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Ramineedu K, Sankaran KR, Mallepogu V, Rendedula DP, Gunturu R, Gandham S, Md SI, Meriga B. Thymoquinone mitigates obesity and diabetic parameters through regulation of major adipokines, key lipid metabolizing enzymes and AMPK/p-AMPK in diet-induced obese rats. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:16. [PMID: 38125651 PMCID: PMC10728404 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic activity of Thymoquinone (ThyQ) isolated from Nigella sativa seeds. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups and fed either normal pellet diet or high-fat diet (HFD) for 18 weeks and water ad-libitum. Group I: normal pellet diet (NPD)-fed, Group II: high-fat diet (HFD)-fed, Group III: HFD-fed-ThyQ (20 mg)-treated, Group IV: HFD-fed-ThyQ (40 mg)-treated and Group V: HFD-fed-Orlistat (5 mg)-treated group. Intervention with ThyQ started from 12th week onwards to HFD-fed rats of group III and IV. ThyQ administration significantly (p < 0.01) mitigated body weight gain, blood glucose, insulin level, serum and liver lipids (except HDL) and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity as evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and insulin tolerance test (ITT). Furthermore, ThyQ significantly (p < 0.01) diminished serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), plasma leptin, resistin and visfatin levels but enhanced lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and adiponectin levels. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated down-regulated mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins-1c (SREBP-1c), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) but upregulation of Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1).Western blot analysis displayed phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) in ThyQ-treated rats. Liver microtome sections of HFD-fed rats showed degenerated hepatocytes with high lipid stores while that of adipose tissue sections displayed large, fat-laden adipocytes, however, these histological changes were considerably attenuated in ThyQ-treated groups. Together these findings demonstrate that ThyQ can be a valuable therapeutic compound to potentially alleviate diet-induced obesity, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03847-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi Ramineedu
- Division of Cell Culture and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517502 India
| | - Karunakaran Reddy Sankaran
- Division of Cell Culture and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517502 India
| | - Venkataswamy Mallepogu
- Division of Cell Culture and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517502 India
| | | | | | - Sreedevi Gandham
- Department of ECE, Siddartha Educational Academy Group of Institutions, Tirupati, AP 517502 India
| | - Shahidul Islam Md
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | - Balaji Meriga
- Division of Cell Culture and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517502 India
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2
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Zheng Y, Mostamand S. Nutrition in children with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:943649. [PMID: 37215591 PMCID: PMC10196508 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.943649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a condition defined as pancreatic loss of exocrine function, including decreased digestive enzymes and bicarbonate secretion, which leads to maldigestion and malabsorption of nutrients. It is a common complication in many pancreatic disorders. If left undiagnosed, EPI can cause poor digestion of food, chronic diarrhea, severe malnutrition and related complications. Nutritional status and fat-soluble vitamins should be carefully assessed and monitored in patients with EPI. Early diagnosis of EPI is clinically important for appropriate nutritional support and initiating pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) which could significantly improve patient outcomes. The evaluation of nutritional status and related unique management in children with EPI will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Zheng
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shikib Mostamand
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Stanford Children’s Health & Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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Infantes-Garcia MR, Verkempinck SHE, Carriére F, Hendrickx ME, Grauwet T. Pre-duodenal lipid digestion of emulsions: Relevance, colloidal aspects and mechanistic insight. Food Res Int 2023; 168:112785. [PMID: 37120232 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The digestion of lipids in the human body has several health and nutritional implications. Lipid digestion is an interfacial phenomenon meaning that water-soluble lipases need to first adsorb to the oil-water interface before enzymatic conversions can start. The digestion of lipids mainly occurs on colloidal structures dispersed in water, such as oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions, which can be designed during food formulation/processing or structured during digestion. From a food design perspective, different in vitro studies have demonstrated that the kinetics of lipid digestion can be influenced by emulsion properties. However, most of these studies have been performed with pancreatic enzymes to simulate lipolysis in the small intestine. Only few studies have dealt with lipid digestion in the gastric phase and its subsequent impact on intestinal lipolysis. In this aspect, this review compiles information on the physiological aspects of gastric lipid digestion. In addition, it deals with colloidal and interfacial aspects starting from emulsion design factors and how they evolve during in vitro digestion. Finally, molecular mechanisms describing gastric lipolysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos R Infantes-Garcia
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, 22, PB 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah H E Verkempinck
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, 22, PB 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fréderic Carriére
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, UMR 7281, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - Marc E Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, 22, PB 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tara Grauwet
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, 22, PB 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Modulation of gastric lipase adsorption onto mixed galactolipid-phospholipid films by addition of phytosterols. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 220:112933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Murshed M, Salim M, Boyd BJ. Existing and emerging mitigation strategies for the prevention of accidental overdose from oral pharmaceutical products. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 180:201-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Faubel N, Makran M, Cilla A, Alegría A, Barberá R, Garcia-Llatas G. Bioaccessibility of Plant Sterols in Wholemeal Rye Bread Using the INFOGEST Protocol: Influence of Oral Phase and Enzymes of Lipid Metabolism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13223-13232. [PMID: 36206318 PMCID: PMC10389751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility of plant sterols (PS) in an enriched wholemeal rye bread was evaluated, for the first time, using the INFOGEST protocol without gastric lipase (GL) and cholesterol esterase (CE), with GL or GL + CE. Moreover, human chewing and an in vitro oral phase (simulated salivary fluid and α-amylase) were evaluated for this purpose. The addition of GL decreased the bioaccessibility of total PS (from 23.8 to 18.5%), whereas the use of GL + CE does not significantly affect PS bioaccessibility. The in vitro oral phase resulted in an ineffective homogenization of the fresh vs partially dried and milled bread, reducing the bioaccessibility of total (from 20.2 to 12.8%) and individual PS. The INFOGEST digestion including the use of GL and CE, as well as an oral phase with human chewing, is proposed for the assessment of PS bioaccessibility in a solid matrix such as wholemeal rye bread since it more closely approximates the in vivo situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Faubel
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Mussa Makran
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Antonio Cilla
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Amparo Alegría
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Reyes Barberá
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Llatas
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Li X, Huang Q, Wang X, Zhang M, Quan S, Geng F, Chen H, Deng Q. Exploration of suitable in vitro simulated digestion model for lipid oxidation of flaxseed oil emulsion during digestion. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:5495-5501. [PMID: 35355275 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The INFOGEST model is a standardized general in vitro digestion study, but it cannot accurately simulate the fatty acid release process of lipids in the stomach and small intestine. In this study, the internationally universal INFOGEST 2019 was used as the basic model and flaxseed oil emulsion was used as the research object. In various improvement models, the effect of fatty acid release rate on the oxidation stability of flaxseed oil was assessed by adding rabbit stomach extract and changing the order of bile salts addition. RESULTS With the presence of rabbit gastric extract, flaxseed oil emulsion flocculation and coalescence in stomach were reduced, and the absolute value of ζ-potential increased. Moreover, the release rate of fatty acids in the small intestine increased by 12.14%. The amount of lipid oxidation product (i.e. hexanal) in the gastric and intestinal phases increased by 0.08 ppb. In addition, the fatty acid release rate in the small intestine phase increased by 5.85% and the hexanal content increased by 0.011 ppb in the digestion model of adding bile salts before adjusting the pH in the small intestine phase compared with the model of adjusting the pH first and then adding bile salts. CONCLUSION The results obtained from this study will contribute to finding the most suitable static digestion model for simulating digestion and oxidation of lipid during lipid gastrointestinal digestion. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingde Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Xintian Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Shuang Quan
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongjian Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianchun Deng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
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Oo WM, Mobasheri A, Hunter DJ. A narrative review of anti-obesity medications for obese patients with osteoarthritis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:1381-1395. [PMID: 35855642 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2104636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : The prevalence of both obesity and osteoarthritis (OA) are increasing worldwide (twindemic), and the association between the two chronic diseases is also well-established. AREAS COVERED : In this narrative review, we will briefly describe the double burdens of both diseases, the impact of weight loss or gain on OA incidence and structural progression and discuss the biomechanical and anti-inflammatory mechanisms mediating these effects. FDA-approved anti-obesity drugs are summarized in terms of their clinical efficacy and safety profile, and the completed or ongoing phase 2/3 clinical trials of such drugs in OA patients with obesity are examined. EXPERT OPINION : We will discuss the perspectives related to principles of prescription of anti-obesity drugs, the potential role of phenotype-guided approach, time to drug effects in clinical trials, sustainability of weight loss based on the real-world studies, the importance of concomitant therapies such as dieting and exercises, and the role of weight loss on non-weight bearing OA joints. Although obesity is the major risk factor for OA pathogenesis and progression, and there are a variety of anti-obesity medications on the market, research on the use of these disease-modifying drugs in OA (DMOAD) is still sparse..
