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Kulińska KI, Szałkowska S, Andrusiewicz M, Kotwicka M, Billert H. The effect of local anaesthetics on apoptosis and NETosis of human neutrophils in vitro: comparison between lidocaine and ropivacaine. Hum Cell 2023; 36:2027-2039. [PMID: 37589878 PMCID: PMC10587218 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
There are immunological consequences to the method by which neutrophils undergo cell death. Neutrophil apoptosis, called silent death, leads to the resolution of inflammation, while NETosis deepens and prolongs the inflammatory response and is associated with a worse prognosis of severe infections, e.g., sepsis. Besides nociceptive inhibition, local anaesthetics modulate leukocyte functions, even at low, clinically relevant concentrations. There is currently no data on ropivacaine NETosis, and this study aimed to evaluate the impact of clinical concentrations of ropivacaine (0.0007, 0.007 and 1.4 mmol/L) and lidocaine (0.002, 0.02 and 4 mmol/L) on apoptosis and NETosis of adult peripheral blood neutrophils after 2 h of incubation. Neutrophil identification, apoptosis and NETosis were evaluated by flow cytometry using forward and side scatter characteristics and fluorescent labelling: CD15 for neutrophils identification; Annexin V and propidium iodide for apoptosis and citrullinated histone H3 and myeloperoxidase for NETosis. Lidocaine (4 mmol/L) and ropivacaine (1.4 mmol/L) induced early apoptosis in resting but not in stimulated neutrophils. Low doses of ropivacaine (0.0007 and 0.007 mmol/L) decreased the number of late apoptotic neutrophils, and the lowest dose slightly increased their viability. None of the drugs induced NETosis in resting neutrophils but decreased NETosis at clinical concentrations compared to PMA-stimulated 4 mM lidocaine, PMA-stimulated control, and 1.4 mM ropivacaine. The effect of lidocaine and ropivacaine on apoptosis and NETosis depended on neutrophil stimulation and drug concentrations. Ropivacaine tends to be cytoprotective at concentrations observed in plasma under local anaesthesia. Lidocaine enhanced NETosis at high concentration only in stimulated neutrophils. Thus, both drugs have the ability to change the course of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Iwona Kulińska
- Chair and Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D, 60-806, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Sandra Szałkowska
- Chair and Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D, 60-806, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mirosław Andrusiewicz
- Chair and Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D, 60-806, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kotwicka
- Chair and Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D, 60-806, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hanna Billert
- Chair of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355, Poznań, Poland
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2
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Peiris RM, May CN, Booth LC, McAllen RM, McKinley MJ, Hood S, Martelli D, Bellomo R, Lankadeva YR. Splanchnic sympathetic nerve denervation improves bacterial clearance and clinical recovery in established ovine Gram-negative bacteremia. Intensive Care Med Exp 2023; 11:53. [PMID: 37535121 PMCID: PMC10400745 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-023-00530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The autonomic nervous system can modulate the innate immune responses to bacterial infections via the splanchnic sympathetic nerves. Here, we aimed to determine the effects of bilateral splanchnic sympathetic nerve denervation on blood pressure, plasma cytokines, blood bacterial counts and the clinical state in sheep with established bacteremia. METHODS Conscious Merino ewes received an intravenous infusion of Escherichia coli for 30 h (1 × 109 colony forming units/mL/h) to induce bacteremia. At 24 h, sheep were randomized to have bilaterally surgically implanted snares pulled to induce splanchnic denervation (N = 10), or not pulled (sham; N = 9). RESULTS Splanchnic denervation did not affect mean arterial pressure (84 ± 3 vs. 84 ± 4 mmHg, mean ± SEM; PGroup = 0.7) compared with sham treatment at 30-h of bacteremia. Splanchnic denervation increased the plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (9.2 ± 2.5 vs. 3.8 ± 0.3 ng/mL, PGroup = 0.031) at 25-h and reduced blood bacterial counts (2.31 ± 0.45 vs. 3.45 ± 0.11 log10 [CFU/mL + 1], PGroup = 0.027) at 26-h compared with sham treatment. Plasma interleukin-6 and blood bacterial counts returned to sham levels by 30-h. There were no differences in the number of bacteria present within the liver (PGroup = 0.3). However, there was a sustained improvement in clinical status, characterized by reduced respiratory rate (PGroup = 0.024) and increased cumulative water consumption (PGroup = 0.008) in splanchnic denervation compared with sham treatment. CONCLUSION In experimental Gram-negative bacteremia, interrupting splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity increased plasma interleukin-6, accelerated bacterial clearance, and improved clinical state without inducing hypotension. These findings suggest that splanchnic neural manipulation is a potential target for pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Peiris
- Preclinical Critical Care Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Clive N May
- Preclinical Critical Care Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lindsea C Booth
- Preclinical Critical Care Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Robin M McAllen
- Preclinical Critical Care Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Michael J McKinley
- Preclinical Critical Care Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Sally Hood
- Preclinical Critical Care Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Davide Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rinaldo Bellomo
- Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia
- Australian and Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yugeesh R Lankadeva
- Preclinical Critical Care Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Ganesh K, Joshi MB. Neutrophil sub-types in maintaining immune homeostasis during steady state, infections and sterile inflammation. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:1175-1192. [PMID: 37212866 PMCID: PMC10201050 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neutrophils are component of innate immune system and a) eliminate pathogens b) maintain immune homeostasis by regulating other immune cells and c) contribute to the resolution of inflammation. Neutrophil mediated inflammation has been described in pathogenesis of various diseases. This indicates neutrophils do not represent homogeneous population but perform multiple functions through confined subsets. Hence, in the present review we summarize various studies describing the heterogeneous nature of neutrophils and associated functions during steady state and pathological conditions. METHODOLOGY We performed extensive literature review with key words 'Neutrophil subpopulations' 'Neutrophil subsets', Neutrophil and infections', 'Neutrophil and metabolic disorders', 'Neutrophil heterogeneity' in PUBMED. RESULTS Neutrophil subtypes are characterized based on buoyancy, cell surface markers, localization and maturity. Recent advances in high throughput technologies indicate the existence of functionally diverse subsets of neutrophils in bone marrow, blood and tissues in both steady state and pathological conditions. Further, we found proportions of these subsets significantly vary in pathological conditions. Interestingly, stimulus specific activation of signalling pathways in neutrophils have been demonstrated. CONCLUSION Neutrophil sub-populations differ among diseases and hence, mechanisms regulating formation, sustenance, proportions and functions of these sub-types vary between physiological and pathological conditions. Hence, mechanistic insights of neutrophil subsets in disease specific manner may facilitate development of neutrophil-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Ganesh
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium Complex, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Manjunath B Joshi
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium Complex, Manipal, 576104, India.
