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Park JS, Cresci GAM. Dysfunctional intestinal microvascular endothelial cells: Insights and therapeutic implications in gastrointestinal inflammation. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM, SURREY) 2024; 6:e00043. [PMID: 38818514 PMCID: PMC11136270 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The intestinal microvascular endothelium plays a crucial role in orchestrating host responses to inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract. This review delves into the unique aspects of intestinal microvascular endothelial cells, distinct from those of larger vessels, in mediating leukocyte recruitment, maintaining barrier integrity, and regulating angiogenesis during inflammation. Specifically, their role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases, where dysregulated endothelial functions contribute to the disease progression, is reviewed. Furthermore, this review discusses the isolation technique for these cells and commonly used adhesion molecules for in vitro and in vivo experiments. In addition, we reviewed the development and therapeutic implications of a biologic agent targeting the interaction between α4β7 integrin on T lymphocytes and mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule-1 on gut endothelium. Notably, vedolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against α4β7 integrin, has shown promising outcomes in inflammatory bowel diseases and other gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions, including chronic pouchitis, immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis, and acute cellular rejection post-intestinal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Seok Park
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gail A. M. Cresci
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
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2
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Shen J, Cao F, Huang Z, Ma X, Yang N, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhang Z. Chukrasia tabularis limonoid plays anti-inflammatory role by regulating NF- κB signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67:9383. [PMID: 37533446 PMCID: PMC10392864 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v67.9383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chukrasia tabularisis, a well-known tropical tree native to southeastern China, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and contains large amounts of limonoids and triterpenoids. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory activity of limonoids from C. tabularis on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated RAW264.7 cells. Methods and results Using a bioassay-guided approach, the chemical fraction with high anti-inflammatory activity was found and its chemical constituents were investigated. Phytochemical studies on active extracts resulted in the separation of three novel phragmalin limonoids (1-3), together with two known limonoids (4-5) and 11 tirucallane triterpenes (6-16). The activity of these isolated compounds in the production of nitric oxide (NO) on LPS-reated macrophages was evaluated. Limonoid 2 indicated significant anti-inflammatory activities with IC50 value of 4.58 μM. Limonoid 2 notably inhibited the production of NO, interleukin- 6 and tumor necrosis factor-α on macrophage. Signal transduction and activation of STAT and NF-κB activators were effectively blocked by limonoid 2. Conclusions These results indicate that limonoid 2 has an anti-inflammatory effect by the inhibiting JAK2/STAT3, iNOS/eNOS, and NF-κB signaling pathways and regulating inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhuang Shen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fan Cao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Huang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Dermatology Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Ma
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nana Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Gemici B, Birsen İ, İzgüt-Uysal VN. The Apelin-Apela Receptor APJ is Necessary for Formation and Healing of Ischemia Reperfusion-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats. Peptides 2023; 166:171027. [PMID: 37245722 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The apelinergic system, widely expressed and regulates hormone-enzyme secretion, motility, and protective mechanisms of the stomach. This system consists of the apelin receptor (APJ) and two peptides known as apela and apelin. The IR-induced experimental gastric ulcer model, is a well-known and commonly used one that induces hypoxia and causes the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Expressions of apelin and its receptor APJ are induced by hypoxia and inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Apelin has been shown to affect angiogenesis positively, considered the most critical component of the healing process. Although it is known that apelin and AJP expressions are induced by inflammatory stimuli and hypoxia, stimulate endothelial cell proliferation and have a role in regenerative angiogenesis, no information or has been found in the literature regarding the role of APJ in the formation and healing of gastric mucosal lesions induced by I/R. So, we conducted a study to clarify the role of APJ in formation and healing mechanisms of IR-induced gastric lesions. Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups; control, sham-operated, IR, APJ antagonist treated-IR group (F13A+IR), and the healing groups. F13A was intravenously given to the animals. Gastric lesion index, mucosal blood flow, PGE2, NOx, 4-HNE-MDA, HO activity, and protein expressions of VEGF and HO-1 were measured. F13A application before the IR increased the mucosal injury, F13A application following the ischemia delayed the mucosal healing during the reperfusion period. Consequently, blocking apelin receptors may worsen gastric injury due to the IR and delay mucosal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Gemici
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - İlknur Birsen
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
| | - V Nimet İzgüt-Uysal
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
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4
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Motohira K, Yohannes YB, Ikenaka Y, Eguchi A, Nakayama SM, Wepener V, Smit NJ, VAN Vuren JH, Ishizuka M. Investigation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) on xenobiotic enzyme disruption and metabolomic bile acid biosynthesis in DDT-sprayed areas using wild rats. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:236-243. [PMID: 36596564 PMCID: PMC10017292 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is an organochlorine insecticide used worldwide. Several studies have reported the toxic effects of DDT and its metabolites on steroid hormone biosynthesis; however, its environmental effects are not well understood. This study examined wild rats collected in DDT-sprayed areas of South Africa and quantified plasma metabolites using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). Fold change analysis of the metabolome revealed the effect of DDT on bile acid biosynthesis. Gene expression of the related enzyme in rat liver samples was also quantified. Significant association was found between DDT and gene expression levels related to constitutive androstane receptor mediated enzymes, such as Cyp2b1 in rat livers. However, our results could not fully demonstrate that enzymes related to bile acid biosynthesis were strongly affected by DDT. The correlation between DDT concentration and gene expression involved in steroid hormone synthesis in testis was also evaluated; however, no significant correlation was found. The disturbance of metabolic enzymes occurred in rat liver in the target area. Our results suggest that DDT exposure affects gene expression in wild rats living in DDT-sprayed areas. Therefore, there is a need for DDT toxicity evaluation in mammals living in DDT-sprayed areas. We could not find an effective biomarker that could reflect the mechanism of DDT exposure; however, this approach can provide new insights for future research to evaluate DDT effects in sprayed areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodai Motohira
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yared Beyene Yohannes
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.,Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.,One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akifumi Eguchi
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shouta Mm Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.,Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Johan Hj VAN Vuren
