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Bazaz MR, Asthana A, Dandekar MP. Chitosan revokes controlled-cortical impact generated neurological aberrations in circadian disrupted mice via TLR4-NLRP3 axis. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 969:176436. [PMID: 38423243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The severity of inevitable neurological deficits and long-term psychiatric disorders in the aftermath of traumatic brain injury is influenced by pre-injury biological factors. Herein, we investigated the therapeutic effect of chitosan lactate on neurological and psychiatric aberrations inflicted by circadian disruption (CD) and controlled-cortical impact (CCI) injury in mice. Firstly, CD was developed in mice by altering sporadic day-night cycles for 2 weeks. Then, CCI surgery was performed using a stereotaxic ImpactOne device. Mice subjected to CCI displayed a significant disruption of motor coordination at 1-, 3- and 5-days post-injury (DPI) in the rotarod test. These animals showed anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in the elevated plus maze and forced-swim test at 14 and 15 DPI, respectively. Notably, mice subjected to CD + CCI exhibited severe cognitive impairment in Y-maze and novel object recognition tasks. The compromised neurological, psychiatric, and cognitive functions were mitigated in chitosan-treated mice (1 and 3 mg/mL). Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR assay results revealed the magnified responses of prima facie biomarkers like glial-fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 in the pericontusional brain region of the CD + CCI group, indicating aggravated inflammation. We also noted the depleted levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and augmented expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-leucine-rich-containing family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling [apoptosis-associated-speck-like protein (ASC), caspase-1, and interleukin 1-β] in the pericontusional area of CD + CCI group. CCI-induced changes in the astrocyte-glia and aggravated immune responses were ameliorated in chitosan-treated mice. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of chitosan in CCI-induced brain injury may be mediated by inhibition of the TLR4-NLRP3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Rabi Bazaz
- Department of Biological Sciences (Pharmacology and Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Amit Asthana
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Manoj P Dandekar
- Department of Biological Sciences (Pharmacology and Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, 500037, India.
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2
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Onufriev MV, Moiseeva YV, Gulyaeva NV. Modeling of Hypercorticosteronemia in Rats Using Osmotic Pumps. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022060266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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3
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Chronic rapid eye movement sleep restriction during juvenility has long-term effects on anxiety-like behaviour and neurotransmission of male Wistar rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 217:173410. [PMID: 35662652 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modernity imposes a toll on the sleep time of young population, with concomitant increase in symptoms of anxiety and depression. Whether there is a causal relationship between these events are only now being experimentally tested in humans and rodents. In a previous study, we showed that chronic sleep deprivation in juvenile-adolescent male rats led to increased anxiety-like behaviour and changes in noradrenaline and serotonin in the amygdala and hippocampus. In the present study we investigated whether early chronic sleep restriction affects emotional behaviour, stress response and neurochemistry in adulthood. From 21 to 42 days of age, Wistar male rats were submitted to sleep restriction by the multiple platform method or allowed to sleep freely. Forty-five days after this period, rats were tested in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and blood samples were collected from non-tested rats or 30 and 60 min after the EPM for determination of plasma corticosterone levels. Levels of monoamines were determined in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus 60 min after the EPM. Sleep restriction resulted in increased anxiety-like behaviour, decreased noradrenaline levels in the amygdala and dopamine levels in the ventral hippocampus. Anxiety index was positively correlated with increased serotonin metabolism in the frontal cortex and greater dopamine metabolism in the ventral hippocampus, and negatively correlated with dopamine levels in the ventral hippocampus. These results suggest that sleep restriction in juvenility and adolescence induces persistent changes in emotional behaviour in adult male rats and that levels of anxiety are correlated with increased serotonin and dopamine metabolism in specific brain areas.
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4
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Wan Y, Gao W, Zhou K, Liu X, Jiang W, Xue R, Wu W. Role of IGF-1 in neuroinflammation and cognition deficits induced by sleep deprivation. Neurosci Lett 2022; 776:136575. [PMID: 35276231 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation negatively influences cognition, however, the regulatory mechanisms to counteract this effect have not been identified. IGF-1 has been shown to be anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective in CNS injury models. In this study, we determined the impact of IGF-1 on brain injury and inflammation while modeling sleep deprivation. We found that IGF-1 was downregulated in human peripheral blood and in mice subjected to sleep deprivation for 5 days, with reduced activation of the downstream PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway in mice brains. In addition, we found reduced levels of the anti-apoptosis enzyme Bcl-2 and increased levels of pro-apoptosis enzyme Caspase-9 expression, together with increased pro-inflammatory factors. The administration of IGF-1 after sleep deprivation induced activation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway, reversed changes in Bcl-2, Caspase-9, and pro-inflammatory factors, and alleviated cognitive impairment. Notably, IGF-1 also induced activation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway, and displayed anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory properties under normal sleep conditions,while IGF-1 did not improve the cognition under normal sleep conditions. These results suggest that the IGF-1/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway is involved in the regulation of cognitive function after sleep deprivation through modulation of apoptosis and inflammatory response. IGF-1 could be a viable therapeutic target, though further investigation is required to better understand its role in sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Wan
- Departments of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- Departments of Neurology, Beijing Pinggu District Hospital, Beijing 101200, China
| | - Kaili Zhou
- Departments of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Departments of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Departments of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Rong Xue
- Departments of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- Departments of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
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5
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Ali AAH, von Gall C. Adult Neurogenesis under Control of the Circadian System. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050764. [PMID: 35269386 PMCID: PMC8909047 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian circadian system is a hierarchically organized system, which controls a 24-h periodicity in a wide variety of body and brain functions and physiological processes. There is increasing evidence that the circadian system modulates the complex multistep process of adult neurogenesis, which is crucial for brain plasticity. This modulatory effect may be exercised via rhythmic systemic factors including neurotransmitters, hormones and neurotrophic factors as well as rhythmic behavior and physiology or via intrinsic factors within the neural progenitor cells such as the redox state and clock genes/molecular clockwork. In this review, we discuss the role of the circadian system for adult neurogenesis at both the systemic and the cellular levels. Better understanding of the role of the circadian system in modulation of adult neurogenesis can help develop new treatment strategies to improve the cognitive deterioration associated with chronodisruption due to detrimental light regimes or neurodegenerative diseases.
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TNF signaling pathway-mediated microglial activation in the PFC underlies acute paradoxical sleep deprivation-induced anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 100:254-266. [PMID: 34915154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute sleep deprivation is a common condition in modern life and increases anxiety symptoms in healthy individuals. The neuroinflammatory response induced by microglial activation could be an important contributing factor, but its underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In the present study, we first found that acute paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) induced by the modified multiple platform method (MMPM) for 6 h led to anxiety-like behavior in mice, as verified by the open field test, elevated plus maze test, light-dark box test, and marble burying test. In addition, bioinformatic analysis suggested an important relationship between acute sleep deprivation and brain inflammatory signaling pathways. Key genes enriched in the TNF signaling pathway were confirmed to be altered during acute PSD by qPCR and Western blot analyses, including the upregulation of the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 protein (Socs3) genes and the downregulation of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3 (Casp3) gene. Furthermore, we found that microglial cells in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were activated with significant branch structure changes and that the cell body area was increased in the PSD model. Finally, we found that minocycline, a tetracycline with anti-inflammatory properties, may ameliorate the anxiogenic effect and microglial activation. Our study reveals significant correlations of anxiety-like behavior, microglial activation, and inflammation during acute PSD.
