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Abstract
It is well known that particulate matter suspended in the earth's atmosphere generated by tobacco smoke, automobile exhaust, industrial processes, and forest fires has been identified as a major risk factor for chronic lung disease. Particulate matter can be divided into large, intermediate, and fine particulates. When inhaled, large particulates develop sufficient momentum to leave the flowing stream of inhaled air and deposit by impaction in the nose, mouth, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, and central bronchi. Intermediate-sized particulates that develop less momentum deposit in the smaller bronchi and larger bronchioles, and the finest particulates that develop the least momentum make it to the distal gas-exchanging tissue, where gas moves solely by diffusion. On the basis of Einstein's classic work on Brownian motion that showed particles suspended in a gas diffuse much more slowly than the gas in which they are suspended, we postulate that the small airways that accommodate the shift from bulk airflow to diffusion become the major site for deposition of fine particles, resulting in a host immune response. Much remains to be learned about the interaction between the deposition of fine particulates and the host immune and tissue responses; the purpose of this review is to examine the hypothesis that the smallest conducting airways and proximal gas-exchanging tissue are the primary sites for the deposition of the finest particulates inhaled into the lungs.
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Zhen C, Fang X, Ding M, Wang X, Yuan D, Sui X, Liu X, Zhang L, Xu H, Li Y, Wang X. Smoking is an important factor that affects peripheral blood progenitor cells yield in healthy male donors. J Clin Apher 2019; 35:33-40. [PMID: 31693224 DOI: 10.1002/jca.21756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking could reduce the CD34+ cells in peripheral blood of healthy individual. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between smoking load and the effect of peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitor cells (PBPCs) mobilization by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) alone in healthy donors. METHODS Retrospective analysis was performed on 145 healthy adult PBPCs donors who underwent PBPCs mobilization and collection. Smoking factors were evaluated and correlated with mobilization responses, as indicated by the collected CD34+ cells concentration. RESULTS The collected CD34+ cells concentration was closely related to pre-CD34 (P < .001) and CD34+ cells collected per volume blood processed (P < .001) which suggested that collected CD34+ cells concentration was a reliable indicator of PBPCs mobilization efficiency. The heavy smoking donors revealed significantly lower collected CD34+ cells concentration, compared to that of the nonsmoking (P < .001) and light smoking donors (P < .05). The levels of collected CD34+ cells in light smoking were also obviously lower than that in nonsmoking donors (P < .05).There were no obvious differences in the collected CD34+ cells concentration, overall processed blood volume and total collected CD34+ cells between nonsmoking and smoking cessation groups (P = .490; P = .464; P = .819). CONCLUSION Cigarette smoking is an important factor that affects the yield of PBPCs in male donors, especially when the smoking load is more than five pack-years. Mobilization of PBMCs could be restored by smoking cessation in chronic smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Zhen
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaosheng Fang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mei Ding
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xianghua Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dai Yuan
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohui Sui
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongzhi Xu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Diagnostics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Ong J, van den Berg A, Faiz A, Boudewijn IM, Timens W, Vermeulen CJ, Oliver BG, Kok K, Terpstra MM, van den Berge M, Brandsma CA, Kluiver J. Current Smoking is Associated with Decreased Expression of miR-335-5p in Parenchymal Lung Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205176. [PMID: 31635387 PMCID: PMC6829537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking causes lung inflammation and tissue damage. Lung fibroblasts play a major role in tissue repair. Previous studies have reported smoking-associated changes in fibroblast responses and methylation patterns. Our aim was to identify the effect of current smoking on miRNA expression in primary lung fibroblasts. Small RNA sequencing was performed on lung fibroblasts from nine current and six ex-smokers with normal lung function. MiR-335-5p and miR-335-3p were significantly downregulated in lung fibroblasts from current compared to ex-smokers (false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05). Differential miR-335-5p expression was validated with RT-qPCR (p-value = 0.01). The results were validated in lung tissue from current and ex-smokers and in bronchial biopsies from non-diseased smokers and never-smokers (p-value <0.05). The methylation pattern of the miR-335 host gene, determined by methylation-specific qPCR, did not differ between current and ex-smokers. To obtain insights into the genes regulated by miR-335-5p in fibroblasts, we overlapped all proven miR-335-5p targets with our previously published miRNA targetome data in lung fibroblasts. This revealed Rb1, CARF, and SGK3 as likely targets of miR-335-5p in lung fibroblasts. Our study indicates that miR-335-5p downregulation due to current smoking may affect its function in lung fibroblasts by targeting Rb1, CARF and SGK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Ong
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke van den Berg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Alen Faiz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- University of Technology Sydney, Respiratory Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology (RBMB) Faculty of Science, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Ilse M Boudewijn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim Timens
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis J Vermeulen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2037, Australia.
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Klaas Kok
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Martijn M Terpstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Corry-Anke Brandsma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost Kluiver
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Machado MN, Mazzoli-Rocha F, Casquilho NV, Maron-Gutierrez T, Ortenzi VH, Morales MM, Fortunato RS, Zin WA. Bone Marrow-Derived Mononuclear Cell Therapy in Papain-Induced Experimental Pulmonary Emphysema. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29515461 PMCID: PMC5826278 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine papain-induced emphysema is a model that reproduces many of the features found in patients. Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMMC) have already been used to repair the alveolar epithelium in respiratory diseases, but not in the papain model. Thus, we hypothesized that BMMC could prevent the pathophysiological processes in papain-induced experimental emphysema. Female BALB/c mice received intratracheal instillation of 50 μL of saline (S groups) or papain (P groups, 10 IU/50 μl of saline) on days 1 and 7 of the experimental protocol. On the 14th day, 2 × 106 BMMC of male BALB/c mice (SC21 and PC21) or saline (SS21 and PS21) were injected by the jugular vein. Analyses were done on days 14 (S14 and P14) and 21 (SS21, PS21, SC21, and PC21) of the protocol. qPCR evaluated the presence of the Y chromosome in the lungs of BMMC recipient animals. Functional residual capacity (FRC), alveolar diameter, cellularity, elastic fiber content, concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MIP-2, KC, IFN-γ, apoptosis, mRNA expression of the dual oxidase (DUOX1 and DUOX2), production of H2O2 and DUOX activity were evaluated in lung tissue. We did not detect the Y chromosome in recipients' lungs. FRC, alveolar diameter, polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and levels of KC, MIP-2, and IFN-γ increased in P14 and PS21 groups; the changes in the latter were reverted by BMMC. TNF-α, IL-1β e IL-6 were similar in all groups. The amount of elastic fibers was smaller in P14 and PS21 than in other groups, and BMMC did not increase it in PC21 mice. PS21 animals showed increased DUOX activity and mRNA expression for DUOX1 and 2. Cell therapy reverted the activity of DUOX and mRNA expression of DUOX1. BMMC reduced mRNA expression of DUOX2. Apoptosis index was elevated in PS21 mice, which was reduced by cell therapy in PC21. Static compliance, viscoelastic component of elastance and pressure to overcome viscoelasticity were increased in P14 and PS21 groups. These changes and the high resistive pressure found on day 21 were reverted by BMMC. In conclusion, BMMC showed potent anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and restorative roles in papain-triggered pulmonary emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana N Machado
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia Mazzoli-Rocha
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natália V Casquilho
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Victor H Ortenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Morales
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Fortunato
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Walter A Zin
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Hogg JC, Paré PD, Hackett TL. The Contribution of Small Airway Obstruction to the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:529-552. [PMID: 28151425 PMCID: PMC6151481 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that the small conducting airways were the major site of obstruction to airflow in normal lungs was introduced by Rohrer in 1915 and prevailed until Weibel introduced a quantitative method of studying lung anatomy in 1963. Green repeated Rohrer's calculations using Weibels new data in 1965 and found that the smaller conducting airways offered very little resistance to airflow. This conflict was resolved by seminal experiments conducted by Macklem and Mead in 1967, which confirmed that a small proportion of the total lower airways resistance is attributable to small airways <2 mm in diameter. Shortly thereafter, Hogg, Macklem, and Thurlbeck used this technique to show that small airways become the major site of obstruction in lungs affected by emphysema. These and other observations led Mead to write a seminal editorial in 1970 that postulated the small airways are a silent zone within normal lungs where disease can accumulate over many years without being noticed. This review provides a progress report since the 1970s on methods for detecting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the structural nature of small airways' disease, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are thought to underlie its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Hogg