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Luo Z, Lu Y, Shi Y, Jiang M, Shan X, Li X, Zhang J, Qin B, Liu X, Guo X, Huang J, Liu Y, Wang S, Li Q, Luo L, You J. Neutrophil hitchhiking for drug delivery to the bone marrow. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023:10.1038/s41565-023-01374-7. [PMID: 37081080 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals have been developed for the treatment of a wide range of bone diseases and disorders, but suffer from problematic delivery to the bone marrow. Neutrophils are naturally trafficked to the bone marrow and can cross the bone marrow-blood barrier. Here we report the use of neutrophils for the targeted delivery of free drugs and drug nanoparticles to the bone marrow. We demonstrate how drug-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles are taken up by neutrophils and are then transported across the bone marrow-blood barrier to boost drug concentrations in the bone marrow. We demonstrate application of this principle to two models. In a bone metastasis cancer model, neutrophil delivery is shown to deliver cabazitaxel and significantly inhibit tumour growth. In an induced osteoporosis model, neutrophil delivery of teriparatide is shown to significantly increase bone mineral density and alleviate osteoporosis indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yichao Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Mengshi Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Shan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Junlei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Bing Qin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xuemeng Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Sijie Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qingpo Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Lihua Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
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5
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Yamanashi K, Ohsumi A, Oda H, Tanaka S, Yamada Y, Nakajima D, Date H. Reduction of donor mononuclear phagocytes with clodronate-liposome during ex vivo lung perfusion attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2023; 165:e181-e203. [PMID: 36404143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clodronate-liposome is used for depleting mononuclear phagocytes associated with ischemia-reperfusion injury. We hypothesized that administration of clodronate-liposome into the perfusate during ex vivo lung perfusion could reduce mononuclear phagocytes and attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS First, the number of mononuclear phagocytes in flushed grafts (minimum cold ischemic time, 6-hour cold ischemic time, 15-hour cold ischemic time, and 18-hour cold ischemic time; n = 6 each) was determined using flow cytometry. Second, grafts (15-hour cold ischemic time) were allocated to control or clodronate (n = 5 each). In the clodronate group, clodronate-liposome is administered into the perfusate. After 4 hours of ex vivo lung perfusion, the number of mononuclear phagocytes in the perfusate and lung tissues was measured. Third, grafts (15-hour cold ischemic time) were allocated to control or clodronate (n = 6 each). After 4 hours of ex vivo lung perfusion, the left lungs were transplanted and reperfused for 2 hours. Lung function was evaluated, and samples were analyzed. RESULTS First, mononuclear phagocytes remain in flushed grafts after prolonged cold ischemia. Second, the number of mononuclear phagocytes in lung tissues after ex vivo lung perfusion was significantly reduced in the clodronate group (P = .008). Third, lung compliance and vascular resistance during ex vivo lung perfusion were significantly improved in the clodronate group (P < .001 for both). Blood oxygenation and pulmonary edema were significantly improved in the clodronate group after 2 hours of reperfusion (P = .015 and P = .026, respectively). Histological findings showed reduced lung injury in the clodronate group (P = .013). CONCLUSIONS Administration of clodronate-liposome into the perfusate during ex vivo lung perfusion resulted in a significant reduction of mononuclear phagocytes in donor lungs, leading to attenuation of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Yamanashi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohsumi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Oda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satona Tanaka
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshito Yamada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakajima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Date
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Palomino-Segura M, Sicilia J, Ballesteros I, Hidalgo A. Strategies of neutrophil diversification. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:575-584. [PMID: 36959290 PMCID: PMC10139675 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are formidable defenders. Their vast numbers, constant production, high cytotoxicity and capacity to produce extracellular traps, underlie their ability to efficiently protect in a microorganism-rich world. However, neutrophils are much more than immune sentinels, as evidenced by the expanding repertoire of functions discovered in the context of tissue homeostasis, regeneration or chronic pathologies. In this Perspective, we discuss general functional features of the neutrophil compartment that may be relevant in most, if not all, physiological scenarios in which they participate, including specialization in naïve tissues, transcriptional noise in the bloodstream as a potential strategy for diversification and functional bias in inflammatory sites. We intentionally present the reader with more questions than answers and propose models and approaches that we hope will shed new light onto the biology of these fascinating cells and spark new directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Palomino-Segura
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Immunophysiology Research Group, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE) and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Jon Sicilia
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Ballesteros
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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7
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Bancaro N, Calì B, Troiani M, Elia AR, Arzola RA, Attanasio G, Lai P, Crespo M, Gurel B, Pereira R, Guo C, Mosole S, Brina D, D'Ambrosio M, Pasquini E, Spataro C, Zagato E, Rinaldi A, Pedotti M, Di Lascio S, Meani F, Montopoli M, Ferrari M, Gallina A, Varani L, Pereira Mestre R, Bolis M, Gillessen Sommer S, de Bono J, Calcinotto A, Alimonti A. Apolipoprotein E induces pathogenic senescent-like myeloid cells in prostate cancer. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:602-619.e11. [PMID: 36868226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells promote the recruitment of immunosuppressive neutrophils, a subset of myeloid cells driving immune suppression, tumor proliferation, and treatment resistance. Physiologically, neutrophils are known to have a short half-life. Here, we report the identification of a subset of neutrophils that have upregulated expression of cellular senescence markers and persist in the tumor microenvironment. Senescent-like neutrophils express the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and are more immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting than canonical immunosuppressive neutrophils. Genetic and pharmacological elimination of senescent-like neutrophils decreases tumor progression in different mouse models of prostate cancer. Mechanistically, we have found that apolipoprotein E (APOE) secreted by prostate tumor cells binds TREM2 on neutrophils, promoting their senescence. APOE and TREM2 expression increases in prostate cancers and correlates with poor prognosis. Collectively, these results reveal an alternative mechanism of tumor immune evasion and support the development of immune senolytics targeting senescent-like neutrophils for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Bancaro
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Bianca Calì
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Martina Troiani
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Angela Rita Elia
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Rydell Alvarez Arzola
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Attanasio
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Ping Lai
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Mateus Crespo
- The Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Bora Gurel
- The Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rita Pereira
- The Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Christina Guo
- The Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Simone Mosole
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Brina
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Mariantonietta D'Ambrosio
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Emiliano Pasquini
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Clarissa Spataro
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Elena Zagato
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Rinaldi
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Mattia Pedotti
- Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Simona Di Lascio
- Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Oncology of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Meani
- Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Oncology of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Ferrari
- Department of Urology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano - Civico USI - Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Gallina
- Department of Urology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano - Civico USI - Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Pereira Mestre
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Oncology of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Marco Bolis
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Computational Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Silke Gillessen Sommer
- Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Oncology of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Johann de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Arianna Calcinotto
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Alimonti
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Oncology of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy; Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST) ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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8
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Rieck RE, Bivona JJ, Hoyt LR, Ventrone S, Kokoszynska M, Bonney EA, Suratt BT. The Effects of Pregnancy on the Pulmonary Immune Response in a Mouse Model of LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Am J Perinatol 2023; 40:817-824. [PMID: 36796402 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1761916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effect of pregnancy on the pulmonary innate immune response in a mouse model of acute lung injury (ALI) using nebulized lipopolysaccharide (LPS). STUDY DESIGN Pregnant (day 14) C57BL/6NCRL mice and nonpregnant controls received nebulized LPS for 15 minutes. Twenty-four hours later, mice were euthanized for tissue harvest. Analysis included blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) differential cell counts, whole-lung inflammatory cytokine transcription levels by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and whole-lung vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and BALF albumin by western blot. Mature bone marrow neutrophils from uninjured pregnant and nonpregnant mice were examined for chemotactic response using a Boyden chamber and for cytokine response to LPS by RT-qPCR. RESULTS In LPS-induced ALI, pregnant mice had higher BALF total cell (p < 0.001) and neutrophil counts (p < 0.001) as well as higher peripheral blood neutrophils (p < 0.01) than nonpregnant mice, but a similar increase (as compared with unexposed mice) in airspace albumin levels. Whole-lung expression of interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and keratinocyte chemoattractant (CXCL1) was also similar. In vitro, marrow-derived neutrophils from pregnant and nonpregnant mice had similar chemotaxis to CXCL1 and N-formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine, but neutrophils from pregnant mice expressed lower levels of TNF (p < 0.001) and CXCL1 (p < 0.01) after LPS stimulation. In uninjured mice, VCAM-1 was higher in lungs from pregnant versus nonpregnant mice (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In this model, pregnancy is associated with an augmented lung neutrophil response to ALI without increased capillary leak or whole-lung cytokine levels relative to the nonpregnant state. This may stem from increased peripheral blood neutrophil response and intrinsically increased expression of pulmonary vascular endothelial adhesion molecules. Differences in lung innate cell homeostasis may affect the response to inflammatory stimuli and explain severe lung disease in respiratory infection during pregnancy. KEY POINTS · Inhalation of LPS in midgestation versus virgin mice is associated with increased neutrophilia.. · This occurs without a comparative increase in cytokine expression.. · This may be explained by pregnancy-enhanced pre-exposure expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1..
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Rieck
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Joseph J Bivona
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Laura R Hoyt
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sebastian Ventrone
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Marta Kokoszynska
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Elizabeth A Bonney
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Benjamin T Suratt
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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9
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Friedmann-Morvinski D, Hambardzumyan D. Monocyte-neutrophil entanglement in glioblastoma. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:163451. [PMID: 36594465 PMCID: PMC9797336 DOI: 10.1172/jci163451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most belligerent and frequent brain tumor in adults. Research over the past two decades has provided increased knowledge of the genomic and molecular landscape of GBM and highlighted the presence of a high degree of inter- and intratumor heterogeneity within the neoplastic compartment. It is now appreciated that GBMs are composed of multiple distinct and impressionable neoplastic and non-neoplastic cell types that form the unique brain tumor microenvironment (TME). Non-neoplastic cells in the TME form reciprocal interactions with neoplastic cells to promote tumor growth and invasion, and together they influence the tumor response to standard-of-care therapies as well as emerging immunotherapies. One of the most prevalent non-neoplastic cell types in the GBM TME are myeloid cells, the most abundant of which are of hematopoietic origin, including monocytes/monocyte-derived macrophages. Less abundant, although still a notable presence, are neutrophils of hematopoietic origin and intrinsic brain-resident microglia. In this Review we focus on neutrophils and monocytes that infiltrate tumors from the blood circulation, their heterogeneity, and their interactions with neoplastic cells and other non-neoplastic cells in the TME. We conclude with an overview of challenges in targeting these cells and discuss avenues for therapeutic exploitation to improve the dismal outcomes of patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinorah Friedmann-Morvinski
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, and,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dolores Hambardzumyan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, and,Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Wang Y, Zhu CL, Li P, Liu Q, Li HR, Yu CM, Deng XM, Wang JF. The role of G protein-coupled receptor in neutrophil dysfunction during sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1112196. [PMID: 36891309 PMCID: PMC9986442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1112196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection. It is a common and complex syndrome and is the leading cause of death in intensive care units. The lungs are most vulnerable to the challenge of sepsis, and the incidence of respiratory dysfunction has been reported to be up to 70%, in which neutrophils play a major role. Neutrophils are the first line of defense against infection, and they are regarded as the most responsive cells in sepsis. Normally, neutrophils recognize chemokines including the bacterial product N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), complement 5a (C5a), and lipid molecules Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), and enter the site of infection through mobilization, rolling, adhesion, migration, and chemotaxis. However, numerous studies have confirmed that despite the high levels of chemokines in septic patients and mice at the site of infection, the neutrophils cannot migrate to the proper target location, but instead they accumulate in the lungs, releasing histones, DNA, and proteases that mediate tissue damage and induce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This is closely related to impaired neutrophil migration in sepsis, but the mechanism involved is still unclear. Many studies have shown that chemokine receptor dysregulation is an important cause of impaired neutrophil migration, and the vast majority of these chemokine receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In this review, we summarize the signaling pathways by which neutrophil GPCR regulates chemotaxis and the mechanisms by which abnormal GPCR function in sepsis leads to impaired neutrophil chemotaxis, which can further cause ARDS. Several potential targets for intervention are proposed to improve neutrophil chemotaxis, and we hope that this review may provide insights for clinical practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Long Zhu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Li
