorothy K Grange
- Divison of Clinical Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Maria S Remedi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Sarah K England
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
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23
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Fung C, Vanden Berghe P. Functional circuits and signal processing in the enteric nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4505-4522. [PMID: 32424438 PMCID: PMC7599184 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is an extensive network comprising millions of neurons and glial cells contained within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The major functions of the ENS that have been most studied include the regulation of local gut motility, secretion, and blood flow. Other areas that have been gaining increased attention include its interaction with the immune system, with the gut microbiota and its involvement in the gut-brain axis, and neuro-epithelial interactions. Thus, the enteric circuitry plays a central role in intestinal homeostasis, and this becomes particularly evident when there are faults in its wiring such as in neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we first focus on the current knowledge on the cellular composition of enteric circuits. We then further discuss how enteric circuits detect and process external information, how these signals may be modulated by physiological and pathophysiological factors, and finally, how outputs are generated for integrated gut function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Fung
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Mohd RR, Heitmann P, Raghu K, Hibbard TJ, Costa M, Wiklendt L, Wattchow DA, Arkwright J, de Fontgalland D, Brookes S, Spencer NJ, Dinning P. Distinct patterns of myogenic motor activity identified in isolated human distal colon with high-resolution manometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13871. [PMID: 32374068 PMCID: PMC7529858 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonic high-resolution manometry (HRM) has been used to reveal discrete, propagating colonic motor patterns. To help determine mechanisms underlying these patterns, we used HRM to record contractile activity in human distal colon ex vivo. METHODS Surgically excised segments of descending (n = 30) or sigmoid colon (n = 4) were immersed in oxygenated Krebs solution at 36°C (n = 34; 16 female; 67.6 ± 12.4 years; length: 24.7 ± 3.5 cm). Contractility was recorded by HRM catheters. After 30 minutes of baseline recording, 0.3 mM lidocaine and/or 1 mM hexamethonium were applied. Ascending neural pathways were activated by electrical field stimulation (EFS; 10 Hz, 0.5 ms, 50 V, 5-s duration) applied to the anal end before and after drug application. RESULTS Spontaneous propagating contractions were recorded in all specimens (0.1-1.5 cycles/minute). Most contractions occurred synchronously across all recording sites. In five specimens, rhythmic antegrade contractions propagated across the full length of the preparation. EFS evoked local contractions at the site of stimulation (latency: 5.5 ± 2.4 seconds) with greater amplitude than spontaneous contractions (EFS; 29.3 ± 26.9 vs 12.1 ± 14.8 mm Hg; P = .02). Synchronous or retrograde propagating motor patterns followed EFS; 71% spanned the entire preparation length. Hexamethonium and lidocaine modestly and only temporarily inhibited spontaneous contractions, whereas TTX increased the frequency of contractile activity while inhibiting EFS-evoked contractions. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Our study suggests that the propagated contractions recorded in the organ bath have a myogenic origin which can be regulated by neural input. Once activated at a local site, the contractions do not require the propulsion of fecal content to sustain long-distance propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosli R Mohd
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University
| | - P.T Heitmann
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University,Discipline of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia
| | - K Raghu
- Discipline of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia
| | - T. J. Hibbard
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University
| | - M Costa
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University
| | - L Wiklendt
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University
| | - D. A Wattchow
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University,Discipline of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia
| | - J Arkwright
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University. Adelaide, Australia
| | - D de Fontgalland
- Discipline of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia
| | - S.J.H Brookes
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University
| | - N. J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University
| | - P.G Dinning
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University,Discipline of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia
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25
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Enteric nervous system: sensory transduction, neural circuits and gastrointestinal motility. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:338-351. [PMID: 32152479 PMCID: PMC7474470 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the only internal organ to have evolved with its own independent nervous system, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS). This Review provides an update on advances that have been made in our understanding of how neurons within the ENS coordinate sensory and motor functions. Understanding this function is critical for determining how deficits in neurogenic motor patterns arise. Knowledge of how distension or chemical stimulation of the bowel evokes sensory responses in the ENS and central nervous system have progressed, including critical elements that underlie the mechanotransduction of distension-evoked colonic peristalsis. Contrary to original thought, evidence suggests that mucosal serotonin is not required for peristalsis or colonic migrating motor complexes, although it can modulate their characteristics. Chemosensory stimuli applied to the lumen can release substances from enteroendocrine cells, which could subsequently modulate ENS activity. Advances have been made in optogenetic technologies, such that specific neurochemical classes of enteric neurons can be stimulated. A major focus of this Review will be the latest advances in our understanding of how intrinsic sensory neurons in the ENS detect and respond to sensory stimuli and how these mechanisms differ from extrinsic sensory nerve endings in the gut that underlie the gut-brain axis.