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Olaloye O, Eke C, Jolteus A, Konnikova L. Single cell analysis via mass cytometry of spontaneous intestinal perforation reveals alterations in small intestinal innate and adaptive mucosal immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:995558. [PMID: 36825028 PMCID: PMC9941693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.995558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) is a poorly understood severe gastrointestinal complications of prematurity which is poorly understood. Extremely premature infants born prior to 28 weeks' gestation develop a localized perforation of the terminal ileum during the first week of life and therapy involves surgery and cessation of enteral feeds. Little is known regardj g the impact of mucosal immune dysfunction on disease pathogenesis. Methods We performed mass cytometry time of flight (CyTOF) of small intestinal mucosa of patients with SIP (Gestational age (GA) 24 - 27 weeks, n=8) compared to patients who had surgery for non-SIP conditions (neonatal (GA >36 weeks, n=5 ) and fetal intestine from elective terminations (GA 18-21 weeks, n=4). CyTOF analysis after stimulation of T cells with PMA/Ionomycin was also performed. Results We noted changes in innate and adaptive mucosal immunity in SIP. SIP mucosa had an expansion of ckit+ neutrophils, an influx of naïve CD4 and CD8 T cells and a reduction of effector memory T cells. SIP T cells were characterized by reduced CCR6 and CXCR3 expression and increased interferon gamma expression after stimulation. Discussion These findings suggest that previously unrecognized immune dysregulation is associated with SIP and should be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwabunmi Olaloye
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Division of Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Chino Eke
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Abigail Jolteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Liza Konnikova
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Division of Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, United States
- Program in Human and Translational Immunology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Liza Konnikova,
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Xian Bo S, Yan Jie W, De Chao C, Sai M, Zhe W, Ya Kun Z, Hui Hui G, Chen W, Xiao M, Zhong Yao H, Hao Ran Y, Ji Sen Z, Wen Dan C. An Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Dimerization Inhibitor Prevents the Progression of Osteoarthritis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:861183. [PMID: 35910349 PMCID: PMC9334866 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.861183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease. Excessive nitric oxide (NO) mediates the chondrocyte inflammatory response, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation during the occurrence and development of OA. NO in chondrocytes is mainly produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The aim of this study was to design and synthesize an iNOS dimerization inhibitor and evaluate its effects on chondrocyte inflammation and articular cartilage injury in OA via in vitro and in vivo experiments. Design: The title compound 22o was designed, synthesized, and screened based on a previous study. The effects of different concentrations (5, 10, and 20 μM) of compound 22o on chondrocyte inflammatory response and ECM anabolism or catabolism were evaluated by Western blot and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using the rat chondrocyte model of IL-1β-induced OA. Furthermore, different doses (40 and 80 mg/kg) of compound 22o were administered by gavage to a rat OA model induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT), and their protective effects on the articular cartilage were evaluated by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Results: Compound 22o showed effective iNOS inhibitory activity by inhibiting the dimerization of iNOS. It inhibited the IL-1β-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) in the chondrocytes, decreased NO production, and significantly increased the expression levels of the ECM anabolic markers, aggrecan (ACAN), and collagen type II (COL2A1). Gavage with compound 22o was found to be effective in the rat OA model induced by ACLT, wherein it regulated the anabolism and catabolism and exerted a protective effect on the articular cartilage. Conclusions: Compound 22o inhibited the inflammatory response and catabolism of the chondrocytes and reduced articular cartilage injury in the rat OA model, indicating its potential as a disease-modifying OA drug.
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Hu L, Jin L, Xia D, Zhang Q, Ma L, Zheng H, Xu T, Chang S, Li X, Xun Z, Xu Y, Zhang C, Chen F, Wang S. Nitrate ameliorates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis by regulating the homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:609-621. [PMID: 31811920 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves chronic inflammation, loss of epithelial integrity, and gastrointestinal microbiota dysbiosis. Effective therapies for IBD have not been established. Accordingly, in this study, we evaluated the effects of inorganic nitrate, a potent nitric oxide (NO) donor and microbiota regulator, in a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Mice were pretreated with NaNO3 (2 mM) in their drinking water for 5 days, and NaCl was used as a control. Feces were collected for microbiota analyses. The results showed that oral administration of dietary nitrate could maintained colon consistency, improved colon length, maintained body weight, decreased apoptosis in colon epithelial cells, and ameliorated inflammatory cell infiltration in both the colon and peripheral blood. Microbiota profiling revealed that nitrate regulated dysbiosis. Analysis of the top bacteria at the genus level showed that Bacteroidales_S24-7_group_unidentified, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 decreased in the DSS group compared with that in the normal group, whereas Lactobacillus, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 were increased in the DSS + NaNO3 group compared with that in the DSS group. The enriched bacteria in the nitrate group included Gordonibacter, Ureaplasama, and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006. Moreover, microbiota analysis revealed that nitrate could partially decrease the enriched metabolic pathways (p53 signaling pathway and colorectal cancer pathway) compared with that in the DSS and DSS + NaCl groups. Overall, these findings indicated that nitrate could ameliorate DSS-induced colitis by decreasing inflammation, reducing apoptosis, and regulating the microbiota by activation of the NO3-/NO2-/NO pathway. Nitrate might be a potential treatment for colitis patients in the future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China; Outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luyuan Jin
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China; Department of general dentistry and emergency dental care, School of Stomatology, Capital medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dengsheng Xia
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China; Department of general dentistry and emergency dental care, School of Stomatology, Capital medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China
| | - Linsha Ma
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China; Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tiansong Xu
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China
| | - Shimin Chang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangchun Li
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Xun
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China
| | - Yipu Xu
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China; Department of general dentistry and emergency dental care, School of Stomatology, Capital medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China.
| | - Songlin Wang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Gantner BN, LaFond KM, Bonini MG. Nitric oxide in cellular adaptation and disease. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101550. [PMID: 32438317 PMCID: PMC7235643 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthases are the major sources of nitric oxide, a critical signaling molecule involved in a wide range of cellular and physiological processes. These enzymes comprise a family of genes that are highly conserved across all eukaryotes. The three family members found in mammals are important for inter- and intra-cellular signaling in tissues that include the nervous system, the vasculature, the gut, skeletal muscle, and the immune system, among others. We summarize major advances in the understanding of biochemical and tissue-specific roles of nitric oxide synthases, with a focus on how these mechanisms enable tissue adaptation and health or dysfunction and disease. We highlight the unique mechanisms and processes of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, or NOS1. This was the first of these enzymes discovered in mammals, and yet much remains to be understood about this highly conserved and complex gene. We provide examples of two areas that will likely be of increasing importance in nitric oxide biology. These include the mechanisms by which these critical enzymes promote adaptation or disease by 1) coordinating communication by diverse cell types within a tissue and 2) directing cellular differentiation/activation decisions processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Gantner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA.