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Min Oo
- Rheumatology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, and Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mandalay General Hospital, University of Medicine, Mandalay, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Liege, Belgium
| | - David J Hunter
- Rheumatology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, and Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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9
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Orlistat disposition in the human jejunum and the effect of lipolysis inhibition on bile salt concentrations and composition. Int J Pharm 2022; 621:121807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Braeckmans M, Brouwers J, Riethorst D, Servais C, Tack J, Augustijns P. The Influence of Fed State Lipolysis Inhibition on the Intraluminal Behaviour and Absorption of Fenofibrate from a Lipid-Based Formulation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010119. [PMID: 35057014 PMCID: PMC8781256 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioavailability of lipophilic drugs may or may not be increased when administered with food due to increased solubilisation in fed state gastrointestinal (GI) fluids. The in vivo interplay between drug solubilisation, lipid phase digestion and drug absorption is complex and remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the role of fed state GI lipolysis on the intraluminal behaviour and absorption of fenofibrate, formulated as the lipid-based formulation Fenogal. Therefore, a crossover study was performed in healthy volunteers using orlistat as lipase inhibitor. Fenofibrate concentrations were determined in the proximal jejunum and linked to simultaneously assessed systemic fenofibric acid concentrations. Inhibition of lipolysis by orlistat resulted in a faster onset of absorption in 4 out of 6 volunteers, reflected by a decrease in systemic Tmax between 20 and 140 min. In addition, the increase of undigested lipids present in the small intestine upon orlistat co-administration sustained drug solubilisation for a longer period, resulting in higher fenofibrate concentrations in the jejunum and improved absorption in 5 out of 6 volunteers (median AUC0–8h 8377 vs. 5832 μM.min). Sustaining drug solubilisation in the lipid phase may thus contribute to the absorption of lipophilic drugs. More research into the different mechanisms underlying lipophilic drug absorption from fed state media at different levels of digestion is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Braeckmans
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49-Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.B.); (J.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49-Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.B.); (J.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Danny Riethorst
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49-Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.B.); (J.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Cécile Servais
- Galephar M/F Research Center, 6900 Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium;
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, TARGID, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49-Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.B.); (J.B.); (D.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Ledesma R, Martínez-Pérez RB, Curiel DA, Fernández LM, Silva ML, Canales-Aguirre AA, Rodríguez JA, Mateos-Díaz JC, Lerma AMPY, Madrigal M. Potential benefits of structured lipids in bulk compound chocolate: Insights on bioavailability and effect on serum lipids. Food Chem 2021; 375:131824. [PMID: 34923401 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability impact of serum lipids in compound chocolate products based on structured lipids was studied. Compound chocolate products containing fat with and without structured lipids were digested in vitro under simulated gastrointestinal lipolysis conditions and were studied in vivo in healthy C57BL/6J mice. The in vitro digestion results show that products containing structured lipids, milk compound chocolate filling and white compound coating, significantly reduced the release rate of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) and improved the caloric reduction between 12.49% and 13.71% compared to products without structured lipids, suggesting that FFA were not absorbed. Animal feeding studies revealed no adverse effects on the compound products intake; in fact, these products reduced total cholesterol, LDL-c, VLDL-c and triacylglycerols. The present work shows the relevance of developing functional compound chocolate as providing a potential healthy initiative through the biological effect of the bioactive ingredients incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ledesma
- Research and Development Department, Alpezzi Chocolate, S.A. de C.V., Prolongación Los Robles Sur, Los Robles, 45134 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Raúl B Martínez-Pérez
- Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, 45019 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - David A Curiel
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas No. 800, Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Laura M Fernández
- Research and Development Department, Alpezzi Chocolate, S.A. de C.V., Prolongación Los Robles Sur, Los Robles, 45134 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - María L Silva
- Research and Development Department, Alpezzi Chocolate, S.A. de C.V., Prolongación Los Robles Sur, Los Robles, 45134 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alejandro A Canales-Aguirre
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas No. 800, Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jorge A Rodríguez
- Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, 45019 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Juan C Mateos-Díaz
- Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, 45019 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ana M Preza Y Lerma
- Research and Development Department, Alpezzi Chocolate, S.A. de C.V., Prolongación Los Robles Sur, Los Robles, 45134 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Madrigal
- Research and Development Department, Alpezzi Chocolate, S.A. de C.V., Prolongación Los Robles Sur, Los Robles, 45134 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
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Tormási J, Abrankó L. Assessment of Fatty Acid-Specific Lipolysis by In Vitro Digestion and GC-FID. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113889. [PMID: 34836142 PMCID: PMC8623358 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nutritional relevance of food compositional data could be improved by taking the bioaccessibility of these constituents into account. A lack of routine methods to assess the bioaccessibility of fatty acids (FAs) in food is one of the limiting factors of doing so. An analytical protocol is proposed for routine assessment of the extent of lipolysis via in vitro digestion simulation methods in food products. The established method provides specific information on each FA individually. Steps of the protocol including the Bligh and Dyer chloroform/methanol/water extraction of esterified and free FAs from in vitro digesta, methyl ester derivatization, and GC-FID analysis were specifically tailored to help routine work and were harmonized with the Infogest in vitro digestion simulation protocol (both v1.0 and v2.0). The method was applied to assess the degree of FA-specific lipolysis in a baked fish (carp) meal and the results showed that the FA composition of the original food significantly differed from that of the distribution of FFAs in the digesta. The use of gastric lipase (in Infogest v2.0 protocol) increased total FA release by 9.5% and its specific impact on palmitic acid was the most prominent.