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26
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Tan W, Lee G, Chen JH, Huizinga JD. Relationships Between Distention-, Butyrate- and Pellet-Induced Stimulation of Peristalsis in the Mouse Colon. Front Physiol 2020; 11:109. [PMID: 32132933 PMCID: PMC7040375 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Luminal factors such as short-chain fatty acids are increasingly recognized for playing a regulatory role in peristaltic activity. Our objective was to understand the roles of butyrate and propionate in regulating peristaltic activity in relation to distention-induced activities. Methods Butyrate and propionate were perfused intraluminally under varying intraluminal pressures in murine colons bathed in Krebs solution. We used video recording and spatiotemporal maps to examine peristalsis induced by the intrinsic rhythmic colonic motor complex (CMC) as well as pellet-induced peristaltic reflex movements. Results The CMC showed several configurations at different levels of excitation, culminating in long distance contractions (LDCs) which possess a triangular shape in murine colon spatiotemporal maps. Butyrate increased the frequency of CMCs but was a much weaker stimulus than distention and only contributed to significant changes under low distention. Propionate inhibited CMCs by decreasing either their amplitudes or frequencies, but only in low distention conditions. Butyrate did not consistently counteract propionate-induced inhibition likely due to the multiple and distinct mechanisms of action for these signaling molecules in the lumen. Pellet movement occurred through ongoing CMCs as well as pellet induced peristaltic reflex movements and butyrate augmented both types of peristaltic motor patterns to decrease the amount of time required to expel each pellet. Conclusions Butyrate is effective in promoting peristalsis, but only when the level of colonic activity is low such as under conditions of low intraluminal pressure. This suggests that it may play a significant role in patients with poor fiber intake, where there is low mechanical stimulation in the lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Grace Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ji-Hong Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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27
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Qi D, Shi W, Black AR, Kuss MA, Pang X, He Y, Liu B, Duan B. Repair and regeneration of small intestine: A review of current engineering approaches. Biomaterials 2020; 240:119832. [PMID: 32113114 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The small intestine (SI) is difficult to regenerate or reconstruct due to its complex structure and functions. Recent developments in stem cell research, advanced engineering technologies, and regenerative medicine strategies bring new hope of solving clinical problems of the SI. This review will first summarize the structure, function, development, cell types, and matrix components of the SI. Then, the major cell sources for SI regeneration are introduced, and state-of-the-art biofabrication technologies for generating engineered SI tissues or models are overviewed. Furthermore, in vitro models and in vivo transplantation, based on intestinal organoids and tissue engineering, are highlighted. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are discussed to help direct future applications for SI repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianjun Qi
- Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wen Shi
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mitchell A Kuss
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xining Pang
- Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Department of Academician Expert Workstation and Liaoning Province Human Amniotic Membrane Dressings Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Engineering Research Center, Shenyang Amnion Biological Engineering Technology Research and Development Center Co., Ltd, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yini He
- Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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28
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Costa M, Hibberd TJ, Keightley LJ, Wiklendt L, Arkwright JW, Dinning PG, Brookes SJH, Spencer NJ. Neural motor complexes propagate continuously along the full length of mouse small intestine and colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G99-G108. [PMID: 31709829 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00185.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cyclical propagating waves of muscle contraction have been recorded in isolated small intestine or colon, referred to here as motor complexes (MCs). Small intestinal and colonic MCs are neurogenic, occur at similar frequencies, and propagate orally or aborally. Whether they can be coordinated between the different gut regions is unclear. Motor behavior of whole length mouse intestines, from duodenum to terminal rectum, was recorded by intraluminal multisensor catheter. Small intestinal MCs were recorded in 27/30 preparations, and colonic MCs were recorded in all preparations (n = 30) with similar frequencies (0.54 ± 0.03 and 0.58 ± 0.02 counts/min, respectively). MCs propagated across the ileo-colonic junction in 10/30 preparations, forming "full intestine" MCs. The cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine increased the probability of a full intestine MC but had no significant effect on frequency, speed, or direction. Nitric oxide synthesis blockade by Nω-nitro-l-arginine, after physostigmine, increased MC frequency in small intestine only. Hyoscine-resistant MCs were recorded in the colon but not small intestine (n = 5). All MCs were abolished by hexamethonium (n = 18) or tetrodotoxin (n = 2). The enteric neural mechanism required for motor complexes is present along the full length of both the small and large intestine. In some cases, colonic MCs can be initiated in the distal colon and propagate through the ileo-colonic junction, all the way to duodenum. In conclusion, the ileo-colonic junction provides functional neural continuity for propagating motor activity that originates in the small or large intestine.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intraluminal manometric recordings revealed motor complexes can propagate antegradely or retrogradely across the ileo-colonic junction, spanning the entire small and large intestines. The fundamental enteric neural mechanism(s) underlying cyclic motor complexes exists throughout the length of the small and large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Costa
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy James Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lauren J Keightley
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lukasz Wiklendt
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John W Arkwright
- Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Philip G Dinning
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology and Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Simon J H Brookes
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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29
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Kubota K, Mase A, Matsushima H, Fujitsuka N, Yamamoto M, Morine Y, Taketomi A, Kono T, Shimada M. Daikenchuto, a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, promotes colonic transit by inducing a propulsive movement pattern. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13689. [PMID: 31374154 PMCID: PMC6852043 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The traditional Japanese herbal medicine, daikenchuto (DKT), has been used to treat constipation and postoperative ileus. However, the precise mechanisms involved in the pharmacological effects of DKT remain uncertain. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of DKT on motor patterns and transit activity in the isolated rat colon. METHODS The entire colon or segments of the proximal colon in rats were isolated and placed in Krebs solution. The motility of the colon was evaluated by analyzing spatiotemporal maps of diameter derived from video imaging and measuring the intraluminal pressure in the anal end of the proximal colon, and the transit time of a plastic bead through the entire isolated colon. KEY RESULTS Several types of propagating contractions were observed in the isolated entire colon. When DKT was added to Krebs solution, the frequency of large-extent anal propagating contractions increased. DKT treatment increased the intraluminal pressure in the isolated proximal colon, which was related to the propagating contractions. This effect was abolished by treatment with the neural blocker tetrodotoxin. These findings suggest DKT induced peristaltic contractions in the isolated colon. DKT accelerated colonic transit activity, which was related to peristaltic contractions induction in the colon. These effects were also observed in the colons treated with bethanechol and the active ingredient of DKT, hydroxy-α-sanshool. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Daikenchuto could enhance colonic transit activity by inducing peristaltic contractions, which may be mediated by the activation of the enteric nervous system in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunitsugu Kubota
- Tsumura Kampo Research LaboratoriesTsumura & Co.IbarakiJapan,Department of Digestive Surgery and TransplantationTokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushimaJapan
| | - Akihito Mase
- Tsumura Kampo Research LaboratoriesTsumura & Co.IbarakiJapan
| | | | - Naoki Fujitsuka
- Tsumura Kampo Research LaboratoriesTsumura & Co.IbarakiJapan
| | | | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Digestive Surgery and TransplantationTokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushimaJapan
| | - Akinobu Taketomi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery IHokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Toru Kono
- Department of Digestive Surgery and TransplantationTokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushimaJapan,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery IHokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineSapporoJapan,Center for Clinical and Biomedical ResearchSapporo Higashi Tokushukai HospitalSapporoJapan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Digestive Surgery and TransplantationTokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushimaJapan
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30