| | - Katy M LaFond
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marcelo G Bonini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, USA
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Shiga S, Machida T, Yanada T, Machida M, Hirafuji M, Iizuka K. The role of nitric oxide in small intestine differs between a single and a consecutive administration of methotrexate to rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2020; 143:30-38. [PMID: 32151540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide (NO) on intestinal mucosal injury induced by single or consecutive administration of methotrexate was investigated in a rodent model. Rats received methotrexate intraperitoneally either as a single administration (50 mg/kg) or as a consecutive administration (12.5 mg/kg/day) for 4 days. NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was given subcutaneously to inhibit NO synthase (NOS). Ninety-six hours after the first administration of methotrexate, ileal tissues were collected for analysis. Consecutive administration of methotrexate led to decreased body weight and reduced intake of food and water, which were further worsened by L-NAME. Although a slight mucosal injury resulted from single administration of methotrexate, L-NAME had almost no effect. Consecutive administration of methotrexate caused a significant mucosal injury, which was further worsened by L-NAME. Consecutive, but not single, administration of methotrexate induced mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in ileal tissue. Consecutive administration of methotrexate significantly induced constitutive NOS expression in ileal tissue. These results suggest that consecutive administration, rather than single administration, of methotrexate aggravates mucosal injury. Potentiation of constitutive NOS expression by consecutive administration might be one of the main reason to antagonize the intestinal mucosal injury as well as lead to a reduction in rat quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Shiga
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Takuji Machida
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan.
| | - Takumi Yanada
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Maiko Machida
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8590, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hirafuji
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Kenji Iizuka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
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Ahn SI, Cho S, Choi NJ. Effect of dietary probiotics on colon length in an inflammatory bowel disease-induced murine model: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:1807-1819. [PMID: 31785874 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of probiotic supplementation on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by meta-analysis. We included 30 studies to assess the effect of probiotic administration. We estimated the effect size using standardized mean difference, and we evaluated the statistical heterogeneity of the effect size using Cochran's Q test, followed by meta-ANOVA and meta-regression analysis to explain the heterogeneity of the effect size using a mixed-effects model. We conducted Egger's linear regression test to evaluate publication bias. Among the factors evaluated, colon length and myeloperoxidase showed the greatest Q statistic and I2 index, respectively. Colon length, transforming growth factor-β, IL-10, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione showed positive effect sizes in the fixed- and random-effects models. The others (spleen weight, tumor necrosis factor α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, IFN-γ, disease activity index, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, nitric oxide, myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, histological score, and macroscopic inflammatory score) showed negative effect sizes in the fixed- and random-effects models. Probiotics showed a significant effect on all investigated factors, except IL-10. In meta-ANOVA and meta-regression analysis, Lactobacillus paracasei was the most effective probiotic for colon length. Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus fermentum, and a mixture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Saccharomyces boulardii (LC + SB) were effective for colon length, tumor necrosis factor α, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and disease activity index. Lactobacillus rhamnosus was most effective for IL-10 and IFN-γ. Dietary probiotics are effective in improving the symptoms of IBD. Although the results of this meta-analysis had some limitations due to a lack of animal experiments, they will be meaningful to people with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Il Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Sangbuem Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Nag-Jin Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
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Lohsiriwat V, Wilson VG, Scholefield JH, Dashwood MR. Regional Distribution of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Human Anorectal Tissue: A Pilot Study on the Potential Role for Nitric Oxide in Haemorrhoids. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2018; 18:43-49. [PMID: 30058493 DOI: 10.2174/1570161116666180730101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms and protein levels in human haemorrhoids and rectal tissue. METHODS Protein expression of NOS1, NOS2 and NOS3 was compared between haemorrhoids (n=14) and normal rectal submucosa (n=6) using Western blot analysis. The localisation of all NOS isoforms to specific structures was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Western blot analysis showed median (interquartile range) protein levels of all NOS isoforms were 1.5-2.4 times higher in haemorrhoids than rectal tissue; 121.4 (55.2-165.5) vs 50.0 (25.5-73.7) for NOS1 (p=0.020), 32.2 (23.8-140.6) vs 14.8 (9.6-34.0) for NOS2 (p=0.109), and 80.1 (62.0-139.5) vs 54.3 (48.7 -61.7) for NOS3 (p=0.015). Immunohistochemistry revealed a different distribution and location of all NOS isoforms in vascular and non-vascular structure of haemorrhoids and rectal tissues. The number of haemorrhoid specimens showing positive immunoreactivity of NOS in the vascular endothelium was significantly higher than that in rectal tissue for NOS1 (11/14 (79%) vs 1/6 (17%); p=0.018) and NOS3 (8/14 (57%) vs 0/6 (0%); p=0.042), but not for NOS2 (6/14 (43%) vs 4/6 (67%); p=0.63). CONCLUSION Haemorrhoids have significantly higher protein levels of NOS1 and NOS3 than rectal tissue. The vascular endothelium of haemorrhoids also has significantly higher positive immunoreactivity of NOS1 and NOS3 than rectal tissue suggesting that blood vessels in haemorrhoids are exposed to higher NO concentrations than those of rectal tissue. Since haemorrhoids exhibit marked vascular dilatation and present with bleeding or swelling, a reduction in NOS - by applying NOS inhibitors - may potentially improve the symptoms of haemorrhoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varut Lohsiriwat
- The University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vincent G Wilson
- The University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - John H Scholefield
- The University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Dashwood
