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Ma Z, Sun Y, Yu Y, Xiao W, Xiao Z, Zhong T, Xiang X, Li Z. Extracellular vesicles containing MFGE8 from colorectal cancer facilitate macrophage efferocytosis. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:295. [PMID: 38802814 PMCID: PMC11131254 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) commonly exhibits tolerance to cisplatin treatment, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Within the tumor microenvironment, macrophages play a role in resisting the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy by engaging in efferocytosis to clear apoptotic cells induced by chemotherapeutic agents. The involvement of extracellular vesicles (EVs), an intercellular communicator within the tumor microenvironment, in regulating the efferocytosis for the promotion of drug resistance has not been thoroughly investigated. METHODS We constructed GFP fluorescent-expressing CRC cell lines (including GFP-CT26 and GFP-MC38) to detect macrophage efferocytosis through flow cytometric analysis. We isolated and purified CRC-secreted EVs using a multi-step ultracentrifugation method and identified them through electron microscopy and nanoflow cytometry. Proteomic analysis was conducted to identify the protein molecules carried by CRC-EVs. MFGE8 knockout CRC cell lines were constructed using CRISPR-Cas9, and their effects were validated through in vitro and in vivo experiments using Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometric analysis, confirming that these EVs activate the macrophage αvβ3-Src-FAK-STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby promoting efferocytosis. RESULTS In this study, we found that CRC-derived EVs (CRC-EVs) enhanced macrophage efferocytosis of cisplatin-induced apoptotic CRC cells. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database revealed a high expression of the efferocytosis-associated gene MFGE8 in CRC patients, suggesting a poorer prognosis. Additionally, mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis identified a high abundance of MFGE8 protein in CRC-EVs. Utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 gene edition system, we generated MFGE8-knockout CRC cells, demonstrating that their EVs fail to upregulate macrophage efferocytosis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MFGE8 in CRC-EVs stimulated macrophage efferocytosis by increasing the expression of αvβ3 on the cell surface, thereby activating the intracellular Src-FAK-STAT3 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, this study highlighted a mechanism in CRC-EVs carrying MFGE8 activated the macrophage efferocytosis. This activation promoted the clearance of cisplatin-induced apoptotic CRC cells, contributing to CRC resistance against cisplatin. These findings provide novel insights into the potential synergistic application of chemotherapy drugs, EVs inhibitors, and efferocytosis antagonists for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Ma
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Wenjun Xiao
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Zhijie Xiao
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341004, China
| | - Xi Xiang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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2
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Zuo W, Sun R, Ji Z, Ma G. Macrophage-driven cardiac inflammation and healing: insights from homeostasis and myocardial infarction. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:81. [PMID: 37858035 PMCID: PMC10585879 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Early and prompt reperfusion therapy has markedly improved the survival rates among patients enduring myocardial infarction (MI). Nonetheless, the resulting adverse remodeling and the subsequent onset of heart failure remain formidable clinical management challenges and represent a primary cause of disability in MI patients worldwide. Macrophages play a crucial role in immune system regulation and wield a profound influence over the inflammatory repair process following MI, thereby dictating the degree of myocardial injury and the subsequent pathological remodeling. Despite numerous previous biological studies that established the classical polarization model for macrophages, classifying them as either M1 pro-inflammatory or M2 pro-reparative macrophages, this simplistic categorization falls short of meeting the precision medicine standards, hindering the translational advancement of clinical research. Recently, advances in single-cell sequencing technology have facilitated a more profound exploration of macrophage heterogeneity and plasticity, opening avenues for the development of targeted interventions to address macrophage-related factors in the aftermath of MI. In this review, we provide a summary of macrophage origins, tissue distribution, classification, and surface markers. Furthermore, we delve into the multifaceted roles of macrophages in maintaining cardiac homeostasis and regulating inflammation during the post-MI period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87, Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Renhua Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Yancheng No. 1 People's Hospital, No. 66 South Renmin Road, Yancheng, 224000, China
| | - Zhenjun Ji
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87, Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Genshan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87, Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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3