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Dalziel JE, Peters JS, Dunstan KE, McKenzie CM, Spencer NJ, Haggarty NW, Roy NC. Alteration in propagating colonic contractions by dairy proteins in isolated rat large intestine. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9598-9604. [PMID: 31521365 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal conditions in which the transit of contents is altered may benefit from nutritional approaches to influencing health outcomes. Milk proteins modulate the transit of contents along different regions, suggesting that they have varying effects on neuromuscular function to alter gastrointestinal motility. We tested the hypothesis that bovine whey and casein milk protein hydrolysates could have direct modulatory effects on colonic motility patterns in isolated rat large intestine. Casein protein hydrolysate (CPH), whey protein concentrate (WPC), whey protein hydrolysate (WPH), and a milk protein hydrolysate (MPH; a hydrolyzed blend of 60% whey to 40% casein) were compared for their effects on spontaneous contractile waves. These contractions propagate along the length of the isolated intact large intestine (22 cm) between the proximal colon and rectum and were detected by measuring activity at 4 locations. Milk proteins were perfused through the tissue bath, and differences in contraction amplitude and frequency were quantified relative to pretreatment controls. Propagation frequency was decreased by CPH, increased by MPH, and unaffected by intact whey proteins. The reduced motility with CPH and increased motility with MPH indicate a direct action of these milk proteins on colon tissue and provide evidence for differential modulation by hydrolysate type. These findings mirror actions on lower gastrointestinal transit reported in vivo, with the exception of WPH, suggesting that other factors are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Dalziel
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, AgResearch, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - J S Peters
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, AgResearch, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - K E Dunstan
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, AgResearch, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - C M McKenzie
- Bioinformatics and Statistics, AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - N J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, School of Medicine, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - N W Haggarty
- Fonterra Co-Operative Group, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - N C Roy
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, AgResearch, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand; High-Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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31
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Corsetti M, Costa M, Bassotti G, Bharucha AE, Borrelli O, Dinning P, Di Lorenzo C, Huizinga JD, Jimenez M, Rao S, Spiller R, Spencer NJ, Lentle R, Pannemans J, Thys A, Benninga M, Tack J. First translational consensus on terminology and definitions of colonic motility in animals and humans studied by manometric and other techniques. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:559-579. [PMID: 31296967 PMCID: PMC7136172 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in colonic motility are implicated in the pathophysiology of bowel disorders, but high-resolution manometry of human colonic motor function has revealed that our knowledge of normal motor patterns is limited. Furthermore, various terminologies and definitions have been used to describe colonic motor patterns in children, adults and animals. An example is the distinction between the high-amplitude propagating contractions in humans and giant contractions in animals. Harmonized terminology and definitions are required that are applicable to the study of colonic motility performed by basic scientists and clinicians, as well as adult and paediatric gastroenterologists. As clinical studies increasingly require adequate animal models to develop and test new therapies, there is a need for rational use of terminology to describe those motor patterns that are equivalent between animals and humans. This Consensus Statement provides the first harmonized interpretation of commonly used terminology to describe colonic motor function and delineates possible similarities between motor patterns observed in animal models and humans in vitro (ex vivo) and in vivo. The consolidated terminology can be an impetus for new research that will considerably improve our understanding of colonic motor function and will facilitate the development and testing of new therapies for colonic motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Corsetti
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marcello Costa
- Human Physiology and Centre of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gabrio Bassotti
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Adil E Bharucha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Osvaldo Borrelli
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, UK
| | - Phil Dinning
- Human Physiology and Centre of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Carlo Di Lorenzo
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcel Jimenez
- Department of Cell Physiology, Physiology and Immunology and Neuroscience Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Satish Rao
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Robin Spiller
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nick J Spencer
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Roger Lentle
- Digestive Biomechanics Group, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jasper Pannemans
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Thys
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marc Benninga
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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32
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Mosińska P, Martín-Ruiz M, González A, López-Miranda V, Herradón E, Uranga JA, Vera G, Sánchez-Yáñez A, Martín-Fontelles MI, Fichna J, Abalo R. Changes in the diet composition of fatty acids and fiber affect the lower gastrointestinal motility but have no impact on cardiovascular parameters: In vivo and in vitro studies. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13651. [PMID: 31145538 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food and diet are central issues for proper functioning of the cardiovascular (CV) system and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We hypothesize that different types of dietary FAs affect CV parameters as well as GI motor function and visceral sensitivity. METHODS Male Wistar rats were fed with control diet (CTRL), diet supplemented with 7% soybean oil (SOY), SOY + 3.5% virgin coconut oil (COCO), and SOY + 3.5% evening primrose oil (EP) for 4 weeks. The content of insoluble fiber in CTRL was higher than in SOY, COCO, or EP. Body weight gain and food/water intake were measured. At day 28, biometric, biochemical, CV parameters, GI motor function (X-ray and colon bead expulsion test), and visceral sensitivity were evaluated. Changes in propulsive colonic activity were determined in vitro. The colon and adipose tissue were histologically studied; the number of mast cells (MCs) in the colon was calculated. RESULTS SOY, COCO, and EP had increased body weight gain but decreased food intake vs CTRL. Water consumption, biometric, biochemical, and CV parameters were comparable between groups. SOY increased the sensitivity to colonic distention. All groups maintained regular propulsive neurogenic contractions; EP delayed colonic motility (P < 0.01). SOY, COCO, and EP displayed decreased size of the cecum, lower number and size of fecal pellets, and higher infiltration of MCs to the colon (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Dietary FAs supplementation and lower intake of insoluble fiber can induce changes in the motility of the lower GI tract, in vivo and in vitro, but CV function and visceral sensitivity are not generally affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mosińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Martín-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio González
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Visitación López-Miranda
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Medica (IQM) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Esperanza Herradón
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Medica (IQM) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - José A Uranga
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Gema Vera
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Medica (IQM) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Adrián Sánchez-Yáñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Mª Isabel Martín-Fontelles
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Medica (IQM) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Medica (IQM) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
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DiCello JJ, Saito A, Rajasekhar P, Sebastian BW, McQuade RM, Gondin AB, Veldhuis NA, Canals M, Carbone SE, Poole DP. Agonist-dependent development of delta opioid receptor tolerance in the colon. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3033-3050. [PMID: 30904952 PMCID: PMC11105391 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of opioid analgesics is severely limited due to the development of intractable constipation, mediated through activation of mu opioid receptors (MOR) expressed by enteric neurons. The related delta opioid receptor (DOR) is an emerging therapeutic target for chronic pain, depression and anxiety. Whether DOR agonists also promote sustained inhibition of colonic transit is unknown. This study examined acute and chronic tolerance to SNC80 and ARM390, which were full and partial DOR agonists in neural pathways controlling colonic motility, respectively. Excitatory pathways developed acute and chronic tolerance to SNC80, whereas only chronic tolerance developed in inhibitory pathways. Both pathways remained functional after acute or chronic ARM390 exposure. Propagating colonic motor patterns were significantly reduced after acute or chronic SNC80 treatment, but not by ARM390 pre-treatment. These findings demonstrate that SNC80 has a prolonged inhibitory effect on propagating colonic motility. ARM390 had no effect on motor patterns and thus may have fewer gastrointestinal side-effects.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/physiology
- Drug Tolerance
- Electric Stimulation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J DiCello
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Ayame Saito
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pradeep Rajasekhar
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin W Sebastian
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Rachel M McQuade
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Arisbel B Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Veldhuis
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simona E Carbone
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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34