- Surgical and Interventional Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Kawauchi S, Nakamura T, Horibe S, Tanahashi T, Mizuno S, Hamaguchi T, Rikitake Y. Down-regulation of hepatic CYP3A1 expression in a rat model of indomethacin-induced small intestinal ulcers. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2016; 37:522-532. [PMID: 27666336 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver and the small intestine are closely related in the processes of drug absorption, metabolism and excretion via the enterohepatic circulation. Small intestinal ulcers are a serious adverse effect commonly occurring in patients taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, the influence of small intestinal ulcers on drug metabolism has not been established. This study examined the expressional changes of cytochrome P450 (CYP) in the liver using an indomethacin-induced small intestinal ulcer rat model and in cultured cells. After the administration of indomethacin to rats, ulcers were observed in the small intestine and expression of CYP3A1, the major isoform of hepatic CYP, was significantly down-regulated in the liver, accompanied by increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, in the small intestine and the liver. The indomethacin-induced small intestinal ulceration, the increase in inflammatory mediators in the small intestine and the liver, and the down-regulation of CYP3A1 expression in the liver were inhibited by co-administration of ampicillin, an antibacterial agent. In the human hepatic HepG2 cell line, IL-1β, IL-6 and NOC-18, an NO donor, caused down-regulation of CYP3A4, the major isoform of human CYP3A. Thus, this study suggests that after indomethacin treatment small intestinal ulcers cause the down-regulation of CYP3A1 in the rat liver through an increase in ulcer-derived inflammatory mediators. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Kawauchi
- Educational Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakamura
- Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Sayo Horibe
- Department of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Toshihito Tanahashi
- Department of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shigeto Mizuno
- Department of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.,Endoscopy Department, Kindai University Nara Hospital, 1248-1, Otoda-cho, Ikoma, 630-0293, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Hamaguchi
- Educational Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- Department of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.,Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
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13
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Granger DN, Holm L, Kvietys P. The Gastrointestinal Circulation: Physiology and Pathophysiology. Compr Physiol 2016; 5:1541-83. [PMID: 26140727 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) circulation receives a large fraction of cardiac output and this increases following ingestion of a meal. While blood flow regulation is not the intense phenomenon noted in other vascular beds, the combined responses of blood flow, and capillary oxygen exchange help ensure a level of tissue oxygenation that is commensurate with organ metabolism and function. This is evidenced in the vascular responses of the stomach to increased acid production and in intestine during periods of enhanced nutrient absorption. Complimenting the metabolic vasoregulation is a strong myogenic response that contributes to basal vascular tone and to the responses elicited by changes in intravascular pressure. The GI circulation also contributes to a mucosal defense mechanism that protects against excessive damage to the epithelial lining following ingestion of toxins and/or noxious agents. Profound reductions in GI blood flow are evidenced in certain physiological (strenuous exercise) and pathological (hemorrhage) conditions, while some disease states (e.g., chronic portal hypertension) are associated with a hyperdynamic circulation. The sacrificial nature of GI blood flow is essential for ensuring adequate perfusion of vital organs during periods of whole body stress. The restoration of blood flow (reperfusion) to GI organs following ischemia elicits an exaggerated tissue injury response that reflects the potential of this organ system to generate reactive oxygen species and to mount an inflammatory response. Human and animal studies of inflammatory bowel disease have also revealed a contribution of the vasculature to the initiation and perpetuation of the tissue inflammation and associated injury response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Science Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lena Holm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Kvietys
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Sun A, Ren G, Deng C, Zhang J, Luo X, Wu X, Mani S, Dou W, Wang Z. C-glycosyl flavonoid orientin improves chemically induced inflammatory bowel disease in mice. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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15
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Petersson J, Jädert C, Phillipson M, Borniquel S, Lundberg JO, Holm L. Physiological recycling of endogenous nitrate by oral bacteria regulates gastric mucus thickness. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:241-7. [PMID: 26163002 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inorganic nitrate from exogenous and endogenous sources is accumulated in saliva, reduced to nitrite by oral bacteria and further converted to nitric oxide (NO) and other bioactive nitrogen oxides in the acidic gastric lumen. To further explore the role of oral microbiota in this process we examined the gastric mucus layer in germ free (GF) and conventional mice given different doses of nitrate and nitrite. METHODS Mice were given either nitrate (100mg/kg/d) or nitrite (0.55-11 mg/kg/d) in the drinking water for 7 days, with the lowest nitrite dose resembling the levels provided by swallowing of fasting saliva. The gastric mucus layer was measured in vivo. RESULTS GF animals were almost devoid of the firmly adherent mucus layer compared to conventional mice. Dietary nitrate increased the mucus thickness in conventional animals but had no effect in GF mice. In contrast, nitrite at all doses, restored the mucus thickness in GF mice to the same levels as in conventional animals. The nitrite-mediated increase in gastric mucus thickness was not inhibited by the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ. Mice treated with antibiotics had significantly thinner mucus than controls. Additional studies on mucin gene expression demonstrated down regulation of Muc5ac and Muc6 in germ free mice after nitrite treatment. CONCLUSION Oral bacteria remotely modulate gastric mucus generation via bioactivation of salivary nitrate. In the absence of a dietary nitrate intake, salivary nitrate originates mainly from NO synthase. Thus, oxidized NO from the endothelium and elsewhere is recycled to regulate gastric mucus homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Petersson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Jädert
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mia Phillipson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Borniquel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lena Holm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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16
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Liu B, Lin Q, Yang T, Zeng L, Shi L, Chen Y, Luo F. Oat β-glucan ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. Food Funct 2015; 6:3454-63. [PMID: 26292622 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00563a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a major inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), characterized by inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract through chronic or relapsing immune system activation. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential protective effect of oat β-glucan (βG) against colitis induced by DSS in mice. Eighty mice were randomly divided into the control group (no DSS, no βG), DSS group (DSS only), DSS + L-βG group (DSS plus 500 mg per kg βG), and DSS + H-βG group (DSS plus 1000 mg per kg βG). Compared with the DSS group, administration of βG significantly reduced clinical symptoms with less weight loss, diarrhea and shortening of the colon, the severity of colitis was significantly inhibited as evidenced by the reduced disease activity index (DAI) and degree of histological damage in colon. Moreover, treatment with βG not only decreased myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), and nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, but also inhibited mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and iNOS. This suggests that oat βG in diet might exhibit an anti-inflammatory function against colitis through inhibition of expression of pro-inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, PR China.