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui-Ru Li
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Faculty of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Chang-Meng Yu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Deng
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Faculty of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jia-Feng Wang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Urao N, Liu J, Takahashi K, Ganesh G. Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Wound Healing Response. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2022; 11:598-621. [PMID: 34353116 PMCID: PMC9419985 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Emerging evidence has shown a link between the status of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and wound healing responses. Thus, better understanding HSCs will contribute to further advances in wound healing research. Recent Advances: Myeloid cells such as neutrophils and monocyte-derived macrophages are critical players in the process of wound healing. HSCs actively respond to wound injury and other tissue insults, including infection and produce the effector myeloid cells, and a failing of the HSC response can result in impaired wound healing. Technological advances such as transcriptome at single-cell resolution, epigenetics, three-dimensional imaging, transgenic animals, and animal models, have provided novel concepts of myeloid generation (myelopoiesis) from HSCs, and have revealed cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms that can impact HSC functions in the context of health conditions. Critical Issues: The newer concepts include-the programmed cellular fate at a differentiation stage that is used to be considered as the multilineage, the signaling pathways that can activate HSCs directly and indirectly, the mechanisms that can deteriorate HSCs, the roles and remodeling of the surrounding environment for HSCs and their progenitors (the niche). Future Directions: The researches on HSCs, which produce blood cells, should contribute to the development of blood biomarkers predicting a risk of chronic wounds, which may transform clinical practice of wound care with precision medicine for patients at high risk of poor healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Urao
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.,Correspondence: Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Weiskotten Hall Room 5322, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Kentaro Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Gayathri Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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12
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Kolman JP, Pagerols Raluy L, Müller I, Nikolaev VO, Trochimiuk M, Appl B, Wadehn H, Dücker CM, Stoll FD, Boettcher M, Reinshagen K, Trah J. NET Release of Long-Term Surviving Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2022; 13:815412. [PMID: 35242132 PMCID: PMC8887621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.815412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)—as double-edged swords of innate immunity—are involved in numerous processes such as infection, inflammation and tissue repair. Research on neutrophil granulocytes is limited because of their short lifetime of only a few hours. Several attempts have been made to prolong the half-life of neutrophils using cytokines and bacterial products and have shown promising results. These long-term surviving neutrophils are reported to maintain phagocytic activity and cytokine release; however, little is known regarding their capability to release NETs. Methods We analysed the prolongation of neutrophil survival in vitro under various culture conditions using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by flow cytometry and a viability assay. Additionally, we assessed NET formation following stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) by immunofluorescence staining, myeloperoxidase (MPO)-DNA sandwich-ELISA and fluorometric assays for cell-free DNA (cfDNA), neutrophil elastase (NE) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Results Untreated neutrophils could form NETs after stimulation with PMA for up to 24 h. Incubation with LPS extended their ability to form NETs for up to 48 h. At 48 h, NET release of neutrophils cultured with LPS was significantly higher compared to that of untreated cells; however, no significantly different enzymatic activity of NE and MPO was observed. Similarly, incubation with G-CSF resulted in significantly higher NET release at 48 h compared to untreated cells. Furthermore, NETs showed significantly higher enzymatic activity of NE and MPO after incubation with G-CSF. Lastly, incubation with TNF-α had no influence on NET release compared to untreated cells although survival counts were altered by TNF-α. Conclusions G-CSF, LPS or TNF-α each at low concentrations lead to prolonged survival of cultured neutrophils, resulting in considerable differences in NET formation and composition. These results provide new information for the use of neutrophils in long-term experiments for NET formation and provide novel insights for neutrophil behaviour under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Kolman
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laia Pagerols Raluy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Müller
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viacheslav O Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Trochimiuk
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Appl
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Wadehn
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Maria Dücker
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian David Stoll
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Boettcher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Reinshagen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Trah
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Neutrophil Functional Heterogeneity and Implications for Viral Infections and Treatments. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081322. [PMID: 35456003 PMCID: PMC9025666 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that neutrophils exert specialized effector functions during infection and inflammation, and that these cells can affect the duration, severity, and outcome of the infection. These functions are related to variations in phenotypes that have implications in immunoregulation during viral infections. Although the complexity of the heterogeneity of neutrophils is still in the process of being uncovered, evidence indicates that they display phenotypes and functions that can assist in viral clearance or augment and amplify the immunopathology of viruses. Therefore, deciphering and understanding neutrophil subsets and their polarization in viral infections is of importance. In this review, the different phenotypes of neutrophils and the roles they play in viral infections are discussed. We also examine the possible ways to target neutrophil subsets during viral infections as potential anti-viral treatments.
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14
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Singhal A, Kumar S. Neutrophil and remnant clearance in immunity and inflammation. Immunology 2021; 165:22-43. [PMID: 34704249 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-centred inflammation and flawed clearance of neutrophils cause and exuberate multiple pathological conditions. These most abundant leukocytes exhibit very high daily turnover in steady-state and stress conditions. Various armours including oxidative burst, NETs and proteases function against pathogens, but also dispose neutrophils to spawn pro-inflammatory responses. Neutrophils undergo death through different pathways upon ageing, infection, executing the intruder's elimination. These include non-lytic apoptosis and other lytic deaths including NETosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis with distinct disintegration of the cellular membrane. This causes release and presence of different intracellular cytotoxic, and tissue-damaging content as cell remnants in the extracellular environment. The apoptotic cells and apoptotic bodies get cleared with non-inflammatory outcomes, while lytic deaths associated remnants including histones and cell-free DNA cause pro-inflammatory responses. Indeed, the enhanced frequencies of neutrophil-associated proteases, cell-free DNA and autoantibodies in diverse pathologies including sepsis, asthma, lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, imply disturbed neutrophil resolution programmes in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Thus, the clearance mechanisms of neutrophils and associated remnants are vital for therapeutics. Though studies focused on clearance mechanisms of senescent or apoptotic neutrophils so far generated a good understanding of the same, clearance of neutrophils undergoing distinct lytic deaths, including NETs, are being the subjects of intense investigations. Here, in this review, we are providing the current updates in the clearance mechanisms of apoptotic neutrophils and focusing on not so well-defined recognition, uptake and degradation of neutrophils undergoing lytic death and associated remnants that may provide new therapeutic approaches in inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurwa Singhal
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Postal Staff College Area, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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15
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Sreejit G, Johnson J, Jaggers RM, Dahdah A, Murphy AJ, Hanssen NMJ, Nagareddy PR. Neutrophils in cardiovascular disease: warmongers, peacemakers, or both? Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2596-2609. [PMID: 34534269 PMCID: PMC9890471 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most abundant of all leucocytes and the first cells to arrive at the sites of sterile inflammation/injury act as a double-edged sword. On one hand, they inflict a significant collateral damage to the tissues and on the other hand, they help facilitate wound healing by a number of mechanisms. Recent studies have drastically changed the perception of neutrophils from being simple one-dimensional cells with an unrestrained mode of action to a cell type that display maturity and complex behaviour. It is now recognized that neutrophils are transcriptionally active and respond to plethora of signals by deploying a wide variety of cargo to influence the activity of other cells in the vicinity. Neutrophils can regulate macrophage behaviour, display innate immune memory, and play a major role in the resolution of inflammation in a context-dependent manner. In this review, we provide an update on the factors that regulate neutrophil production and the emerging dichotomous role of neutrophils in the context of cardiovascular diseases, particularly in atherosclerosis and the ensuing complications, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Deciphering the complex behaviour of neutrophils during inflammation and resolution may provide novel insights and in turn facilitate the development of potential therapeutic strategies to manage cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W, 12th Ave, DHLRI 611A, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jillian Johnson
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W, 12th Ave, DHLRI 611A, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Robert M Jaggers
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W, 12th Ave, DHLRI 611A, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Albert Dahdah
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W, 12th Ave, DHLRI 611A, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Nordin M J Hanssen
- Amsterdam Diabetes Centrum, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location Academic Medical Centre Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Wang X, Cai J, Lin B, Ma M, Tao Y, Zhou Y, Bai L, Jiang W, Zhou R. GPR34-mediated sensing of lysophosphatidylserine released by apoptotic neutrophils activates type 3 innate lymphoid cells to mediate tissue repair. Immunity 2021; 54:1123-1136.e8. [PMID: 34107271 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils migrate rapidly to damaged tissue and play critical roles in host defense and tissue homeostasis. Here we investigated the mechanisms whereby neutrophils participate in tissue repair. In an intestinal epithelia injury model, neutrophil depletion exacerbated colitis and associated with reduced interleukin (IL)-22 and limited activation of type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s). Co-culture with neutrophils activated ILC3s in a manner dependent on neutrophil apoptosis. Metabolomic analyses revealed that lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS) from apoptotic neutrophils directly stimulated ILC3 activation. ILC3-specific deletion of Gpr34, encoding the LysoPS receptor GPR34, or inhibition of downstream PI3K-AKT or ERK suppressed IL-22 production in response to apoptotic neutrophils. Gpr34-/- mice exhibited compromised ILC3 activation and tissue repair during colon injury, and neutrophil depletion abrogated these defects. GPR34 deficiency in ILC3s limited IL-22 production and tissue repair in vivo in settings of colon and skin injury. Thus, GPR34 is an ILC3-expressed damage-sensing receptor that triggers tissue repair upon recognition of dying neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaqiong Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230036, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Juan Cai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Bolong Lin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Li Bai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Rongbin Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230036, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
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17
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Owusu SB, Hudik E, Férard C, Dupré-Crochet S, Addison ECDK, Preko K, Bizouarn T, Houée-Levin C, Baciou L. Radiation-induced reactive oxygen species partially assemble neutrophil NADPH oxidase. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:76-84. [PMID: 33387605 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are key cells from the innate immune system that destroy invading bacteria or viruses, thanks mainly to the non-mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the enzyme NADPH oxidase. Our aim was to study the response of neutrophils to situations of oxidative stress with emphasis on the impact on the NADPH oxidase complex. To mimic oxidative stress, we used gamma irradiation that generated ROS (OH•, O2•- and H2O2) in a quantitative controlled manner. We showed that, although irradiation induces shorter half-lives of neutrophil (reduced by at least a factor of 2), it triggers a pre-activation of surviving neutrophils. This is detectable by the production of a small but significant amount of superoxide anions, proportional to the dose (about 3 times that of sham). Investigations at the molecular level showed that this ROS increase was generated by the NADPH oxidase enzyme after neutrophils irradiation. The NADPH oxidase complex undergoes an incomplete assembly which includes p47phox and p67phox but excludes the G-protein Rac. Importantly, this irradiation-induced pre-activation is capable of considerably improving neutrophil reactivity. Indeed, we have observed that this leads to an increase in the production of ROS and the capacity of phagocytosis, leading to the conclusion that radiation induced ROS clearly behave as neutrophil primers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephenson B Owusu
- Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France; Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Elodie Hudik
- Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Céline Férard
- Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Dupré-Crochet
- Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Eric C D K Addison
- Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Medical Physics Department, Oncology Directorate, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kwasi Preko
- Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Tania Bizouarn
- Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Chantal Houée-Levin
- Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Laura Baciou
- Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France.