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Beck K, Voussen B, Reigl A, Vincent AD, Parsons SP, Huizinga JD, Friebe A. Cell-specific effects of nitric oxide on the efficiency and frequency of long distance contractions in murine colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13589. [PMID: 30947401 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) mediates inhibitory neurotransmission and is a critical component of neuronal programs that generate propulsive contractions. NO acts via its receptor NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC) which is expressed in smooth muscle cells (SMC) and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Organ bath studies with colonic rings from NO-GC knockout mice (GCKO) have indicated NO-GC to modulate spontaneous contractions. The cell-specific effects of NO-GC on the dominant pan-colonic propulsive contraction, the long distance contractions (LDCs), of whole colon preparations have not yet been described. METHODS Contractions of whole colon preparations from wild type (WT), global, and cell-specific GCKO were recorded. After transformation into spatiotemporal maps, motility patterns were analyzed. Simultaneous perfusion of the colon enabled the correlation of outflow with LDCs to analyze contraction efficiency. KEY RESULTS Deletion of NO-GC in both ICC and SMC (ie, in GCKO and SMC/ICC-GCKO) caused loss of typical LDC activity and instead generated high-frequency LDC-like contractions with inefficient propulsive activity. Frequency was also increased in WT, SMC-GCKO, and ICC-GCKO colon in the presence of L-NAME to block neuronal NO synthase. LDC efficiency was dependent on NO-GC in SMC as it was reduced in GCKO, SMC-GCKO, and ICC/SMC-GCKO colon; LDC efficiency was decreased in all genotypes in the presence of L-NAME. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES NO/cGMP signaling is critical for normal peristaltic movements; as NO-GC in both SMC and ICC is essential, both cell types appear to work in synchrony. The efficiency of contractions to expel fluid is particularly influenced by NO-GC in SMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Beck
- Physiologisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Voussen
- Physiologisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Amelie Reigl
- Physiologisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander D Vincent
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean P Parsons
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andreas Friebe
- Physiologisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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35
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Díaz-Ruano S, López-Pérez AE, Girón R, Pérez-García I, Martín-Fontelles MI, Abalo R. Fluoroscopic Characterization of Colonic Dysmotility Associated to Opioid and Cannabinoid Agonists in Conscious Rats. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 25:300-315. [PMID: 30870877 PMCID: PMC6474695 DOI: 10.5056/jnm18202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Gastrointestinal adverse effects have a major impact on health and quality of life in analgesics users. Non-invasive methods to study gastrointestinal motility are of high interest. Fluoroscopy has been previously used to study gastrointestinal motility in small experimental animals, but they were generally anesthetized and anesthesia itself may alter motility. In this study, our aim is to determine, in conscious rats, the effect of increasing doses of 2 opioid (morphine and loperamide) and 1 cannabinoid (WIN 55,212-2) agonists on colonic motility using fluoroscopic recordings and spatio-temporal maps. Methods Male Wistar rats received barium sulfate intragastrically, 20–22 hours before fluoroscopy, so that stained fecal pellets could be seen at the time of recording. Animals received an intraperitoneal administration of morphine, loperamide, or WIN 55,212-2 (at 0.1, 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg) or their corresponding vehicles (saline, Cremophor, and Tocrisolve, respectively), 30 minutes before fluoroscopy. Rats were conscious and placed within movement-restrainers for the length of fluoroscopic recordings (120 seconds). Spatio-temporal maps were built, and different parameters were analyzed from the fluoroscopic recordings in a blinded fashion to evaluate colonic propulsion of endogenous fecal pellets. Results The analgesic drugs inhibited propulsion of endogenous fecal pellets in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions Fluoroscopy allows studying colonic propulsion of endogenous fecal pellets in conscious rats. Our method may be applied to the noninvasive study of the effect of different drug treatments and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Díaz-Ruano
- Unidad de Dolor, Servicio de Anestesiología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana E López-Pérez
- Unidad de Dolor, Servicio de Anestesiología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Girón
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica, IQM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Pérez-García
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María I Martín-Fontelles
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica, IQM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica, IQM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Madrid, Spain
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36
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Li Z, Hao MM, Van den Haute C, Baekelandt V, Boesmans W, Vanden Berghe P. Regional complexity in enteric neuron wiring reflects diversity of motility patterns in the mouse large intestine. eLife 2019; 8:42914. [PMID: 30747710 PMCID: PMC6391068 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system controls a variety of gastrointestinal functions including intestinal motility. The minimal neuronal circuit necessary to direct peristalsis is well-characterized but several intestinal regions display also other motility patterns for which the underlying circuits and connectivity schemes that coordinate the transition between those patterns are poorly understood. We investigated whether in regions with a richer palette of motility patterns, the underlying nerve circuits reflect this complexity. Using Ca2+ imaging, we determined the location and response fingerprint of large populations of enteric neurons upon focal network stimulation. Complemented by neuronal tracing and volumetric reconstructions of synaptic contacts, this shows that the multifunctional proximal colon requires specific additional circuit components as compared to the distal colon, where peristalsis is the predominant motility pattern. Our study reveals that motility control is hard-wired in the enteric neural networks and that circuit complexity matches the motor pattern portfolio of specific intestinal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Li
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlene M Hao
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Werend Boesmans
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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37
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Costa M, Keightley LJ, Wiklendt L, Hibberd TJ, Arkwright JW, Omari T, Wattchow DA, Brookes SJH, Dinning PG, Spencer NJ. Identification of multiple distinct neurogenic motor patterns that can occur simultaneously in the guinea pig distal colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G32-G44. [PMID: 30335474 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00256.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the guinea pig distal colon, nonpropulsive neurally mediated motor patterns have been observed in different experimental conditions. Isolated segments of guinea pig distal colon were used to investigate these neural mechanisms by simultaneously recording wall motion, intraluminal pressure, and smooth muscle electrical activity in different conditions of constant distension and in response to pharmacological agents. Three distinct neurally dependent motor patterns were identified: transient neural events (TNEs), cyclic motor complexes (CMC), and distal colon migrating motor complexes (DCMMC). These could occur simultaneously and were distinguished by their electrophysiological, mechanical, and pharmacological features. TNEs occurred at irregular intervals of ~3s, with bursts of action potentials at 9 Hz. They propagated orally at 12 cm/s via assemblies of ascending cholinergic interneurons that activated final excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons, apparently without involvement of stretch-sensitive intrinsic primary afferent neurons. CMCs occurred during maintained distension and consisted of clusters of closely spaced TNEs, which fused to cause high-frequency action potential firing at 7 Hz lasting ~10 s. They generated periodic pressure peaks mediated by stretch-sensitive intrinsic primary afferent neurons and by cholinergic interneurons. DCMMCs were generated by ongoing activity in excitatory motor neurons without apparent involvement of stretch-sensitive neurons, cholinergic interneurons, or inhibitory motor neurons. In conclusion, we have identified three distinct motor patterns that can occur concurrently in the isolated guinea pig distal colon. The mechanisms underlying the generation of these neural patterns likely involve recruitment of different populations of enteric neurons with distinct temporal activation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Costa
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Lauren J Keightley
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Lukasz Wiklendt
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Timothy J Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
| | - John W Arkwright
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Taher Omari
- Discipline of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre , Adelaide , Australia
| | - David A Wattchow
- Discipline of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Simon J H Brookes
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Phil G Dinning
- Discipline of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
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38
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Lu C, Huang X, Lu HL, Liu SH, Zang JY, Li YJ, Chen J, Xu WX. Different distributions of interstitial cells of Cajal and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α positive cells in colonic smooth muscle cell/interstitial cell of Cajal/platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α positive cell syncytium in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4989-5004. [PMID: 30510374 PMCID: PMC6262248 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i44.4989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the distribution and function of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α positive (PDGFRα+) cells in the proximal and distal colon.