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17
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Koutroubakis IE. The relationship between coagulation state and inflammatory bowel disease: current understanding and clinical implications. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:479-88. [PMID: 25719625 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1019475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with a hypercoagulable state and subsequently with an increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). VTE in IBD is characterized by a high recurrence rate and is associated with the disease activity. Acquired endothelial dysfunction, abnormalities of platelets, activation of coagulation system and impaired fibrinolysis are the main changes in the coagulation state in IBD. The development of VTE in IBD has been considered to be the result of multiple interactions between acquired and inherited risk factors. The treatment of VTE in IBD patients is recommended to be similar and to follow the same protocols as for non-IBD patients. In the clinical practice, the management of IBD patients and especially the hospitalized patients should include thromboprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis E Koutroubakis
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heraklion, P.O. Box 1352, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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18
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Abdel-Daim MM, Farouk SM, Madkour FF, Azab SS. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects ofSpirulina platensisin comparison toDunaliella salinain acetic acid-induced rat experimental colitis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2015; 37:126-39. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.998368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Koppikar SJ, Jagtap SD, Devarshi PP, Jangle NM, Awad VB, Wele AA, Harsulkar AM. Triphala, an Ayurvedic formulation improves the antioxidant status on TNBS induced IBD in rats. Eur J Integr Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Summers C, Chilvers ER, Peters AM. Mathematical modeling supports the presence of neutrophil depriming in vivo. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e00241. [PMID: 24760504 PMCID: PMC4002230 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Following migration into the intestinal mucosa in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), neutrophils enter the intestinal lumen and are excreted. This provides a basis for quantification of disease activity by measuring excreted label following injection of In‐111‐labeled neutrophils. In severe pan‐colitis, 50% of the injected In‐111 is typically recovered in the feces, indicating that 50% of neutrophil turnover is via fecal excretion. Neutrophils have an intravascular lifespan of ~10 h and a distribution volume of ~10 L, so total body neutrophil turnover is 10.N/10 cells/h, where N is the peripheral blood neutrophil count (cells/L). Neutrophil loss via the colon in a patient with 50% fecal In‐111 loss is therefore N/120 cells/min. Pan‐colonic mucosal‐blood flow in pan‐colitis is 200 mL/min, which would deliver N/5 neutrophils to the colon per min. Therefore, 5/120, or 4%, of incoming neutrophils undergo migration into inflamed bowel. If the 96% of nonmigrating cells exit in a primed state, then at steady state >90% of circulating neutrophils would be primed if no depriming took place. As the highest level of priming seen in IBD is ~40%, this indicates that depriming within the circulation must take place. Using the above values in the steady state equation relating priming rate to depriming rate plus primed‐cell destruction rate gives a mean depriming time of 35 min. We conclude that a very small proportion of neutrophils entering a site of inflammation migrate and that in vivo depriming must take place to limit the numbers of primed neutrophils in the circulation. e00241 Following migration into the intestinal mucosa in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), neutrophils enter the intestinal lumen and are excreted. This provides a basis for quantification of disease activity by measuring excreted label following injection of In‐111‐labeled neutrophils. In severe pan‐colitis, 50% of the injected In‐111 is typically recovered in the feces, indicating that 50% of neutrophil turnover is via fecal excretion. Neutrophils have an intravascular lifespan of ~10 h and a distribution volume of ~10 L, so total body neutrophil turnover is 10.N/10 cells/h, where N is the peripheral blood neutrophil count (cells/litre). Neutrophil loss via the colon in a patient with 50% fecal In‐111 loss is therefore N/120 cells/min. Pan‐colonic mucosal blood flow in pan‐colitis is 200 mL/min, which would deliver N/5 neutrophils to the colon per min. Therefore, 5/120, or 4%, of incoming neutrophils undergo migration into inflamed bowel. If the 96% of non‐migrating cells exit in a primed state, then at steady state >90% of circulating neutrophils would be primed if no de‐priming took place. As the highest level of priming seen in IBD is ~40%, this indicates that de‐priming within the circulation must take place. Using the above values in the steady state equation relating priming rate to de‐priming rate plus primed cell destruction rate gives a mean de‐priming time of 35 min. We conclude that a very small proportion of neutrophils entering a site of inflammation migrate and that in vivo de‐priming must take place to limit the numbers of primed neutrophils in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Summers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrookes' and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
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21
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Jädert C, Phillipson M, Holm L, Lundberg JO, Borniquel S. Preventive and therapeutic effects of nitrite supplementation in experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Redox Biol 2013; 2:73-81. [PMID: 24494186 PMCID: PMC3909265 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inorganic nitrate and nitrite have emerged as alternative substrates for nitric oxide (NO) generation in the gastrointestinal tract, and have shown to be protective against drug-induced gastric injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive and therapeutic effects of nitrate and nitrite in a model of experimental colitis. METHODS Colitis was induced in mice by administrating dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) with concurrent administration of nitrite (1 mM) or nitrate (10 mM) in the drinking water for 7 days. A therapeutic approach was also investigated by initiating nitrite treatment 3 days after DSS-induced colitis. Clinical and inflammatory markers were assessed and the colonic mucus thickness was measured in vivo. The effect of nitrite on wound healing was evaluated using colon epithelial cells. RESULTS Concurrent administration of DSS and nitrite (1 mM) alleviated inflammation as determined by reduced disease activity index score (DAI) and increased colon length, while nitrate (10 mM) only reduced the DAI-score. Nitrite also displayed therapeutic effects by ameliorating established colonic inflammation with reduced colonic expression of iNOS and improving histopathology. DSS-induced decrease in colonic mucus thickness was completely prevented by nitrite administration. In addition, goblet cell abundance was lower by DSS treatment, but was increased by addition of nitrite. Further studies using colon epithelial cells revealed an NO-dependent improvement in wound healing with nitrite administration. CONCLUSION Nitrite exerts both preventive and therapeutic effects in colonic inflammation. The protective effects involve preservation of an intact adherent mucus layer and regulation of epithelial cell restitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Jädert
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Mia Phillipson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Lena Holm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Jon O. Lundberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Sara Borniquel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
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22
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Long-term dietary L-arginine supplementation increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase and vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoexpression in rat small intestine. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:813-21. [PMID: 24100601 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nitric oxide (NO) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) are important intestinal neurotransmitters that coexist in the gut enteric nervous system and play an important role in intestinal physiology (e.g., absorption, motility, fluid secretion and smooth muscle relaxation). It is also known that cold exposure alters several aspects of gastrointestinal physiology and induces hyperphagia to meet increased metabolic demands, but there are no data regarding NO and VIP involvement in intestinal response during acclimation to cold. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of long-term L-arginine supplementation on the expression of the three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and VIP in small intestine of rats acclimated to room temperature or cold. METHODS Animals (six per group) acclimated to room temperature (22 ± 1 °C) and cold (4 ± 1 °C), respectively, were treated with 2.25% L-arginine, a substrate for NOSs, or with 0.01% N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, an inhibitor of NOSs, for 45 days. The topographical distribution of VIP and NOSs expression in small intestine was studied by immunohistochemistry, and ImageJ software was used for semiquantitative densitometric analysis of their immunoexpression. RESULTS Long-term dietary L-arginine supplementation increases VIP and NOSs immunoexpression at room temperature while at cold increases the endothelial NOS, inducible NOS and VIP but decrease neuronal NOS in rat small intestine. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that long-term dietary L-arginine supplementation modulates NOSs and VIP immunoexpression in rat small intestine with respect to ambient temperature, pointing out the eNOS as a predominant NOS isoform with an immunoexpression pattern similar to VIP.