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia (UBC), British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UBC, British Columbia, Canada; Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, UBC, British Columbia, Canada; and Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, UBC, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter D Paré
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia (UBC), British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UBC, British Columbia, Canada; Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, UBC, British Columbia, Canada; and Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, UBC, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia (UBC), British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UBC, British Columbia, Canada; Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, UBC, British Columbia, Canada; and Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, UBC, British Columbia, Canada
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Extracts from presumed "reduced harm" cigarettes induce equivalent or greater toxicity in antigen-presenting cells. Toxicology 2015; 335:46-54. [PMID: 26169828 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The tobacco industry has promoted certain cigarette products with claims that their use may be less harmful to the smoker as they purportedly deliver lower amounts of toxic chemicals compared to conventional cigarettes. This study was designed to compare the relative antigen presenting cellular toxicity of Eclipse, a presumed reduced exposure product (PREP) cigarette, when compared with the reference research 3R4F cigarettes (Kentucky University). Utilizing a murine macrophage cell line, murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells (DCs) and human monocyte-derived DCs incubated with extracts generated from Eclipse and Kentucky reference 3R4F cigarettes, we determined the relative toxic effects of the different cigarette smoke extracts on cellular viability, oxidative stress, T-helper-1 (Th-1) polarizing cytokine production and general gene expression. Eclipse and 3R4F cigarette smoke extracts induced equivalent oxidatively-mediated cellular heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein levels in macrophages and DCs. Cellular viability determination demonstrated greater induction of cell death by apoptosis and necrosis by Eclipse extracts in DCs. The production of the key Th-1 polarizing cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) by activated DCs or macrophages was suppressed to an equivalent or greater extent by Eclipse extracts. Microarray studies performed on bone marrow derived murine DCs incubated with Eclispe or 3R4F cigarette extracts showed identical genotoxic profiles. These studies imply that presumed reduced harm Eclipse cigarettes induce equivalent or greater antigen presenting cell dysfunction relative to 3R4F cigarettes and illustrate the importance of independent validation and testing of similar products claimed to be associated with reduced toxicity relative to other cigarettes.
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Muñoz-Esquerre M, Huertas D, Escobar I, López-Sánchez M, Penín R, Peinado V, Barberà JA, Molina-Molina M, Manresa F, Dorca J, Santos S. Gene and Protein Expression of Fibronectin and Tenascin-C in Lung Samples from COPD Patients. Lung 2015; 193:335-43. [PMID: 25794567 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-015-9717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fibronectin (Fn) and tenascin-C (TnC) are two extracellular matrix proteins associated with remodeling changes. Fn and TnC gene and protein expression in lung tissue, including their predominant location in bronchial and pulmonary artery structures, have not yet been fully evaluated. The aim of the present study was to assess: (1) gene expression of Fn and TnC in lung samples from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and non-COPD subjects; and (2) protein content and location of Fn and TnC in both groups. METHODS Consecutive subjects requiring lung resection due to lung cancer surgery were included. Lung specimens were examined for gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR (values expressed as fold change ratio). The analysis of their protein content and location was performed by western blot and immunohistochemical studies, respectively. Patients were divided into two cohorts according to COPD status. RESULTS A total of 41 patients (20 with COPD and 21 without COPD) were included. An enhanced Fn gene expression was observed in the COPD group compared to the non-COPD group (4.73 ± 0.54 vs. 2.65 ± 0.57; P = 0.012), whereas no differences in gene TnC expression were observed (2.91 ± 0.44 vs. 2.60 ± 0.48; P = 0.633). No differences in lung protein content and location were found between groups. Immunohistochemical evaluation showed a predominantly vascular and bronchial location of Fn and TnC in both groups. CONCLUSIONS An enhanced lung gene expression of Fn was observed in COPD subjects compared to non-COPD subjects. No differences were found in Fn protein expression or in TnC gene or protein expression among groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Muñoz-Esquerre
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, c/Feixa Llarga s/n. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, CP 08907, Barcelona, Spain
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Kaddah S, Selim S, Rashed L, Noaman M. Circulating fibrocytes are an indicator of severity and exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs), also referred to as electronic nicotine delivery systems or "e-cigarettes," generally consist of a power source (usually a battery) and heating element (commonly referred to as an atomizer) that vaporizes a solution (e-liquid). The user inhales the resulting vapor. Electronic cigarettes have been increasing in popularity since they were introduced into the US market in 2007. Many questions remain about these products, and limited research has been conducted. This review describes the available research on what ECIGs are, effects of use, survey data on awareness and use, and the utility of ECIGs to help smokers quit using tobacco cigarettes. This review also describes arguments for and against ECIGs and concludes with steps to move research on ECIGs forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison B Breland
- From the Center for the Study of Tobacco Products (AB, TS, TE), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (MW), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
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Prins JM, Wang Y. Quantitative proteomic analysis revealed N'-nitrosonornicotine-induced down-regulation of nonmuscle myosin II and reduced cell migration in cultured human skin fibroblast cells. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1282-8. [PMID: 23305604 DOI: 10.1021/pr3009397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The association of tobacco smoke with decreased cell motility and wound healing is well documented; however, the cellular mechanisms and specific toxic tobacco constituents responsible for this effect are not well understood. Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs) are among the most important classes of carcinogens found in tobacco products. The TSNA N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) is present at relatively high levels in tobacco and its smoke, as well as second- and third-hand smoke. To investigate the cellular pathways that are perturbed upon NNN exposure, we employed a quantitative proteomic approach, utilizing stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture and mass spectrometry, to assess the NNN-induced alteration of protein expression in GM00637 human skin fibroblast cells. With this approach, we were able to quantify 2599 proteins, 191 of which displayed significantly changed expression following NNN exposure. One of the main findings from our proteomic analysis was the down-regulation of six different subunits of myosin, particularly nonmuscle myosin II heavy chain, isoforms A, B, and C. In addition, we found the altered expression of several extracellular matrix proteins and proteins involved in cellular adhesion. Together, our quantitative proteomic results suggested that NNN exposure may interfere with fibroblast motility. An in vitro scratch wound assay result supported that NNN exposure reduced the ability of dermal fibroblast to migrate into the scratched area. The results from the present study offer novel insights into the cellular mechanisms of NNN toxicity and identify NNN as a specific tobacco constituent that contributes to decreased fibroblast migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Prins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
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Knapik JJ, Graham B, Cobbs J, Thompson D, Steelman R, Jones BH. A prospective investigation of injury incidence and injury risk factors among Army recruits in military police training. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013; 14:32. [PMID: 23327563 PMCID: PMC3626559 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND United States Army military police (MP) training is a 19-week course designed to introduce new recruits to basic soldiering skills, Army values and lifestyle, and law enforcement skills and knowledge. The present investigation examined injury rates and injury risk factors in MP training. METHODS At the start of training, 1,838 male and 553 female MP recruits were administered a questionnaire containing items on date of birth, height, weight, tobacco use, prior physical activity, injury history, and menstrual history. Injuries during training were obtained from electronic medical records and the training units provided data on student graduation and attrition. RESULTS Successfully graduating from the course were 94.3% of the men and 83.7% of the women. Experiencing at least one injury during training were 34.2% of the men and 66.7% of the women (risk ratio (women/men) = 1.95, 95% confidence interval = 1.79-2.13). Recruits were at higher injury risk if they reported that they were older, had smoked in the past, or had performed less frequent exercise or sports prior to MP training. Men were at higher injury risk if they reported a prior injury and women were at higher risk if they reported missing at least six menstrual cycles in the last year or had previously been pregnant. CONCLUSION The present investigation was the first to identify injury rates and identify specific factors increasing injury risk during MP training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Knapik
- US Army Institute of Public Health, Portfolio of Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance, ATTN: MCHB-IP-DI, 1570 Stark Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA.