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18
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De Filippo K, Rankin SM. The Secretive Life of Neutrophils Revealed by Intravital Microscopy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:603230. [PMID: 33240898 PMCID: PMC7683517 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.603230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating leukocyte within the blood stream and for many years the dogma has been that these cells migrate rapidly into tissues in response to injury or infection, forming the first line of host defense. While it has previously been documented that neutrophils marginate within the vascular beds of the lung and liver and are present in large numbers within the parenchyma of tissues, such as spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow (BM), the function of these tissue resident neutrophils under homeostasis, in response to pathogen invasion or injury has only recently been explored, revealing the unexpected role of these cells as immunoregulators or immune helpers and also unraveling their heterogeneity and plasticity. Neutrophils are highly motile cells and the use of intravital microscopy (IVM) to image cells within their environment with little manipulation has dramatically increased our understanding of the function, migratory behavior, and interaction of these short-lived cells with other innate and adaptive immune cells. Contrary to previous dogma, these studies have shown that marginated and tissue resident neutrophils are the first responders to pathogens and injury, critical in limiting the spread of infection and contributing to the orchestration of the subsequent immune response. The interplay of neutrophils, with other neutrophils, leukocytes, and stroma cells can also modulate and tune their early and late response in order to eradicate pathogens, minimize tissue damage, and, in certain circumstances, contribute to tissue repair. In this review, we will follow the extraordinary journey of neutrophils from their origin in the BM to their death, exploring their role as tissue resident cells in the lung, spleen, lymph nodes, and skin and outlining the importance of neutrophil subsets, their functions under homeostasis, and in response to infection. Finally, we will comment on how understanding these processes in greater detail at a molecular level can lead to development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia De Filippo
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara M Rankin
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Sreejit G, Abdel Latif A, Murphy AJ, Nagareddy PR. Emerging roles of neutrophil-borne S100A8/A9 in cardiovascular inflammation. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105212. [PMID: 32991974 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevated neutrophil count is associated with higher risk of major adverse cardiac events including myocardial infarction and early development of heart failure. Neutrophils contribute to cardiac damage through a number of mechanisms, including attraction of other immune cells and release of inflammatory mediators. Recently, a number of independent studies have reported a causal role for neutrophil-derived alarmins (i.e. S100A8/A9) in inducing inflammation and cardiac injury following myocardial infarction (MI). Furthermore, a positive correlation between serum S100A8/A9 levels and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in MI patients was also observed implying that targeting neutrophils or their inflammatory cargo could be beneficial in reducing heart failure. However, contradictory to this idea, neutrophils and neutrophil-derived S100A8/A9 also seem to play a vital role in the resolution of inflammation. Thus, a better understanding of how neutrophils balance these seemingly contrasting functions would allow us to develop effective therapies that preserve the inflammation-resolving function while restricting the damage caused by inflammation. In this review, we specifically discuss the mechanisms behind neutrophil-derived S100A8/A9 in promoting inflammation and resolution in the context of MI. We also provide a perspective on how neutrophils could be potentially targeted to ameliorate cardiac inflammation and the ensuing damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdel Latif
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Division of Immunometabolism, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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20
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Xie X, Shi Q, Wu P, Zhang X, Kambara H, Su J, Yu H, Park SY, Guo R, Ren Q, Zhang S, Xu Y, Silberstein LE, Cheng T, Ma F, Li C, Luo HR. Single-cell transcriptome profiling reveals neutrophil heterogeneity in homeostasis and infection. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1119-1133. [PMID: 32719519 PMCID: PMC7442692 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The full neutrophil heterogeneity and differentiation landscape remains incompletely characterized. Here we profiled >25,000 differentiating and mature mouse neutrophils using single-cell RNA sequencing to provide a comprehensive transcriptional landscape of neutrophil maturation, function, and fate decision in their steady state and during bacterial infection. Eight neutrophil populations were defined by distinct molecular signatures. The three mature peripheral blood neutrophil subsets arise from distinct maturing bone marrow neutrophil subsets. Driven by both known and uncharacterized transcription factors, neutrophils gradually acquire microbicidal capability as they traverse the transcriptional landscape, representing an evolved mechanism for fine-tuned regulation of an effective but balanced neutrophil response. Bacterial infection reprograms the genetic architecture of neutrophil populations, alters dynamic transition between each subpopulation, and primes neutrophils for augmented functionality without affecting overall heterogeneity. In summary, these data establish a reference model and general framework for studying neutrophil-related disease mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets at single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiang Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics, Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroto Kambara
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiayu Su
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics, Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shin-Young Park
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rongxia Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Sudong Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanfu Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Leslie E Silberstein
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tao Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengxia Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics, Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongbo R Luo
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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21
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Capucetti A, Albano F, Bonecchi R. Multiple Roles for Chemokines in Neutrophil Biology. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1259. [PMID: 32733442 PMCID: PMC7363767 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are recognized as the most critical mediators for selective neutrophil recruitment during inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, they are considered fundamental regulators of neutrophil mobilization from the bone marrow (BM) to the bloodstream and for their homing back at the end of their life for apoptosis and clearance. However, chemokines are also important mediators of neutrophil effector functions including oxidative burst, degranulation, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET)osis, and production of inflammatory mediators. Neutrophils have been historically considered as a homogeneous population. In recent years, several maturation stages and subsets with different phenotypic profiles and effector functions were described both in physiological and pathological conditions such as infections, autoimmunity, and cancer. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the current evidence regarding the role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in neutrophil biology, including their possible role in neutrophil maturation, differentiation, and in defining emerging neutrophil subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Capucetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Francesca Albano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Bonecchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
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22
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Rossi B, Constantin G, Zenaro E. The emerging role of neutrophils in neurodegeneration. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Introduction: Neutrophils are the most abundant inflammatory cells in the lungs of patients with chronic lung diseases, especially COPD, yet despite this, patients often experience repeated chest infections. Neutrophil function may be altered in disease, but the reasons are unclear. In chronic disease, sequential pro-inflammatory and pro-repair responses appear distorted. As understanding of neutrophil heterogeneity has expanded, it is suggested that different neutrophil phenotypes may impact on health and disease. Areas covered: In this review, the definition of cellular phenotype, the implication of neutrophil surface markers and functions in chronic lung disease and the complex influences of external, local and genetic factors on these changes are discussed. Literature was accessed up to the 19 July 2019 using: PubMed, US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health and the National Centre for Biotechnology Information. Expert opinion: As more is learned about neutrophils, the further we step from the classical view of neutrophils being unrefined killing machines to highly complex and finely tuned cells. Future therapeutics may aim to normalize neutrophil function, but to achieve this, knowledge of phenotypes in humans and how these relate to observed pathology and disease processes is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hughes
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Robert Stockley
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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24
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Initiate Gallstone Formation. Immunity 2019; 51:443-450.e4. [PMID: 31422870 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of gallstones (cholelithiasis) is a highly prevalent and severe disease and one of the leading causes of hospital admissions worldwide. Due to its substantial health impact, we investigated the biological mechanisms that lead to the formation and growth of gallstones. We show that gallstone assembly essentially requires neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). We found consistent evidence for the presence of NETs in human and murine gallstones and describe an immune-mediated process requiring activation of the innate immune system for the formation and growth of gallstones. Targeting NET formation via inhibition of peptidyl arginine deiminase type 4 or abrogation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as damping of neutrophils by metoprolol, effectively inhibit gallstone formation in vivo. Our results show that after the physicochemical process of crystal formation, NETs foster their assembly into larger aggregates and finally gallstones. These insights provide a feasible therapeutic concept to prevent cholelithiasis in patients at risk.