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Lin Y, Wang Z, Liu S, Liu J, Zhang Z, Ouyang Y, Su Z, Chen D, Guo L, Luo T. Roles of extracellular vesicles on macrophages in inflammatory bone diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2023:10.1007/s11010-023-04809-w. [PMID: 37436653 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04809-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bone disease is a general term for a series of diseases caused by chronic inflammation, which leads to the destruction of bone homeostasis, that is, the osteolytic activity of osteoclasts increases, and the osteogenic activity of osteoblasts decreases, leading to osteolysis. Macrophages are innate immune cell with plasticity, and their polarization is related to inflammatory bone diseases. The dynamic balance of macrophages between the M1 phenotype and the M2 phenotype affects the occurrence and development of diseases. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that extracellular vesicles existing in the extracellular environment can act on macrophages, affecting the progress of inflammatory diseases. This process is realized by influencing the physiological activity or functional activity of macrophages, inducing macrophages to secrete cytokines, and playing an anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory role. In addition, by modifying and editing extracellular vesicles, the potential of targeting macrophages can be used to provide new ideas for developing new drug carriers for inflammatory bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Lin
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyan Wang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shirong Liu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaohong Liu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanting Ouyang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhikang Su
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ding Chen
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lvhua Guo
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Tao Luo
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Wang H, Ye X, Spanos M, Wang H, Yang Z, Li G, Xiao J, Zhou L. Exosomal Non-Coding RNA Mediates Macrophage Polarization: Roles in Cardiovascular Diseases. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050745. [PMID: 37237557 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes are nanosized extracellular particles that contain proteins, DNA, non-coding RNA (ncRNA) and other molecules, which are widely present in biofluids throughout the body. As a key mediator of intercellular communication, EVs transfer their cargoes to target cells and activate signaling transduction. Increasing evidence shows that ncRNA is involved in a variety of pathological and physiological processes through various pathways, particularly the inflammatory response. Macrophage, one of the body's "gatekeepers", plays a crucial role in inflammatory reactions. Generally, macrophages can be classified as pro-inflammatory type (M1) or anti-inflammatory type (M2) upon their phenotypes, a phenomenon termed macrophage polarization. Increasing evidence indicates that the polarization of macrophages plays important roles in the progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, the role of exosomal ncRNA in regulating macrophage polarization and the role of polarized macrophages as an important source of EV in CVD remains to be elucidated. In this review, we summarize the role and molecular mechanisms of exosomal-ncRNA in regulating macrophage polarization during CVD development, focusing on their cellular origins, functional cargo, and their detailed effects on macrophage polarization. We also discuss the role of polarized macrophages and their derived EV in CVD as well as the therapeutic prospects of exosomal ncRNA in the treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China
| | - Xuan Ye
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Michail Spanos
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Huanxin Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zijiang Yang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
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5
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Li J, Chen Q, Zhang R, Liu Z, Cheng Y. The phagocytic role of macrophage following myocardial infarction. Heart Fail Rev 2023:10.1007/s10741-023-10314-5. [PMID: 37160618 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-023-10314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the cardiovascular diseases with high morbidity and mortality. MI causes large amounts of apoptotic and necrotic cells that need to be efficiently and instantly engulfed by macrophage to avoid second necrosis. Phagocytic macrophages can dampen or resolve inflammation to protect infarcted heart. Phagocytosis of macrophages is modulated by various factors including proteins, receptors, lncRNA and cytokines. A better understanding of mechanisms in phagocytosis will be beneficial to regulate macrophage phagocytosis capability towards a desired direction in cardioprotection after MI. In this review, we describe the phagocytosis effect of macrophages and summarize the latest reported signals regulating phagocytosis after MI, which will provide a new thinking about phagocytosis-dependent cardiac protection after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Li
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab On Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou Univ Chinese Med, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab On Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou Univ Chinese Med, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab On Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou Univ Chinese Med, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab On Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou Univ Chinese Med, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
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6