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Kim SY, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Park MK, Huh JW, Ro JY, Oh YM, Lee SD, Lee YS. Mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media recovers lung fibroblasts from cigarette smoke-induced damage. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 302:L891-908. [PMID: 22307909 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00288.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking causes apoptotic death, senescence, and impairment of repair functions in lung fibroblasts, which maintain the integrity of alveolar structure by producing extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Therefore, recovery of lung fibroblasts from cigarette smoke-induced damage may be crucial in regeneration of emphysematous lung resulting from degradation of ECM proteins and subsequent loss of alveolar cells. Recently, we reported that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media (MSC-CM) led to angiogenesis and regeneration of lung damaged by cigarette smoke. In this study, to further investigate reparative mechanisms for MSC-CM-mediated lung repair, we attempted to determine whether MSC-CM can recover lung fibroblasts from cigarette smoke-induced damage. In lung fibroblasts exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE), MSC-CM, not only inhibited apoptotic death, but also induced cell proliferation and reversed CSE-induced changes in the levels of caspase-3, p53, p21, p27, Akt, and p-Akt. MSC-CM also restored expression of ECM proteins and collagen gel contraction while suppressing CSE-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal PGE(2) synthase-2. The CSE-opposing effects of MSC-CM on cell fate, expression of ECM proteins, and collagen gel contraction were partially inhibited by LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor. In rats, MSC-CM administration also resulted in elevation of p-Akt and restored proliferation of lung fibroblasts, which was suppressed by exposure to cigarette smoke. Taken together, these data suggest that MSC-CM may recover lung fibroblasts from cigarette smoke-induced damage, possibly through inhibition of apoptosis, induction of proliferation, and restoration of lung fibroblast repair function, which are mediated in part by the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Yong Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon
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Anand N, Emmadi P, Ambalavanan N, Ramakrishnan T. Effect of a volatile smoke component (acrolein) on human gingival fibroblasts: An in vitro study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2012; 15:371-5. [PMID: 22368362 PMCID: PMC3283935 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.92573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Tobacco and some of its volatile and non-volatile components have been found to affect many types of cells including human gingival fibroblasts. The aim of this present study was to estimate the effect of acrolein, a volatile fraction of cigarette smoke on the attachment, proliferation and ultra structure of human gingival fibroblasts in culture. Materials and Methods: Human gingival fibroblasts strains obtained from healthy subjects aged 20-30 years, were grown to confluency and utilized between 3rd -6th passages. The cell cultures seeded in 96 well microtitration plates at a density of 45,000 cells/well were incubated with acrolein at concentrations of 10-4, 3×10-5 and 10-5 . Attachment ability was evaluated after three hours using Neubauer hemocytometer. For the proliferation assay cell cultures seeded at a density of 10,000 cells/well were incubated at concentrations of 10-4, 3×10-5, 10-5, 3×10-6, 10-6 and cell count determined after 5 days using a hemocytometer. Cell morphology was examined under phase contrast microscope. Results: Acrolein produced a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on human gingival fibroblasts with complete inhibition of attachment and proliferation at higher concentrations. Conclusion: This supports the hypothesis that cigarette smoke is a great risk factor in the development and progression of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Anand
- Department of Periodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Narayanapuram, Pallikaranai, India
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14
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Sundar IK, Chung S, Hwang JW, Lapek JD, Bulger M, Friedman AE, Yao H, Davie JR, Rahman I. Mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1) regulates cigarette smoke-induced histone modifications on NF-κB-dependent genes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31378. [PMID: 22312446 PMCID: PMC3270039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) causes sustained lung inflammation, which is an important event in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We have previously reported that IKKα (I kappaB kinase alpha) plays a key role in CS-induced pro-inflammatory gene transcription by chromatin modifications; however, the underlying role of downstream signaling kinase is not known. Mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1) serves as a specific downstream NF-κB RelA/p65 kinase, mediating transcriptional activation of NF-κB-dependent pro-inflammatory genes. The role of MSK1 in nuclear signaling and chromatin modifications is not known, particularly in response to environmental stimuli. We hypothesized that MSK1 regulates chromatin modifications of pro-inflammatory gene promoters in response to CS. Here, we report that CS extract activates MSK1 in human lung epithelial (H292 and BEAS-2B) cell lines, human primary small airway epithelial cells (SAEC), and in mouse lung, resulting in phosphorylation of nuclear MSK1 (Thr581), phospho-acetylation of RelA/p65 at Ser276 and Lys310 respectively. This event was associated with phospho-acetylation of histone H3 (Ser10/Lys9) and acetylation of histone H4 (Lys12). MSK1 N- and C-terminal kinase-dead mutants, MSK1 siRNA-mediated knock-down in transiently transfected H292 cells, and MSK1 stable knock-down mouse embryonic fibroblasts significantly reduced CS extract-induced MSK1, NF-κB RelA/p65 activation, and posttranslational modifications of histones. CS extract/CS promotes the direct interaction of MSK1 with RelA/p65 and p300 in epithelial cells and in mouse lung. Furthermore, CS-mediated recruitment of MSK1 and its substrates to the promoters of NF-κB-dependent pro-inflammatory genes leads to transcriptional activation, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Thus, MSK1 is an important downstream kinase involved in CS-induced NF-κB activation and chromatin modifications, which have implications in pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac K. Sundar
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sangwoon Chung
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jae-woong Hwang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - John D. Lapek
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Bulger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Alan E. Friedman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Hongwei Yao
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - James R. Davie