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25
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Hidalgo A, Chilvers ER, Summers C, Koenderman L. The Neutrophil Life Cycle. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:584-597. [PMID: 31153737 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are recognized as an essential part of the innate immune response, but an active debate still exists regarding the life cycle of these cells. Neutrophils first differentiate in the bone marrow through progenitor intermediaries before entering the blood, in a process that gauges the extramedullary pool size. Once believed to be directly eliminated in the marrow, liver, and spleen, neutrophils, after circulating for less than 1 day, are now known to redistribute into multiple tissues with poorly understood kinetics. In this review, we provide an update on the dynamic distribution of neutrophils across tissues in health and disease, and emphasize differences between humans and model organisms. We further highlight issues to be addressed to exploit the unique features of neutrophils in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Hidalgo
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones, Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
| | - Edwin R Chilvers
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Charlotte Summers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Leo Koenderman
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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26
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Grieshaber-Bouyer R, Nigrovic PA. Neutrophil Heterogeneity as Therapeutic Opportunity in Immune-Mediated Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:346. [PMID: 30886615 PMCID: PMC6409342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are versatile innate effector cells essential for immune defense but also responsible for pathologic inflammation. This dual role complicates therapeutic targeting. However, neither neutrophils themselves nor the mechanisms they employ in different forms of immune responses are homogeneous, offering possibilities for selective intervention. Here we review heterogeneity within the neutrophil population as well as in the pathways mediating neutrophil recruitment to inflamed tissues with a view to outlining opportunities for therapeutic manipulation in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Grieshaber-Bouyer
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Peter A Nigrovic
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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27
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Jachetti E, D'Incà F, Danelli L, Magris R, Dal Secco C, Vit F, Cancila V, Tripodo C, Scapini P, Colombo MP, Pucillo C, Frossi B. Frontline Science: Mast cells regulate neutrophil homeostasis by influencing macrophage clearance activity. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:633-644. [PMID: 30817046 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4hi1018-390r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase cKit and its ligand stem cell factor are essential for mast cells (MC) development and survival. Strains with mutations affecting the Kit gene display a profound MC deficiency in all tissues and have been extensively used to investigate the role of MC in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. However, these mice present a variety of abnormalities in other immune cell populations that can affect the interpretation of MC-related responses. C57BL/6 KitW-sh are characterized by an aberrant extramedullary myelopoiesis and systemic neutrophilia. MC deficiency in KitW-sh mice can be selectively repaired by engraftment with in vitro-differentiated MC to validate MC-specific functions. Nevertheless, the impact of MC reconstitution on other immune populations has never been evaluated in detail. Here, we specifically investigated the neutrophil compartment in primary and secondary lymphoid organs of C57BL/6 KitW-sh mice before and after MC reconstitution. We found that, albeit not apparently affecting neutrophils phenotype or maturation, MC reconstitution of KitW-sh mice restored the number of neutrophils at a level similar to that of wild-type C57BL/6 mice. In vitro and ex vivo experiments indicated that MC can influence neutrophil clearance by increasing macrophages' phagocytic activity. Furthermore, the G-CSF/IL-17 axis was also influenced by the presence or absence of MC in KitW-sh mice. These data suggest that MC play a role in the control of neutrophil homeostasis and that this aspect should be taken into account in the interpretation of results obtained using KitW-sh mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jachetti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica D'Incà
- Immunology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Luca Danelli
- Immunology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Raffaella Magris
- Immunology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Chiara Dal Secco
- Immunology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Filippo Vit
- Immunology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Valeria Cancila
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Scapini
- Division of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Paolo Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Pucillo
- Immunology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Barbara Frossi
- Immunology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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28
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Li T, Balthasar JP. Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Predict the Effects of FcRn Inhibitors in Mice, Rats, and Monkeys. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:701-713. [PMID: 30423340 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in developing inhibitors of the neonatal Fc-receptor, FcRn, for use in the treatment for humoral autoimmune conditions. We have developed a new physiologically based pharmacokinetic model that is capable of characterizing the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-FcRn monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in mice, rats, and monkeys. The model includes incorporation of FcRn recycling of immune gamma globulin (IgG) in hematopoietic cells in addition to FcRn recycling of IgG in vascular endothelial cells and considers FcRn turnover and intracellular cycling. The model captured antibody disposition in wild-type and FcRn-knockout mice and rats, and also predicted the effects of intravenous immune globulin and anti-FcRn mAb on IgG disposition. Simulations predicted the change in IgG clearance in response to intravenous immune globulin with good accuracy in rats (mean prediction error of 7.15% ± 7.67%). In monkeys, prediction windows for simulated IgG concentration versus time data, as generated through Monte Carlo simulation, were able to capture the effects of anti-FcRn mAb on endogenous IgG. The model may have utility in guiding preclinical evaluations of anti-FcRn therapies in development, potentially assisting in the identification of optimal dosing strategies for this emerging class of immunosuppressive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214.
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29
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Casanova-Acebes M, Nicolás-Ávila JA, Li JL, García-Silva S, Balachander A, Rubio-Ponce A, Weiss LA, Adrover JM, Burrows K, A-González N, Ballesteros I, Devi S, Quintana JA, Crainiciuc G, Leiva M, Gunzer M, Weber C, Nagasawa T, Soehnlein O, Merad M, Mortha A, Ng LG, Peinado H, Hidalgo A. Neutrophils instruct homeostatic and pathological states in naive tissues. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2778-2795. [PMID: 30282719 PMCID: PMC6219739 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune protection relies on the capacity of neutrophils to infiltrate challenged tissues. Naive tissues, in contrast, are believed to remain free of these cells and protected from their toxic cargo. Here, we show that neutrophils are endowed with the capacity to infiltrate multiple tissues in the steady-state, a process that follows tissue-specific dynamics. By focusing in two particular tissues, the intestine and the lungs, we find that neutrophils infiltrating the intestine are engulfed by resident macrophages, resulting in repression of Il23 transcription, reduced G-CSF in plasma, and reinforced activity of distant bone marrow niches. In contrast, diurnal accumulation of neutrophils within the pulmonary vasculature influenced circadian transcription in the lungs. Neutrophil-influenced transcripts in this organ were associated with carcinogenesis and migration. Consistently, we found that neutrophils dictated the diurnal patterns of lung invasion by melanoma cells. Homeostatic infiltration of tissues unveils a facet of neutrophil biology that supports organ function, but can also instigate pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Casanova-Acebes
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Nicolás-Ávila
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jackson LiangYao Li
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Singapore Immunology Nework (SIgN), A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Susana García-Silva
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Andrea Rubio-Ponce
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Linnea A Weiss
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Adrover
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kyle Burrows
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Noelia A-González
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Ballesteros
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sapna Devi
- Singapore Immunology Nework (SIgN), A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Juan A Quintana
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgiana Crainiciuc
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Leiva
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Dept. of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Takashi Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Miriam Merad
- Tisch Cancer Institute and Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Nework (SIgN), A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Hector Peinado
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain .,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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30
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Fang MM, Barman PK, Thiruppathi M, Mirza RE, McKinney RD, Deng J, Christman JW, Du X, Fukai T, Ennis WJ, Koh TJ, Ushio-Fukai M, Urao N. Oxidant Signaling Mediated by Nox2 in Neutrophils Promotes Regenerative Myelopoiesis and Tissue Recovery following Ischemic Damage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2414-2426. [PMID: 30201810 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic tissue damage activates hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the bone marrow (BM)-generating myeloid cells, and persistent HSPC activity may drive chronic inflammation and impair tissue recovery. Although increased reactive oxygen species in the BM regulate HSPC functions, their roles in myelopoiesis of activated HSPCs and subsequent tissue recovery during ischemic damage are not well understood. In this paper, we report that deletion of Nox2 NADPH oxidase in mice results in persistent elevations in BM HSPC activity and levels of inflammatory monocytes/macrophages in BM and ischemic tissue in a model of hindlimb ischemia. Ischemic tissue damage induces oxidants in BM such as elevations of hydrogen peroxide and oxidized phospholipids, which activate redox-sensitive Lyn kinase in a Nox2-dependent manner. Moreover, during tissue recovery after ischemic injury, this Nox2-ROS-Lyn kinase axis is induced by Nox2 in neutrophils that home to the BM, which inhibits HSPC activity and inflammatory monocyte generation and promotes tissue regeneration after ischemic damage. Thus, oxidant signaling in the BM mediated by Nox2 in neutrophils regulates myelopoiesis of HSPCs to promote regeneration of damaged tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milie M Fang
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Pijus K Barman
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Muthusamy Thiruppathi
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Rita E Mirza
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Ronald D McKinney
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Jing Deng
- Department of Medicine, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210.,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - John W Christman
- Department of Medicine, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210.,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Xiaoping Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Tohru Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912.,Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904
| | - William J Ennis
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612; and
| | - Timothy J Koh
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Norifumi Urao
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612; .,Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
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31