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Reiss AB, Ahmed S, Johnson M, Saeedullah U, De Leon J. Exosomes in Cardiovascular Disease: From Mechanism to Therapeutic Target. Metabolites 2023; 13:479. [PMID: 37110138 PMCID: PMC10142472 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. In recent decades, clinical research has made significant advances, resulting in improved survival and recovery rates for patients with CVD. Despite this progress, there is substantial residual CVD risk and an unmet need for better treatment. The complex and multifaceted pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of CVD pose a challenge for researchers seeking effective therapeutic interventions. Consequently, exosomes have emerged as a new focus for CVD research because their role as intercellular communicators gives them the potential to act as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic nanocarriers. In the heart and vasculature, cell types such as cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, cardiac fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, and resident stem cells are involved in cardiac homeostasis via the release of exosomes. Exosomes encapsulate cell-type specific miRNAs, and this miRNA content fluctuates in response to the pathophysiological setting of the heart, indicating that the pathways affected by these differentially expressed miRNAs may be targets for new treatments. This review discusses a number of miRNAs and the evidence that supports their clinical relevance in CVD. The latest technologies in applying exosomal vesicles as cargo delivery vehicles for gene therapy, tissue regeneration, and cell repair are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B. Reiss
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
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7
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Sun Y, Xiao W, Yu Y, Jiang Y, Xiao Z, Huang D, Zhong T, Li J, Xiang X, He Y, Li Z. Colorectal cancer-derived extracellular vesicles containing HSP70 enhance macrophage phagocytosis by up-regulating MARCO expression. Exp Cell Res 2023; 426:113565. [PMID: 36958650 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, we have realized that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a critical role in regulating the intercellular communication between tumor and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TDEVs) profoundly affect the functional changes of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and promote their M2 polarization. Meanwhile, macrophages have a strong phagocytic ability in phagocytosing apoptotic cells. Especially in the course of chemotherapy or radiotherapy, TAMs can phagocytose and remove apoptotic tumor cells, showing anti-inflammatory and pro-tumor effects. However, the underlying mechanisms by which TDEVs regulate macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic tumor cells have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we focused on the effect of colorectal cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (CRC-EVs) on macrophages. We demonstrated that CRC-EVs enhanced macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic CRC cells. We then determined that heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) carried in CRC-EVs was responsible for this effect by using mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis and the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Through transcriptome sequencing of macrophages, we found that the enhanced phagocytosis of macrophages was mainly due to the up-regulation of the macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO). In addition, we confirmed that the up-regulation of MARCO was mediated by the AKT-STAT3 signaling pathway. Taken together, this study revealed a novel EVs-mediated macrophage phagocytosis mechanism involved in the clearance of apoptotic tumor cells in TME. Targeting TDEVs may have potential therapeutic applications in tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research; Digestive Medicine Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China; Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Wenjun Xiao
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yuchen Jiang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Zhijie Xiao
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Defa Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341004, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341004, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Xi Xiang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yulong He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research; Digestive Medicine Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China; Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Zhigang Li
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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Ong-Meang V, Blanzat M, Savchenko L, Perquis L, Guardia M, Pizzinat N, Poinsot V. Extracellular Vesicles Produced by the Cardiac Microenvironment Carry Functional Enzymes to Produce Lipid Mediators In Situ. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065866. [PMID: 36982939 PMCID: PMC10056942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) at physiological concentrations on the composition of eicosanoids transported within the extracellular vesicles (EVs) of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and cardiomyoblasts was reported by our group in 2020. The aim of this article was to extend this observation to cells from the cardiac microenvironment involved in the processes of inflammation, namely mouse J774 macrophages and rat heart mesenchymal stem cells cMSCs. Moreover, to enhance our capacity to understand the paracrine exchange between these orchestrators of cardiac inflammation, we investigated some machinery involved in the eicosanoid’s synthesis transported by the EVs produced by these cells (including the two formerly described cells: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells BM-MSC and cardiomyoblasts H9c2). We analyzed the oxylipin and the enzymatic content of the EVs collected from cell cultures supplemented (or not) with PUFAs. We prove that large