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Schreiber O, Petersson J, Waldén T, Ahl D, Sandler S, Phillipson M, Holm L. iNOS-dependent increase in colonic mucus thickness in DSS-colitic rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71843. [PMID: 23977158 PMCID: PMC3747056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate colonic mucus thickness in vivo in health and during experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Methods Colitis was induced with 5% DSS in drinking water for 8 days prior to experiment, when the descending colonic mucosa of anesthetized rats was studied using intravital microscopy. Mucus thickness was measured with micropipettes attached to a micromanipulator. To assess the contributions of NOS and prostaglandins in the regulation of colonic mucus thickness, the non-selective NOS-inhibitor L-NNA (10 mg/kg bolus followed by 3 mg/kg/h), the selective iNOS-inhibitor L-NIL (10 mg/kg bolus followed by 3 mg/kg/h) and the non-selective COX-inhibitor diclofenac (5 mg/kg) were administered intravenously prior to experiment. To further investigate the role of iNOS in the regulation of colonic mucus thickness, iNOS −/− mice were used. Results Colitic rats had a thicker firmly adherent mucus layer following 8 days of DSS treatment than untreated rats (88±2 µm vs 76±1 µm). During induction of colitis, the thickness of the colonic mucus layer initially decreased but was from day 3 significantly thicker than in untreated rats. Diclofenac reduced the mucus thickness similarly in colitic and untreated rats (−16±5 µm vs −14±2 µm). While L-NNA had no effect on colonic mucus thickness in DSS or untreated controls (+3±2 µm vs +3±1 µm), L-NIL reduced the mucus thickness significantly more in colitic rats than in controls (−33±4 µm vs −10±3 µm). The importance of iNOS in regulating the colonic mucus thickness was confirmed in iNOS−/− mice, which had thinner colonic mucus than wild-type mice (35±3 µm vs 50±2 µm, respectively). Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed increased levels of iNOS in the colonic surface epithelium following DSS treatment. Conclusion Both prostaglandins and nitric oxide regulate basal colonic mucus thickness. During onset of colitis, the thickness of the mucus layer is initially reduced followed by an iNOS mediated increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Schreiber
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joel Petersson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Waldén
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Ahl
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stellan Sandler
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mia Phillipson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Holm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Érces D, Varga G, Fazekas B, Kovács T, Tőkés T, Tiszlavicz L, Fülöp F, Vécsei L, Boros M, Kaszaki J. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist therapy suppresses colon motility and inflammatory activation six days after the onset of experimental colitis in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 691:225-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Quirino IEP, Cardoso VN, Santos RDGCD, Evangelista WP, Arantes RME, Fiúza JA, Glória MBA, Alvarez-Leite JI, Batista MA, Correia MITD. The Role of L-Arginine and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Intestinal Permeability and Bacterial Translocation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2012; 37:392-400. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607112458325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iara Eliza Pacífico Quirino
- Departamento de Alimentos da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | | | - Warlley Pinheiro Evangelista
- Departamento de Alimentos da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Rosa Maria Esteves Arantes
- Departamento de Patologia Geral do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais- Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Jacqueline Araújo Fiúza
- Centro de Pesquisa Renè Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
- Departamento de Parasitologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Maria Beatriz Abreu Glória
- Departamento de Alimentos da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Jacqueline Isaura Alvarez-Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Marina Andrade Batista
- Departamento de Pediatria da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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Kuchler U, Luvizuto ER, Muñoz F, Hofbauer J, Watzek G, Gruber R. Bone healing around titanium implants in two rat colitis models. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012; 24:224-9. [PMID: 22509782 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2012.02454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory process that has recently been associated with a higher risk of early implant failure. Herein we provide information on the impact of colitis on peri-implant bone formation using preclinical models of chemically induced colitis. METHODS Colitis was induced by intrarectal instillation of 2,4,6-trinitro-benzene-sulfonic-acid (TNBS). Colitis was also induced by feeding rats dextran-sodium-sulfate (DSS) in drinking water. One week after disease induction, titanium miniscrews were inserted into the tibia. Four weeks after implantation, peri-implant bone volume per tissue volume (BV/TV) and bone-to-implant contacts (BIC) were determined by histomorphometric analysis. RESULTS Cortical histomorphometric parameters were similar in the control (n = 10), DSS (n = 10) and TNBS (n = 8) groups. Cortical BV/TV was 92.2 ± 3.7%, 92.0 ± 3.0% and 92.6 ± 2.7%. Cortical BIC was 81.3 ± 8.8%, 83.2 ± 8.4% and 84.0 ± 7.0%, respectively. No significant differences were observed when comparing the medullary BV/TV and BIC (19.5 ± 6.4%, 16.2 ± 5.6% and 15.4 ± 9.0%) and (48.8 ± 12.9%, 49.2 ± 6.2 and 41.9 ± 11.7%), respectively. Successful induction of colitis was confirmed by loss of body weight and colon morphology. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest bone regeneration around implants is not impaired in chemically induced colitis models. Considering that Crohn's disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract including the mouth, our model only partially reflects the clinical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Kuchler
- Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Lopez-Dee ZP, Chittur SV, Patel B, Stanton R, Wakeley M, Lippert B, Menaker A, Eiche B, Terry R, Gutierrez LS. Thrombospondin-1 type 1 repeats in a model of inflammatory bowel disease: transcript profile and therapeutic effects. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34590. [PMID: 22509329 PMCID: PMC3318003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a matricellular protein with regulatory functions in inflammation and cancer. The type 1 repeats (TSR) domains of TSP-1 have been shown to interact with a wide range of proteins that result in the anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor properties of TSP-1. To ascertain possible functions and evaluate potential therapeutic effects of TSRs in inflammatory bowel disease, we conducted clinical, histological and microarray analyses on a mouse model of induced colitis. We used dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce colitis in wild-type (WT) mice for 7 days. Simultaneously, mice were injected with either saline or one form of TSP-1 derived recombinant proteins, containing either (1) the three type 1 repeats of the TSP-1 (3TSR), (2) the second type 1 repeat (TSR2), or (3) TSR2 with the RFK sequence (TSR2+RFK). Total RNA isolated from the mice colons were processed and hybridized to mouse arrays. Array data were validated by real-time qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Histological and disease indices reveal that the mice treated with the TSRs show different patterns of leukocytic infiltration and that 3TSR treatment was the most effective in decreasing inflammation in DSS-induced colitis. Transcriptional profiling revealed differentially expressed (DE) genes, with the 3TSR-treated mice showing the least deviation from the WT-water controls. In conclusion, this study shows that 3TSR treatment is effective in attenuating the inflammatory response to DSS injury. In addition, the transcriptomics work unveils novel genetic data that suggest beneficial application of the TSR domains in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenaida P. Lopez-Dee
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sridar V. Chittur
- Center for Functional Genomics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, United States of America
| | - Bhumi Patel
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Stanton
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michelle Wakeley
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brittany Lippert
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anastasya Menaker
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bethany Eiche
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert Terry
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Linda S. Gutierrez