METHODS The comparison of colonic transit in the proximal and distal ends was performed by colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs). The tension of the colonic smooth muscle was examined by smooth muscle spontaneous contractile experiments with both ends of the smooth muscle strip tied with a silk thread. Intracellular recordings were used to assess electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced inhibitory junction potentials (IJP) on the colonic smooth muscle. Western blot analysis was used to examine the expression levels of ICCs and PDGFRα in the colonic smooth muscle.
RESULTS Treatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) significantly increased the CMMC frequency and spontaneous contractions, especially in the proximal colon, while treatment with MRS2500 increased only distal CMMC activity and smooth muscle contractions. Both CMMCs and spontaneous contractions were markedly inhibited by NPPB, especially in the proximal colon. Accordingly, CyPPA sharply inhibited the distal contraction of both CMMCs and spontaneous contractions. Additionally, the amplitude of stimulation-induced nitric oxide (NO)/ICC-dependent slow IJPs (sIJPs) by intracellular recordings from the smooth muscles in the proximal colon was larger than that in the distal colon, while the amplitude of electric field stimulation-induced purinergic/PDGFRα-dependent fast IJPs (fIJPs) in the distal colon was larger than that in the proximal colon. Consistently, protein expression levels of c-Kit and anoctamin-1 (ANO1) in the proximal colon were much higher, while protein expression levels of PDGFRα and small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3 (SK3) in the distal colon were much higher.
CONCLUSION The ICCs are mainly distributed in the proximal colon and there are more PDGFRα+ cells are in the distal colon, which generates a pressure gradient between the two ends of the colon to propel the feces to the anus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lu
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xu Huang
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong-Li Lu
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shao-Hua Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201112, China
| | - Jing-Yu Zang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu-Jia Li
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wen-Xie Xu
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
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39
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Chen JH, Parsons SP, Shokrollahi M, Wan A, Vincent AD, Yuan Y, Pervez M, Chen WL, Xue M, Zhang KK, Eshtiaghi A, Armstrong D, Bercik P, Moayyedi P, Greenwald E, Ratcliffe EM, Huizinga JD. Characterization of Simultaneous Pressure Waves as Biomarkers for Colonic Motility Assessed by High-Resolution Colonic Manometry. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1248. [PMID: 30294277 PMCID: PMC6159752 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous pressure waves (SPWs) in manometry recordings of the human colon have been associated with gas expulsion. Our hypothesis was that the SPW might be a critical component of most colonic motor functions, and hence might act as a biomarker for healthy colon motility. To that end, we performed high-resolution colonic manometry (HRCM), for the first time using an 84-sensor (1 cm spaced) water-perfused catheter, in 17 healthy volunteers. Intraluminal pressure patterns were recorded during baseline, proximal and rectal balloon distention, after a meal and following proximal and rectal luminal bisacodyl administration. Quantification was performed using software, based on Image J, developed during this study. Gas expulsion was always associated with SPWs, furthermore, SPWs were associated with water or balloon expulsion. SPWs were prominently emerging at the termination of proximal high amplitude propagating pressure waves (HAPWs); we termed this motor pattern HAPW-SPWs; hence, SPWs were often not a pan-colonic event. SPWs and HAPW-SPWs were observed at baseline with SPW amplitudes of 12.0 ± 8.5 mmHg and 20.2 ± 7.2 mmHg respectively. The SPW occurrence and amplitude significantly increased in response to meal, balloon distention and luminal bisacodyl, associated with 50.3% anal sphincter relaxation at baseline, which significantly increased to 59.0% after a meal, and 69.1% after bisacodyl. Often, full relaxation was achieved. The SPWs associated with gas expulsion had a significantly higher amplitude compared to SPWs without gas expulsion. SPWs could be seen to consist of clusters of high frequency pressure waves, likely associated with a cluster of fast propagating, circular muscle contractions. SPWs were occasionally observed in a highly rhythmic pattern at 1.8 ± 1.2 cycles/min. Unlike HAPWs, the SPWs did not obliterate haustral boundaries thereby explaining how gas can be expelled while solid content can remain restrained by the haustral boundaries. In conclusion, the SPW may become a biomarker for normal gas transit, the gastrocolonic reflex and extrinsic neural reflexes. The SPW assessment reveals coordination of activities in the colon, rectum and anal sphincters. SPWs may become of diagnostic value in patients with colonic dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hong Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sean P Parsons
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mitra Shokrollahi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Wan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander D Vincent
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yuhong Yuan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Maham Pervez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Wu Lan Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mai Xue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kailai K Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Arshia Eshtiaghi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Armstrong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Premsyl Bercik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Moayyedi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Eric Greenwald
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Elyanne M Ratcliffe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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40
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Ganz J, Baker RP, Hamilton MK, Melancon E, Diba P, Eisen JS, Parthasarathy R. Image velocimetry and spectral analysis enable quantitative characterization of larval zebrafish gut motility. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13351. [PMID: 29722095 PMCID: PMC6150784 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal gut function requires rhythmic and coordinated movements that are affected by developmental processes, physical and chemical stimuli, and many debilitating diseases. The imaging and characterization of gut motility, especially regarding periodic, propagative contractions driving material transport, are therefore critical goals. Previous image analysis approaches have successfully extracted properties related to the temporal frequency of motility modes, but robust measures of contraction magnitude, especially from in vivo image data, remain challenging to obtain. METHODS We developed a new image analysis method based on image velocimetry and spectral analysis that reveals temporal characteristics such as frequency and wave propagation speed, while also providing quantitative measures of the amplitude of gut motion. KEY RESULTS We validate this approach using several challenges to larval zebrafish, imaged with differential interference contrast microscopy. Both acetylcholine exposure and feeding increase frequency and amplitude of motility. Larvae lacking enteric nervous system gut innervation show the same average motility frequency, but reduced and less variable amplitude compared to wild types. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our image analysis approach enables insights into gut dynamics in a wide variety of developmental and physiological contexts and can also be extended to analyze other types of cell movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ganz
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Ryan P. Baker
- Department of Physics, 1274 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | | | - Ellie Melancon
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Parham Diba
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Judith S. Eisen
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403,Corresponding authors (JSE, ; RP, )
| | - Raghuveer Parthasarathy
- Department of Physics, 1274 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403,Corresponding authors (JSE, ; RP, )