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Moraes DA, Machado RB, Koban M, Hoffman GE, Suchecki D. The Pituitary-Adrenal Response to Paradoxical Sleep Deprivation Is Similar to a Psychological Stressor, Whereas the Hypothalamic Response Is Unique. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:885909. [PMID: 35880052 PMCID: PMC9308007 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.885909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressors of different natures induce activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis at different magnitudes. Moreover, the HPA axis response to repeated exposure is usually distinct from that elicited by a single session. Paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) augments ACTH and corticosterone (CORT) levels, but the nature of this stimulus is not yet defined. The purpose of the present study was to qualitatively compare the stress response of animals submitted to PSD to that of rats exposed once or four times to cold, as a physiological stress, movement restraint (RST) as a mixed stressor and predator odour (PRED) as the psychological stressor, whilst animals were submitted for 1 or 4 days to PSD and respective control groups. None of the stressors altered corticotropin releasing factor immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), median eminence (ME) or central amygdala, compared to control groups, whereas vasopressin immunoreactivity in PSD animals was decreased in the PVN and increased in the ME, indicating augmented activity of this system. ACTH levels were higher after repeated stress or prolonged PSD than after single- or 1 day-exposure and control groups, whereas the CORT response was habituated by repeated stress, but not by 4-days PSD. This dissociation resulted in changes in the CORT : ACTH ratio, with repeated cold and RST decreasing the ratio compared to single exposure, but no change was seen in PRED and PSD groups. Comparing the magnitude and pattern of pituitary-adrenal response to the different stressors, PSD-induced responses were closer to that shown by PRED-exposed rats. In contrast, the hypothalamic response of PSD-exposed rats was unique, inasmuch as this was the only stressor which increased the activity of the vasopressin system. In conclusion, we propose that the pituitary-adrenal response to PSD is similar to that induced by a psychological stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo A. Moraes
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo B. Machado
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Psicossomática, Universidade Ibirapuera, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael Koban
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gloria E. Hoffman
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Deborah Suchecki,
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8
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Khodaverdiloo A, Farhadi M, Jameie M, Jameie SB, Pirhajati V. Neurogenesis in the rat neonate's hippocampus with maternal short-term REM sleep deprivation restores by royal jelly treatment. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2423. [PMID: 34807519 PMCID: PMC8671766 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have shown the effects of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (REM-SD) on behavior and brain structures. The impact of REM-SD on learning and memory, thus neurogenesis, has been reported in previous studies. Royal jelly (RJ) is known as the wealthiest biological nutrient with various physiological properties. This study aimed to study the possible effect of RJ on neurogenesis of the rat hippocampus neonates following exposure of mother to REM-SD during pregnancy. METHODS Thirty neonate rats from 15 pregnant Wistar rats were used. To induce REM-SD, the flowerpot method was used. The pregnant rats were divided into five groups (n = 3): group 1, no treatment; group 2, REM-SD; groups 3, 4, and 5, REM-SD +RJ. The former group received 72 h REM-SD during pregnancy (days 7, 14, 21), and the latter group received REM-SD + RJ (three trial groups). At week 4, the rat neonates of all groups were sacrificed (n = 6 each group). Their brains were fixed, removed, and prepared for Nissl and Hoechst 33342 staining. By using real time polymerase chain reaction methode the brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF gene expression was studied (RT-PCR), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression was studied. The results were analyzed statistically, and the Pv < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS The results showed a significant decrease in the number of neurons in the hippocampus of neonatal rats of REM-SD mothers compared to the neonates of the mother with REM-SD + RJ. REM-SD also led to an increase in apoptosis reaching the neonates from the REM-SD + RJ animals. High expression of BDNF was observed in the hippocampus of the neonates from REM-SD + RJ treated mothers. CONCLUSION RJ acts as a neuroprotective agent that could compensate for the effects of REM-SD on learning and memory via restoring neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Khodaverdiloo
- Department of MicrobiologyKaraj BranchIslamic Azad UniversityKarajIran
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC)Iran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mona Farhadi
- Department of MicrobiologyKaraj BranchIslamic Azad UniversityKarajIran
| | - Melikasadat Jameie
- Iranian Center of Neurological ResearchTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC)Iran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Seyed behnamedin Jameie
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC)Iran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of AnatomyIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Vahid Pirhajati
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC)Iran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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9
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De Looze C, Feeney JC, Scarlett S, Hirst R, Knight SP, Carey D, Meaney JF, Kenny RA. Sleep duration, sleep problems and perceived stress are associated with hippocampal subfield volumes in later life: Findings from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Sleep 2021; 45:6374891. [PMID: 34558630 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES This study examines the cross-sectional and two-year follow-up relationships between sleep and stress and total hippocampal volume and hippocampal subfield volumes among older adults. METHODS 417 adults (aged 68.8±7.3; 54% women) from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing completed an interview, a questionnaire and multiparametric brain MRI. The relationships between self-reported sleep duration, sleep problems, perceived stress and total hippocampal volume were examined by using ordinary least squares regressions. Linear mixed-effects models were used to investigate the relationships between sleep duration, sleep problems, perceived stress, changes in these measures over two-years and hippocampal subfield volumes. RESULTS No cross-sectional and follow-up associations between sleep and total hippocampal volume and between stress and total hippocampal volume were found. By contrast, Long sleep (≥9-10 hours / night) was associated with smaller volumes of molecular layer, hippocampal tail, presubiculum and subiculum. The co-occurrence of Short sleep (≤6 hours) and perceived stress was associated with smaller cornu ammonis 1, molecular layer, subiculum and tail. Sleep problems independently and in conjunction with higher stress, and increase in sleep problems over 2 years were associated with smaller volumes of these same subfields. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the importance of concurrently assessing sub-optimal sleep and stress for phenotyping individuals at risk of hippocampal subfield atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline De Looze
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanne C Feeney
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan Scarlett
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Hirst
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Silvin P Knight
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Carey
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - James F Meaney
- The National Centre for Advanced Medical Imaging (CAMI), St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rose Anne Kenny
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.,Mercer's Institute for Successful Ageing (MISA), St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Stahn AC, Kühn S. Brains in space: the importance of understanding the impact of long-duration spaceflight on spatial cognition and its neural circuitry. Cogn Process 2021; 22:105-114. [PMID: 34409546 PMCID: PMC8423699 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-021-01050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fifty years after the first humans stepped on the Moon, space faring nations have entered a new era of space exploration. NASA’s reference mission to Mars is expected to comprise 1100 days. Deep space exploratory class missions could even span decades. They will be the most challenging and dangerous expeditions in the history of human spaceflight and will expose crew members to unprecedented health and performance risks. The development of adverse cognitive or behavioral conditions and psychiatric disorders during those missions is considered a critical and unmitigated risk factor. Here, we argue that spatial cognition, i.e., the ability to encode representations about self-to-object relations and integrate this information into a spatial map of the environment, and their neural bases will be highly vulnerable during those expeditions. Empirical evidence from animal studies shows that social isolation, immobilization, and altered gravity can have profound effects on brain plasticity associated with spatial navigation. We provide examples from historic spaceflight missions, spaceflight analogs, and extreme environments suggesting that spatial cognition and its neural circuitry could be impaired during long-duration spaceflight, and identify recommendations and future steps to mitigate these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Stahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit of Experimental Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 4233 Guardian Dr, 1016 Blockley Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Simone Kühn
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Jung T, Noh J. Alteration of fear behaviors in sleep-deprived adolescent rats: increased fear expression and delayed fear extinction. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2021; 25:83-92. [PMID: 34234889 PMCID: PMC8118405 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2021.1902854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of sleep due to acute or chronic stress can lead to changes in emotional memory processing. Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but still, the contribution of sleep deprivation on the susceptibility to PTSD has received little attention. To determine whether rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (SD) alters the development of fear expression or fear-associated memory impairment in adolescent rats, we performed animal emotional behavior tests using an SD animal model with the flowerpot technique. SD rats showed an increase in locomotor activity frequency and a decrease in sucrose consumption compared to control rats. An increase in freezing behavior during shock trials was observed in SD rats. Noticeably, it was observed that when applying the SD condition after fear stimuli exposure, fear extinction was delayed more in SD rats than in control rats. Overall, these results indicate that SD in adolescent rats leads to increased locomotor activity and anhedonic behavior, as well as increased fear expression and delayed fear extinction, suggesting that SD would lead to increased severity of PTSD-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taesub Jung
- Department of Science Education, Dankook University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Noh
- Department of Science Education, Dankook University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
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12
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Sahin L, Cevik OS, Cevik K, Guven C, Taskin E, Kocahan S. Mild regular treadmill exercise ameliorated the detrimental effects of acute sleep deprivation on spatial memory. Brain Res 2021; 1759:147367. [PMID: 33582122 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerable areas like the hippocampus are sensitive to insults such as sleep deprivation (SD); they are also susceptible to environmental enrichment. Much evidence is accumulating that chronic sleep deprivation causes alterations in the hippocampus that responsible for spatial memory. However, there is conflicting about the differences between acute and chronic SD results. The purpose of this study was to determine the protective effects of mild treadmill exercise on acute SD rats. Four groups were created as control, exercise, sleep deprivation, exercise + sleep deprivation. Multiple platforms method was used to induce REM sleep deprivation (RD) for 48 h. The exercise was applied fivedaysperweekforfour weeks(5 × 4). For the first and second weeks, the length of the exercise was 15 min in two sessions (5 min interval) followed by 15 min in three, 15 min in four sessions. Morris water maze (MWM) was used as a spatial memory test. Gene level was determined by using the qPCR technique. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the hippocampus was measured as an extent of peroxidative damage to lipids by using the ELISA method. 48 h RD impaired long-term spatial memory significantly. Mild, regular treadmill exercise ameliorated the detrimental effects of acute sleep deprivation on memory. There was no significant difference in MDA between groups. Hippocampal gene expression did not show any changes in all groups. Lack of correlation between memory impairment and levels of genes in the hippocampus is likely to be related to the differences in behavioral and genetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Sahin