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Smith CK, Trinchieri G. The interplay between neutrophils and microbiota in cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:701-715. [PMID: 30044897 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri0418-151r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the microbiota in many diseases including cancer has gained increasing attention. Paired with this is our expanding appreciation for the heterogeneity of the neutrophil compartment regarding surface marker expression and functionality. In this review, we will discuss the influence of the microbiota on granulopoiesis and consequent activity of neutrophils in cancer. As evidence for this microbiota-neutrophil-cancer axis builds, it exposes new therapeutic targets to improve a cancer patient's outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne K Smith
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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32
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Combes F, Mc Cafferty S, Meyer E, Sanders NN. Off-Target and Tumor-Specific Accumulation of Monocytes, Macrophages and Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells after Systemic Injection. Neoplasia 2018; 20:848-856. [PMID: 30025228 PMCID: PMC6076377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors frequently coexist with a degree of local chronic inflammation. Recruited myeloid cells can therefore be considered as interesting vehicles for tumor-targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. Using in vivo imaging, the short-term accumulation of systemically injected monocytes, macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) was compared in mice bearing fat pad mammary carcinomas. Monocytes and macrophages demonstrated almost identical in vivo and ex vivo distribution patterns with maximal tumor-associated accumulation seen 48 hours after injection that remained stable over the 4-day follow-up period. However, a substantial accumulation of both cell types was also seen in the liver, spleen and lungs albeit decreasing over time in all three locations. The MDSCs exhibited a similar distribution pattern as the monocytes and macrophages, but demonstrated a better relative on-target fraction over time. Overall, our findings highlight off-target cell accumulation as a major obstacle in the use of myeloid cells as vehicles for therapeutic tumor-targeted agents and indicate that their short-term on-target accumulation is mainly of nonspecific nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Combes
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Séan Mc Cafferty
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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Cao Q, Li B, Wang X, Sun K, Guo Y. Therapeutic inhibition of CXC chemokine receptor 2 by SB225002 attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:635-644. [PMID: 29765453 PMCID: PMC5949915 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.64980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sustained neutrophilic infiltration is known to contribute to organ damage, such as acute lung injury (ALI). CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is the major receptor regulating inflammatory neutrophil recruitment in acute and chronic inflamed tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional relevance of the CXCR2 inhibitor SB225002 in LPS-induced acute lung injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the following four experimental groups (n = 10 per group): untreated group (control group, Ctr); LPS-treated ALI group (LPS group, LPS); LPS + PBS-treated group (LPS + PBS); and SB225002-treated ALI group (LPS + SB225002). Twenty-four hours after treatment, the blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissue were collected and wet/dry ratio, protein concentration, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, neutrophil infiltration, and inflammatory cytokine secretion in lung tissue were measured. The pathologic changes in the lungs were examined using optical microscopy. Survival rates were recorded at 120 h in all four groups, in other experiments. RESULTS Histology findings revealed that the SB225002-treated group had significantly milder lung injury compared to the LPS-induced ALI and the PBS-treated control groups. Treatment with SB225002 significantly attenuated LPS-induced lung injury and suppressed the inflammatory responses in damaged lung tissue. Compared to the PBS-treated control group, treatment with SB225002 dramatically decreased the lung wet/dry ratio, protein concentration, and infiltration of neutrophils in lung tissue. Therefore, SB225002 treatment appeared to inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines and increase survival time compared to the PBS-treated control group. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data demonstrated that inhibition of CXCR2 signaling by SB225002 could ameliorate LPS-induced acute lung injury, by reducing neutrophil recruitment and vascular permeability. SB225002 may be further developed as a potential novel treatment for LPS-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Biru Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xike Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
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Deniset JF, Kubes P. Neutrophil heterogeneity: Bona fide subsets or polarization states? J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:829-838. [PMID: 29462505 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri0917-361r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are key components of the innate immune system that play important roles during infection, injury, and chronic disease. In recent years, neutrophil heterogeneity has become an emerging focus with accumulating evidence of neutrophil populations with distinct functions under both steady-state and pathologic conditions. Despite these advances, it remains unclear whether these different populations represent bona fide subsets or simply activation/polarization states in response to local cues. In this review, we summarize the varied neutrophils populations that have been described under both basal and during inflammation. We discuss the evidence that supports the existence of neutrophils subsets. Finally, we identify potential gaps in our knowledge that may further advance our current understanding of neutrophil heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin F Deniset
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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35
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Christoffersson G, Phillipson M. The neutrophil: one cell on many missions or many cells with different agendas? Cell Tissue Res 2018; 371:415-423. [PMID: 29435651 PMCID: PMC5820408 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The unique role of neutrophils in host defense is not only based on their abilities to kill bacteria but is also due to their abundance in circulation and their ability to quickly migrate and accumulate in great numbers at afflicted sites. The high number of circulating neutrophils is the result of regulated release of new neutrophils from bone marrow as well as from marginated pools to balance their recruitment to tissue. Marginated pools, such as the spleen and lung, have previously been attributed to passively delay neutrophil transit time due to their large capillary network, but recent reports demonstrate that they are comprised of neutrophils with specific functions. The spleen, for instance, holds neutrophil subpopulations at different anatomical locations with distinct functions important for, e.g., bacterial eradication, and the lung was recently shown to re-educate neutrophils that had trafficked from a site of sterile injury to home back to bone marrow for elimination. Further, recent reports demonstrate subpopulations of neutrophils with different actions during homeostasis, infection, tissue restitution and cancer. It is becoming increasingly clear that this cannot be due to different stages of neutrophil activation during their life span but instead points towards distinct subpopulations of neutrophils with different effector functions. Whether these cellular distinctions are due to different education or origin is, however, not yet known. Together, the accumulating information about the heterogeneous neutrophils presents important insights into their role in development of pathologies, as well as revealing novel targets in the form of certain subpopulations to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf Christoffersson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P.O. Box 571, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mia Phillipson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P.O. Box 571, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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36
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Abstract
The nasal passages, conducting airways and gas-exchange surfaces of the lung, are constantly exposed to substances contained in the air that we breathe. While many of these suspended substances are relatively harmless, some, for example, pathogenic microbes, noxious pollutants, and aspirated gastric contents can be harmful. The innate immune system, lungs and conducting airways have evolved specialized mechanisms to protect the respiratory system not only from these harmful inhaled substances but also from the overly exuberant innate immune activation that can arise during the host response to harmful inhaled substances. Herein, we discuss the cell types that contribute to lung innate immunity and inflammation and how their activities are coordinated to promote lung health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W H Riches
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - Thomas R Martin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Abstract
Isolation of murine neutrophils from several anatomical compartments allows for functional characterization and analysis of these cells. Here we describe the isolation of bone marrow, peripheral blood, and lung airspace and interstitial neutrophil populations, using density gradient separation, lavage, and flow cytometry techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki D J Ubags
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Benjamin T Suratt
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
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38
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Ortmann W, Kolaczkowska E. Age is the work of art? Impact of neutrophil and organism age on neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:473-488. [PMID: 29250748 PMCID: PMC5820386 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2751-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps or NETs are released by highly activated neutrophils in response to infectious agents, sterile inflammation, autoimmune stimuli and cancer. In the cells, the nuclear envelop disintegrates and decondensation of chromatin occurs that depends on peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) and neutrophil elastase (NE). Subsequently, proteins from neutrophil granules (e.g., NE, lactoferrin and myeloperoxidase) and the nucleus (histones) bind to decondensed DNA and the whole structure is ejected from the cell. The DNA decorated with potent antimicrobials and proteases can act to contain dissemination of infection and in sterile inflammation NETs were shown to degrade cytokines and chemokines via serine proteases. On the other hand, overproduction of NETs, or their inadequate removal and prolonged presence in vasculature or tissues, can lead to bystander damage or even initiation of diseases. Considering the pros and cons of NET formation, it is of relevance if the stage of neutrophil maturation (immature, mature and senescent cells) affects the capacity to produce NETs as the cells of different age-related phenotypes dominate in given (pathological) conditions. Moreover, the immune system of neonates and elderly individuals is weaker than in adulthood. Is the same pattern followed when it comes to NETs? The overall importance of individual and neutrophil age on the capacity to release NETs is reviewed in detail and the significance of these facts is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Ortmann
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Kolaczkowska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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Abstract
The engulfment of apoptotic cells by phagocytes, a process referred to as efferocytosis, is essential for maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis and a prerequisite for the resolution of inflammation. Neutrophils are the predominant circulating white blood cell in humans, and contain an arsenal of toxic substances that kill and degrade microbes. Neutrophils are short-lived and spontaneously die by apoptosis. This review will highlight how the engulfment of apoptotic neutrophils by human phagocytes occurs, how heterogeneity of phagocyte populations influences efferocytosis signaling, and downstream consequences of efferocytosis. The efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages promotes anti-inflammatory signaling, prevents neutrophil lysis, and dampens immune responses. Given the immunomodulatory properties of efferocytosis, understanding pathways that regulate and enhance efferocytosis could be harnessed to combat infection and chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallary C Greenlee-Wacker
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
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40