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Kim SY, Lee JH, Huh JW, Ro JY, Oh YM, Lee SD, An S, Lee YS. Cigarette smoke induces Akt protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31932-43. [PMID: 21778238 PMCID: PMC3173210 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.267633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Emphysema is one of the characteristic features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which is caused mainly by cigarette smoking. Recent data have suggested that apoptosis and cell cycle arrest may contribute to the development of emphysema. In this study, we addressed the question of whether and how cigarette smoke affected Akt, which plays a critical role in cell survival and proliferation. In normal human lung fibroblasts, cigarette smoke extract (CSE) caused cell death, accompanying degradation of total and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), which was inhibited by MG132. CSE exposure resulted in preferential ubiquitination of the active Akt (myristoylated), rather than the inactive (T308A/S473A double mutant) Akt. Consistent with cytotoxicity, CSE induced a progressive decrease of phosphorylated human homolog of mouse double minute homolog 2 (p-HDM2) and phosphorylated apoptosis signal regulating kinase 1 (p-ASK1) with concomitant elevation of p53, p21, and phosphorylated p38 MAPK. Forced expression of the active Akt reduced both CSE-induced cytotoxicity and alteration in HDM2/p53/p21 and ASK1/p38 MAPK, compared with the inactive Akt. Of note, CSE induced expression of the tetratrico-peptide repeat domain 3 (TTC3), known as a ubiquitin ligase for active Akt. TTC3 siRNAs suppressed not only CSE-induced Akt degradation but also CSE-induced cytotoxicity. Accordingly, rat lungs exposed to cigarette smoke for 3 months showed elevated TTC3 expression and reduced Akt and p-Akt. Taken together, these data suggest that cigarette smoke induces cytotoxicity, partly through Akt degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system, in which TTC3 acts as a ubiquitin ligase for active Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Yong Kim
- From the Division of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon 440-746
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, Seongnam 463-712
| | - Jin Won Huh
- the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asthma Center, and Clinical Research Center for Chronic Obstructive Airway Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, and
| | - Jai Youl Ro
- From the Division of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon 440-746
| | - Yeon-Mock Oh
- the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asthma Center, and Clinical Research Center for Chronic Obstructive Airway Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, and
| | - Sang-Do Lee
- the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asthma Center, and Clinical Research Center for Chronic Obstructive Airway Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, and
| | - Sungkwan An
- the Functional Genoproteome Research Centre, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Song Lee
- From the Division of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon 440-746
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16
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Myers CR, Myers JM, Kufahl TD, Forbes R, Szadkowski A. The effects of acrolein on the thioredoxin system: implications for redox-sensitive signaling. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:1361-74. [PMID: 21812108 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The reactive aldehyde acrolein is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and is also generated endogenously. It is a strong electrophile and reacts rapidly with nucleophiles including thiolates. This review focuses on the effects of acrolein on thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and thioredoxin (Trx), which are major regulators of intracellular protein thiol redox balance. Acrolein causes irreversible effects on TrxR and Trx, which are consistent with the formation of covalent adducts to selenocysteine and cysteine residues that are key to their activity. TrxR and Trx are more sensitive than some other redox-sensitive proteins, and their prolonged inhibition could disrupt a number of redox-sensitive functions in cells. Among these effects are the oxidation of peroxiredoxins and the activation of apoptosis signal regulating kinase (ASK1). ASK1 promotes MAP kinase activation, and p38 activation contributes to apoptosis and a number of other acrolein-induced stress responses. Overall, the disruption of the TrxR/Trx system by acrolein could be significant early and prolonged events that affect many aspects of redox-sensitive signaling and oxidant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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17
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Yao H, Hwang JW, Moscat J, Diaz-Meco MT, Leitges M, Kishore N, Li X, Rahman I. Protein kinase C zeta mediates cigarette smoke/aldehyde- and lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation and histone modifications. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:5405-16. [PMID: 20007975 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.041418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical protein kinase C (PKC) zeta is an important regulator of inflammation through activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway. Chromatin remodeling on pro-inflammatory genes plays a pivotal role in cigarette smoke (CS)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced abnormal lung inflammation. However, the signaling mechanism whereby chromatin remodeling occurs in CS- and LPS-induced lung inflammation is not known. We hypothesized that PKCzeta is an important regulator of chromatin remodeling, and down-regulation of PKCzeta ameliorates lung inflammation by CS and LPS exposures. We determined the role and molecular mechanism of PKCzeta in abnormal lung inflammatory response to CS and LPS exposures in PKCzeta-deficient (PKCzeta(-/-)) and wild-type mice. Lung inflammatory response was decreased in PKCzeta(-/-) mice compared with WT mice exposed to CS and LPS. Moreover, inhibition of PKCzeta by a specific pharmacological PKCzeta inhibitor attenuated CS extract-, reactive aldehydes (present in CS)-, and LPS-mediated pro-inflammatory mediator release from macrophages. The mechanism underlying these findings is associated with decreased RelA/p65 phosphorylation (Ser(311)) and translocation of the RelA/p65 subunit of NF-kappaB into the nucleus. Furthermore, CS/reactive aldehydes and LPS exposures led to activation and translocation of PKCzeta into the nucleus where it forms a complex with CREB-binding protein (CBP) and acetylated RelA/p65 causing histone phosphorylation and acetylation on promoters of pro-inflammatory genes. Taken together, these data suggest that PKCzeta plays an important role in CS/aldehyde- and LPS-induced lung inflammation through acetylation of RelA/p65 and histone modifications via CBP. These data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Yao
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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18
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Abstract
Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of alveolar parenchymal tissue and the concordant loss of lung epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and interstitial mesenchymal cells. Key features in the pathobiology of emphysema include inflammation, alveolar epithelial cell injury/apoptosis, and excessive activation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteases. Mesenchymal cells are versatile connective tissue cells that are critical effectors of wound-repair. The excessive loss of connective tissue and the destruction of alveolar septae in emphysema suggest that the mesenchymal cell reparative response to epithelial injury is impaired. Yet, the mechanisms regulating mesenchymal cell (dys)function in emphysema remain poorly understood. We propose that mesenchymal cell fate, modulated by transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta1) and the balance of ECM proteases and antiproteases, is a critical determinant of the emphysema phenotype. We examine emphysema in the context of wound-repair responses, with a focus on the regulation of mesenchymal cell fate and phenotype. We discuss the emerging evidence supporting that genetic factors, inflammation and environmental factors, including cigarette smoke itself, collectively impair mesenchymal cell survival and function, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2319, USA.