eicosanoid profiles are exported in the EVs by the cardiac microenvironment cells, but also that these EVs carry some critical and functional biosynthetic enzymes, allowing them to synthesize inflammation bioactive compounds by sensing their environment. Moreover, we demonstrate that these are functional. This observation reinforces the hypothesis that EVs are key factors in paracrine signaling, even in the absence of the parent cell. We also reveal a macrophage-specific behavior, as we observed a radical change in the lipid mediator profile when small EVs derived from J774 cells were exposed to PUFAs. To summarize, we prove that the EVs, due to the carried functional enzymes, can alone produce bioactive compounds, in the absence of the parent cell, by sensing their environment. This makes them potential circulating monitoring entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varravaddheay Ong-Meang
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires U1964, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, BP 84225, CEDEX 4, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Blanzat
- CNRS, Laboratoire IMRCP UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, CEDEX 9, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Lesia Savchenko
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires U1964, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, BP 84225, CEDEX 4, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Perquis
- CNRS, Laboratoire IMRCP UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, CEDEX 9, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Mégane Guardia
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires U1964, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, BP 84225, CEDEX 4, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Pizzinat
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires U1964, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, BP 84225, CEDEX 4, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Verena Poinsot
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires U1964, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, BP 84225, CEDEX 4, F-31432 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence:
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Cheng P, Wang X, Liu Q, Yang T, Qu H, Zhou H. Extracellular vesicles mediate biological information delivery: A double-edged sword in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1067992. [PMID: 36909157 PMCID: PMC9992194 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1067992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a severe ischemic disease with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Maladaptive cardiac remodeling is a series of abnormalities in cardiac structure and function that occurs following myocardial infarction (MI). The pathophysiology of this process can be separated into two distinct phases: the initial inflammatory response, and the subsequent longer-term scar revision that includes the regression of inflammation, neovascularization, and fibrotic scar formation. Extracellular vesicles are nano-sized lipid bilayer vesicles released into the extracellular environment by eukaryotic cells, containing bioinformatic transmitters which are essential mediators of intercellular communication. EVs of different cellular origins play an essential role in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. In this review, we first introduce the pathophysiology of post-infarction cardiac remodeling, as well as the biogenesis, classification, delivery, and functions of EVs. Then, we explore the dual role of these small molecule transmitters delivered by EVs in post-infarction cardiac remodeling, including the double-edged sword of pro-and anti-inflammation, and pro-and anti-fibrosis, which is significant for post-infarction cardiac repair. Finally, we discuss the pharmacological and engineered targeting of EVs for promoting heart repair after MI, thus revealing the potential value of targeted modulation of EVs and its use as a drug delivery vehicle in the therapeutic process of post-infarction cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Cheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinting Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyan Qu
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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10
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Techiryan G, Weil BR, Young RF, Canty JM. Widespread intracoronary allogeneic cardiosphere-derived cell therapy with and without cyclosporine in reperfused myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H904-H916. [PMID: 36083793 PMCID: PMC9602689 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00373.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic cardiosphere-derived cell (CDC) therapy has been demonstrated to improve myocardial function when administered to reperfused myocardial infarcts. We previously pretreated animals with low-dose cyclosporine immunosuppression to limit allogeneic CDC rejection, but whether it is necessary and, if so, can be initiated at the time of reperfusion remains uncertain. Closed-chest swine (n = 29 animals) were subjected to a 90-min left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery occlusion. Using a three-way blinded design, we randomized two groups to receive global intracoronary infusions of 20 × 106 CDCs 30 min after reperfusion. A third control group was treated with saline. One CDC group received cyclosporine 10 min before reperfusion (2.5 mg/kg iv and 100 mg/day po), whereas the other groups received placebos. After 1 mo, neither chronic infarct size relative to area at risk (saline control, 46.2 ± 4.0%; CDCs, 46.4 ± 2.1%; and CDCs + cyclosporine, 49.2 ± 3.1%; P = 0.79) nor ejection fraction (saline control, 51 ± 2%; CDCs, 51 ± 2%; and CDC + cyclosporine, 48 ± 2%; P = 0.42) were different among treatment groups. Multiple histological measures