- Mersin University, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Ozge Selin Cevik
- Mersin University, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Kenan Cevik
- Mersin University, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Biology, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Celal Guven
- Ömer Halis Demir University, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Eylem Taskin
- Ömer Halis Demir University, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Sayad Kocahan
- Adıyaman University, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology, Adıyaman, Turkey
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Podgorny OV, Gulyaeva NV. Glucocorticoid-mediated mechanisms of hippocampal damage: Contribution of subgranular neurogenesis. J Neurochem 2020; 157:370-392. [PMID: 33301616 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive overview of the interplay between glucocorticoids (GCs) and adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is presented, particularly, in the context of a diseased brain. The effectors of GCs in the dentate gyrus neurogenic niche of the hippocampal are reviewed, and the consequences of the GC signaling on the generation and integration of new neurons are discussed. Recent findings demonstrating how GC signaling mediates impairments of the AHN in various brain pathologies are overviewed. GC-mediated effects on the generation and integration of adult-born neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus depend on the nature, severity, and duration of the acting stress factor. GCs realize their effects on the AHN primarily via specific glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Disruption of the reciprocal regulation between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the generation of the adult-born granular neurons is currently considered to be a key mechanism implicating the AHN into the pathogenesis of numerous brain diseases, including those without a direct hippocampal damage. These alterations vary from reduced proliferation of stem and progenitor cells to increased cell death and abnormalities in morphology, connectivity, and localization of young neurons. Although the involvement of the mutual regulation between the HPA axis and the AHN in the pathogenesis of cognitive deficits and mood impairments is evident, several unresolved critical issues are stated. Understanding the details of GC-mediated mechanisms involved in the alterations in AHN could enable the identification of molecular targets for ameliorating pathology-induced imbalance in the HPA axis/AHN mutual regulation to conquer cognitive and psychiatric disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Podgorny
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Gulyaeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
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14
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Wang H, Matsushita MT, Zhang L, Abel GM, Mommer BC, Huddy TF, Storm DR, Xia Z. Inducible and Conditional Stimulation of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Rescues Cadmium-Induced Impairments of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Hippocampus-Dependent Memory in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2020; 177:263-280. [PMID: 32617577 PMCID: PMC7553705 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal and an environmental pollutant. However, the full spectrum of its neurotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Our previous studies demonstrated that Cd exposure impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampus-dependent memory in mice. This study aims to determine if these adverse effects of Cd exposure can be mitigated by genetically and conditionally enhancing adult neurogenesis. To address this issue, we utilized the transgenic constitutive active MEK5 (caMEK5) mouse strain we previously developed and characterized. This mouse strain enables us to genetically and conditionally activate adult neurogenesis by administering tamoxifen to induce expression of a caMEK5 in adult neural stem/progenitor cells, which stimulates adult neurogenesis through activation of the endogenous extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The caMEK5 mice were exposed to 0.6 mg/l Cd through drinking water for 38 weeks. Once impairment of memory was confirmed, tamoxifen was administered to induce caMEK5 expression and to activate adult neurogenesis. Behavior tests were conducted at various time points to monitor hippocampus-dependent memory. Upon completion of the behavior tests, brain tissues were collected for cellular studies of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. We report here that Cd impaired hippocampus-dependent spatial memory and contextual fear memory in mice. These deficits were rescued by the tamoxifen induction of caMEK5 expression. Furthermore, Cd inhibition of adult hippocampal neurogenesis was also reversed. This rescue experiment provides strong evidence for a direct link between Cd-induced impairments of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampus-dependent memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
| | - Megumi T Matsushita
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
| | - Liang Zhang
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
| | - Glen M Abel
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
| | - Brett C Mommer
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
| | | | - Daniel R Storm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Zhengui Xia
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
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15
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Impact of sleep disturbances on neurodegeneration: Insight from studies in animal models. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104820. [PMID: 32087293 PMCID: PMC7593848 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic short sleep or extended wake periods are commonly observed in most industrialized countries. Previously neurobehavioral impairment following sleep loss was considered to be a readily reversible occurrence, normalized upon recovery sleep. Recent clinical studies suggest that chronic short sleep and sleep disruption may be risk factors for neurodegeneration. Animal models have been instrumental in determining whether disturbed sleep can injure the brain. We now understand that repeated periods of extended wakefulness across the typical sleep period and/or sleep fragmentation can have lasting effects on neurogenesis and select populations of neurons and glia. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the advancements made using animal models of sleep loss to understand the extent and mechanisms of chronic short sleep induced neural injury.
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16
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Nollet M, Wisden W, Franks NP. Sleep deprivation and stress: a reciprocal relationship. Interface Focus 2020; 10:20190092. [PMID: 32382403 PMCID: PMC7202382 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2019.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is highly conserved across evolution, suggesting vital biological functions that are yet to be fully understood. Animals and humans experiencing partial sleep restriction usually exhibit detrimental physiological responses, while total and prolonged sleep loss could lead to death. The perturbation of sleep homeostasis is usually accompanied by an increase in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity, leading to a rise in circulating levels of stress hormones (e.g. cortisol in humans, corticosterone in rodents). Such hormones follow a circadian release pattern under undisturbed conditions and participate in the regulation of sleep. The investigation of the consequences of sleep deprivation, from molecular changes to behavioural alterations, has been used to study the fundamental functions of sleep. However, the reciprocal relationship between sleep and the activity of the HPA axis is problematic when investigating sleep using traditional sleep-deprivation protocols that can induce stress per se. This is especially true in studies using rodents in which sleep deprivation is achieved by exogenous, and potentially stressful, sensory–motor stimulations that can undoubtedly confuse their conclusions. While more research is needed to explore the mechanisms underlying sleep loss and health, avoiding stress as a confounding factor in sleep-deprivation studies is therefore crucial. This review examines the evidence of the intricate links between sleep and stress in the context of experimental sleep deprivation, and proposes a more sophisticated research framework for sleep-deprivation procedures that could benefit from recent progress in biotechnological tools for precise neuromodulation, such as chemogenetics and optogenetics, as well as improved automated real-time sleep-scoring algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nollet
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - William Wisden
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK.,Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas P Franks
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK.,Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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17
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Raven F, Heckman PRA, Havekes R, Meerlo P. Sleep deprivation-induced impairment of memory consolidation is not mediated by glucocorticoid stress hormones. J Sleep Res 2019; 29:e12972. [PMID: 31845433 PMCID: PMC7539978 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The general consensus is that sleep promotes neuronal recovery and plasticity, whereas sleep deprivation (SD) impairs brain function, including cognitive processes. Indeed, a wealth of data has shown a negative impact of SD on learning and memory processes, particularly those that involve the hippocampus. The mechanisms underlying these negative effects of sleep loss are only partly understood, but a reoccurring question is whether they are in part caused by stress hormones that may be released during SD. The purpose of the present study is therefore to examine the role of glucocorticoid stress hormones in SD‐induced memory impairment. Male C57BL/6J mice were trained in an object‐location memory paradigm, followed by 6 hr of SD by mild stimulation. At the beginning of the SD mice were injected with the corticosterone synthesis inhibitor metyrapone. Memory was tested 24 hr after training. Blood samples taken in a separate group of mice showed that SD resulted in a mild but significant increase in plasma corticosterone levels, which was prevented by metyrapone. However, the SD‐induced impairment in object‐location memory was not prevented by metyrapone treatment. This indicates that glucocorticoids play no role in causing the memory impairments seen after a short period of SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Raven
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pim R A Heckman
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert Havekes
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Meerlo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Sleep and the GH/IGF-1 axis: Consequences and countermeasures of sleep loss/disorders. Sleep Med Rev 2019; 49:101223. [PMID: 31778943 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an up-to-date review of the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding the effect of sleep on the anabolic growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) axis. This axis is involved in learning and memory and neuroprotection at the central level, and in the crosstalk between sleep and the immune system, with respect to its anti-inflammatory properties. We also aim to provide insight into the consequences of sleep loss on cognitive capacities in healthy individuals and patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), regarding the mechanistic association with the GH/IGF-1 axis. Finally, this review examines the inflammatory/endocrine pathways that are affected by sleep loss, and which may consequently interact with the GH/IGF-1 axis. The deleterious effects of sleep loss include fatigue, and can cause several adverse age-dependent health outcomes. It is therefore important to improve our understanding of the fundamental physiology underlying these effects in order to better apply non-pharmacological countermeasures (e.g., sleep strategies, exercise training, continuous positive airway pressure therapy) as well as pharmacological solutions, so as to limit the deleterious consequences of sleep loss/disorders.