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Turdi H, Chao H, Hangeland JJ, Ahmad S, Meng W, Brigance R, Zhao G, Wang W, Moore F, Ye XY, Mathur A, Hou X, Kempson J, Wu DR, Li YX, Azzara AV, Ma Z, Chu CH, Chen L, Cullen MJ, Rooney S, Harvey S, Kopcho L, Panemangelor R, Abell L, O'Malley K, Keim WJ, Dierks E, Chang S, Foster K, Apedo A, Harden D, Dabros M, Gao Q, Pelleymounter MA, Whaley JM, Robl JA, Cheng D, Lawrence RM, Devasthale P. Screening Hit to Clinical Candidate: Discovery of BMS-963272, a Potent, Selective MGAT2 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14773-14792. [PMID: 34613725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MGAT2 inhibition is a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of metabolic disorders. High-throughput screening of the BMS internal compound collection identified the aryl dihydropyridinone compound 1 (hMGAT2 IC50 = 175 nM) as a hit. Compound 1 had moderate potency against human MGAT2, was inactive vs mouse MGAT2 and had poor microsomal metabolic stability. A novel chemistry route was developed to synthesize aryl dihydropyridinone analogs to explore structure-activity relationship around this hit, leading to the discovery of potent and selective MGAT2 inhibitors 21f, 21s, and 28e that are stable to liver microsomal metabolism. After triaging out 21f due to its inferior in vivo potency, pharmacokinetics, and structure-based liabilities and tetrazole 28e due to its inferior channel liability profile, 21s (BMS-963272) was selected as the clinical candidate following demonstration of on-target weight loss efficacy in the diet-induced obese mouse model and an acceptable safety and tolerability profile in multiple preclinical species.
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Grundy MM, Abrahamse E, Almgren A, Alminger M, Andres A, Ariëns RM, Bastiaan-Net S, Bourlieu-Lacanal C, Brodkorb A, Bronze MR, Comi I, Couëdelo L, Dupont D, Durand A, El SN, Grauwet T, Heerup C, Heredia A, Infantes Garcia MR, Jungnickel C, Kłosowska-Chomiczewska IE, Létisse M, Macierzanka A, Mackie AR, McClements DJ, Menard O, Meynier A, Michalski MC, Mulet-Cabero AI, Mullertz A, Payeras Perelló FM, Peinado I, Robert M, Secouard S, Serra AT, Silva SD, Thomassen G, Tullberg C, Undeland I, Vaysse C, Vegarud GE, Verkempinck SH, Viau M, Zahir M, Zhang R, Carrière F. INFOGEST inter-laboratory recommendations for assaying gastric and pancreatic lipases activities prior to in vitro digestion studies. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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15
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Jimenez-Moya B, Martin D, Soler-Rivas C, Barroeta AC, Tres A, Sala R. Acid versus crude oils for broiler chicken diets: In vitro lipid digestion and bioaccessibility. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Pentafragka C, Vertzoni M, Dressman J, Symillides M, Goumas K, Reppas C. Characteristics of contents in the upper gastrointestinal lumen after a standard high-calorie high-fat meal and implications for the in vitro drug product performance testing conditions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 155:105535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Petry FC, Mercadante AZ. Addition of either gastric lipase or cholesterol esterase to improve both β-cryptoxanthin ester hydrolysis and micellarization during in vitro digestion of fruit pulps. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109691. [PMID: 33233265 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Using the INFOGEST in vitro digestion protocol adapted to carotenoids, the impact of additional rabbit gastric lipase (RGL) on the hydrolysis extent of β-cryptoxanthin esters was evaluated for the first time, and compared with the addition of porcine cholesterol esterase (CEL). Both the modifications increased the hydrolysis of (all-E)-β-cryptoxanthin esters from mandarin and peach pulps, although the outcomes were different. Addition of RGL consistently increased the average hydrolysis extent from 55.2% to 59.5% in mandarin pulp and from 22.7% to 48.8% in peach pulp (p < 0.05). The addition of CEL produced lower hydrolysis extents, i.e., 58.5% in mandarin (not statistically significant) and 28.4% in peach (p < 0.05), compared to those obtained with RGL. The hydrolysis extent positively correlated with the carotenoid ester concentration in both matrices. Bioaccessibility values were higher in mandarin pulp (range 32-34%) compared to those in peach pulp (range 16-21%), and were associated with the hydrolysis extent of the carotenoid esters during digestion. Addition of RGL and CEL produced no significant (p < 0.05) effect on the overall carotenoid bioaccessibility values of mandarin, while positively affected those in peach. Altogether these results corroborate that the hydrolysis extent of xanthophyll esters limits bioaccessibility. Additionally, hydrophobicity of the carotenoid inversely correlates with micellarization, as free (all-E)-xanthophylls micellarized in a higher extent compared to (all-E)-β-carotene and xanthophyll esters. The new information of our results is that the addition of rabbit gastric lipase substantially contributes to the hydrolysis of β-cryptoxanthin esters from fruit pulps, and consequently, to increase carotenoid bioaccessibility, being even more effective than CEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane C Petry
- Food Research Center (FoRC), Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Z Mercadante
- Food Research Center (FoRC), Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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18
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Plante AM, McCarthy AL, O'Halloran F. Cheese as a functional food for older adults: comparing the bioactive properties of different cheese matrices following simulated gastrointestinal in vitro digestion. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020; 72:456-469. [PMID: 32967486 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1825644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Age-related changes to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) can impact how food is digested. Studying the effects of these changes can help identify functional foods for older adults. Cheese was digested using two simulated gastrointestinal in vitro digestion (SGID) models representing adult and elderly gastro-intestinal conditions. Antioxidant capacity was measured using DPPH, FRAP and TPC assays. The ability of cheese to inhibit digestive enzymes was determined by the α-glucosidase and lipase inhibition assays. Digestive aging influenced the bioactivity of cheese, as elderly digestates had significantly lower (p < 0.05) antioxidant, α-glucosidase and lipase inhibitory properties compared to adult digestates. However, soft cheese (feta, goats', brie) demonstrated greatest potential with comparable radical scavenging properties and lipase inhibition, greatest FRAP and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. Despite age-related changes, the bioactive properties of cheese were evident following digestion with an older adult SGID model, suggesting cheese has potential as a functional food for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M Plante
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aoife L McCarthy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona O'Halloran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
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19
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Dully M, Brasnett C, Djeghader A, Seddon A, Neilan J, Murray D, Butler J, Soulimane T, Hudson SP. Modulating the release of pharmaceuticals from lipid cubic phases using a lipase inhibitor. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 573:176-192. [PMID: 32278949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lipid cubic phase formulations have gained recognition as potential controlled delivery systems for a range of active pharmaceutical and biological agents on account of their desirable physiochemical properties and ability to encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules. The most widely studied lipid cubic systems are those of the monoacylglycerol lipid family. These formulations are susceptible to lipolysis by a variety of enzymes, including lipases and esterases, which attack the ester bond present on the lipid chain bridging the oleic acid component to the glycerol backbone. The release of poorly soluble molecules residing in the lipid membrane portions of the phase is limited by the breakdown of the matrix; thus, presenting a potential means for further controlling and sustaining the release of therapeutic agents by targeting the matrix stability and its rate of degradation. The aims of the present study were twofold: to evaluate an approach to regulate the rate of degradation of lipid cubic phase drug delivery systems by targeting the enzyme interactions responsible for their demise; and to study the subsequent drug release profiles from bulk lipid cubic gels using model drugs of contrasting hydrophobicity. Here, hybrid materials consisting of cubic phases with monoacylglycerol lipids of different chain lengths formulated with a potent lipase inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin were designed. Modulation of the release of a hydrophobic model pharmaceutical, a clofazimine salt, was obtained by exploiting the matrices' enzyme-driven digestion. A stable cubic phase is described, displaying controlled degradation with at least a 4-fold improvement compared to the blank systems shown in inhibitor-containing cubic systems. Sustained release of the model hydrophobic pharmaceutical was studied over 30 days to highlight the advantage of incorporating an inhibitor into the cubic network to achieve tunable lipid release systems. This is done without negatively affecting the structure of the matrix itself, as shown by comprehensive small-angle x-ray scattering experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dully
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - Christopher Brasnett
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, Tyndall Ave, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Djeghader
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - Annela Seddon
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, Tyndall Ave, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom; Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
| | - John Neilan
- COOK Ireland Limited, O'Halloran Rd, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - David Murray
- COOK Ireland Limited, O'Halloran Rd, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - James Butler
- COOK Ireland Limited, O'Halloran Rd, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - Tewfik Soulimane
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Sarah P Hudson
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland.