of cellular remodeling, myocyte proliferation, and apoptosis were also not different among treatment groups. In contrast to previous studies, we were unable to reproduce the cardioprotective effects demonstrated by allogeneic CDCs without cyclosporine. Furthermore, initiation of intravenous cyclosporine at the time of reperfusion followed by oral therapy was not sufficient to elicit the functional improvement observed in studies where cyclosporine was started 72 h before CDC therapy. This suggests that oral cyclosporine pretreatment may be necessary to effect cardiac repair with allogeneic CDCs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In a three-way blinded, randomized design, we determined whether allogeneic CDCs administered at reperfusion improved myocardial function and whether intravenous cyclosporine enhanced their efficacy. In contrast to prior studies using oral cyclosporine, CDCs with or without intravenous cyclosporine had no effect on function or infarct size. This indicates that CDCs may be most efficacious for treating chronic LV dysfunction where cyclosporine can be initiated at least 72 h before cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Techiryan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- The Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Brian R Weil
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Health Care System, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- The Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rebeccah F Young
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- The Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - John M Canty
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Health Care System, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- The Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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11
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Kubota A, Frangogiannis NG. Macrophages in myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1304-C1324. [PMID: 36094436 PMCID: PMC9576166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00230.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The heart contains a population of resident macrophages that markedly expands following injury through recruitment of monocytes and through proliferation of macrophages. In myocardial infarction, macrophages have been implicated in both injurious and reparative responses. In coronary atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages have been implicated in disease progression and in the pathogenesis of plaque rupture. Following myocardial infarction, resident macrophages contribute to initiation and regulation of the inflammatory response. Phagocytosis and efferocytosis are major functions of macrophages during the inflammatory phase of infarct healing, and mediate phenotypic changes, leading to acquisition of an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype. Infarct macrophages respond to changes in the cytokine content and extracellular matrix composition of their environment and secrete fibrogenic and angiogenic mediators, playing a central role in repair of the infarcted heart. Macrophages may also play a role in scar maturation and may contribute to chronic adverse remodeling of noninfarcted segments. Single cell studies have revealed a remarkable heterogeneity of macrophage populations in infarcted hearts; however, the relations between transcriptomic profiles and functional properties remain poorly defined. This review manuscript discusses the fate, mechanisms of expansion and activation, and role of macrophages in the infarcted heart. Considering their critical role in injury, repair, and remodeling, macrophages are important, but challenging, targets for therapeutic interventions in myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Kubota
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York
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12
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Louro AF, Paiva MA, Oliveira MR, Kasper KA, Alves PM, Gomes‐Alves P, Serra M. Bioactivity and miRNome Profiling of Native Extracellular Vesicles in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Cardiomyocyte Differentiation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104296. [PMID: 35322574 PMCID: PMC9130911 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are an attractive therapy to boost cardiac regeneration. Nevertheless, identification of native EV and corresponding cell platform(s) suitable for therapeutic application, is still a challenge. Here, EV are isolated from key stages of the human induced pluripotent stem cell-cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CM) differentiation and maturation, i.e., from hiPSC (hiPSC-EV), cardiac progenitors, immature and mature cardiomyocytes, with the aim of identifying a promising cell biofactory for EV production, and pinpoint the genetic signatures of bioactive EV. EV secreted by hiPSC and cardiac derivatives show a typical size distribution profile and the expression of specific EV markers. Bioactivity assays show increased tube formation and migration in HUVEC treated with hiPSC-EV compared to EV from committed cell populations. hiPSC-EV also significantly increase cell cycle activity of hiPSC-CM. Global miRNA expression profiles, obtained by small RNA-seq analysis, corroborate an EV-miRNA pattern indicative of stem cell to cardiomyocyte specification, confirming that hiPSC-EV are enriched in pluripotency-associated miRNA with higher in vitro pro-angiogenic and pro-proliferative properties. In particular, a stemness maintenance miRNA cluster upregulated in hiPSC-EV targets the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway, involved in cell proliferation and survival. Overall, the findings validate hiPSC as cell biofactories for EV production for cardiac regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F. Louro
- iBETInstituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaApartado 12Oeiras2781‐901Portugal
- ITQB‐NOVAInstituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaAv. da RepúblicaOeiras2780‐157Portugal
| | - Marta A. Paiva
- iBETInstituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaApartado 12Oeiras2781‐901Portugal
- ITQB‐NOVAInstituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaAv. da RepúblicaOeiras2780‐157Portugal
| | - Marta R. Oliveira
- iBETInstituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaApartado 12Oeiras2781‐901Portugal
- ITQB‐NOVAInstituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaAv. da RepúblicaOeiras2780‐157Portugal
| | - Katharina A. Kasper
- iBETInstituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaApartado 12Oeiras2781‐901Portugal
- ITQB‐NOVAInstituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaAv. da RepúblicaOeiras2780‐157Portugal
| | - Paula M. Alves
- iBETInstituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaApartado 12Oeiras2781‐901Portugal
- ITQB‐NOVAInstituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaAv. da RepúblicaOeiras2780‐157Portugal
| | - Patrícia Gomes‐Alves
- iBETInstituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaApartado 12Oeiras2781‐901Portugal
- ITQB‐NOVAInstituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaAv. da RepúblicaOeiras2780‐157Portugal
| | - Margarida Serra
- iBETInstituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaApartado 12Oeiras2781‐901Portugal
- ITQB‐NOVAInstituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaAv. da RepúblicaOeiras2780‐157Portugal
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13
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M1 Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophage-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Inhibit Angiogenesis and Myocardial Regeneration Following Myocardial Infarction via the MALAT1/MicroRNA-25-3p/CDC42 Axis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9959746. [PMID: 34745428 PMCID: PMC8570847 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9959746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a severe cardiovascular disease. Some M1 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in the inhibition of angiogenesis and acceleration dysfunction during MI. However, the potential mechanism of M1 phenotype bone marrow-derived macrophages- (BMMs-) EVs (M1-BMMs-EVs) in MI is largely unknown. This study sought to investigate whether M1-BMMs-EVs increased CDC42 expression and activated the MEK/ERK pathway by carrying lncRNA MALAT1 and competitively binding to miR-25-3p, thus inhibiting angiogenesis and myocardial regeneration after MI. After EV treatment, the cardiac function, infarct size, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and myocardial regeneration of MI mice and the viability, proliferation and angiogenesis of oxygen-glucose deprivation- (OGD-) treated myocardial microvascular endothelial cells (MMECs) were assessed. MALAT1 expression in MI mice, cells, and EVs was detected. MALAT1 downstream microRNAs (miRs), genes, and pathways were predicted and verified. MALAT1 and miR-25-3p were intervened to evaluate EV effects on OGD-treated cells. In MI mice, EV treatment aggravated MI and inhibited angiogenesis and myocardial regeneration. In OGD-treated cells, EV treatment suppressed cell viability, proliferation, and angiogenesis. MALAT1 was highly expressed in MI mice, OGD-treated MMECs, M1-BMMs, and EVs. Silencing MALAT1 weakened the inhibition of EV treatment on OGD-treated cells. MALAT1 sponged miR-25-3p to upregulate CDC42. miR-25-3p overexpression promoted OGD-treated cell viability, proliferation, and angiogenesis. The MEK/ERK pathway was activated after EV treatment. Collectively, M1-BMMs-EVs inhibited angiogenesis and myocardial regeneration following MI via the MALAT1/miR-25-3p/CDC42 axis and the MEK/ERK pathway activation.
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Viola M, de Jager SCA, Sluijter JPG. Targeting Inflammation after Myocardial Infarction: A Therapeutic Opportunity for Extracellular Vesicles? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157831. [PMID: 34360595 PMCID: PMC8346058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After myocardial infarction (MI), a strong inflammatory response takes place in the heart to remove the dead tissue resulting from ischemic injury. A growing body of evidence suggests that timely resolution of this inflammatory process may aid in the prevention of adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure post-MI. The present challenge is to find a way to stimulate this process without interfering with the reparative role of the immune system. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural membrane particles that are released by cells and carry different macromolecules, including proteins and non-coding RNAs. In recent years, EVs derived from various stem and progenitor cells have been demonstrated to possess regenerative properties. They can provide cardioprotection via several mechanisms of action, including immunomodulation. In this review, we summarize the role of the innate immune system in post-MI healing. We then discuss the mechanisms by which EVs modulate cardiac inflammation in preclinical models of myocardial injury through regulation of monocyte influx and macrophage function. Finally, we provide suggestions for further optimization of EV-based therapy to improve its potential for the treatment of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Viola
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Utrecht, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia C. A. de Jager
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Utrecht, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (S.C.A.d.J.); (J.P.G.S.)
| | - Joost P. G. Sluijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Utrecht, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (S.C.A.d.J.); (J.P.G.S.)