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19
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Ettore E, Bakardjian H, Solé M, Levy Nogueira M, Habert MO, Gabelle A, Dubois B, Robert P, David R. Relationships between objectives sleep parameters and brain amyloid load in subjects at risk for Alzheimer’s disease: the INSIGHT-preAD Study. Sleep 2019; 42:5527427. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
Sleep changes have been associated with increased risks of developing cognitive disturbances and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A bidirectional relation is underlined between amyloid-beta (Aß) and sleep disruptions. The sleep profile in participants at risk to develop AD is not fully deciphered. We aim to investigate sleep–wake changes with objective sleep measurements in elderly participants without cognitive impairment depending on their brain amyloid status, positive (Aß+) or negative (Aß−) based on standard absorption ratios (SUVr) positron emission tomography-florbetapir imaging.
Methods
Sixty-eight participants without cognitive impairment who have accepted to be involved in the sleep ancillary study from the InveStIGation of Alzheimer’s Predictors in Subjective Memory Complainers (INSIGHT-pre AD) cohort, aiming to record sleep profile based on the analyses of an ambulatory accelerometer-based assessment (seven consecutive 24-hour periods). Neuropsychological tests were performed and sleep parameters have been individualized by actigraph. Participants also underwent a magnetic resonance imaging scan to assess their hippocampal volume. Based on SUVr PET-florbetapir imaging, two groups Aß+ and Aß− were compared.
Results
Participants were divided into two groups: Aß+ (n = 24) and Aß− (n = 44). Except for the SUVr, the two subgroups were comparable. When looking to sleep parameters, increased sleep latency, sleep fragmentation (wake after sleep onset [WASO] score and awakenings) and worst sleep efficiency were associated with cortical brain amyloid load.
Conclusion
Actigraphic sleep parameters were associated with cortical brain amyloid load in participants at risk to develop AD. The detection of sleep abnormalities in those participants may be of interest to propose some preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ettore
- Université Côte d’Azur, CoBTeK lab, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Nice University Hospital France
- Department of Psychiatry, Nice University Hospital France
| | - Hovagim Bakardjian
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer’s Disease, ICM, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marine Solé
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer’s Disease, ICM, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marcel Levy Nogueira
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer’s Disease, ICM, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Habert
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University Paris, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Gabelle
- Memory Research and Resources Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Department of Neurology, Montpellier University Hospital, and Inserm, and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer’s Disease, ICM, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Robert
- Université Côte d’Azur, CoBTeK lab, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Nice University Hospital France
| | - Renaud David
- Université Côte d’Azur, CoBTeK lab, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Nice University Hospital France
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20
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Alperin N, Wiltshire J, Lee SH, Ramos AR, Hernandez-Cardenache R, Rundek T, Curiel Cid R, Loewenstein D. Effect of sleep quality on amnestic mild cognitive impairment vulnerable brain regions in cognitively normal elderly individuals. Sleep 2019; 42:zsy254. [PMID: 30541112 PMCID: PMC6424074 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES This study aims to evaluate the extent to which sleep quality impacts amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI)-related brain regions in a cognitively normal cohort of individuals. METHODS Seventy-four participants were rigorously evaluated using a battery of cognitive tests and a detailed clinical assessment to verify normal cognitive status. We then screened for sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and depressive symptoms using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Five subjects were excluded due to mild depression. Overall 38 individuals with mean age 70.7 ± 7 were classified as poor sleepers and 31 with mean age of 69.6 ± 6 years as normal sleepers. Structural MRI and Freesurfer brain parcellation were used to measure aMCI-related brain regions. RESULTS Relative to normal sleepers, poor sleepers exhibited significant reductions in cortical and subcortical volumes bilaterally in the hippocampi, as well as in the superior parietal lobules and left amygdala. The effects were strongest in the left superior parietal lobule (p < .015), followed by the hippocampi. Diffuse patterns of cortical thinning were observed in the frontal lobes, but significant effects were concentrated in the right mesial frontal cortex. Lower sleep duration was most correlated with cortical volume and thickness reductions among all subjects. CONCLUSIONS Atrophy related to poor sleep quality impacted a number of regions implicated in aMCI and Alzheimer's disease (AD). As such, interventions targeted towards improving sleep quality amongst the elderly may prove an effective tool for modulating the course of aMCI and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Alperin
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - John Wiltshire
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Sang H Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Alberto R Ramos
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Rene Hernandez-Cardenache
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Rosie Curiel Cid
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - David Loewenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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21
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Hinojosa-Godinez A, Jave-Suarez LF, Flores-Soto M, Gálvez-Contreras AY, Luquín S, Oregon-Romero E, González-Pérez O, González-Castañeda RE. Melatonin modifies SOX2 + cell proliferation in dentate gyrus and modulates SIRT1 and MECP2 in long-term sleep deprivation. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1787-1795. [PMID: 31169197 PMCID: PMC6585545 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.257537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule that, after a short-term sleep deprivation, promotes the proliferation of neural stem cells in the adult hippocampus. However, this effect has not been observed in long-term sleep deprivation. The precise mechanism exerted by melatonin on the modulation of neural stem cells is not entirely elucidated, but evidence indicates that epigenetic regulators may be involved in this process. In this study, we investigated the effect of melatonin treatment during a 96-hour sleep deprivation and analyzed the expression of epigenetic modulators predicted by computational text mining and keyword clusterization. Our results showed that the administration of melatonin under sleep-deprived conditions increased the MECP2 expression and reduced the SIRT1 expression in the dentate gyrus. We observed that let-7b, mir-132, and mir-124 were highly expressed in the dentate gyrus after melatonin administration, but they were not modified by sleep deprivation. In addition, we found more Sox2+/5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU)+ cells in the subgranular zone of the sleep-deprived group treated with melatonin than in the untreated group. These findings may support the notion that melatonin modifies the expression of epigenetic mediators that, in turn, regulate the proliferation of neural progenitor cells in the adult dentate gyrus under long-term sleep-deprived conditions. All procedures performed in this study were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the University of Guadalajara, Mexico (approval No. CI-16610) on January 2, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Hinojosa-Godinez
- Laboratorio de Microscopía de Alta Resolución, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Luis F Jave-Suarez
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
| | - Mario Flores-Soto
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
| | - Alma Y Gálvez-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Microscopía de Alta Resolución, Departamento de Neurociencias; Unidad de Atención en Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Sonia Luquín
- Laboratorio de Microscopía de Alta Resolución, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Edith Oregon-Romero
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Oscar González-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Colima, Colima, México
| | - Rocio E González-Castañeda
- Laboratorio de Microscopía de Alta Resolución, Departamento de Neurociencias; Unidad de Atención en Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
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22
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Abstract
Sleep is a highly conserved phenomenon in endotherms, and therefore it must serve at least one basic function across this wide range of species. What that function is remains one of the biggest mysteries in neurobiology. By using the word neurobiology, we do not mean to exclude possible non-neural functions of sleep, but it is difficult to imagine why the brain must be taken offline if the basic function of sleep did not involve the nervous system. In this chapter we discuss several current hypotheses about sleep function. We divide these hypotheses into two categories: ones that propose higher-order cognitive functions and ones that focus on housekeeping or restorative processes. We also pose four aspects of sleep that any successful functional hypothesis has to account for: why do the properties of sleep change across the life span? Why and how is sleep homeostatically regulated? Why must the brain be taken offline to accomplish the proposed function? And, why are there two radically different stages of sleep?The higher-order cognitive function hypotheses we discuss are essential mechanisms of learning and memory and synaptic plasticity. These are not mutually exclusive hypotheses. Each focuses on specific mechanistic aspects of sleep, and higher-order cognitive processes are likely to involve components of all of these mechanisms. The restorative hypotheses are maintenance of brain energy metabolism, macromolecular biosynthesis, and removal of metabolic waste. Although these three hypotheses seem more different than those related to higher cognitive function, they may each contribute important components to a basic sleep function. Any sleep function will involve specific gene expression and macromolecular biosynthesis, and as we explain there may be important connections between brain energy metabolism and the need to remove metabolic wastes.A deeper understanding of sleep functions in endotherms will enable us to answer whether or not rest behaviors in species other than endotherms are homologous with mammalian and avian sleep. Currently comparisons across the animal kingdom depend on superficial and phenomenological features of rest states and sleep, but investigations of sleep functions would provide more insight into the evolutionary relationships between EEG-defined sleep in endotherms and rest states in ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos G Frank
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - H Craig Heller
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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23
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A Chinese Herbal Preparation, Xiao-Er-An-Shen Decoction, Exerts Neuron Protection by Modulation of Differentiation and Antioxidant Activity in Cultured PC12 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:8670421. [PMID: 29853977 PMCID: PMC5960539 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8670421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Xiao-Er-An-Shen Decoction (XEASD), a Chinese herbal formula, has been used in clinic for treating insomnia and mental excitement in children and adolescents. However, less of scientific data supports its effectiveness in clinic. Here, we aim to study the role of XEASD in regulating neuron differentiation and antioxidant activity. An HPLC-MS was used to chemically standardize herbal extract of XEASD. The standardized herbal extracts of XEASD (0.3–3.0 mg/mL) were applied onto cultured PC12 cells for 48 hours. The treatment with XEASD extract induced neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells in a dose-dependent manner, having the highest response by ~50% of differentiated cells. Application of XEASD extract dose dependently stimulated expressions of NF68, NF160, and NF200 in cultured PC12 cells. Furthermore, XEASD activated the phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element binding protein on PC12 cells, the effect of which was blocked by H89, a protein kinase A inhibitor. Moreover, XEASD showed free radical scavenging activity and stimulated the transcriptional activity of ARE. These results supported the neurobeneficial effects of XEASD in the induction of neurite outgrowth and protection against oxidative stress and could be useful for neurological diseases, in which neurotrophin deficiency and oxidation insult are involved.