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19
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Bhalla DK, Hirata F, Rishi AK, Gairola CG. Cigarette smoke, inflammation, and lung injury: a mechanistic perspective. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2009; 12:45-64. [PMID: 19117209 DOI: 10.1080/10937400802545094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a common feature in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-associated diseases. The recruitment of inflammatory cells into the lung following cigarette smoke exposure presents a risk of tissue damage through the release of toxic mediators, including proteolytic enzymes and reactive oxygen species. This review represents a toxicological approach to investigation of cigarette smoke-induced lung injury, with a focus on laboratory studies and an emphasis on inflammatory mechanisms. The studies discussed in this review analyze the role of inflammation and inflammatory mediators in the development of injury. In cases where information relating to cigarette smoke is limited, examples are taken from other models of lung injury applicable to cigarette smoke. The primary aim of the review is to summarize published work so as to permit (1) an evaluation of chronic lung injury and inflammatory responses in animal models, (2) a discussion of inflammatory mediators in the development of chronic injury, and (3) identification of immunological mechanisms of injury. These studies discuss the currently understood roles of cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and oxidative stress in inflammatory reactions and lung injury. A role for lipocortin 1 (annexin 1), a naturally occurring defense factor against inflammation, is discussed because of the possibility that impaired synthesis and degradation of lipocortin 1 will influence immune responses in animals exposed to cigarette smoke either by augmenting T helper cell Th1 response or by shifting Th1 to Th2 response. While Th1 augmentation will increase the risk for development of emphysema, Th1 to Th2 shift will favor development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K Bhalla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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20
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Myers CR, Myers JM. The effects of acrolein on peroxiredoxins, thioredoxins, and thioredoxin reductase in human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicology 2008; 257:95-104. [PMID: 19135121 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation is a common form of exposure to acrolein, a toxic reactive volatile aldehyde that is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. Bronchial epithelial cells would be directly exposed to inhaled acrolein. The thioredoxin (Trx) system is essential for the maintenance of cellular thiol redox balance, and is critical for cell survival. Normally, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) maintains the cytosolic (Trx1) and mitochondrial (Trx2) thioredoxins in the reduced state, and the thioredoxins keep the peroxiredoxins (Prx) reduced, thereby supporting their peroxidase function. The effects of acrolein on TrxR, Trx and Prx in human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells were determined. A 30-min exposure to 5 microM acrolein oxidized both Trx1 and Trx2, although significant effects were noted for Trx1 at even lower acrolein concentrations. The effects on Trx1 and Trx2 could not be reversed by treatment with disulfide reductants. TrxR activity was inhibited 60% and >85% by 2.5 and 5 microM acrolein, respectively. The endogenous electron donor for TrxR, NADPH, could not restore its activity, and activity did not recover in cells during a 4-h acrolein-free period in complete medium. The effects of acrolein on TrxR and Trx therefore extend beyond the duration of exposure. While there was a strong correlation between TrxR inhibition and Trx1 oxidation, the irreversible effects on Trx1 suggest direct effects of acrolein rather than loss of reducing equivalents from TrxR. Trx2 did not become oxidized until > or = 90% of TrxR was inhibited, but irreversible effects on Trx2 also suggest direct effects of acrolein. Prx1 (cytosolic) and Prx3 (mitochondrial) shifted to a largely oxidized state only when >90 and 100% of their respective Trxs were oxidized. Prx oxidation was readily reversed with a disulfide reductant, suggesting that Prx oxidation resulted from lack of reducing equivalents from Trx and not direct reaction with acrolein. The effects of acrolein on the thioredoxin system and peroxiredoxins could have important implications for cell survival, redox-sensitive cell signaling, and tolerance to other oxidant insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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21
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Liu X, Togo S, Al-Mugotir M, Kim H, Fang Q, Kobayashi T, Wang X, Mao L, Bitterman P, Rennard S. NF-kappaB mediates the survival of human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract. Respir Res 2008; 9:66. [PMID: 18811964 PMCID: PMC2567966 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that low concentrations of cigarette smoke extract induce DNA damage without leading to apoptosis or necrosis in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs), and that IL-6/STAT3 signaling contributes to the cell survival. Since NF-kappaB is also involved in regulating apoptosis and cell survival, the current study was designed to investigate the role of NF-kappaB in mediating cell survival in response to cigarette smoke exposure in HBECs. METHODS Both the pharmacologic inhibitor of NF-kappaB, curcumin, and RNA interference targeting p65 were used to block NF-kappaB signaling in HBECs. Apoptosis and cell survival were then assessed by various methods including COMET assay, LIVE/DEAD Cytotoxicity/Viability assay and colony formation assay. RESULTS Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) caused DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in S phase without leading to apoptosis in HBECs as evidenced by TUNEL assay, COMET assay and DNA content assay. CSE stimulated NF-kappaB -DNA binding activity and up-regulated Bcl-XL protein in HBECs. Inhibition of NF-kappaB by the pharmacologic inhibitor curcumin (20 microM) or suppression of p65 by siRNA resulted in a significant increase in cell death in response to cigarette smoke exposure. Furthermore, cells lacking p65 were incapable of forming cellular colonies when these cells were exposed to CSE, while they behaved normally in the regular culture medium. CONCLUSION The current study demonstrates that CSE activates NF-kappaB and up-regulates Bcl-XL through NF-kB activation in HBECs, and that CSE induces cell death in cells lacking p65. These results suggest that activation of NF-kappaB regulates cell survival following DNA damage by cigarette smoke in human bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangde Liu
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Shinsaku Togo
- Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mona Al-Mugotir
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Huijung Kim
- Won Kwang University, Kunpo Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - QiuHong Fang
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tetsu Kobayashi
- Mie University of Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu City, Japan
| | - XingQi Wang
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Lijun Mao
- The 3Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | | | - Stephen Rennard
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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22
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Togo S, Holz O, Liu X, Sugiura H, Kamio K, Wang X, Kawasaki S, Ahn Y, Fredriksson K, Skold CM, Mueller KC, Branscheid D, Welker L, Watz H, Magnussen H, Rennard SI. Lung fibroblast repair functions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are altered by multiple mechanisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:248-60. [PMID: 18467512 PMCID: PMC2542423 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200706-929oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Fibroblasts are believed to be the major cells responsible for the production and maintenance of extracellular matrix. Alterations in fibroblast functional capacity, therefore, could play a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema, which is characterized by inadequate maintenance of tissue structure. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the hypothesis that deficient fibroblast repair characterizes cells obtained from individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) compared with control subjects. METHODS Fibroblasts were cultured from lung tissue obtained from individuals undergoing thoracotomy and were characterized in vitro. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Fibroblasts from individuals with COPD, defined by reduced FEV(1), manifested reduced chemotaxis toward fibronectin and reduced contraction of three-dimensional collagen gels, two bioassays associated with fibroblast repair function. At least two mechanisms appear to account for these differences. Prostaglandin E (PGE), a known inhibitor of fibroblast repair functions, was produced in increased amount by fibroblasts from subjects with COPD, which also expressed increased amounts of the receptors EP2 and EP4, both of which signal through cyclic AMP. Incubation of fibroblasts with indomethacin or with the PKA inhibitor KT-5720 partially restored COPD subject fibroblast function. In addition, fibroblasts from subjects with COPD produced more transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, but manifested reduced response to TGF-beta1. The functional alterations in fibroblasts correlated with both lung function assessed by FEV(1) and, for the data available, with severity of emphysema assessed by Dl(CO). CONCLUSIONS Fibroblasts from individuals with COPD have reduced capability to sustain tissue repair, which suggests that this may be one mechanism that contributes to the development of emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsaku Togo