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15
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Villarreal-Leal RA, Cooke JP, Corradetti B. Biomimetic and immunomodulatory therapeutics as an alternative to natural exosomes for vascular and cardiac applications. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2021; 35:102385. [PMID: 33774130 PMCID: PMC8238887 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a central mechanism in cardiovascular diseases (CVD), where sustained oxidative stress and immune responses contribute to cardiac remodeling and impairment. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by cells to communicate with their surroundings and to modulate the tissue microenvironment. Recent evidence indicates their potential as cell-free immunomodulatory therapeutics for CVD, preventing cell death and fibrosis while inducing wound healing and angiogenesis. Biomimetic exosomes are semi-synthetic particles engineered using essential moieties present in natural exosomes (lipids, RNA, proteins) to reproduce their therapeutic effects while improving on scalability and standardization due to the ample range of moieties available to produce them. In this review, we provide an up-to-date description of the use of exosomes for CVD and offer our vision on the areas of opportunity for the development of biomimetic strategies. We also discuss the current limitations to overcome in the process towards their translation into clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro A Villarreal-Leal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - John P Cooke
- RNA Therapeutics Program, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.S., J.P.C.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX, USA; Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center (J.P.C.), Houston Methodist Hospital, TX, USA
| | - Bruna Corradetti
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Center of NanoHealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK.
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16
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Bodine SC, Brooks HL, Bunnett NW, Coller HA, Frey MR, Joe B, Kleyman TR, Lindsey ML, Marette A, Morty RE, Ramírez JM, Thomsen MB, Yosten GLC. An American Physiological Society cross-journal Call for Papers on "Inter-Organ Communication in Homeostasis and Disease". Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L42-L49. [PMID: 34010064 PMCID: PMC8321848 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00209.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sue C Bodine
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Heddwen L Brooks
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Hilary A Coller
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark R Frey
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bina Joe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Thomas R Kleyman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Heart and Vascular Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Hôpital Laval, Laval University, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Translational Pulmonology and the Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, University Hospital Heidelberg, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan-Marino Ramírez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Center for Integrative Brain Research at the Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Morten B Thomsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gina L C Yosten
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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17
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Nguyen-Truong M, Hematti P, Wang Z. Current status of myocardial restoration via the paracrine function of mesenchymal stromal cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H112-H127. [PMID: 34085844 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00217.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been studied for nearly two decades as a therapy for myocardial restoration. An emerging direction to repair myocardium is through their paracrine function, which includes the utilization of MSC-derived conditioned medium or extracellular vesicles. In this review, we go over the unique characteristics of MSCs that make it suitable for "off the shelf," cell-free regenerative therapy, current MSC-derived cell-free approaches including their advantages and disadvantages, and the known mechanisms of action of the paracrine effect of MSCs. With a summary of the clinical trials and preclinical studies of MSC-derived cell-free therapy, we classify the aforementioned mechanisms into angiogenesis, immunomodulation, extracellular matrix remodeling, antiapoptosis, and antioxidation. Particularly, we discuss on ways researchers have worked toward enhancing these desired properties to improve the therapeutic outcomes and the investigation of mechanobiology involved in MSC paracrine function. Lastly, we bring up the remaining challenges in this arising field and suggestions for future directions to improve our understanding and control over the potential of MSC paracrine function for myocardial restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peiman Hematti
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Zhijie Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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18
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New Insights and Novel Therapeutic Potentials for Macrophages in Myocardial Infarction. Inflammation 2021; 44:1696-1712. [PMID: 33866463 PMCID: PMC8460536 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has long been the leading cause of death worldwide, and myocardial infarction (MI) accounts for the greatest proportion of CVD. Recent research has revealed that inflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of CVD and other manifestations of atherosclerosis. Overwhelming evidence supports the view that macrophages, as the basic cell component of the innate immune system, play a pivotal role in atherosclerosis initiation and progression. Limited but indispensable resident macrophages have been detected in the healthy heart; however, the number of cardiac macrophages significantly increases during cardiac injury. In the early period of initial cardiac damage (e.g., MI), numerous classically activated macrophages (M1) originating from the bone marrow and spleen are rapidly recruited to damaged sites, where they are responsible for cardiac remodeling. After the inflammatory stage, the macrophages shift toward an alternatively activated phenotype (M2) that promotes cardiac repair. In addition, extensive studies have shown the therapeutic potential of macrophages as targets, especially for emerging nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery systems. In the present review, we focused on the role of macrophages in the development and progression of MI, factors regulating macrophage activation and function, and the therapeutic potential of macrophages in MI.