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hamada Y, Kato E, Nakamura H, Fujino H, Matsumoto K, Tashima K, Horie S, Murayama T. Decrease of guanylyl cyclase β1 subunit and nitric oxide (NO)-induced relaxation in mouse rectum with colitis and its reproduction on long-term NO treatment. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 385:81-94. [PMID: 21947227 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) influences motility in the colon in patients with ulcerative colitis, but the exact mechanism involved remains unknown. Colitis was induced in mice by the oral administration of 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), and the motility in longitudinal preparations from rectum and distal colon and expression of β1 subunit of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGCβ1) were analyzed. Electrical stimulation (ES) caused a transient relaxation via the NO pathway in both rectum and colon from control mice. Stimulation with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) caused relaxation in the two regions, and the half-time (T (1/2)) of the maximal relaxation induced by 100 μM SNP was 8.1 ± 1.0 s in rectum. DSS treatment (1) abolished the ES-induced relaxation, but not dibutyryl cyclic GMP-induced response, in both regions, (2) decreased the maximal response to SNP accompanied by a loss of immunoreactive sGCβ1 protein in rectum, but did not affect the amplitude of the relaxant response or the protein in distal colon, and (3) caused an increase in the T (1/2) value in response to SNP in both regions. Pretreatment of both preparations from control mice with 600 μM SNP for 30 min decreased both ES- and SNP-induced relaxation, SNP-induced cyclic GMP formation, and immunoreactive sGCβ1 levels. NO-mediated relaxation was impaired by a dysfunctional sGC with and without a loss of immunoreactivity to sGCβ1 in rectum and colon from DSS-treated mice, respectively. Long-term exposure of the tissues with an excess amount of NO changes the sGC-mediated relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Hamada
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
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Talero E, Alvarez de Sotomayor M, Sánchez-Fidalgo S, Motilva V. Vascular contribution of adrenomedullin to microcirculatory improvement in experimental colitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 670:601-7. [PMID: 21958875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of adrenomedullin (AM), a peptide that has demonstrated vasodilatory activity, was studied in the colon and small mesenteric arteries of rats in a chronic model of inflammatory bowel disease. AM (50 ng/kg/day) was administered i.p. daily, starting 24h after trinitrobenzensulfonic acid (TNBS, 30 mg) instillation. After 14 days, rats were sacrificed, colons were macroscopically analyzed and biochemical parameters (myeloperoxidase activity, cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression) were determined. Vascular function of small mesenteric arteries was assessed by addition of phenylephrine (10⁻⁸ to 10⁻⁴ mol/L) and participation of COX and NOS pathways was also evaluated by using different inhibitors: indomethacin, NS-398, L-NNA, and 1400 w. Chronic AM treatment significantly reduced colonic macroscopic damage and inflammation markers. TNBS instillation induced COX-2 and iNOS expressions in colon and small mesenteric arteries; AM treatment decreased COX-2 expression only in microvessels from rats with colitis. An attenuation of phenylephrine-induced contraction was detected in small mesenteric arteries from both TNBS and AM-treated rats. COX and NOS inhibitors altered the contractile ability of phenylephrine in small mesenteric arteries from TNBS rats, suggesting the involvement of COX-2 and iNOS derived factors in the deleterious effect of TNBS on vascular reactivity; AM administration was able to reduce such alteration. Finally, treatment with the peptide significantly reduced colonic nitric oxide (NO) levels, without affecting plasma concentration. In conclusion, AM showed beneficial effects in the restoration of vascular function through the regulation of vasoactive products derived from COX-2 and iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Talero
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Spain.
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Harris NR, Carter PR, Watts MN, Zhang S, Kosloski-Davidson M, Grisham MB. Relationship among circulating leukocytes, platelets, and microvascular responses during induction of chronic colitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:305-11. [PMID: 21680162 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which microvascular alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs; Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) have not been clearly delineated. The purpose of the current study was to characterize the inflammatory events, microvascular alterations, and blood cell changes that occur in a mouse model of IBD. In this model, CD4(+) T-lymphocytes obtained from interleukin-10-deficient mice were injected intraperitoneally into lymphopenic, recombinase-activating gene-1 deficient (RAG(-/-)) mice. Two groups of control mice were also included: RAG(-/-) mice and C57BL/6 mice that were injected with phosphate-buffered saline but did not receive the T-cells. Four weeks later, the RAG(-/-) mice that had received the T-cell transfer showed significant signs of colonic inflammation, but without significant decreases in either body weight or mean arterial blood pressure. T-cell transfer increased the volume % of circulating platelets, while decreasing the number of circulating red blood cells. Additionally, the T-cell transfer tended to increase the circulating numbers of both lymphocytes and neutrophils when compared to unmanipulated RAG(-/-) mice. First-order colonic arterioles and venules tended to dilate in the colitic mice; however, the dilation was considerably more substantial with higher numbers of circulating leukocytes. The possibility that circulating inflammatory cells initiate the microvascular alterations in colitis warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman R Harris
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Weinmann A, Post M, Pan J, Rafi M, O'Connor DL, Unger S, Pencharz P, Belik J. Tetrahydrobiopterin is present in high quantity in human milk and has a vasorelaxing effect on newborn rat mesenteric arteries. Pediatr Res 2011; 69:325-9. [PMID: 21178821 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31820bc13a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Breast milk reduces the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). BH4 is a cofactor for endothelial NOS (eNOS). Reduced BH4 levels, or its oxidation to dihydrobiopterin (BH2), uncouple eNOS resulting in formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of NEC. We evaluated colostrum and mature breast milk, as well as infant formula, BH4 and BH2 content. In addition, we tested the BH4 effect on the newborn rat mesenteric arterial vascular tone. BH4 and BH2 content increased 3-fold in mature breast milk, when compared with colostrum (p < 0.01), without a change in their ratio. Infant formula had a negligible BH4 content and lower biopterins ratio, when compared with breast milk. eNOS is the predominant synthase isoform in newborn rat mesenteric arteries. In the presence of BH4, mesenteric arteries contracted less to thromboxane A₂ analog U46619 (p < 0.01) and this effect was abolished following eNOS inhibition. BH4 (10⁻⁶ M) vasorelaxed the newborn rat mesenteric arteries. We conclude that when compared with infant formula, breast milk has a high BH4 content that increases as breastfeeding continues. Given its mesenteric arterial vasorelaxing effect, BH4 may play an important role in the reduced NEC incidence among breast fed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Weinmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Santa Maria Federal University, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97.105-900, Brazil
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Cromer WE, Mathis JM, Granger DN, Chaitanya GV, Alexander JS. Role of the endothelium in inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:578-93. [PMID: 21350707 PMCID: PMC3040330 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i5.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a complex group of diseases involving alterations in mucosal immunity and gastrointestinal physiology during both initiation and progressive phases of the disease. At the core of these alterations are endothelial cells, whose continual adjustments in structure and function coordinate vascular supply, immune cell emigration, and regulation of the tissue environment. Expansion of the endothelium in IBD (angiogenesis), mediated by inflammatory growth factors, cytokines and chemokines, is a hallmark of active gut disease and is closely related to disease severity. The endothelium in newly formed or inflamed vessels differs from that in normal vessels in the production of and response to inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and adhesion molecules, altering coagulant capacity, barrier function and blood cell recruitment in injury. This review examines the roles of the endothelium in the initiation and propagation of IBD pathology and distinctive features of the intestinal endothelium contributing to these conditions.