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985885 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5885, USA
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Churg A, Cosio M, Wright JL. Mechanisms of cigarette smoke-induced COPD: insights from animal models. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 294:L612-31. [PMID: 18223159 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00390.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke-induced animal models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease support the protease-antiprotease hypothesis of emphysema, although which cells and proteases are the crucial actors remains controversial. Inhibition of either serine or metalloproteases produces significant protection against emphysema, but inhibition is invariably accompanied by decreases in the inflammatory response to cigarette smoke, suggesting that these inhibitors do more than just prevent matrix degradation. Direct anti-inflammatory interventions are also effective against the development of emphysema, as are antioxidant strategies; the latter again decrease smoke-induced inflammation. There is increasing evidence for autoimmunity, perhaps directed against matrix components, as a driving force in emphysema. There is intriguing but controversial animal model evidence that failure to repair/failure of lung maintenance also plays a role in the pathogenesis of emphysema. Cigarette smoke produces small airway remodeling in laboratory animals, possibly by direct induction of fibrogenic growth factors in the airway wall, and also produces pulmonary hypertension, at least in part through direct upregulation of vasoactive mediators in the intrapulmonary arteries. Smoke exposure causes goblet cell metaplasia and excess mucus production in the small airways and proximal trachea, but these changes are not good models of either chronic bronchitis or acute exacerbations. Emphysema, small airway remodeling, pulmonary hypertension, and mucus production appear to be at least partially independent processes that may require different therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Churg
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Kamio K, Liu X, Sugiura H, Togo S, Kobayashi T, Kawasaki S, Wang X, Mao L, Ahn Y, Hogaboam C, Toews ML, Rennard SI. Prostacyclin analogs inhibit fibroblast contraction of collagen gels through the cAMP-PKA pathway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:113-20. [PMID: 17363776 PMCID: PMC1899347 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0009oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostacyclin is an arachidonic acid metabolite that modulates vascular tone within the lung. The current study evaluated the hypothesis that prostacyclin can also modulate tissue remodeling by affecting fibroblast-mediated contraction of extracellular matrix. To accomplish this, fibroblasts were cultured in three-dimensional native type I collagen gels in the presence of prostacyclin analogs: carbaprostacyclin, iloprost, and beraprost. All three analogs significantly inhibited contraction of the three-dimensional collagen gels mediated by three different fibroblasts. All three analogs significantly inhibited fibronectin release and reduced fibroblast fibronectin mRNA expression. Addition of exogenous fibronectin restored the contractile activity to fibroblasts incubated in the presence of all three analogs. Iloprost and beraprost significantly activated cAMP-dependent protein kinase-A (PKA), and an action through this pathway was confirmed by blockade of the inhibitory effect on contraction and fibronectin release with the PKA inhibitor KT-5720. In contrast, carbaprostacyclin, which is not as selective for the prostacyclin (IP) receptor, did not activate PKA, and its effects on contraction and fibronectin release were not fully blocked by KT-5720. Finally, the cAMP analogs N(6)-Benzoyl- (6-Bnz-) cAMP and dibutyryl-cAMP inhibited contraction, and this contrasted with the activity of an Epac selective agonist 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP, which had no effect. Taken together, these results indicate that prostacyclin, acting through the IP receptor and by activating PKA, can lead to inhibition of fibronectin release and can subsequently inhibit fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction. The ability of prostacyclin to modulate fibroblast function suggests that prostacyclin can contribute to tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Kamio
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985885 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5885, USA
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25
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Rennard SI, Togo S, Holz O. Cigarette smoke inhibits alveolar repair: a mechanism for the development of emphysema. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2007; 3:703-8. [PMID: 17065377 PMCID: PMC2647656 DOI: 10.1513/pats.200605-121sf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Classically, emphysema has been believed to develop when mediators of tissue injury exceed protective mechanisms within the lung. Evidence also supports the concept that tissue destruction represents a balance between tissue injury and tissue repair. In this context, cigarette smoke is directly toxic to cells within the lung and can impair the repair functions of fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and mesenchymal cells. This may occur in the absence of overt cytotoxicity and may result from alteration of selected biochemical pathways. A variety of repair functions can be affected, including chemotaxis, proliferation, production of extracellular matrix, and remodeling of extracellular matrix. Finally, cigarette smoke can damage DNA but can also compromise apoptosis. As a result, DNA repair mechanisms can be initiated, leading to recovery of cells that potentially contain somatic cell mutations. This pathway may contribute not only to the development of cancer but to the persistent abnormalities in tissue structure that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Understanding the mechanisms that mediate normal tissue repair and understanding the bases for altered tissue repair in the face of cigarette smoking offer new opportunities designed to address the structural alterations that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen I Rennard
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 985125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 98198-5125, USA.
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Yuge A, Nasu K, Matsumoto H, Nishida M, Narahara H. Collagen gel contractility is enhanced in human endometriotic stromal cells: a possible mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of endometriosis-associated fibrosis. Hum Reprod 2007; 22:938-44. [PMID: 17204524 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive fibrosis is frequently associated with endometriosis. To evaluate the involvement of the extracellular matrix contractility of endometriotic stromal cells (ECSCs) in the pathogenesis of endometriosis-associated fibrosis, we compared the collagen gel contractility of cultured ECSCs with that of normal endometrial stromal cells. To clarify the mechanism underlying collagen gel contraction by ECSCs, we also evaluated the effect of (+)-(R)-trans-4-(1-aminoethyl)-N-(4-pyridyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide dihydrochloride, monohydrate (Y-27632), a selective Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, on the collagen gel contraction by ECSCs. METHODS AND RESULTS ECSCs showed enhanced collagen gel contractility in comparison with NESCs. Myofibroblastic differentiation and the increased expression of fibronectin, RhoA, ROCK-I and ROCK-II proteins were observed with ECSCs using the 3D culture. Y-27632 significantly inhibited the collagen gel contractility of ECSCs without cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that the enhanced collagen contractility in ECSCs is associated with myofibroblastic differentiation, the increased expression of fibronectin and the activation of the Rho-ROCK-mediated signalling pathway, all of which may be involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis-associated fibrosis. These results suggest that the inhibition of the Rho-ROCK-mediated signalling pathway may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of this disease. In addition, our experimental system of ECSCs using 3D collagen gel culture would be suitable for evaluating novel treatments for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Yuge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu-shi, Oita, Japan