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Ubags NDJ, Burg E, Antkowiak M, Wallace AM, Dilli E, Bement J, Wargo MJ, Poynter ME, Wouters EFM, Suratt BT. A Comparative Study of Lung Host Defense in Murine Obesity Models. Insights into Neutrophil Function. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:188-200. [PMID: 27128821 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0042oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown that obesity-associated attenuation of murine acute lung injury is driven, in part, by blunted neutrophil chemotaxis, yet differences were noted between the two models of obesity studied. We hypothesized that obesity-associated impairment of multiple neutrophil functions contributes to increased risk for respiratory infection but that such impairments may vary between murine models of obesity. We examined the most commonly used murine obesity models (diet-induced obesity, db/db, CPE(fat/fat), and ob/ob) using a Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia model and LPS-induced pneumonitis. Marrow-derived neutrophils from uninjured lean and obese mice were examined for in vitro functional responses. All obesity models showed impaired clearance of K. pneumoniae, but in differing temporal patterns. Failure to contain infection in obese mice was seen in the db/db model at both 24 and 48 hours, yet this defect was only evident at 24 hours in CPE(fat/fat) and ob/ob models, and at 48 hours in diet-induced obesity. LPS-induced airspace neutrophilia was decreased in all models, and associated with blood neutropenia in the ob/ob model but with leukocytosis in the others. Obese mouse neutrophils from all models demonstrated impaired chemotaxis, whereas neutrophil granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mediated survival, LPS-induced cytokine transcription, and mitogen-activated protein kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation in response to LPS and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, respectively, were variably impaired across the four models. Obesity-associated impairment of host response to lung infection is characterized by defects in neutrophil recruitment and survival. However, critical differences exist between commonly used mouse models of obesity and may reflect variable penetrance of elements of the metabolic syndrome, as well as other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki D J Ubags
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and.,Departments of 2 Medicine and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew J Wargo
- 3 Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | - Emiel F M Wouters
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and
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41
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A-Gonzalez N, Quintana JA, García-Silva S, Mazariegos M, González de la Aleja A, Nicolás-Ávila JA, Walter W, Adrover JM, Crainiciuc G, Kuchroo VK, Rothlin CV, Peinado H, Castrillo A, Ricote M, Hidalgo A. Phagocytosis imprints heterogeneity in tissue-resident macrophages. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1281-1296. [PMID: 28432199 PMCID: PMC5413334 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important for tissue function, and adapt phenotypically to each tissue by factors produced locally. A-Gonzalez et al. now show that phagocytosis of unwanted cells additionally contributes to imprinting macrophage heterogeneity, thus promoting tissue homeostasis. Tissue-resident macrophages display varying phenotypic and functional properties that are largely specified by their local environment. One of these functions, phagocytosis, mediates the natural disposal of billions of cells, but its mechanisms and consequences within living tissues are poorly defined. Using a parabiosis-based strategy, we identified and isolated macrophages from multiple tissues as they phagocytosed blood-borne cellular material. Phagocytosis was circadianally regulated and mediated by distinct repertoires of receptors, opsonins, and transcription factors in macrophages from each tissue. Although the tissue of residence defined the core signature of macrophages, phagocytosis imprinted a distinct antiinflammatory profile. Phagocytic macrophages expressed CD206, displayed blunted expression of Il1b, and supported tissue homeostasis. Thus, phagocytosis is a source of macrophage heterogeneity that acts together with tissue-derived factors to preserve homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia A-Gonzalez
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Quintana
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana García-Silva
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Mazariegos
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo González de la Aleja
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Nicolás-Ávila
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wencke Walter
- Area of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Adrover
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgiana Crainiciuc
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Immunobiology Department, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas de Madrid, Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Area of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany
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42
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Deniset JF, Surewaard BG, Lee WY, Kubes P. Splenic Ly6G high mature and Ly6G int immature neutrophils contribute to eradication of S. pneumoniae. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1333-1350. [PMID: 28424248 PMCID: PMC5413339 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen plays an integral protective role against encapsulated bacterial infections. Our understanding of the associated mechanisms is limited to thymus-independent (TI) antibody production by the marginal zone (MZ) B cells, leaving the contribution of other splenic compartments such as the red pulp (RP) largely unexplored despite asplenic patients succumbing to the infection in the first 24 h, suggesting important antibody-independent mechanisms. In this study, using time-lapse intravital imaging of the spleen, we identify a tropism for Streptococcus pneumoniae in this organ mediated by tissue-resident MZ and RP macrophages and a protective role for two distinct splenic neutrophil populations (Ly6Ghi and Ly6Gintermediate) residing in the splenic RP. Splenic mature neutrophils mediated pneumococcal clearance in the spleen by plucking bacteria off the surface of RP macrophages that caught the majority of bacteria in a complement-dependent manner. This neutrophil phagocytic capacity was further enhanced after TI antibody production. Resident immature neutrophils (Ly6Gintermediate) in the spleen undergo emergency proliferation and mobilization from their splenic niche after pneumococcal stimulation to increase the effector mature neutrophil pool. We demonstrate that splenic neutrophils together with two macrophage populations and MZ B cells regulate systemic S. pneumoniae clearance through complementary mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin F Deniset
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Bas G Surewaard
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Woo-Yong Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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43
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Aged neutrophils contribute to the first line of defense in the acute inflammatory response. Blood 2016; 128:2327-2337. [PMID: 27609642 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-05-718999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Under steady-state conditions, aged neutrophils are removed from the circulation in bone marrow, liver, and spleen, thereby maintaining myeloid cell homeostasis. The fate of these aged immune cells under inflammatory conditions, however, remains largely obscure. Here, we demonstrate that in the acute inflammatory response during endotoxemia, aged neutrophils cease returning to the bone marrow and instead rapidly migrate to the site of inflammation. Having arrived in inflamed tissue, aged neutrophils were found to exhibit a higher phagocytic activity as compared with the subsequently recruited nonaged neutrophils. This distinct behavior of aged neutrophils under inflammatory conditions is dependent on specific age-related changes in their molecular repertoire that enable these "experienced" immune cells to instantly translate inflammatory signals into immune responses. In particular, aged neutrophils engage Toll-like receptor-4- and p38 MAPK-dependent pathways to induce conformational changes in β2 integrins that allow these phagocytes to effectively accomplish their mission in the front line of the inflammatory response. Hence, ageing in the circulation might represent a critical process for neutrophils that enables these immune cells to properly unfold their functional properties for host defense.
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44
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Jayaraja S, Dakhama A, Yun B, Ghosh M, Lee H, Redente EF, Uhlson CL, Murphy RC, Leslie CC. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 contributes to innate immune defense against Candida albicans lung infection. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:27. [PMID: 27501951 PMCID: PMC4977843 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lung is exposed to airborne fungal spores, and fungi that colonize the oral cavity such as Candida albicans, but does not develop disease to opportunistic fungal pathogens unless the immune system is compromised. The Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α) is activated in response to Candida albicans infection resulting in the release of arachidonic acid for eicosanoid production. Although eicosanoids such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes modulate inflammation and immune responses, the role of cPLA2α and eicosanoids in regulating C. albicans lung infection is not understood. METHODS The responses of cPLA2α(+/+) and cPLA2α(-/-) Balb/c mice to intratracheal instillation of C. albicans were compared. After challenge, we evaluated weight loss, organ fungal burden, and the recruitment of cells and the levels of cytokines and eicosanoids in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The ability of macrophages and neutrophils from cPLA2α(+/+) and cPLA2α(-/-) mice to recognize and kill C. albicans was also compared. RESULTS After C. albicans instillation, cPLA2α(+/+) mice recovered a modest weight loss by 48 h and completely cleared fungi from the lung by 12 h with no dissemination to the kidneys. In cPLA2α(-/-) mice, weight loss continued for 72 h, C. albicans was not completely cleared from the lung and disseminated to the kidneys. cPLA2α(-/-) mice exhibited greater signs of inflammation including higher neutrophil influx, and elevated levels of albumin and pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (IL1α, IL1β, TNFα, IL6, CSF2, CXCL1, CCL20) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The amounts of cysteinyl leukotrienes, thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2 were significantly lower in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from C. albicans-infected cPLA2α(-/-) mice compared to cPLA2α(+/+) mice. Alveolar macrophages and neutrophils from uninfected cPLA2α(-/-) mice exhibited less killing of C. albicans in vitro than cells from cPLA2α(+/+) mice. In addition alveolar macrophages from cPLA2α(-/-) mice isolated 6 h after instillation of GFP-C. albicans contained fewer internalized fungi than cPLA2α(+/+) macrophages. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that cPLA2α contributes to immune surveillance and host defense in the lung to prevent infection by the commensal fungus C. albicans and to dampen inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarirajan Jayaraja
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, Colorado, 80206, USA
| | - Azzeddine Dakhama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, Colorado, 80206, USA
| | - Bogeon Yun
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, Colorado, 80206, USA
| | - Moumita Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, Colorado, 80206, USA
| | - HeeJung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, Colorado, 80206, USA
| | - Elizabeth F Redente
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, Colorado, 80206, USA
| | - Charis L Uhlson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina C Leslie
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, Colorado, 80206, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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45
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Ubags NDJ, Stapleton RD, Vernooy JHJ, Burg E, Bement J, Hayes CM, Ventrone S, Zabeau L, Tavernier J, Poynter ME, Parsons PE, Dixon AE, Wargo MJ, Littenberg B, Wouters EFM, Suratt BT. Hyperleptinemia is associated with impaired pulmonary host defense. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27347561 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.82101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that obesity attenuates pulmonary inflammation in both patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and in mouse models of the disease. We hypothesized that obesity-associated hyperleptinemia, and not body mass per se, drives attenuation of the pulmonary inflammatory response and that this e_ect could also impair the host response to pneumonia. We examined the correlation between circulating leptin levels and risk, severity, and outcome of pneumonia in 2 patient cohorts (NHANES III and ARDSNet-ALVEOLI) and in mouse models of diet-induced obesity and lean hyperleptinemia. Plasma leptin levels in ambulatory subjects (NHANES) correlated positively with annual risk of respiratory infection independent of BMI. In patients with severe pneumonia resulting in ARDS (ARDSNet-ALVEOLI), plasma leptin levels were found to correlate positively with subsequent mortality. In obese mice with pneumonia, plasma leptin levels were associated with pneumonia severity, and in obese mice with sterile lung injury, leptin levels were inversely related to bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia, as well as to plasma IL-6 and G-CSF levels. These results were recapitulated in lean mice with experimentally induced hyperleptinemia. Our findings suggest that the association between obesity and elevated risk of pulmonary infection may be driven by hyperleptinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki D J Ubags