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41
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Lentle RG, Hulls CM. Quantifying Patterns of Smooth Muscle Motility in the Gut and Other Organs With New Techniques of Video Spatiotemporal Mapping. Front Physiol 2018; 9:338. [PMID: 29686624 PMCID: PMC5900429 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The uses and limitations of the various techniques of video spatiotemporal mapping based on change in diameter (D-type ST maps), change in longitudinal strain rate (L-type ST maps), change in area strain rate (A-type ST maps), and change in luminous intensity of reflected light (I-maps) are described, along with their use in quantifying motility of the wall of hollow structures of smooth muscle such as the gut. Hence ST-methods for determining the size, speed of propagation and frequency of contraction in the wall of gut compartments of differing geometric configurations are discussed. We also discuss the shortcomings and problems that are inherent in the various methods and the use of techniques to avoid or minimize them. This discussion includes, the inability of D-type ST maps to indicate the site of a contraction that does not reduce the diameter of a gut segment, the manipulation of axis [the line of interest (LOI)] of L-maps to determine the true axis of propagation of a contraction, problems with anterior curvature of gut segments and the use of adjunct image analysis techniques that enhance particular features of the maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Lentle
- Physiology Department, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Corrin M Hulls
- Physiology Department, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Abstract
PURPOSE Variations in the caliber of human large intestinal tract causes changes in pressure and the velocity of its contents, depending on flow volume, gravity, and density, which are all variables of Bernoulli's principle. Therefore, it was hypothesized that constipation and diarrhea can occur due to changes in the colonic transit time (CTT), according to Bernoulli's principle. In addition, it was hypothesized that high amplitude peristaltic contractions (HAPC), which are considered to be involved in defecation in healthy subjects, occur because of cecum pressure based on Bernoulli's principle. METHODS A virtual healthy model (VHM), a virtual constipation model and a virtual diarrhea model were set up. For each model, the CTT was decided according to the length of each part of the colon, and then calculating the velocity due to the cecum inflow volume. In the VHM, the pressure change was calculated, then its consistency with HAPC was verified. RESULTS The CTT changed according to the difference between the cecum inflow volume and the caliber of the intestinal tract, and was inversely proportional to the cecum inflow volume. Compared with VHM, the CTT was prolonged in the virtual constipation model, and shortened in the virtual diarrhea model. The calculated pressure of the VHM and the gradient of the interlocked graph were similar to that of HAPC. CONCLUSION The CTT and HAPC can be explained by Bernoulli's principle, and constipation and diarrhea may be fundamentally influenced by flow dynamics.
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43
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Naganuma S, Shiina T, Yasuda S, Suzuki Y, Shimizu Y. Histamine-enhanced contractile responses of gastric smooth muscle via interstitial cells of Cajal in the Syrian hamster. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13255. [PMID: 29159902 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric motility is controlled by the autonomic and enteric nervous systems and by interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs). Although histamine is known to be released from enterochromaffin-like cells in the gastric mucosa, its regulatory roles in gastric motility are still controversial. Therefore, we investigated the functional roles of histamine in gastric motility. METHODS Stomach preparations from hamsters were used because the stomach of hamsters can be easily separated into the forestomach and the glandular stomach. A whole preparation of the stomach was mounted in a Magnus tube, and mechanical responses were recorded using a force transducer. KEY RESULTS Exogenous application of histamine had little effect on contractile activity of the glandular stomach. In contrast, the monoamine evoked regular, periodic contractions in the forestomach. An H1 receptor agonist reproduced the contractile responses and an H1 receptor antagonist blocked histamine-evoked contractions. Atropine and tetrodotoxin did not affect the histamine-evoked contractions. Pretreatment with drugs that inhibit the activity of ICCs abolished the effects of histamine. CONCLUSION & INFERENCES The findings suggest that histamine regulates gastric motility by acting on ICCs via H1 receptors in the hamster. The remarkable ability of histamine to induce rhythmic contractions would be useful for treatment of gastric dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Naganuma
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - T Shiina
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - S Yasuda
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Y Suzuki
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Y Shimizu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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44
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Hibberd TJ, Costa M, Travis L, Brookes SJH, Wattchow DA, Feng J, Hu H, Spencer NJ. Neurogenic and myogenic patterns of electrical activity in isolated intact mouse colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29:1-12. [PMID: 28418103 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relatively little is known about the electrical rhythmicity of the whole colon, where long neural pathways are preserved. METHODS Smooth muscle electrical activity was recorded extracellularly from the serosa of isolated flat-sheet preparations consisting of the whole mouse colon (n=31). KEY RESULTS Two distinct electrical patterns were observed. The first, long intense spike bursts, occurred every 349±256 seconds (0.2±0.2 cpm), firing action potentials for 31±11 seconds at 2.1±0.5 Hz. They were hexamethonium- and tetrodotoxin-sensitive, but persisted in nicardipine as 2 Hz electrical oscillations lacking action potentials. This pattern is called here neurogenic spike bursts. The second pattern, short spike bursts, occurred about every 30 seconds (2.0±0.6 cpm), with action potentials firing at about 1 Hz for 9 seconds (1.0±0.2 Hz, 9±4 seconds). Short spike bursts were hexamethonium- and tetrodotoxin-resistant but nicardipine-sensitive and thus called here myogenic spike bursts. Neurogenic spike bursts transiently delayed myogenic spike bursts, while blocking neurogenic activity enhanced myogenic spike burst durations. External stimuli significantly affected neurogenic but not myogenic spike bursts. Aboral electrical or mechanical stimuli evoked premature neurogenic spike bursts. Circumferential stretch significantly decreased intervals between neurogenic spike bursts. Lesioning the colon down to 10 mm segments significantly increased intervals or abolished neurogenic spike bursts, while myogenic spike bursts persisted. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Distinct neurogenic and myogenic electrical patterns were recorded from mouse colonic muscularis externa. Neurogenic spike bursts likely correlate with neurogenic colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMC) and are highly sensitive to mechanical stimuli. Myogenic spike bursts may correspond to slow myogenic contractions, whose duration can be modulated by enteric neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Hibberd
- Discipline of Human Physiology & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M Costa
- Discipline of Human Physiology & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - L Travis
- Discipline of Human Physiology & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - S J H Brookes
- Discipline of Human Physiology & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - D A Wattchow
- Discipline of Surgery & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - J Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - H Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - N J Spencer
- Discipline of Human Physiology & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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45