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24
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Murata Y, Oka A, Iseki A, Mori M, Ohe K, Mine K, Enjoji M. Prolonged sleep deprivation decreases cell proliferation and immature newborn neurons in both dorsal and ventral hippocampus of male rats. Neurosci Res 2018; 131:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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A brief period of sleep deprivation causes spine loss in the dentate gyrus of mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 160:83-90. [PMID: 29588221 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and sleep loss have a profound impact on hippocampal function, leading to memory impairments. Modifications in the strength of synaptic connections directly influences neuronal communication, which is vital for normal brain function, as well as the processing and storage of information. In a recently published study, we found that as little as five hours of sleep deprivation impaired hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation, which was accompanied by a reduction in dendritic spine numbers in hippocampal area CA1. Surprisingly, loss of sleep did not alter the spine density of CA3 neurons. Although sleep deprivation has been reported to affect the function of the dentate gyrus, it is unclear whether a brief period of sleep deprivation impacts spine density in this region. Here, we investigated the impact of a brief period of sleep deprivation on dendritic structure in the dentate gyrus of the dorsal hippocampus. We found that five hours of sleep loss reduces spine density in the dentate gyrus with a prominent effect on branched spines. Interestingly, the inferior blade of the dentate gyrus seems to be more vulnerable in terms of spine loss than the superior blade. This decrease in spine density predominantly in the inferior blade of the dentate gyrus may contribute to the memory deficits observed after sleep loss, as structural reorganization of synaptic networks in this subregion is fundamental for cognitive processes.
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26
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Akers KG, Chérasse Y, Fujita Y, Srinivasan S, Sakurai T, Sakaguchi M. Concise Review: Regulatory Influence of Sleep and Epigenetics on Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Cognitive and Emotional Function. Stem Cells 2018; 36:969-976. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoan Chérasse
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Yuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Sakthivel Srinivasan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Masanori Sakaguchi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
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27
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Zhang P, Tan CW, Chen GH, Ge YJ, Xu J, Xia L, Wang F, Li XY, Kong XY. Patients with chronic insomnia disorder have increased serum levels of neurofilaments, neuron-specific enolase and S100B: does organic brain damage exist? Sleep Med 2018; 48:163-171. [PMID: 29957487 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to investigate whether serum levels of neurofilaments heavy chain (NfH) and light chain (NfL), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B): (1) change, (2) alleviate in post-therapy and (3) are associated with sleep quality and cognitive dysfunction, in patients with chronic insomnia disorder (CID). METHODS Forty CID outpatients constituted free-therapy group (ft-CID), in which twenty-four patients completed follow-up after six-month treatment to form re-visiting group (rv-CID), and twenty healthy good sleepers constituted control group (HC). All subjects completed questionnaires, polysomnography, Chinese-Beijing Version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-C) and Nine Box Maze Test (NBMT) to assess sleep and neuropsychological function. The serum levels of NfH, NfL, NSE and S100B were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The ft-CID had higher levels of NfH, NfL, NSE and S100B than the HC. Of note, the levels of NfH, NfL and NSE were significantly reduced in the rv-CID compared to the ft-CID, but not the level of S100B. Principal components analysis revealed that in these serum biomarkers, NfL and S100B had a substantial correlation with subjective and objective sleep parameters. CONCLUSIONS The CID patients had elevated serum levels of NfH, NfL, NSE and S100B, indicating existence of damaged brain microstructure, including neurons, astrocytes and neuronal terminals, which were associated with the insomniac severity or/and cognitive dysfunction and could significantly reduce after effective therapy apart from the S100B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Sleep Disorders or Psychiatry or Neurology, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, Hefei, 238000, China
| | - Cheng-Wen Tan
- Department of Sleep Disorders or Psychiatry or Neurology, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, Hefei, 238000, China
| | - Gui-Hai Chen
- Department of Sleep Disorders or Psychiatry or Neurology, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, Hefei, 238000, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Yi-Jun Ge
- Department of Sleep Disorders or Psychiatry or Neurology, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, Hefei, 238000, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Sleep Disorders or Psychiatry or Neurology, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, Hefei, 238000, China
| | - Lan Xia
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xue-Yan Li
- Department of Sleep Disorders or Psychiatry or Neurology, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, Hefei, 238000, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Kong
- Department of Sleep Disorders or Psychiatry or Neurology, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, Hefei, 238000, China
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Taufique ST, Prabhat A, Kumar V. Constant light environment suppresses maturation and reduces complexity of new born neuron processes in the hippocampus and caudal nidopallium of a diurnal corvid: Implication for impairment of the learning and cognitive performance. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 147:120-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Navarro-Sanchis C, Brock O, Winsky-Sommerer R, Thuret S. Modulation of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis by Sleep: Impact on Mental Health. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:74. [PMID: 29075182 PMCID: PMC5643465 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of neurogenesis has been demonstrated to occur throughout life in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus of several mammals, including humans. The basal rate of adult hippocampal neurogenesis can be altered by lifestyle and environmental factors. In this perspective review, the evidence for sleep as a modulator of adult hippocampal neurogenesis is first summarized. Following this, the impacts of sleep and sleep disturbances on hippocampal-dependent functions, including learning and memory, and depression are critically evaluated. Finally, we postulate that the effects of sleep on hippocampal-dependent functions may possibly be mediated by a change in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. This could provide a route to new treatments for cognitive impairments and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Navarro-Sanchis
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Brock
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raphaelle Winsky-Sommerer
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Zhao Z, Zhao X, Veasey SC. Neural Consequences of Chronic Short Sleep: Reversible or Lasting? Front Neurol 2017; 8:235. [PMID: 28620347 PMCID: PMC5449441 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one-third of adolescents and adults in developed countries regularly experience insufficient sleep across the school and/or work week interspersed with weekend catch up sleep. This common practice of weekend recovery sleep reduces subjective sleepiness, yet recent studies demonstrate that one weekend of recovery sleep may not be sufficient in all persons to fully reverse all neurobehavioral impairments observed with chronic sleep loss, particularly vigilance. Moreover, recent studies in animal models demonstrate persistent injury to and loss of specific neuron types in response to chronic short sleep (CSS) with lasting effects on sleep/wake patterns. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the effects of chronic sleep disruption on neurobehavioral performance and injury to neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes and discuss what is known and what is not yet established for reversibility of neural injury. Recent neurobehavioral findings in humans are integrated with animal model research examining long-term consequences of sleep loss on neurobehavioral performance, brain development, neurogenesis, neurodegeneration, and connectivity. While it is now clear that recovery of vigilance following short sleep requires longer than one weekend, less is known of the impact of CSS on cognitive function, mood, and brain health long term. From work performed in animal models, CSS in the young adult and short-term sleep loss in critical developmental windows can have lasting detrimental effects on neurobehavioral performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sigrid C Veasey
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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31
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Hurtado-Alvarado G, Velázquez-Moctezuma J, Gómez-González B. Chronic sleep restriction disrupts interendothelial junctions in the hippocampus and increases blood-brain barrier permeability. J Microsc 2017; 268:28-38. [PMID: 28543440 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic sleep loss in the rat increases blood-brain barrier permeability to Evans blue and FITC-dextrans in almost the whole brain and sleep recovery during short periods restores normal blood-brain barrier permeability. Sleep loss increases vesicle density in hippocampal endothelial cells and decreases tight junction protein expression. However, at the ultrastructural level the effect of chronic sleep loss on interendothelial junctions is unknown. In this study we characterised the ultrastructure of interendothelial junctions in the hippocampus, the expression of tight junction proteins, and quantified blood-brain barrier permeability to fluorescein-sodium after chronic sleep restriction. Male Wistar rats were sleep restricted using the modified multiple platform method during 10 days, with a daily schedule of 20-h sleep deprivation plus 4-h sleep recovery at their home-cages. At the 10th day hippocampal samples were obtained immediately at the end of the 20-h sleep deprivation period, and after 40 and 120 min of sleep recovery. Samples were processed for transmission electron microscopy and western blot. Chronic sleep restriction increased blood-brain barrier permeability to fluorescein-sodium, and decreased interendothelial junction complexity by increasing the frequency of less mature end-to-end and simply overlap junctions, even after sleep recovery, as compared to intact controls. Chronic sleep loss also induced the formation of clefts between narrow zones of adjacent endothelial cell membranes in the hippocampus. The expression of claudin-5 and actin decreased after chronic sleep loss as compared to intact animals. Therefore, it seems that chronic sleep loss disrupts interendothelial junctions that leads to blood-brain barrier hyperpermeability in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hurtado-Alvarado