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20
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Gastro-intestinal in vitro digestions of protein emulsions monitored by pH-stat: Influence of structural properties and interplay between proteolysis and lipolysis. Food Chem 2020; 311:125946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Computational approaches for the discovery of natural pancreatic lipase inhibitors as antiobesity agents. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:741-757. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is becoming one of the greatest threats to global health in the 21st century and therefore the development of novel antiobesity drugs is one of the top priorities of global drug research. An important treatment strategy includes the reduction of intestinal fat absorption through the inhibition of pancreatic lipase (PL). Natural products provide a vast pool of PL inhibitors with novel scaffolds that can possibly be developed into clinical products. Computational drug design methods have become increasingly invaluable in the drug discovery process. In recent years, the discovery of new antiobesity PL inhibitors has been facilitated by the application of computational methods. This review highlights some computer-aided drug design techniques utilized in the discovery of natural PL inhibitors.
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22
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Increased Cellular Uptake of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Phytosterols from Natural Micellar Oil. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010150. [PMID: 31948089 PMCID: PMC7019862 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of hydrophobic compounds to recipient cells is a critical step in nutrient supplementation. Here, we tested the effect of phospholipid-based emulsification on the uptake of hydrophobic compounds into various tissue culture cell lines. In particular, the uptake of ω-3 fatty acids from micellar or nonmicellar algae oil into cell models for enterocytes, epithelial cells, and adipocytes was tested. Micellization of algae oil did not result in adverse effects on cell viability in the target cells. In general, both micellar and nonmicellar oil increased intracellular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels. However, micellar oil was more effective in terms of augmenting the intracellular levels of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) than nonmicellar oil. These effects were rather conserved throughout the cells tested, indicating that fatty acids from micellar oils are enriched by mechanisms independent of lipases or lipid transporters. Importantly, the positive effect of emulsification was not restricted to the uptake of fatty acids. Instead, the uptake of phytosterols from phytogenic oils into target cells also increased after micellization. Taken together, phospholipid-based emulsification is a straightforward, effective, and safe approach to delivering hydrophobic nutrients, such as fatty acids or phytosterols, to a variety of cell types in vitro. It is proposed that this method of emulsification is suitable for the effective supplementation of numerous hydrophobic nutrients.
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23
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Screening of Gastrointestinal Lipase Inhibitors Produced by Microorganisms Isolated from Soil and Lake Sediments. Int Microbiol 2019; 23:335-343. [PMID: 31823203 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors are molecules of pharmaceutical interest due to their use as anti-obesity drugs. In this study, forty strains isolated from soil and sediments were identified with the ability to produce inhibition of gastrointestinal lipase activity. The biomass extract of these strains showed at least 50% inhibition in the hydrolysis of tributyrin by recombinant human pancreatic lipase (rHPL) or rabbit gastric lipase (RGL) by in vitro assays. Based on gene sequencing, the isolates were identified mainly as Streptomycetes. Moreover, none of the identified strains has been reported to be lipase inhibitor producers, so they can be viewed as potential sources for obtaining new drugs. IC50 values of the three best inhibitor extracts showed that AC104-10 was the most promising strain for production of gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors. AC104-10 shows 99% homology (16S rRNA gene fragment) to Streptomyces cinereoruber strain NBRC 12756. An inhibitory study over trypsin activity revealed that AC104-10 extract, as well as THL, had no significant effect on the activity of this protease, showing its specificity for lipases. In addition, analyzes by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of the enzyme-inhibitor complex revealed that there is a covalent interaction of the AC104-10 inhibitor with the catalytic serine of the pancreatic lipase, and that the molecular weight of the inhibitor is approximately 686.19 Da.
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24
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Villo L, Risti R, Reimund M, Kukk K, Samel N, Lookene A. Calorimetric approach for comparison of Angiopoietin-like protein 4 with other pancreatic lipase inhibitors. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158553. [PMID: 31676442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic lipase (PNLIP) is a digestive enzyme that is a potential drug target for the treatment of obesity. A better understanding of its regulation mechanisms would facilitate the development of new therapeutics. Recent studies indicate that intestinal lipolysis by PNLIP is reduced by Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4), whose N-terminal domain (nANGPTL4) is a known inactivator of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in blood circulation and adipocytes. To elucidate the mechanism of PNLIP inhibition by ANGPTL4, we developed a novel approach, using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The obtained results were compared with those of well-described inhibitors of PNLIP - ε-polylysine (EPL), (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and tetrahydrolipstatin. We demonstrate that ITC allows to investigate PNLIP inhibition mechanisms in complex substrate emulsions and that the ITC-based assay is highly sensitive - the lowest concentration for quantification of PNLIP is 1.5 pM. Combining ITC with surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence measurements, we present evidence that ANGPTL4 is a lipid-binding protein that influences PNLIP activity through interactions with components of substrate emulsions (bile salts, phospholipids and triglycerides), and this promotes the aggregation of triglyceride emulsions similarly to the PNLIP inhibitors EPL and EGCG. In the absence of substrate emulsion, unlike in the case of LPL, ANGPTL4 did not induce the inactivation of PNLIP. Our data also prove that due to various interactions with components of substrate systems, the effect of a PNLIP inhibitor depends on whether its effect is measured in a complex substrate emulsion or in a simple substrate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly Villo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Robert Risti
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Mart Reimund
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Kaia Kukk
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Nigulas Samel
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Aivar Lookene
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.