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Carnevali S, Luppi F, D'Arca D, Caporali A, Ruggieri MP, Vettori MV, Caglieri A, Astancolle S, Panico F, Davalli P, Mutti A, Fabbri LM, Corti A. Clusterin decreases oxidative stress in lung fibroblasts exposed to cigarette smoke. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:393-9. [PMID: 16709934 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200512-1835oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Cigarette smoke causes injury to lung fibroblasts, partly by means of oxidative stress, and oxidative stress can lead to various lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clusterin is a widely distributed protein with many functions, including cellular protection in response to oxidative stress. OBJECTIVES To determine whether clusterin is involved in the defense of the lung against cigarette smoke, we investigated the effects of cigarette smoke extract on clusterin expression and its protective effect, if any, against oxidative stress. METHODS Fibroblasts were coincubated with conditioned medium and cigarette smoke extract, and bronchial biopsy specimens obtained from nonsmokers, smokers, and ex-smokers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS At concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0%, cigarette smoke extract induced oxidative stress. It also markedly increased the expression of two clusterin isoforms (60 and 76-80 kD) and the 76-80-kD isoform was secreted in the incubation medium. Coincubation of fibroblasts with conditioned medium significantly decreased the cellular oxidation caused by the cigarette smoke extract. Immunohistochemical analysis of clusterin on bronchial biopsy specimens obtained from smokers and ex-smokers showed localization of clusterin mainly in the submucosa. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that clusterin may have a protective effect against cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress in lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Carnevali
- Department of Oncology, Haematology, and Pulmonology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41100 Modena, Italy
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28
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Kim H, Liu X, Kobayashi T, Conner H, Kohyama T, Wen FQ, Fang Q, Abe S, Bitterman P, Rennard SI. Reversible Cigarette Smoke Extract–Induced DNA Damage in Human Lung Fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 31:483-90. [PMID: 15256382 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0300oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke contains thousands of chemicals, many of which may contribute to cytotoxicity and carcinogenesis. Using assays detecting DNA strand breaks (terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling [TUNEL]) and DNA content (flow cytometry), we evaluated the genotoxic effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) cultured in three-dimensional collagen gels as well as in monolayer culture. When HFL-1 cells were exposed to CSE, DNA strand breaks were detected in most, as determined by TUNEL. This effect was dependent on CSE concentration, duration of CSE exposure, and the density of HFL-1 cells cast into the collagen gels. Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, significantly increased DNA damage induced by 1% CSE, and N-acetylcysteine, a glutathione precursor, blocked 5% CSE from inducing DNA damage. After CSE exposure, most cells were TUNEL-positive, but DNA quantification revealed no hypodiploid cells, indicating that apoptosis was not occurring during the CSE exposure. CSE-induced DNA damage was reversible, and cells proliferated when CSE was removed after 24 h exposure. These results demonstrate that cigarette smoke can induce DNA damage in HFL-1 cells cultured in both three-dimensional collagen gels and monolayer cultures, and that oxidants likely play a role in this damage. Moreover, this DNA damage is reversible, with cells surviving and TUNEL positivity reversing when CSE is removed within 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Adventist Hospital and WonKwang University Sanbon Medical Center, Korea
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Kohyama T, Liu X, Wen FQ, Kobayashi T, Fang Q, Abe S, Cieslinski L, Barnette MS, Rennard SI. Cytokines modulate cilomilast response in lung fibroblasts. Clin Immunol 2004; 111:297-302. [PMID: 15183150 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2003] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts, as a major source of extracellular interstitial connective tissue matrix, play an important role in wound healing and the development of fibrosis. The phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitor cilomilast inhibits fibroblast chemotaxis and fibroblast-mediated gel contraction. Using the Boyden blindwell chamber chemotaxis assay and the type I collagen gel contraction model, this study investigated whether specific cytokines modulate cilomilast's inhibitory effect through regulation of endogenous PGE(2) production. Human recombinant IL-1beta stimulated PGE(2) production and shifted the cilomilast concentration-dependence curve to the left in both assay systems, indicating increased sensitivity to cilomilast. In contrast, human recombinant IL-4 inhibited PGE(2) production and shifted the cilomilast concentration-dependence curve to the right in both systems. In summary, the inhibitory effect of cilomilast on fibroblast migration and collagen gel contraction is modulated by IL-1beta and IL-4 through regulation of PGE(2) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Kohyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Kim H, Liu X, Kohyama T, Kobayashi T, Conner H, Abe S, Fang Q, Wen FQ, Rennard SI. Cigarette smoke stimulates MMP-1 production by human lung fibroblasts through the ERK1/2 pathway. COPD 2004; 1:13-23. [PMID: 16997735 DOI: 10.1081/copd-120030164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance between proteases and anti-proteases is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of emphysema. In this study, we explored the hypothesis that cigarette smoke can alter tissue structure through an effect on the release of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and type I tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1). Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) significantly stimulated pro-MMP-1 production (determined by ELISA and immunoblots) and mRNA expression (by real-time RT-PCR) by human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) in a concentration-dependent manner (2.5-10%). High concentrations of CSE (10%) could potentially activate the latent form of MMP-1 as the high molecular weight (52 kDa) form was converted into a low molecular weight (42 kDa) form consistent with active MMP-1. TIMP-1 production, however, was not significantly altered by the concentrations of CSE tested. After 30 min exposure, CSE significantly induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which then gradually decreased from 90 minutes to 3 hours. PD98059, a specific inhibitor of ERK-MAPK, significantly blocked the CSE effect on ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, PD98059 significantly inhibited the CSE effect on MMP-1 production and mRNA expression by fibroblasts. These results suggest that cigarette smoke stimulates production and likely activates MMP-1 through activating ERK1/2 signal transduction pathway. By inducing MMP-1, cigarette smoke may result in excess tissue destruction and contribute to the development of emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijung Kim
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985885 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
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Carnevali S, Petruzzelli S, Longoni B, Vanacore R, Barale R, Cipollini M, Scatena F, Paggiaro P, Celi A, Giuntini C. Cigarette smoke extract induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in human lung fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284:L955-63. [PMID: 12547733 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00466.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a mixture of chemicals having direct and/or indirect toxic effects on different lung cells. We investigated the effect of cigarette smoke on human lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) oxidation and apoptosis. Cells were exposed to various concentrations (1, 5, and 10%) of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for 3 h, and oxidative stress and apoptosis were assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and confocal laser fluorescence microscopy. Both oxidative stress and apoptosis exhibited a dose-response relationship with CSE concentrations. Lung fibroblasts also showed marked DNA fragmentation at the Comet assay after exposure to 10% CSE. Coincubation of HLF-1 cells with N-acetylcysteine (1 mM) during CSE exposure significantly reduced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA fragmentation, whereas preincubation (3 h) with the glutathione-depleting agent buthionine sulfoximine (125 microM) produced a significant increase of oxidative stress. Cigarette smoke is a potent source of oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis for HFL-1 cells, and we speculate that this could contribute to the development of pulmonary emphysema in the lungs of smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Carnevali