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Velázquez-Moctezuma
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - B Gómez-González
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
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Kent BA, Mistlberger RE. Sleep and hippocampal neurogenesis: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 45:35-52. [PMID: 28249715 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and currently there are no effective disease-modifying treatments available. Hallmark symptoms of AD include impaired hippocampus-dependent episodic memory and disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms. The pathways connecting these symptoms are of particular interest because it is well established that sleep and circadian disruption can impair hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. In rodents, these procedures also markedly suppress adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a form of brain plasticity that is believed to play an important role in pattern separation, and thus episodic memory. A causal role for sleep disruptions in AD pathophysiology is suggested by evidence for sleep-dependent glymphatic clearance of metabolic waste products from the brain. This review explores a complementary hypothesis that sleep and circadian disruptions in AD contribute to cognitive decline by activating neuroendocrine and neuroinflammatory signaling pathways that suppress hippocampal neurogenesis. Evidence for this hypothesis underscores the promise of sleep, circadian rhythms, and neurogenesis as therapeutic targets for remediation of memory impairment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne A Kent
- Division of Neurology and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Chauhan G, Ray K, Sahu S, Roy K, Jain V, Wadhwa M, Panjwani U, Kishore K, Singh S. Adenosine A1 receptor antagonist mitigates deleterious effects of sleep deprivation on adult neurogenesis and spatial reference memory in rats. Neuroscience 2016; 337:107-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Pinheiro-da-Silva J, Silva PF, Nogueira MB, Luchiari AC. Sleep deprivation effects on object discrimination task in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Anim Cogn 2016; 20:159-169. [PMID: 27646310 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-016-1034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish is an ideal vertebrate model for neurobehavioral studies with translational relevance to humans. Many aspects of sleep have been studied, but we still do not understand how and why sleep deprivation alters behavioral and physiological processes. A number of hypotheses suggest its role in memory consolidation. In this respect, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of sleep deprivation on memory in zebrafish (Danio rerio), using an object discrimination paradigm. Four treatments were tested: control, partial sleep deprivation, total sleep deprivation by light pulses, and total sleep deprivation by extended light. The control group explored the new object more than the known object, indicating clear discrimination. The partially sleep-deprived group explored the new object more than the other object in the discrimination phase, suggesting a certain degree of discriminative performance. By contrast, both total sleep deprivation groups equally explored all objects, regardless of their novelty. It seems that only one night of sleep deprivation is enough to affect discriminative response in zebrafish, indicating its negative impact on cognitive processes. We suggest that this study could be a useful screening tool for cognitive dysfunction and a better understanding of the effect of sleep-wake cycles on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaquelinne Pinheiro-da-Silva
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, PO BOX 1511, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Priscila Fernandes Silva
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, PO BOX 1511, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Borges Nogueira
- Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, CCET, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Luchiari
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, PO BOX 1511, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970, Brazil.
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35
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Prophylactic Role of Oral Melatonin Administration on Neurogenesis in Adult Balb/C Mice during REM Sleep Deprivation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:2136902. [PMID: 27579149 PMCID: PMC4992538 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2136902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of melatonin in the proliferation of neural progenitors, melatonin concentration, and antiapoptotic proteins in the hippocampus of adult mice exposed to 96 h REM sleep deprivation (REMSD) prophylactic administration of melatonin for 14 days. Material and Methods. Five groups of Balb/C mice were used: (1) control, (2) REMSD, (3) melatonin (10 mg/kg) plus REMSD, (4) melatonin and intraperitoneal luzindole (once a day at 5 mg/kg) plus REMSD, and (5) luzindole plus REMSD. To measure melatonin content in hippocampal tissue we used HPLC. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins were measured by Western Blot and neurogenesis was determined by injecting 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and BrdU/nestin expressing cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus were quantified by epifluorescence. Results. The melatonin-treated REMSD group showed an increased neural precursor in 44% with respect to the REMSD group and in 28% when contrasted with the control group (P < 0.021). The melatonin-treated REMSD group also showed the highest expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL as compared to the rest of the groups. Conclusion. The exogenous administration of melatonin restores the tissue levels of sleep-deprived group and appears to be an efficient neuroprotective agent against the deleterious effects of REMSD.
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36
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Altınyazar V, Kiylioglu N. Insomnia and dementia: is agomelatine treatment helpful? Case report and review of the literature. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2016; 6:263-8. [PMID: 27536345 PMCID: PMC4971602 DOI: 10.1177/2045125316646064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of sleep disorders in Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be quite challenging in elderly patients because of drug side effects or interactions and comorbid local or systemic diseases. Here, we report a patient with AD, who was suffering from severe insomnia and depression. We ordered agomelatine for the treatment of insomnia in this patient, and it was quite helpful not only for insomnia but also for depression and for the cognitive symptoms related with dementia. Our aim was to share these observations for similar patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesile Altınyazar
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, 09100, Turkey
| | - Nefati Kiylioglu
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, 09100, Turkey
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37
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Soto-Rodriguez S, Lopez-Armas G, Luquin S, Ramos-Zuñiga R, Jauregui-Huerta F, Gonzalez-Perez O, Gonzalez-Castañeda RE. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Deprivation Produces Long-Term Detrimental Effects in Spatial Memory and Modifies the Cellular Composition of the Subgranular Zone. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:132. [PMID: 27303266 PMCID: PMC4884737 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) affects spatial memory and proliferation in the dentate gyrus. It is unknown whether these deleterious effects persist in the long run. The aim of this study was to evaluate the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of neural progenitors as well as spatial memory 21 days after suffering SD. Sixty-day old male Balb/C mice were exposed to 72-h REM-SD. Spatial memory, cell fate, apoptosis and expression levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) were evaluated in the hippocampus at 0, 14, and 21 days after SD or control conditions. After 21-days recovery period, memory performance was assessed with the Barnes maze, we found a significant memory impairment in SD mice vs. control (94.0 ± 10.2 s vs. 25.2 ± 4.5 s; p < 0.001). The number of BrdU+ cells was significantly decreased in the SD groups at day 14 (controls = 1.6 ± 0.1 vs. SD mice = 1.2 ± 0.1 cells/field; p = 0.001) and at day 21 (controls = 0.2 ± 0.03 vs. SD mice = 0.1 ± 0.02 cells/field; p < 0.001). A statistically significant decrease was observed in neuronal differentiation (1.4 ± 0.1 cells/field vs. 0.9 ± 0.1 cells/field, p = 0.003). Apoptosis was significantly increased at day 14 after SD (0.53 ± 0.06 TUNEL+ cells/field) compared to controls (0.19 ± 0.03 TUNEL+ cells/field p < 0.001) and at 21-days after SD (SD mice 0.53 ± 0.15 TUNEL+ cells/field; p = 0.035). At day 0, IGF-1R expression showed a statistically significant reduction in SD animals (64.6 ± 12.2 units) when compared to the control group (102.0 ± 9.8 units; p = 0.043). However, no statistically significant differences were found at days 14 and 21 after SD. In conclusion, a single exposition to SD for 72-h can induce deleterious effects that persist for at least 3 weeks. These changes are characterized by spatial memory impairment, reduction in the number of hippocampal BrdU+ cells and persistent apoptosis rate. In contrast, changes IGF-1R expression appears to be a transient event. Highlight Sleep deprivation affects spatial memory and proliferation in the dentate gyrus. To date it is unknown whether these deleterious effects are persistent over a long period of time. We analyzed the effects of sleep deprivation in the hippocampus after 21 days of recovery sleep. Our findings indicate that after sleep recovery, the detrimental effects of SD can be observed for at least 2 weeks, as shown by a reduction in memory performance, changes in the hippocampal cellular composition and higher apoptotic rate over a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Soto-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Microscopía de Alta Resolución, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara, México
| | - Gabriela Lopez-Armas
- Laboratorio de Microscopía de Alta Resolución, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajara, México; Centro de Enseñanza Técnica IndustrialZapopan, Mexico
| | - Sonia Luquin
- Laboratorio de Microscopía de Alta Resolución, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara, México
| | - Rodrigo Ramos-Zuñiga
- Laboratorio de Microscopía de Alta Resolución, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara, México
| | - Fernando Jauregui-Huerta
- Laboratorio de Microscopía de Alta Resolución, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara, México
| | - Oscar Gonzalez-Perez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Colima Colima, México
| | - Rocio E Gonzalez-Castañeda
- Laboratorio de Microscopía de Alta Resolución, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajara, México; Departamento de Ciencias Básicas del Área de la Salud, División de Biotecnología y Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus GuadalajaraZapopan, Mexico
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38