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25
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Inhibition of CpLIP2 Lipase Hydrolytic Activity by Four Flavonols (Galangin, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Myricetin) Compared to Orlistat and Their Binding Mechanisms Studied by Quenching of Fluorescence. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24162888. [PMID: 31398944 PMCID: PMC6719172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of recombinant CpLIP2 lipase/acyltransferase from Candida parapsiolosis was considered a key model for novel antifungal drug discovery and a potential therapeutic target for candidiasis. Lipases have identified recently as potent virulence factors in C. parapsilosis and some other yeasts. The inhibition effects of orlistat and four flavonols (galangin, kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin) characterized by an increasing degree of hydroxylation in B-ring, were investigated using ethyl oleate hydrolysis as the model reaction. Orlistat and kaempferol (14 µM) strongly inhibited CpLIP2 catalytic activity within 1 min of pre-incubation, by 90% and 80%, respectively. The relative potency of flavonols as inhibitors was: kaempferol > quercetin > myricetin > galangin. The results suggested that orlistat bound to the catalytic site while kaempferol interacted with W294 on the protein lid. A static mechanism of interactions between flavonols and CpLIP2 lipase was confirmed by fluorescence quenching analyses, indicating that the interactions were mainly driven by hydrophobic bonds and electrostatic forces. From the Lehrer equation, fractions of tryptophan accessibility to the quencher were evaluated, and a relationship with the calculated number of binding sites was suggested.
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26
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LC-MS/MS Analysis and Hepatoprotective Activity of Artichoke ( Cynara scolymus L.) Leaves Extract against High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4851279. [PMID: 31240213 PMCID: PMC6556340 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4851279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cynara scolymus L. (Artichoke) has been used for the treatment of metabolic disorders. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of Cynara scolymus leaves extract against a high fat diet (HFD) induced rats. This study investigated the most abundant phenolic compounds rich Cynara scolymus leaves extract and it is antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidative effects in vivo. The hypercaloric high fat diet (HFD) was treated with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of ethanol extract (EEA) from leaves of Cynara and atorvastatin (ATOR) (10 mg/kg/day) during an 8-week period. Lipid profile was measured and oxidative stress systematic in hepatic tissue was determined. Our data revealed that HFD-induced hepatic dysfunction manifested by significant abnormal levels of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, and OCT was accompanied by increasing levels of oxidative stress biomarker (ROS, MDA, and AOPP) while decreasing in antioxidant status. Coadministration of EEA significantly reduced serum lipid profile and hepatic disorders which was confirmed to be histological by reducing the fatty liver deposition in hepatic lobule. These findings suggest that Cynara leaves exert antiobesity and antioxidant liver effects in HFD-induced obese rats.
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27
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Capurso G, Traini M, Piciucchi M, Signoretti M, Arcidiacono PG. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: prevalence, diagnosis, and management. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2019; 12:129-139. [PMID: 30962702 PMCID: PMC6432881 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s168266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a condition caused by reduced or inappropriate secretion or activity of pancreatic juice and its digestive enzymes, pancreatic lipase in particular. EPI can result in clinical manifestation and biochemical alterations causing reduced quality of life and life-threating complications. EPI is common in pancreatic disorders, where it should be suspected and actively investigated, and in many extrapancreatic conditions. There are various tests available to diagnose EPI, with indirect, noninvasive ones, such as concentration of fecal elastase being more commonly employed. Administration of pancreatic enzymes replacement therapy remains the mainstay of EPI treatment. The present review article will discuss current evidence regarding the prevalence of EPI, the available tests to diagnose it and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Capurso
- Pancreato-Biliary Endoscopy and Endosonography Division, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy,
| | - Mariaemilia Traini
- Pancreato-Biliary Endoscopy and Endosonography Division, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy,
| | - Matteo Piciucchi
- Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Signoretti
- Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Giorgio Arcidiacono
- Pancreato-Biliary Endoscopy and Endosonography Division, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy,
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28
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INFOGEST static in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal food digestion. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:991-1014. [PMID: 30886367 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1521] [Impact Index Per Article: 304.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Developing a mechanistic understanding of the impact of food structure and composition on human health has increasingly involved simulating digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract. These simulations have used a wide range of different conditions that often have very little physiological relevance, and this impedes the meaningful comparison of results. The standardized protocol presented here is based on an international consensus developed by the COST INFOGEST network. The method is designed to be used with standard laboratory equipment and requires limited experience to encourage a wide range of researchers to adopt it. It is a static digestion method that uses constant ratios of meal to digestive fluids and a constant pH for each step of digestion. This makes the method simple to use but not suitable for simulating digestion kinetics. Using this method, food samples are subjected to sequential oral, gastric and intestinal digestion while parameters such as electrolytes, enzymes, bile, dilution, pH and time of digestion are based on available physiological data. This amended and improved digestion method (INFOGEST 2.0) avoids challenges associated with the original method, such as the inclusion of the oral phase and the use of gastric lipase. The method can be used to assess the endpoints resulting from digestion of foods by analyzing the digestion products (e.g., peptides/amino acids, fatty acids, simple sugars) and evaluating the release of micronutrients from the food matrix. The whole protocol can be completed in ~7 d, including ~5 d required for the determination of enzyme activities.
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29
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Variations in gastrointestinal lipases, pH and bile acid levels with food intake, age and diseases: Possible impact on oral lipid-based drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 142:3-15. [PMID: 30926476 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lipids and some surfactants present in oral lipid-based drug delivery systems are potential substrates for the various lipases involved in gastrointestinal (GI) lipolysis. The levels of these enzymes, together with pH and biliairy secretion, are important parameters that condition the fate of lipid-based formulations (LBF) and the dispersion, solubilization and absorption of lipophilic drugs in the GI tract. Since in vitro methods of digestion are now combined with dissolution assays for a better assessment of LBF performance, it is essential to have a basic knowledge on lipase, pH and bile acid (BA) levels in vivo to develop relevant in vitro models. While these parameters and their variations in healthy subjects are today well documented, in vivo data on specific populations (age groups, patients with various diseases, patients with treatment affecting GI tract parameters, …) are scarce and obtaining them from clinical studies is sometimes difficult due to ethical limitations. Here we collected some in vivo data already available on the levels of digestive lipases, gastric and intestinal pH, and BAs at various ages and in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, a pathological situation that leads to drastic changes in GI tract parameters and impacts pharmacological treatments.
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30
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Role of Dietary Lipids in Modulating Inflammation through the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010117. [PMID: 30626117 PMCID: PMC6357048 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and its resolution is a tenuous balance that is under constant contest. Though several regulatory mechanisms are employed to maintain homeostasis, disruptions in the regulation of inflammation can lead to detrimental effects for the host. Of note, the gut and microbial dysbiosis are implicated in the pathology of systemic chronic low-grade inflammation which has been linked to several metabolic diseases. What remains to be described is the extent to which dietary fat and concomitant changes in the gut microbiota contribute to, or arise from, the onset of metabolic disorders. The present review will highlight the role of microorganisms in host energy regulation and several mechanisms that contribute to inflammatory pathways. This review will also discuss the immunomodulatory effects of the endocannabinoid system and its link with the gut microbiota. Finally, a brief discussion arguing for improved taxonomic resolution (at the species and strain level) is needed to deepen our current knowledge of the microbiota and host inflammatory state.