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Every-Palmer S, Lentle RG, Reynolds G, Hulls C, Chambers P, Dunn H, Ellis PM. Spatiotemporal Mapping Techniques Show Clozapine Impairs Neurogenic and Myogenic Patterns of Activity in the Colon of the Rabbit in a Dose-Dependent Manner. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:209. [PMID: 28484390 PMCID: PMC5401895 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Clozapine, an antipsychotic used in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, has adverse gastrointestinal effects with significant associated morbidity and mortality. However, its effects on defined patterns of colonic contractile activity have not been assessed. Method: We used novel radial and longitudinal spatiotemporal mapping techniques, combined with and monitoring of ambient lumen pressure, in ex vivo preparations of triply and of singly haustrated portions of rabbit colon. We identified the contractile patterns of mass peristalses, fast phasic, and ripple contractions and directly qualified the effects of clozapine, at concentrations of 10 μmol/L, 20 μmol/L, and 30 μmol/L, and of norclozapine, the main metabolite of clozapine, on contractile patterns. The effects of carbachol, serotonin and naloxone on clozapine-exposed preparations were also determined. Tetradotoxin was used to distinguish neurogenic from myogenic contractions. Results: At 10 μmol/L, clozapine temporarily abolished the longitudinal contractile components of mass peristalsis, which on return were significantly reduced in number and amplitude, as was maximal mass peristaltic pressure. These effects were reversed by carbachol (1 μmol/L) and to some extent by serotonin (15 μmol/L). At 10 μmol/L, myogenic ripple contractions were not affected. At 20 μmol/L, clozapine had a similar but more marked effect on mass peristalses with both longitudinal and radial components and corresponding maximal pressure greatly reduced. At 30 μmol/L, clozapine suppressed the radial and longitudinal components of mass peristalses for over 30 min, as well as ripple contractions. Similar dose-related effects were observed on addition of clozapine to the mid colon. At 20 μmol/L, norclozapine had opposite effects to those of clozapine, causing an increase in the frequency of mass peristalsis with slight increases in basal tone. These slightly augmented contractions were abolished on addition of clozapine. Concentrations of norclozapine below 20 μmol/L had no discernible effects. Conclusion: Clozapine, but not norclozapine, has potent effects on the motility of the rabbit colon, inhibiting neurogenic contractions at lower concentrations and myogenic contractions at higher concentrations. This is the likely mechanism for the serious and life-threatening gastrointestinal complications seen in human clozapine-users. These effects appear to be mediated by cholinergic and serotonergic mechanisms. Spatiotemporal mapping is useful in directly assessing the effects of pharmaceuticals on particular patterns of gastrointestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Every-Palmer
- Te Korowai Whāriki Central Regional Forensic Service, Capital and Coast District Health BoardWellington, New Zealand.,Department of Psychological Medicine, University of OtagoWellington, New Zealand
| | - Roger G Lentle
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey UniversityPalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Gordon Reynolds
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey UniversityPalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Corrin Hulls
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey UniversityPalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul Chambers
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey UniversityPalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Helen Dunn
- Pharmacy Department, Capital and Coast District Health BoardWellington South, New Zealand
| | - Pete M Ellis
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of OtagoWellington, New Zealand
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46
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Dalziel JE, Anderson RC, Peters JS, Lynch AT, Spencer NJ, Dekker J, Roy NC. Promotility Action of the Probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 Extract Compared with Prucalopride in Isolated Rat Large Intestine. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:20. [PMID: 28184185 PMCID: PMC5266733 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention is increasingly being focussed on probiotics as potential agents to restore or improve gastrointestinal (GI) transit. Determining mechanism of action would support robust health claims. The probiotic bacterium Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 reduces transit time, but its mechanisms of action and effects on motility patterns are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in GI motility induced by an extract of HN019 on distinct patterns of colonic motility in isolated rat large intestine, compared with a known promotility modulator, prucalopride. The large intestines from male Sprague Dawley rats (3–6 months) were perfused with Kreb's buffer at 37°C in an oxygenated tissue bath. Isometric force transducers recorded changes in circular muscle activity at four independent locations assessing contractile propagation between the proximal colon and the rectum. HN019 extract was perfused through the tissue bath and differences in tension and frequency quantified relative to pre-treatment controls. Prucalopride (1 μM) increased the frequency of propagating contractions (by 75 ± 26%) in the majority of preparations studied (10/12), concurrently decreasing the frequency of non-propagating contractions (by 50 ± 11%). HN019 extract had no effect on contractile activity during exposure (n = 8). However, following wash out, contraction amplitude of propagating contractions increased (by 55 ± 18%) in the distal colon, while the frequency of non-propagating proximal contractions decreased by 57 ± 7%. The prokinetic action of prucalopride increased the frequency of synchronous contractions along the length of colon, likely explaining increased colonic rate of transit in vivo. HN019 extract modified motility patterns in a different manner by promoting propagating contractile amplitude and inhibiting non-propagations, also demonstrating prokinetic activity consistent with the reduction of constipation by B. lactis HN019 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Dalziel
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rachel C Anderson
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearchPalmerston North, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Massey UniversityPalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jason S Peters
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Amy T Lynch
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nick J Spencer
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, School of Medicine Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - James Dekker
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearchPalmerston North, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Massey UniversityPalmerston North, New Zealand
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47
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Smith TK, Koh SD. A model of the enteric neural circuitry underlying the generation of rhythmic motor patterns in the colon: the role of serotonin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G1-G14. [PMID: 27789457 PMCID: PMC5283906 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00337.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the role of multiple cell types involved in rhythmic motor patterns in the large intestine that include tonic inhibition of the muscle layers interrupted by rhythmic colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs) and secretomotor activity. We propose a model that assumes these motor patterns are dependent on myenteric descending 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) interneurons. Asynchronous firing in 5-HT neurons excite inhibitory motor neurons (IMNs) to generate tonic inhibition occurring between CMMCs. IMNs release mainly nitric oxide (NO) to inhibit the muscle, intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs), glial cells, and pacemaker myenteric pacemaker interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-MY). Mucosal release of 5-HT from enterochromaffin (EC) cells excites the mucosal endings of IPANs that synapse with 5-HT descending interneurons and perhaps ascending interneurons, thereby coupling EC cell 5-HT to myenteric 5-HT neurons, synchronizing their activity. Synchronized 5-HT neurons generate a slow excitatory postsynaptic potential in IPANs via 5-HT7 receptors and excite glial cells and ascending excitatory nerve pathways that are normally inhibited by NO. Excited glial cells release prostaglandins to inhibit IMNs (disinhibition) to allow full excitation of ICC-MY and muscle by excitatory motor neurons (EMNs). EMNs release ACh and tachykinins to excite pacemaker ICC-MY and muscle, leading to the simultaneous contraction of both the longitudinal and circular muscle layers. Myenteric 5-HT neurons also project to the submucous plexus to couple motility with secretion, especially during a CMMC. Glial cells are necessary for switching between different colonic motor behaviors. This model emphasizes the importance of myenteric 5-HT neurons and the likely consequence of their coupling and uncoupling to mucosal 5-HT by IPANs during colonic motor behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Keith Smith