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Varga G, Erces D, Fazekas B, Fülöp M, Kovács T, Kaszaki J, Fülöp F, Vécsei L, Boros M. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism decreases motility and inflammatory activation in the early phase of acute experimental colitis in the rat. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:217-25, e68. [PMID: 19735360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases are accompanied by severe motility disorders. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the blockade of peripheral N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-sensitive glutamate receptors (NMDA-Rs) alters motility changes in chemically induced acute colitis and how this modulation is accomplished. METHODS The inflammatory and motility changes in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis were studied in anaesthetized Wistar rats following treatment with the natural NMDA-R antagonist kynurenic acid (KynA) or SZR-72, a blood-brain barrier-permeable synthetic KynA analogue. The macrohaemodynamics, serosal microcirculation (visualized by intravital videomicroscopy), plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), inflammatory enzyme activities (xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)), and colonic motility (with a strain-gauge technique) were evaluated 17 h after colitis induction and compared with the control conditions. KEY RESULTS The TNBS enema induced a systemic hyperdynamic circulatory reaction, increased the serosal capillary blood flow, significantly elevated the mucosal XOR, MPO and NOS activities and augmented the colonic motility relative to the controls. The NMDA-R antagonist treatment with KynA or SZR-72 significantly reduced the XOR, NOS and MPO activities, decreased the motility and increased the tone of the colon. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These data demonstrate a potential modulatory mechanism of NMDA-R in altered colonic motility in TNBS colitis. Inhibition of the enteric NMDA-Rs may provide a therapeutic option via which to influence intestinal hypermotility, microcirculatory changes and inflammatory activation simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Varga
- Institute of Surgical Research, Szent-Györgyi Albert Medical and Pharmaceutical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Schreiber O, Petersson J, Phillipson M, Perry M, Roos S, Holm L. Lactobacillus reuteri prevents colitis by reducing P-selectin-associated leukocyte- and platelet-endothelial cell interactions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G534-42. [PMID: 19147805 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90470.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis is associated with a prothrombogenic phenotype, with P-selectin playing a major role in platelet recruitment. It has been suggested that probiotics may ameliorate colonic inflammation. We therefore investigated how treatment with Lactobacillus reuteri influenced P-selectin expression, leukocyte and platelet endothelial cell interactions, and colitis severity in DSS-treated rats. Rats were divided into the following four groups: nontreated, DSS treated (5% in drinking water for 9 days), L. reuteri, and L. reuteri and DSS treated. The rats were anesthetized with Inactin (120 mg/kg ip), and the dual radiolabeled monoclonal antibody technique was used to quantify P-selectin expression. Leukocyte-endothelial and platelet-endothelial cell interactions were studied in colonic venules with intravital microscopy. Colitis severity was assessed using a disease activity index. Disease activity index increased, as did the expression of P-selectin in the entire colon after DSS treatment, but both were reduced to control levels with L. reuteri pretreatment. The increased platelet- and leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions after DSS treatment were abolished by pretreatment with L. reuteri. L. reuteri protects against DSS-induced colitis in rats. The protection is associated with reduced P-selectin expression and a decrease in leukocyte- and platelet-endothelial cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schreiber
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 571, Husarg. 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Kan WH, Hsu JT, Schwacha MG, Choudhry MA, Raju R, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Selective inhibition of iNOS attenuates trauma-hemorrhage/resuscitation-induced hepatic injury. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:1076-82. [PMID: 18635878 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90495.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although trauma-hemorrhage produces tissue hypoxia, systemic inflammatory response and organ dysfunction, the mechanisms responsible for these alterations are not clear. Using a potent selective inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, N-[3-(aminomethyl) benzyl]acetamidine (1400W), and a nonselective NO synthase inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), we investigated whether inducible NO synthase plays any role in producing hepatic injury, inflammation, and changes of protein expression following trauma-hemorrhage. To investigate this, male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to midline laparotomy and hemorrhagic shock (mean blood pressure 35-40 mmHg for approximately 90 min) followed by fluid resuscitation. Animals were treated with either vehicle (DMSO) or 1400W (10 mg/kg body wt ip), or L-NAME (30 mg/kg iv), 30 min before resuscitation and killed 2 h after resuscitation. Trauma-hemorrhage/resuscitation induced a marked hypotension and increase in markers of hepatic injury (i.e., plasma alpha-glutathione S-transferase, tissue myeloperoxidase activity, and nitrotyrosine formation). Hepatic expression of iNOS, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, ICAM-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and neutrophil chemoattractant (cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-2) protein levels were also markedly increased following trauma-hemorrhage/resuscitation. Administration of the iNOS inhibitor 1400W significantly attenuated hypotension and expression of these mediators of hepatic injury induced by trauma-hemorrhage/resuscitation. However, administration of L-NAME could not attenuate hepatic dysfunction and tissue injury mediated by trauma-hemorrhage, although it improved mean blood pressure as did 1400W. These results indicate that increased expression of iNOS following trauma-hemorrhage plays an important role in the induction of hepatic damage under such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hong Kan
- Center for Surgical Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
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