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31
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Discovery of arginine-containing tripeptides as a new class of pancreatic lipase inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:5-19. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The inhibition of pancreatic lipase (PL) represents one of the most promising strategies in the search for novel antiobesity drugs. We propose here a pioneering course by exploring tripeptide scaffolds in the way to selective PL inhibitors. Methodology/Results: The peptide series exhibited good PL inhibitory properties in vitro, with all the strongest inhibitors sharing a central arginine, shown in silico to be relevant for the active site-directed activity. The compounds were found devoid of inhibitory properties on acetylcholinesterase. Conclusion: Present results disclosed that basic tripeptides are able to interact efficiently with the PL-binding pocket, where they adopt a binding pose suitable for functional-to-inhibition interactions with key amino acids. Main inhibitor MALA4 may be selected as lead for further optimization.
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32
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Lipids in the Stomach – Implications for the Evaluation of Food Effects on Oral Drug Absorption. Pharm Res 2018; 35:55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Bohn T, Carriere F, Day L, Deglaire A, Egger L, Freitas D, Golding M, Le Feunteun S, Macierzanka A, Menard O, Miralles B, Moscovici A, Portmann R, Recio I, Rémond D, Santé-Lhoutelier V, Wooster TJ, Lesmes U, Mackie AR, Dupont D. Correlation between in vitro and in vivo data on food digestion. What can we predict with static in vitro digestion models? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2239-2261. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1315362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Bohn
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | | | - L. Day
- Agresearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - L. Egger
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - M. Golding
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | - A. Moscovici
- Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - R. Portmann
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - T. J. Wooster
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - U. Lesmes
- Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Rich GT, Buchweitz M, Winterbone MS, Kroon PA, Wilde PJ. Towards an Understanding of the Low Bioavailability of Quercetin: A Study of Its Interaction with Intestinal Lipids. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9020111. [PMID: 28165426 PMCID: PMC5331542 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the uptake of quercetin aglycone into CaCo-2/TC7 cells in the presence and absence of mixed micelles that are present in the human small intestine. The micelles inhibited the transport of quercetin into the cells. To gain an understanding of why this is the case we examined the solubilisation of quercetin in micelles of differing composition and into pure lipid phases. We did this by using the environmental sensitivity of quercetin’s UV-visible absorption spectra and measurement of free quercetin by filtration of the micellar solutions. The nature of the micelles was also studied by pyrene fluorescence. We found that the partitioning of quercetin into simple bile salt micelles was low and for mixed micelles was inhibited by increasing the bile salt concentration. The affinity of quercetin decreased in the order egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) = lysoPC > mixed micelles > bile salts. These results, together with the innate properties of quercetin, contribute to an understanding of the low bioavailability of quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian T Rich
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Maria Buchweitz
- Universität Stuttgart, Analytical Food Chemistry, Allmandring 5B, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Mark S Winterbone
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Paul A Kroon
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Peter J Wilde
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
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35
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Van Den Abeele J, Rubbens J, Brouwers J, Augustijns P. The dynamic gastric environment and its impact on drug and formulation behaviour. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 96:207-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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36
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Zouari R, Ben Abdallah-Kolsi R, Hamden K, Feki AE, Chaabouni K, Makni-Ayadi F, Sallemi F, Ellouze-Chaabouni S, Ghribi-Aydi D. Assessment of the antidiabetic and antilipidemic properties of Bacillus subtilis SPB1 biosurfactant in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Biopolymers 2016; 104:764-74. [PMID: 26228442 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to scrutinize the potential of Bacillus subtilis SPB1biosurfactant, orally administered, for preventing diabetic complications in rats. The findings revealed that, Bacillus subtilis biosurfactant was an effective reducer of α-amylase activity in the plasma. Moreover, this supplement helped protect the β-cells from death and damage. Both the inhibitory action of SPB1 biosurfactant on α-amylase and the protection of the pancreas' β-cells lead to a decrease of the blood glucose levels, consequently antihyperglycemic effect. Interestingly, this lipopeptide biosurfactant modulated key enzyme related to hyperlipidemia as lipase; which leads to the regulation of the lipid profile in serum by the delay in the absorption of LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, and a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol. Histological analyses also showed that it exerted a protective action on the pancreases and efficiently preserved the liver-kidney functions of diabetic rats, evidenced by significant decreases in aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, gamma-glytamyl transpeptidase and lactate deshydrogenase activities in the plasma, as well as in the creatinine and urea contents. Overall, the present study demonstrated that the hypoglycemic and antilipidemic activities exhibited by Bacillus subtilis biosurfactant were effective enough to alleviate induced diabetes in experimental rats. Therefore, SPB1biosurfactant could be considered as a potential strong candidate for the treatment and prevention of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raida Zouari
- Unit "Enzymes and Bioconversion", National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia.,Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax (ISBS), Tunisia
| | | | - Khaled Hamden
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax (ISBS), Tunisia.,Animal Ecophysiology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | - Fahima Sallemi
- Anatomical Pathology and Cytology Laboratory, Ibn Nafis, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Semia Ellouze-Chaabouni
- Unit "Enzymes and Bioconversion", National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Dhouha Ghribi-Aydi
- Unit "Enzymes and Bioconversion", National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia.,Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax (ISBS), Tunisia
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37
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Point V, Bénarouche A, Zarrillo J, Guy A, Magnez R, Fonseca L, Raux B, Leclaire J, Buono G, Fotiadu F, Durand T, Carrière F, Vaysse C, Couëdelo L, Cavalier JF. Slowing down fat digestion and absorption by an oxadiazolone inhibitor targeting selectively gastric lipolysis. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:834-848. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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38
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Sams L, Paume J, Giallo J, Carrière F. Relevant pH and lipase for in vitro models of gastric digestion. Food Funct 2016; 7:30-45. [PMID: 26527368 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00930h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of in vitro digestion models relies on the availability of in vivo data such as digestive enzyme levels and pH values recorded in the course of meal digestion. The variations of these parameters along the GI tract are important for designing dynamic digestion models but also static models for which the choice of representative conditions of the gastric and intestinal conditions is critical. Simulating gastric digestion with a static model and a single set of parameters is particularly challenging because the variations in pH and enzyme concentration occurring in the stomach are much broader than those occurring in the small intestine. A review of the literature on this topic reveals that most models of gastric digestion use very low pH values that are not representative of the fed conditions. This is illustrated here by showing the variations in gastric pH as a function of meal gastric emptying instead of time. This representation highlights those pH values that are the most relevant for testing meal digestion in the stomach. Gastric lipolysis is still largely ignored or is performed with microbial lipases. In vivo data on gastric lipase and lipolysis have however been collected in humans and dogs during test meals. The biochemical characterization of gastric lipase has shown that this enzyme is rather unique among lipases: (i) stability and activity in the pH range 2 to 7 with an optimum at pH 4-5.4; (ii) high tensioactivity that allows resistance to bile salts and penetration into phospholipid layers covering TAG droplets; (iii) sn-3 stereospecificity for TAG hydrolysis; and (iv) resistance to pepsin. Most of these properties have been known for more than two decades and should provide a rational basis for the replacement of gastric lipase by other lipases when gastric lipase is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sams