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Fitzsimons CP, Herbert J, Schouten M, Meijer OC, Lucassen PJ, Lightman S. Circadian and ultradian glucocorticoid rhythmicity: Implications for the effects of glucocorticoids on neural stem cells and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 41:44-58. [PMID: 27234350 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Psychosocial stress, and within the neuroendocrine reaction to stress specifically the glucocorticoid hormones, are well-characterized inhibitors of neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation in the adult hippocampus, resulting in a marked reduction in the production of new neurons in this brain area relevant for learning and memory. However, the mechanisms by which stress, and particularly glucocorticoids, inhibit neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation remain unclear and under debate. Here we review the literature on the topic and discuss the evidence for direct and indirect effects of glucocorticoids on neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and adult neurogenesis. Further, we discuss the hypothesis that glucocorticoid rhythmicity and oscillations originating from the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, may be crucial for the regulation of neural stem/progenitor cells in the hippocampus, as well as the implications of this hypothesis for pathophysiological conditions in which glucocorticoid oscillations are affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P Fitzsimons
- Neuroscience Program, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joe Herbert
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marijn Schouten
- Neuroscience Program, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Endocrinology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Neuroscience Program, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Stafford Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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Okamoto M, Yamamura Y, Liu YF, Min-Chul L, Matsui T, Shima T, Soya M, Takahashi K, Soya S, McEwen BS, Soya H. Hormetic effects by exercise on hippocampal neurogenesis with glucocorticoid signaling. Brain Plast 2015; 1:149-158. [PMID: 29765839 PMCID: PMC5928539 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-150012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), although the exact nature of how this happens remains controversial. The beneficial effects of exercise vary depending upon the exercise condition, especially intensity. Most animal studies, however, have used wheel running, which only evaluates running distance (exercise volume) and does not consider intensity. In our rat model, we have found that exercise-induced neurogenesis varies depending on the intensity of the exercise and have found that exercise-enhanced neurogenesis is more pronounced with mild exercise than with moderate and/or intense exercise. This may be due, at least in part, to increased glucocorticoid (CORT) secretion. To test this hypothesis, we used our special exercise model in mice, with and without a stress response, based on the lactate threshold (LT) in which moderate exercise above the LT increases lactate and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release, while mild exercise does not. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to two weeks of exercise training and AHN was measured with a 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) pre-injection and immunohistochemistry. The role of glucocorticoid signaling was examined using intrapertioneal injections of antagonists for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mifepristone, and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), spironolactone. We found that, while mild exercise increased AHN without elevating CORT blood levels, both MR and GR antagonists abolished mild-exercise-induced AHN, but did not affect AHN under intense exercise. This suggests a facilitative, permissive role of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in AHN during mild exercise (234/250).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Okamoto
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuhei Yamamura
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yu-Fan Liu
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Lee Min-Chul
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsui
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeru Shima
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mariko Soya
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kanako Takahashi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shingo Soya
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Datta S, Knapp CM, Koul-Tiwari R, Barnes A. The homeostatic regulation of REM sleep: A role for localized expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the brainstem. Behav Brain Res 2015; 292:381-92. [PMID: 26146031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Homeostatic regulation of REM sleep plays a key role in neural plasticity and deficits in this process are implicated in the development of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Little is known, however, about the molecular mechanisms that underlie this homeostatic regulation process. This study examined the hypothesis that, during selective REM sleep deprivation (RSD), increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in REM sleep regulating areas is critical for the development of homeostatic drive for REM sleep, as measured by an increase in the number of REM sleep transitions. Rats were assigned to RSD, non-sleep deprived (BSL), or total sleep deprivation (TSD) groups. Physiological recordings were obtained from cortical, hippocampal, and pontine EEG electrodes over a 6h period, in which sleep deprivation occurred during the first 3h. In the RSD, but not the other conditions, homeostatic drive for REM sleep increased progressively. BDNF protein expression was significantly greater in the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPT) and subcoeruleus nucleus (SubCD) in the RSD as compared to the TSD and BSL groups, areas that regulate REM sleep, but not in the medial preoptic area, which regulates non-REM sleep. There was a significant positive correlation between RSD-induced increases in number of REM sleep episodes and increased BDNF expression in the PPT and SubCD. These increases positively correlated with levels of homeostatic drive for REM sleep. These results, for the first time, suggest that selective RSD-induced increased expression of BDNF in the PPT and SubCD are determinant factors in the development of the homeostatic drive for REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subimal Datta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tennessee, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA; Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tennessee, 1404 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Clifford M Knapp
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 East Newton Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Richa Koul-Tiwari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tennessee, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA
| | - Abigail Barnes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tennessee, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA
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Daulatzai MA. “Boomerang Neuropathology” of Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease is Shrouded in Harmful “BDDS”: Breathing, Diet, Drinking, and Sleep During Aging. Neurotox Res 2015; 28:55-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fernandes C, Rocha NBF, Rocha S, Herrera-Solís A, Salas-Pacheco J, García-García F, Murillo-Rodríguez E, Yuan TF, Machado S, Arias-Carrión O. Detrimental role of prolonged sleep deprivation on adult neurogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:140. [PMID: 25926773 PMCID: PMC4396387 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult mammalian brains continuously generate new neurons, a phenomenon called adult neurogenesis. Both environmental stimuli and endogenous factors are important regulators of adult neurogenesis. Sleep has an important role in normal brain physiology and its disturbance causes very stressful conditions, which disrupt normal brain physiology. Recently, an influence of sleep in adult neurogenesis has been established, mainly based on sleep deprivation studies. This review provides an overview on how rhythms and sleep cycles regulate hippocampal and subventricular zone neurogenesis, discussing some potential underlying mechanisms. In addition, our review highlights some interacting points between sleep and adult neurogenesis in brain function, such as learning, memory, and mood states, and provides some insights on the effects of antidepressants and hypnotic drugs on adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Fernandes
- Faculty of Medicine, University of PortoPorto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of PortoPorto, Portugal
| | | | - Susana Rocha
- School of Accounting and Administration of Porto, Polytechnic Institute of PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Andrea Herrera-Solís
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento y Sueño, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González/Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - José Salas-Pacheco
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de DurangoDurango, Mexico
| | - Fabio García-García
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad VeracruzanaXalapa, Mexico
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Anáhuac MayabMérida, México
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Sergio Machado
- Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira UniversityNiterói, Brazil
| | - Oscar Arias-Carrión
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento y Sueño, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González/Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
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Azogu I, de la Tremblaye PB, Dunbar M, Lebreton M, LeMarec N, Plamondon H. Acute sleep deprivation enhances avoidance learning and spatial memory and induces delayed alterations in neurochemical expression of GR, TH, DRD1, pCREB and Ki67 in rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 279:177-90. [PMID: 25433096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated the effects of acute versus repeated periods of sleep deprivation on avoidance learning and spatial memory and on the expression of discrete biochemical brain signals involved in stress regulation, motivation and brain plasticity. Male Long-Evans rats were sleep deprived using the platform-over-water method for a single 4 h period (ASD) or for daily 4h RSD period on five consecutive days (CSD). The Y maze passive avoidance task (YM-PAT) and the Morris water maze (MWM) were used to determine learning and memory 1h following the last SD period. Region-specific changes in glucocorticoid receptors (GR), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine 1 receptors (DRD1), phospho-CREB (pCREB) and Ki-67 expression were assessed in the hippocampal formation, hypothalamus and mesolimbic regions 72 h following RSD. Behaviorally, our findings revealed increased latency to re-enter the aversive arm in the YM-PAT and reduced distance traveled and latency to reach the platform in the MWM in ASD rats compared to all other groups, indicative of improved avoidance learning and spatial memory, respectively. Acute SD enhanced TH expression in the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens and A11 neurons of the hypothalamus and DRD1 expression in the lateral hypothalamus. Cell proliferation in the subventricular zone and pCREB expression in the dentate gyrus and CA3 regions was also enhanced following acute SD. In contrast, repeated SD significantly elevated GR-ir at the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and CA1 and CA3 layers of the hippocampus compared to all other groups. Our study supports that a brief 4h sleep deprivation period is sufficient to induce delayed neurochemical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idu Azogu