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19
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Xiong YY, Gong ZT, Tang RJ, Yang YJ. The pivotal roles of exosomes derived from endogenous immune cells and exogenous stem cells in myocardial repair after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1046-1058. [PMID: 33391520 PMCID: PMC7738892 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the leading causes of mortality around the world, and the inflammatory response plays a pivotal role in the progress of myocardial necrosis and ventricular remodeling, dysfunction and heart failure after AMI. Therapies aimed at modulating immune response after AMI on a molecular and cellular basis are urgently needed. Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles which contain a large amount of biologically active substances, like lipids, nucleic acids, proteins and so on. Emerging evidence suggests key roles of exosomes in immune regulation post AMI. A variety of immune cells participate in the immunomodulation after AMI, working together to clean up necrotic tissue and repair damaged myocardium. Stem cell therapy for myocardial infarction has long been a research hotspot during the last two decades and exosomes secreted by stem cells are important active substances and have similar therapeutic effects of immunomodulation, anti-apoptosis, anti-fibrotic and angiogenesis to those of stem cells themselves. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the characteristics and roles of exosomes produced by both of endogenous immune cells and exogenous stem cells in myocardial repair through immunomodulation after AMI.
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20
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Nguyen VV, Witwer KW, Verhaar MC, Strunk D, van Balkom BW. Functional assays to assess the therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 10:e12033. [PMID: 33708360 PMCID: PMC7890556 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An important aspect in the development of extracellular vesicle (EV) therapeutics is identifying and quantifying the key features defining their identity, purity, sterility, potency and stability to ensure batch-to-batch reproducibility of their therapeutic efficacy. Apart from EV-inherent features, therapeutic efficacy depends on a variety of additional parameters, like dosing, frequency of application, and administration route, some of which can be addressed only in clinical trials. Before initiating clinical trials, EV-inherent features should be tested in well-standardized quantitative assays in vitro or in appropriate animal models in vivo. Ideally, such assays would predict if a particular EV preparation has the potential to achieve its intended therapeutic effects, and could be further developed into formal potency assays as published by the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guidelines. Furthermore, such assays should facilitate the comparison of EV preparations produced in different batches, on different manufacturing platforms or deriving from different cell sources. For now, a wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo assays has been used to interrogate the therapeutic functions of EVs. However, many cannot accurately predict therapeutic potential. Indeed, several unique challenges make it difficult to set up reliable assays to assess the therapeutic potential of EVs, and to develop such assays into formal potency tests. Here, we discuss challenges and opportunities around in vitro and in vivo testing of EV therapeutic potential, including the need for harmonization, establishment of formal potency assays and novel developments for functional testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian V.T. Nguyen
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUMC UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyDepartment of NeurologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Dirk Strunk
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Cell Therapy InstituteParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
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21
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Mentkowski KI, Euscher LM, Patel A, Alevriadou BR, Lang JK. Monocyte recruitment and fate specification after myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C797-C806. [PMID: 32877204 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00330.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are critical mediators of the inflammatory response following myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemia-reperfusion injury. They are involved in both initiation and resolution of inflammation and play an integral role in cardiac repair. The antagonistic nature of their function is dependent on their subset heterogeneity and biphasic response following injury. New advancements in single-cell transcriptomics and mass cytometry have allowed us to identify smaller, transcriptionally distinct clusters that may have functional relevance in disease and homeostasis. Additionally, recent insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of monocytes following ischemic injury and their subsequent interactions with the endothelium and other immune cells reveal a complex interplay between monocytes and the cardiac milieu. In this review, we highlight recent findings on monocyte functional heterogeneity, present new mechanistic insight into monocyte recruitment and fate specification following MI, and discuss promising therapeutic avenues targeting monocytes for the treatment of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle I Mentkowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Lindsey M Euscher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Akshar Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - B Rita Alevriadou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jennifer K Lang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York
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