- Pulmonary Unit, Cardiothoracic Department, Pharmacology Unit, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Liu X, Kohyama T, Kobayashi T, Abe S, Kim HJ, Reed EC, Rennard SI. Cigarette smoke extract inhibits chemotaxis and collagen gel contraction mediated by human bone marrow osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblast-like cells. Osteoporos Int 2003; 14:235-42. [PMID: 12730796 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-002-1350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2002] [Accepted: 09/25/2002] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration and matrix remodeling are key events in tissue repair and restructuring. Osteoblasts are responsible for the production of new bone matrix during bone remodeling. The activity of these cells can be modulated by a number of factors. The current study evaluated the hypothesis that cigarette smoke extract can alter repair and remodeling responses of human osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblast-like cells and, therefore, could explain one mechanism by which cigarette smoking leads to osteoporosis. Human osteoprogenitor cells were isolated from normal human bone marrow and maintained in culture under either control conditions or conditions that induced differentiation into osteoblast-like cells. Both cell types migrated toward fibronectin and PDGF-BB as chemoattractants. Neither responded to TGF-beta1. The osteoprogenitor cells were more active in their chemotactic response. The chemotactic response of both cell types was inhibited by cigarette smoke extract in a concentration-dependent manner. Both cell types, when cultured in three-dimensional native collagen gels maintained in floating culture, induced contraction of their surrounding matrices. Contraction was augmented by serum, PDGF-BB, and TGF-beta1. Osteoprogenitor cells were less active in inducing contraction than were osteoblast-like cells. Contraction of both cell types was inhibited by cigarette smoke extract. Cigarette smoke extract also inhibited the production of fibronectin by both cell types maintained in three-dimensional culture. Addition of exogenous fibronectin partially restored the ability of the cells to contract three-dimensional collagen gels. The current study demonstrates that cigarette smoke can interfere with the ability of bone cells to participate in repair and remodeling events. Such an effect may be one mechanism leading to the development of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangde Liu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5125, USA
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Wang H, Liu X, Umino T, Kohyama T, Zhu YK, Wen FQ, Spurzem JR, Romberger DJ, Kim HJ, Rennard SI. Effect of cigarette smoke on fibroblast-mediated gel contraction is dependent on cell density. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284:L205-13. [PMID: 12388358 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00042.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke exposure has been associated with a variety of diseases, including emphysema. The current study evaluated the interaction of cell density and cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on fibroblast contraction of collagen gels. Protein levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, fibronectin, PGE(2), and TGF-beta1 mRNA were quantified. Although both 5 and 10% CSE inhibited contraction by low-density fibroblasts (1 x 10(5) cell/ml), only 5% CSE augmented contraction in higher-density cultures (3-5 x 10(5) cells/ml). CSE also inhibited fibronectin and TGF-beta1 production in low-density cultures but stimulated fibronectin production in high-density cultures. Active TGF-beta1 was readily detectable only in higher-density cultures and was markedly augmented by 5% CSE. In contrast, although TGF-beta1 mRNA expression was inhibited in high-density cultures by 10% CSE, expression was increased in the presence of 5% CSE. These results suggest that CSE-induced inhibition of low-density fibroblast contraction is due to inhibition of fibronectin production, whereas CSE's stimulatory effect on high-density cells is the result of increased release of TGF-beta1. These effects may help explain the varied pathologies associated with exposure to cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjun Wang
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
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Kim HJ, Liu X, Wang H, Kohyama T, Kobayashi T, Wen FQ, Romberger DJ, Abe S, MacNee W, Rahman I, Rennard SI. Glutathione prevents inhibition of fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction by cigarette smoke. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 283:L409-17. [PMID: 12114203 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00059.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke, the major risk factor for the development of emphysema, contains over 4,700 chemical compounds, including free radicals and other oxidants (10(14)/puff). An imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants has been proposed in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Inhibition of repair processes has been suggested to be one pathway contributing to the development of emphysema. We hypothesized that cigarette smoke inhibition of repair might result from a shift of the oxidant/antioxidant balance in favor of oxidants. To evaluate this hypothesis, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), which serves as a substrate for glutathione (GSH) production, and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which inhibits GSH production, were incubated in the presence and absence of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) with fibroblasts in three-dimensional collagen gels. Neither agent alone altered gel contraction. CSE inhibition of gel contraction, however, was mitigated by NAC and potentiated by BSO. Parallel effects were observed on cigarette smoke inhibition of fibronectin production and mRNA expression as well as by changes in intracellular GSH content. Pretreatment of fibroblasts with NAC or BSO resulted in similar effects, suggesting that neither agent was acting directly on smoke but, rather, was altering cellular response to smoke. In conclusion, smoke inhibition of fibroblast repair, as reflected by collagen gel contraction and fibronectin production, may be modulated by intracellular GSH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jung Kim
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Adventist Hospital, Seoul 130-650, Korea
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Finkelstein EI, Nardini M, van der Vliet A. Inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis by acrolein: a mechanism of tobacco-related lung disease? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 281:L732-9. [PMID: 11504702 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2001.281.3.l732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is known to contribute to inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract by promoting recruitment of inflammatory-immune cells such as neutrophils and perhaps by altering neutrophil functional properties. We investigated whether acrolein, a toxic unsaturated aldehyde found in cigarette smoke, could directly affect neutrophil function. Exposure of freshly isolated human neutrophils to acrolein markedly inhibited spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis as indicated by loss of membrane asymmetry and DNA fragmentation and induced increased neutrophil production of the chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8). Acrolein (1--50 microM) was found to induce marked activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and inhibition of p38 MAPK activation by SB-203580 prevented acrolein-induced IL-8 release. However, inhibition of either ERK or p38 MAPK did not affect acrolein-dependent inhibition of apoptosis. Acrolein exposure prevented the activation of caspase-3, a crucial step in the execution of neutrophil apoptosis, presumably by direct inhibition of the enzyme. Our results indicate that acrolein may contribute to smoke-induced inflammatory processes in the lung by increasing neutrophil recruitment and reducing neutrophil clearance by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Finkelstein
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Liu XD, Skold CM, Umino T, Spurzem JR, Romberger DJ, Rennard SI. Sodium nitroprusside augments human lung fibroblast collagen gel contraction independently of NO-cGMP pathway. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 278:L1032-8. [PMID: 10781435 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.278.5.l1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) relaxes vascular smooth muscle in part through an accumulation of cGMP in the target cells. We hypothesized that a similar effect may also exist on collagen gel contraction mediated by human fetal lung (HFL1) fibroblasts, a model of wound contraction. To evaluate this, HFL1 cells were cultured in three-dimensional type I collagen gels and floated in serum-free DMEM with and without various NO donors. Gel size was measured with an image analyzer. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 100 microM) significantly augmented collagen gel contraction by HFL1 cells (78.5 +/- 0.8 vs. 58.3 +/- 2. 1, P < 0.01), whereas S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, 5-amino-3-(4-morpholinyl)-1,2,3-oxadiazolium chloride, NONOate, and N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine did not affect the contraction. Sodium ferricyanide, sodium nitrate, or sodium nitrite was not active. The augmentory effect of SNP could not be blocked by 1H-[1,2, 4]-oxadiazolo-[4,3-a]-quinoxalin-1-one, whereas it was partially reversed by 8-(4-chlorophenylthio) (CPT)-cGMP. To further explore the mechanisms by which SNP acted, fibronectin and PGE(2) production were measured by immunoassay after 2 days of gel contraction. SNP inhibited PGE(2) production and increased fibronectin production by HFL1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. CPT-cGMP had opposite effects on fibronectin and PGE(2) production. Addition of exogenous PGE(2) blocked SNP-augmented contraction and fibronectin production by HFL1 cells. Therefore, SNP was able to augment human lung fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction, an effect that appears to be independent of NO production and not mediated through cGMP. Decreased PGE(2) production and augmented fibronectin production may have a role in this effect. These data suggest that human lung fibroblasts in three-dimensional type I collagen gels respond distinctly to SNP by mechanisms unrelated to the NO-cGMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- X D Liu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5300, USA
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