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Renee D Stapleton
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Juanita H J Vernooy
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Elianne Burg
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Jenna Bement
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Catherine M Hayes
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Sebastian Ventrone
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Lennart Zabeau
- Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Department of Medical Protein Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Department of Medical Protein Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthew E Poynter
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Polly E Parsons
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Anne E Dixon
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Matthew J Wargo
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Benjamin Littenberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Emiel F M Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin T Suratt
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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46
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Human neutrophil kinetics: modeling of stable isotope labeling data supports short blood neutrophil half-lives. Blood 2016; 127:3431-8. [PMID: 27136946 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-700336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophils have traditionally been thought to have a short half-life in blood; estimates vary from 4 to 18 hours. This dogma was recently challenged by stable isotope labeling studies with heavy water, which yielded estimates in excess of 3 days. To investigate this disparity, we generated new stable isotope labeling data in healthy adult subjects using both heavy water (n = 4) and deuterium-labeled glucose (n = 9), a compound with more rapid labeling kinetics. To interpret results, we developed a novel mechanistic model and applied it to previously published (n = 5) and newly generated data. We initially constrained the ratio of the blood neutrophil pool to the marrow precursor pool (ratio = 0.26; from published values). Analysis of heavy water data sets yielded turnover rates consistent with a short blood half-life, but parameters, particularly marrow transit time, were poorly defined. Analysis of glucose-labeling data yielded more precise estimates of half-life (0.79 ± 0.25 days; 19 hours) and marrow transit time (5.80 ± 0.42 days). Substitution of this marrow transit time in the heavy water analysis gave a better-defined blood half-life of 0.77 ± 0.14 days (18.5 hours), close to glucose-derived values. Allowing the ratio of blood neutrophils to mitotic neutrophil precursors (R) to vary yielded a best-fit value of 0.19. Reanalysis of the previously published model and data also revealed the origin of their long estimates for neutrophil half-life: an implicit assumption that R is very large, which is physiologically untenable. We conclude that stable isotope labeling in healthy humans is consistent with a blood neutrophil half-life of less than 1 day.
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47
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Adrover JM, Nicolás-Ávila JA, Hidalgo A. Aging: A Temporal Dimension for Neutrophils. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:334-345. [PMID: 27083489 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are first-responders, providing early protection against invading pathogens. Recent findings have revealed a temporal dimension to neutrophil function, associated with the clearance cycles for aging neutrophils, and also with a program that endows circulating neutrophils with distinct phenotypic and functional properties at different times of the day, before they are cleared from blood. We review here the process of neutrophil aging and its impact on homeostasis and inflammation. We outline the features of aged neutrophils, examine proposed mechanisms that drive aging, and discuss how these processes may contribute to tissue homeostasis and pathology. In this context we propose that neutrophil aging may optimize host defense by allowing neutrophils to anticipate infections while avoiding permanent activation and subsequent damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Adrover
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - José A Nicolás-Ávila
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain.
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48
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Molinaro R, Pecli C, Guilherme RF, Alves-Filho JC, Cunha FQ, Canetti C, Kunkel SL, Bozza MT, Benjamim CF. CCR4 Controls the Suppressive Effects of Regulatory T Cells on Early and Late Events during Severe Sepsis. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26197455 PMCID: PMC4511514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a deadly disease characterized by an overwhelming release of inflammatory mediators and the activation of different types of cells. This altered state of cell activation, termed leukocyte reprogramming, contributes to patient outcome. However, the understanding of the process underlying sepsis and the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in sepsis remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of CCR4, the CCL17/CCL22 chemokine receptor, in the innate and acquired immune responses during severe sepsis and the role of Tregs in effecting the outcome. In contrast with wild-type (WT) mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis, CCR4-deficient (CCR4-/-) septic mice presented an increased survival rate, significant neutrophil migration toward the infection site, a low bacterial count in the peritoneum, and reduced lung inflammation and serum cytokine levels. Thus, a better early host response may favor an adequate long-term response. Consequently, the CCR4-/- septic mice were not susceptible to secondary fungal infection, in contrast with the WT septic mice. Furthermore, Tregs cells from the CCR4-/- septic mice showed reduced suppressive effects on neutrophil migration (both in vivo and in vitro), lymphocyte proliferation and ROS production from activated neutrophils, in contrast with what was observed for Tregs from the WT septic mice. These data show that CCR4 is involved in immunosuppression after severe sepsis and suggest that CCR4+ Tregs negatively modulate the short and long-term immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Molinaro
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cyntia Pecli
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael F. Guilherme
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q. Cunha
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio Canetti
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Steven L. Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States of America
| | - Marcelo T. Bozza
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia F. Benjamim
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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49
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Bucher K, Schmitt F, Autenrieth SE, Dillmann I, Nürnberg B, Schenke-Layland K, Beer-Hammer S. Fluorescent Ly6G antibodies determine macrophage phagocytosis of neutrophils and alter the retrieval of neutrophils in mice. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:365-72. [PMID: 26019296 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1ab1014-488rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescently labeled Ly6G antibodies enable the tracking of neutrophils in mice, whereas purified anti-Ly6G rapidly depletes neutrophils from the circulation. The mechanisms underlying neutrophil depletion are still under debate. Here, we examined how identical Ly6G antibodies coupled to different fluorochromes affect neutrophil fate in vivo. BM cells stained with Ly6G antibodies were injected into mice. The number of retrieved anti-Ly6G-FITC(+) cells was reduced significantly in comparison with anti-Ly6G-APC(+) or anti-Ly6G-PE(+) cells. Flow cytometry and multispectral imaging flow cytometry analyses revealed that anti-Ly6G-FITC(+) neutrophils were preferentially phagocytosed by BMMs in vitro and by splenic, hepatic, and BM macrophages in vivo. Direct antibody injection of anti-Ly6G-FITC but not anti-Ly6G-PE depleted neutrophils to the same degree as purified anti-Ly6G, indicating that the FITC-coupled antibody eliminates neutrophils by a similar mechanism as the uncoupled antibody. With the use of a protein G-binding assay, we demonstrated that APC and PE but not FITC coupling inhibited access to interaction sites on the anti-Ly6G antibody. We conclude the following: 1) that neutrophil phagocytosis by macrophages is a central mechanism in anti-Ly6G-induced neutrophil depletion and 2) that fluorochrome-coupling can affect functional properties of anti-Ly6G antibodies, thereby modifying macrophage uptake of Ly6G-labeled neutrophils and neutrophil retrieval following adoptive cell transfer or injection of fluorescent anti-Ly6G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Bucher
- *Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, and University Women's Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany; Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany; and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fee Schmitt
- *Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, and University Women's Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany; Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany; and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stella E Autenrieth
- *Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, and University Women's Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany; Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany; and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Inken Dillmann
- *Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, and University Women's Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany; Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany; and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bernd Nürnberg
- *Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, and University Women's Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany; Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany; and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- *Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, and University Women's Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany; Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany; and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sandra Beer-Hammer
- *Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, and University Women's Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany; Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany; and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
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50
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Scheiermann C, Frenette PS, Hidalgo A. Regulation of leucocyte homeostasis in the circulation. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:340-51. [PMID: 25750191 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of blood cells extend well beyond the immune functions of leucocytes or the respiratory and hemostatic functions of erythrocytes and platelets. Seen as a whole, the bloodstream is in charge of nurturing and protecting all organs by carrying a mixture of cell populations in transit from one organ to another. To optimize these functions, evolution has provided blood and the vascular system that carries it with various mechanisms that ensure the appropriate influx and egress of cells into and from the circulation where and when needed. How this homeostatic control of blood is achieved has been the object of study for over a century, and although the major mechanisms that govern it are now fairly well understood, several new concepts and mediators have recently emerged that emphasize the dynamism of this liquid tissue. Here we review old and new concepts that relate to the maintenance and regulation of leucocyte homeostasis in blood and briefly discuss the mechanisms for platelets and red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Scheiermann
- Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Paul S Frenette
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Department of Atherothrombosis, Imaging and Epidemiology, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain Institut für Prophylaxe und Epidemiologie der Kreislaufkrankheiten (IPEK), Munich 80336, Germany
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