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Enzymologie Interfaciale et Physiologie de la Lipolyse UMR7282, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France. and GERME S.A., Technopôle Marseille Provence Château-Gombert, ZAC la Baronne, 12 Rue Marc Donadille, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Julie Paume
- GERME S.A., Technopôle Marseille Provence Château-Gombert, ZAC la Baronne, 12 Rue Marc Donadille, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Jacqueline Giallo
- GERME S.A., Technopôle Marseille Provence Château-Gombert, ZAC la Baronne, 12 Rue Marc Donadille, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Carrière
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Enzymologie Interfaciale et Physiologie de la Lipolyse UMR7282, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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Cruz-Hernandez C, Destaillats F, Thakkar SK, Goulet L, Wynn E, Grathwohl D, Roessle C, de Giorgi S, Tappy L, Giuffrida F, Giusti V. Monoacylglycerol-enriched oil increases EPA/DHA delivery to circulatory system in humans with induced lipid malabsorption conditions. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:2208-2216. [PMID: 27707818 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p070144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It was hypothesized that under induced lipid malabsorption/maldigestion conditions, an enriched sn-1(3)-monoacylglycerol (MAG) oil may be a better carrier for n-3 long-chain PUFAs (LC-PUFAs) compared with triacylglycerol (TAG) from fish oil. This monocentric double blinded clinical trial examined the accretion of EPA (500 mg/day) and DHA (300 mg/day) when consumed as TAG or MAG, into the erythrocytes, plasma, and chylomicrons of 45 obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2 and ≤40 kg/m2) volunteers who were and were not administered Orlistat, an inhibitor of pancreatic lipases. Intake of MAG-enriched oil resulted in higher accretion of LC-PUFAs than with TAG, the concentrations of EPA and DHA in erythrocytes being, respectively, 72 and 24% higher at 21 days (P < 0.001). In addition, MAG increased the plasma concentration of EPA by 56% (P < 0.001) as compared with TAG. In chylomicrons, MAG intake yielded higher levels of EPA with the area under the curve (0-10 h) of EPA being 55% greater (P = 0.012). In conclusion, in obese human subjects with Orlistat-induced lipid maldigestion/malabsorption conditions, LC-PUFA MAG oil increased LC-PUFA levels in erythrocytes, plasma, and chylomicrons to a greater extent than TAG. These results indicate that MAG oil might require minimal enzymatic digestion prior to intestinal uptake and transfer across the epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Emma Wynn
- Nestlé Research Center, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Sara de Giorgi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luc Tappy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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40
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI. Effect of orlistat alone or in combination with Garcinia cambogia on visceral adiposity index in obese patients. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2016; 5:408-414. [PMID: 27757272 PMCID: PMC5061485 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20160815080732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of orlistat alone and in combination with Garcinia cambogia on visceral adiposity index (VAI) in obese patients. Patients and Methods: A total of 99 obese male patients were recruited with aged range between 37 and 46 years. They were randomized into three equal groups, first group treated with orlistat 120 mg/day, second group treated with G. cambogia 166 mg/day, and third group treated with orlistat 120 mg/day plus G. cambogia 166 mg/day. The duration of the treatments was three consecutive months. Body mass index (BMI), VAI, blood pressure, blood glucose, total lipid profile, atherogenic index, and cardiac risk ratio were recorded at baseline and after 3 months. Results: The treatment with G. cambogia leads to reduction in VAI P < 0.05, whereas orlistat has a beneficial effect on cardiometabolic profiles without a reduction in VAI P > 0.05. Combined therapy of G. cambogia plus orlistat showed the more significant effect in reduction of VAI P < 0.05, cardiometabolic profiles and anthropometric measures P < 0.01 compared to pretreatment period. Conclusion: Combination of G. cambogia with orlistat lead to more significant effect than orlistat alone in amelioration of cardiometabolic profile and VAI in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Medical Faculty College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Medical Faculty College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
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41
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Morales P, Fujio S, Navarrete P, Ugalde JA, Magne F, Carrasco-Pozo C, Tralma K, Quezada M, Hurtado C, Covarrubias N, Brignardello J, Henriquez D, Gotteland M. Impact of Dietary Lipids on Colonic Function and Microbiota: An Experimental Approach Involving Orlistat-Induced Fat Malabsorption in Human Volunteers. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2016; 7:e161. [PMID: 27054579 PMCID: PMC4855161 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2016.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: High-fat diets alter gut microbiota and barrier function, inducing metabolic endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation. Whether these effects are due to the high dietary lipid content or to the concomitant decrease of carbohydrate intake is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether higher amounts of dietary fat reaching the colon (through orlistat administration) affect the colonic ecosystem in healthy volunteers and the effect of the prebiotic oligofructose (OF) in this model. METHODS: Forty-one healthy young subjects were distributed among four groups: Control (C), Prebiotic (P), Orlistat (O), and Orlistat/Prebiotic (OP). They consumed a fat-standardized diet (60 g/day) during Week-1 (baseline) and after 1 week of washout, Week-3. During Week-3, they also received their respective treatment (Orlistat: 2 × 120 mg/day, OF: 16 g/day, and maltodextrin as placebo). A 72-h stool collection was carried out at the end of Week-1 (T0) and Week-3 (T1). Fecal fat, calprotectin, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as well as the antioxidant activity of fecal waters (ferric-reducing antioxidant power), fecal microbiota composition (by deep sequencing), and gut permeability (Sucralose/Lactulose/Mannitol test) were determined at these times. RESULTS: Fecal fat excretion was higher in the O (P=0.0050) and OP (P=0.0069) groups. This event was accompanied, in the O group, by an increased calprotectin content (P=0.047) and a decreased fecal antioxidant activity (P=0.047). However, these alterations did not alter gut barrier function and the changes observed in the composition of the fecal microbiota only affected bacterial populations with low relative abundance (<0.01%); in consequences, fecal SCFA remained mainly unchanged. Part of the colonic alterations induced by orlistat were prevented by OF administration. CONCLUSIONS: In the context of an equilibrated diet, the acute exposition of the colonic ecosystem to high amounts of dietary lipids is associated with an incremented excretion of fecal calprotectin and pro-oxidant activity of the colonic content, in the absence of significant changes in the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Morales
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sayaka Fujio
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Navarrete
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Ugalde
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabien Magne
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Karina Tralma
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - MariaPaz Quezada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Hurtado
- Gastroentenrology Section, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Covarrubias
- Gastroentenrology Section, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jerusa Brignardello
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Henriquez
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martin Gotteland
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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42
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Weerawatanakorn M, Hung WL, Pan MH, Li S, Li D, Wan X, Ho CT. Chemistry and health beneficial effects of oolong tea and theasinensins. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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43