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
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48
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Dinning PG, Sia TC, Kumar R, Mohd Rosli R, Kyloh M, Wattchow DA, Wiklendt L, Brookes SJH, Costa M, Spencer NJ. High-resolution colonic motility recordings in vivo compared with ex vivo recordings after colectomy, in patients with slow transit constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:1824-1835. [PMID: 27282132 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of slow transit constipation (STC) remains poorly understood, with intrinsic and extrinsic abnormalities implicated. Here, we present high-resolution colonic manometry recordings from four STC patients recorded before total colectomy, and subsequently, ex vivo, after excision. METHODS In four female, treatment-resistant STC patients (median age 35.5 years), a fiber-optic manometry catheter (72 sensors spaced at 1 cm intervals) was placed with the aid of a colonoscope, to the mid-transverse colon. Colonic manometry was recorded 2 h before and after a meal. After the colectomy, ex vivo colonic manometry was recorded in an organ bath. Ex vivo recordings were also made from colons from 4 patients (2 male; median age 67.5 years) undergoing anterior resection for nonobstructive carcinoma ('control' tissue). KEY RESULTS A large increase in 'short single propagating contractions' was recorded in STC colon ex vivo compared to in vivo (ex vivo 61.3 ± 32.7 vs in vivo 2.5 ± 5/h). In STC patients, in vivo, the dominant frequency of contractile activity was 2-3 cycle per minute (cpm), whereas 1-cpm short-single propagating contractions dominated ex vivo. This same 1-cpm frequency was also dominant in control colons ex vivo. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES In comparison to control adults, the colon of STC patients demonstrates significantly less propagating motor activity. However, once the STC colon is excised from the body it demonstrates a regular and similar frequency of propagating activity to control tissue. This paper provides interesting insights into the control of colonic motor patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Dinning
- Disciplines of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - T C Sia
- Disciplines of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - R Kumar
- Disciplines of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - R Mohd Rosli
- Disciplines of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - M Kyloh
- Disciplines of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - D A Wattchow
- Disciplines of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - L Wiklendt
- Disciplines of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - S J H Brookes
- Disciplines of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - M Costa
- Disciplines of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - N J Spencer
- Disciplines of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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49
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Spencer NJ, Dinning PG, Brookes SJ, Costa M. Insights into the mechanisms underlying colonic motor patterns. J Physiol 2016; 594:4099-116. [PMID: 26990133 PMCID: PMC4967752 DOI: 10.1113/jp271919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there have been significant technical and methodological advances in our ability to record the movements of the gastrointestinal tract. This has led to significant changes in our understanding of the different types of motor patterns that exist in the gastrointestinal tract (particularly the large intestine) and in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying their generation. Compared with other tubular smooth muscle organs, a rich variety of motor patterns occurs in the large intestine. This reflects a relatively autonomous nervous system in the gut wall, which has its own unique population of sensory neurons. Although the enteric nervous system can function independently of central neural inputs, under physiological conditions bowel motility is influenced by the CNS: if spinal pathways are disrupted, deficits in motility occur. The combination of high resolution manometry and video imaging has improved our knowledge of the range of motor patterns and provided some insight into the neural and mechanical factors underlying propulsion of contents. The neural circuits responsible for the generation of peristalsis and colonic migrating motor complexes have now been identified to lie within the myenteric plexus and do not require inputs from the mucosa or submucosal ganglia for their generation, but can be modified by their activity. This review will discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the different patterns of propagating motor activity in the large intestine of mammals and how latest technologies have led to major changes in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying their generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J Spencer
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Phil G Dinning
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Simon J Brookes
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Marcello Costa
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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50
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Dalziel JE, Young W, Bercik P, Spencer NJ, Ryan LJ, Dunstan KE, Lloyd-West CM, Gopal PK, Haggarty NW, Roy NC. Tracking gastrointestinal transit of solids in aged rats as pharmacological models of chronic dysmotility. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:1241-51. [PMID: 27028044 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysmotility in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract often leads to impaired transit of luminal contents leading to symptoms of diarrhea or constipation. The aim of this research was to develop a technique using high resolution X-ray imaging to study pharmacologically induced aged rat models of chronic GI dysmotility that mimic accelerated transit (diarrhea) or constipation. The 5-hydroxytryptamine type 4 (5-HT4 ) receptor agonist prucalopride was used to accelerate transit, and the opioid agonist loperamide was used to delay transit. METHODS Male rats (18 months) were given 0, 1, 2, or 4 mg/kg/day prucalopride or loperamide (in dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO) for 7 days by continuous 7-day dosing. To determine the GI region-specific effect, transit of six metallic beads was tracked over 12 h using high resolution X-ray imaging. An established rating scale was used to classify GI bead location in vivo and the distance beads had propagated from the caecum was confirmed postmortem. KEY RESULTS Loperamide (1 mg/kg) slowed stomach emptying and GI transit at 9 and 12 h. Prucalopride (4 mg/kg) did not significantly alter GI transit scores, but at a dose of 4 mg/kg beads had moved significantly more distal than the caecum in 12 h compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES We report a novel high-resolution, non-invasive, X-ray imaging technique that provides new insights into GI transit rates in live rats. The results demonstrate that loperamide slowed overall transit in aged rats, while prucalopride increased stomach emptying and accelerates colonic transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Dalziel
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - W Young
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - P Bercik
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - N J Spencer
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - L J Ryan
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K E Dunstan
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C M Lloyd-West
- Bioinformatics Mathematics and Statistics, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - P K Gopal
- Fonterra Co-operative Group, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - N W Haggarty
- Fonterra Co-operative Group, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - N C Roy
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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