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Cellulosic fraction of rice bran fibre alters the conformation and inhibits the activity of porcine pancreatic lipase. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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44
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Donado-Pestana CM, Belchior T, Genovese MI. Phenolic compounds from cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC.) fruit prevent body weight and fat mass gain induced by a high-fat, high-sucrose diet. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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45
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A comprehensive review on in vitro digestion of infant formula. Food Res Int 2015; 76:373-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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47
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Angelakis E, Armougom F, Carrière F, Bachar D, Laugier R, Lagier JC, Robert C, Michelle C, Henrissat B, Raoult D. A Metagenomic Investigation of the Duodenal Microbiota Reveals Links with Obesity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137784. [PMID: 26356733 PMCID: PMC4565581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have tested the small intestine microbiota in humans, where most nutrient digestion and absorption occur. Here, our objective was to examine the duodenal microbiota between obese and normal volunteers using metagenomic techniques. Methodology/Principal Findings We tested duodenal samples from five obese and five normal volunteers using 16S rDNA V6 pyrosequencing and Illumina MiSeq deep sequencing. The predominant phyla of the duodenal microbiota were Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, whereas Bacteroidetes were absent. Obese individuals had a significant increase in anaerobic genera (p < 0.001) and a higher abundance of genes encoding Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (p = 0.0018) compared to the control group. Obese individuals also had a reduced abundance of genes encoding sucrose phosphorylase (p = 0.015) and 1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme (p = 0.05). Normal weight people had significantly increased FabK (p = 0.027), and the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway revealed the presence of phospholipase A1 only in the control group (p = 0.05). Conclusions/Significance The duodenal microbiota of obese individuals exhibit alterations in the fatty acid and sucrose breakdown pathways, probably induced by diet imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Angelakis
- URMITE CNRS-IRD 198 UMR 6236, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Armougom
- URMITE CNRS-IRD 198 UMR 6236, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Carrière
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, UMR7282 Enzymology at Interfaces and Physiology of Lipolysis, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Dipankar Bachar
- URMITE CNRS-IRD 198 UMR 6236, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - René Laugier
- Hepato-gastroenterology Department, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lagier
- URMITE CNRS-IRD 198 UMR 6236, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Robert
- URMITE CNRS-IRD 198 UMR 6236, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Michelle
- URMITE CNRS-IRD 198 UMR 6236, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Didier Raoult
- URMITE CNRS-IRD 198 UMR 6236, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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48
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Camacho-Ruiz MDLA, Mateos-Díaz JC, Carrière F, Rodriguez JA. A broad pH range indicator-based spectrophotometric assay for true lipases using tributyrin and tricaprylin. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1057-67. [PMID: 25748441 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d052837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuous assay is proposed for the screening of acidic, neutral, or alkaline lipases using microtiter plates, emulsified short- and medium-chain TGs, and a pH indicator. The lipase activity measurement is based on the decrease of the pH indicator optical density due to protonation which is caused by the release of FFAs during the hydrolysis of TGs and thus acidification. Purified lipases with distinct pH optima and an esterase were used to validate the method. The rate of lipolysis was found to be linear with time and proportional to the amount of enzyme added in each case. Specific activities measured with this microplate assay method were lower than those obtained by the pH-stat technique. Nevertheless, the pH-dependent profiles of enzymatic activity were similar with both assays. In addition, the substrate preference of each enzyme tested was not modified and this allowed discriminating lipase and esterase activities using tributyrin (low water solubility) and tricaprylin (not water soluble) as substrates. This continuous lipase assay is compatible with a high sample throughput and can be applied for the screening of lipases and lipase inhibitors from biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frédéric Carrière
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7282 Enzymologie Interfaciale et Physiologie de la Lipolyse, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Jorge A Rodriguez
- Biotecnología Industrial, CIATEJ A.C., 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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49
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Bakala-N'Goma JC, Williams HD, Sassene PJ, Kleberg K, Calderone M, Jannin V, Igonin A, Partheil A, Marchaud D, Jule E, Vertommen J, Maio M, Blundell R, Benameur H, Müllertz A, Pouton CW, Porter CJH, Carrière F. Toward the establishment of standardized in vitro tests for lipid-based formulations. 5. Lipolysis of representative formulations by gastric lipase. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1279-87. [PMID: 25288015 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lipid-based formulations (LBF) are substrates for digestive lipases and digestion can significantly alter their properties and potential to support drug absorption. LBFs have been widely examined for their behaviour in the presence of pancreatic enzymes. Here, the impact of gastric lipase on the digestion of representative formulations from the Lipid Formulation Classification System has been investigated. METHODS The pHstat technique was used to measure the lipolysis by recombinant dog gastric lipase (rDGL) of eight LBFs containing either medium (MC) or long (LC) chain triglycerides and a range of surfactants, at various pH values [1.5 to 7] representative of gastric and small intestine contents under both fasting and fed conditions. RESULTS All LBFs were hydrolyzed by rDGL. The highest specific activities were measured at pH 4 with the type II and IIIA MC formulations that contained Tween®85 or Cremophor EL respectively. The maximum activity on LC formulations was recorded at pH 5 for the type IIIA-LC formulation. Direct measurement of LBF lipolysis using the pHstat, however, was limited by poor LC fatty acid ionization at low pH. CONCLUSIONS Since gastric lipase initiates lipid digestion in the stomach, remains active in the intestine and acts on all representative LBFs, its implementation in future standardized in vitro assays may be beneficial. At this stage, however, routine use remains technically challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Bakala-N'Goma
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, UMR7282 Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, 31 Chemin Joseph-Aiguier, 13402, Marseille cedex 20, France
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Fuchs A, Dressman JB. Composition and physicochemical properties of fasted-state human duodenal and jejunal fluid: a critical evaluation of the available data. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3398-3411. [PMID: 25277073 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Various methods of sampling and analyzing intestinal fluids have been applied over the years. In this report, data that have been published to date about the composition of fasted-state human intestinal fluid (HIF) and its physicochemical properties are summarized and the influence of the methods used to generate the data is discussed. Key physiological parameters summarized include pH, buffer capacity, osmolarity, and ionic strength in both the fasted duodenum and jejunum. Furthermore, the bile salts and phospholipids in the fasted small intestine are addressed in terms of both qualitative and quantitative composition with respect to the different types and degrees of hydroxylation of bile salts. Taurocholate, glycocholate, and glycochenodeoxycholate were identified as the main bile salts. Lysolecithin was identified as the predominant phospholipid species in fasted HIF because of the enzymatic degradation of lecithin. Together with other intestinal surfactants, such as cholesterol and free fatty acids, the influence of bile acids and phospholipids on the surface tension of fasted HIF was evaluated. A good working knowledge of all the above-mentioned parameters is important to optimize the composition of biorelevant media, with a view to improving the prediction of in vivo dissolution and release performance of drugs and dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fuchs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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