- School of Psychology, Behavioural Neuroscience Group, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Patricia Barra de la Tremblaye
- School of Psychology, Behavioural Neuroscience Group, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Megan Dunbar
- School of Psychology, Behavioural Neuroscience Group, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Marianne Lebreton
- School of Psychology, Behavioural Neuroscience Group, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nathalie LeMarec
- School of Psychology, Behavioural Neuroscience Group, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Hélène Plamondon
- School of Psychology, Behavioural Neuroscience Group, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Coutinho JF, Gonçalves OF, Maia L, Fernandes Vasconcelos C, Perrone-McGovern K, Simon-Dack S, Hernandez K, Oliveira-Silva P, Mesquita AR, Sampaio A. Differential activation of the default mode network in jet lagged individuals. Chronobiol Int 2014; 32:143-9. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.955187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Brandt MD, Ellwardt E, Storch A. Short- and long-term treatment with modafinil differentially affects adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Neuroscience 2014; 278:267-75. [PMID: 25158676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The generation of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of the adult brain has been demonstrated in many species including humans and is suggested to have functional relevance for learning and memory. The wake promoting drug modafinil has popularly been categorized as a so-called neuroenhancer due to its positive effects on cognition. We here show that short- and long-term treatment with modafinil differentially effects hippocampal neurogenesis. We used different thymidine analogs (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), chlorodeoxyuridine (CldU), iododeoxyuridine (IdU)) and labeling protocols to investigate distinct regulative events during hippocampal neurogenesis, namely cell proliferation and survival. Eight-week-old mice that were treated with modafinil (64mg/kg, i.p.) every 24h for 4days show increased proliferation in the dentate gyrus indicated by BrdU-labeling and more newborn granule cells 3weeks after treatment. Short-term treatment for 4days also enhanced the number of postmitotic calretinin-expressing progenitor cells that were labeled with BrdU 1week prior to treatment indicating an increased survival of new born immature granule cells. Interestingly, long-term treatment for 14days resulted in an increased number of newborn Prox1(+) granule cells, but we could not detect an additive effect of the prolonged treatment on proliferation and survival of newborn cells. Moreover, daily administration for 14days did not influence the number of proliferating cells in the dentate gyrus. Together, modafinil has an acute impact on precursor cell proliferation as well as survival but loses this ability during longer treatment durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Brandt
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Research Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - E Ellwardt
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - A Storch
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Research Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Joo EY, Kim H, Suh S, Hong SB. Hippocampal substructural vulnerability to sleep disturbance and cognitive impairment in patients with chronic primary insomnia: magnetic resonance imaging morphometry. Sleep 2014; 37:1189-98. [PMID: 25061247 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Despite compelling evidence from animal studies indicating hippocampal subfield-specific vulnerability to poor sleep quality and related cognitive impairment, there have been no human magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies investigating the relationship between hippocampal subfield volume and sleep disturbance. Our aim was to investigate the pattern of volume changes across hippocampal subfields in patients with primary insomnia relative to controls. DESIGN Pointwise morphometry allowed for volume measurements of hippocampal regions on T1-weighted MRI. SETTING University hospital. PATIENTS Twenty-seven unmedicated patients (age: 51.2 ± 9.6 y) and 30 good sleepers as controls (50.4 ± 7.1 y). INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS We compared hippocampal subfield volumes between patients and controls and correlated volume with clinical and neuropsychological features in patients. RESULTS Patients exhibited bilateral atrophy across all hippocampal subfields (P < 0.05 corrected). Cornu ammonis (CA) 1 subfield atrophy was associated with worse sleep quality (higher Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and higher arousal index of polysomnography) (r < -0.45, P < 0.005). The volume of the combined region, including the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3-4, negatively correlated with verbal memory, verbal information processing, and verbal fluency in patients (|r| > 0.45, P < 0.05). Hemispheric volume asymmetry of this region (left smaller than right) was associated with impaired verbal domain functions (r = 0.50, P < 0.005). CONCLUSION Hippocampal subfield atrophy in chronic insomnia suggests reduced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) and neuronal loss in the cornu ammonis (CA) subfields in conditions of sleep fragmentation and related chronic stress condition. Atrophy in the CA3-4-DG region was associated with impaired cognitive functions in patients. These observations may provide insight into pathophysiological mechanisms that make patients with chronic sleep disturbance vulnerable to cognitive impairment. CITATION Joo EY, Kim H, Suh S, Hong SB. Hippocampal substructural vulnerability to sleep disturbance and cognitive impairment in patients with chronic primary insomnia: magnetic resonance imaging morphometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Yeon Joo
- Sleep Center, Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hosung Kim
- Department of Neurology and Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sooyeon Suh
- Korea University Ansan Hospital, Human Genome Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Korea ; Stanford University, Department of Psychiatry, Redwood City, CA
| | - Seung Bong Hong
- Sleep Center, Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
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Rakai BD, Chrusch MJ, Spanswick SC, Dyck RH, Antle MC. Survival of adult generated hippocampal neurons is altered in circadian arrhythmic mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99527. [PMID: 24941219 PMCID: PMC4062413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The subgranular zone of the hippocampal formation gives rise to new neurons that populate the dentate gyrus throughout life. Cells in the hippocampus exhibit rhythmic clock gene expression and the circadian clock is known to regulate the cycle of cell division in other areas of the body. These facts suggest that the circadian clock may regulate adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus as well. In the present study, neurogenesis in the hippocampal subgranular zone was examined in arrhythmic Bmal1 knockout (-KO) mice and their rhythmic heterozygous and wildtype littermates. Proliferation and survival of newly generated subgranular zone cells were examined using bromodeoxyuridine labelling, while pyknosis (a measure of cell death) and hippocampal volume were examined in cresyl violet stained sections. There was no significant difference in cellular proliferation between any of the groups, yet survival of proliferating cells, 6 weeks after the bromodeoxyuridine injection, was significantly greater in the BMAL1-KO animals. The number of pyknotic cells was significantly decreased in Bmal1-KO animals, yet hippocampal volume remained the same across genotypes. These findings suggest that while a functional circadian clock is not necessary for normal proliferation of neuronal precursor cells, the normal pruning of newly generated neurons in the hippocampus may require a functional circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke D. Rakai
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael J. Chrusch
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simon C. Spanswick
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard H. Dyck
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael C. Antle
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Smarr BL, Jennings KJ, Driscoll JR, Kriegsfeld LJ. A time to remember: the role of circadian clocks in learning and memory. Behav Neurosci 2014; 128:283-303. [PMID: 24708297 PMCID: PMC4385793 DOI: 10.1037/a0035963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The circadian system has pronounced influence on learning and memory, manifesting as marked changes in memory acquisition and recall across the day. From a mechanistic perspective, the majority of studies have investigated mammalian hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, as this system is highly tractable. The hippocampus plays a major role in learning and memory, and has the potential to integrate circadian information in many ways, including information from local, independent oscillators, and through circadian modulation of neurogenesis, synaptic remodeling, intracellular cascades, and epigenetic regulation of gene expression. These local processes are combined with input from other oscillatory systems to synergistically augment hippocampal rhythmic function. This overview presents an account of the current state of knowledge on circadian interactions with learning and memory circuitry and provides a framework for those interested in further exploring these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Smarr
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA
| | | | - Joseph R. Driscoll
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA
| | - Lance J. Kriegsfeld
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA
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49
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The genetics of insomnia – Evidence for epigenetic mechanisms? Sleep Med Rev 2014; 18:225-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Hurtado-Alvarado G, Cabañas-Morales AM, Gómez-Gónzalez B. Pericytes: brain-immune interface modulators. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 7:80. [PMID: 24454281 PMCID: PMC3887314 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The premise that the central nervous system is immune-privileged arose from the fact that direct contact between immune and nervous cells is hindered by the blood-brain barrier. However, the blood-brain barrier also comprises the interface between the immune and nervous systems by secreting chemo-attractant molecules and by modulating immune cell entry into the brain. The majority of published studies on the blood-brain barrier focus on endothelial cells (ECs), which are a critical component, but not the only one; other cellular components include astroglia, microglia, and pericytes. Pericytes are poorly studied in comparison with astrocytes or ECs; they are mesenchymal cells that can modify their ultrastructure and gene expression in response to changes in the central nervous system microenvironment. Pericytes have a unique synergistic relationship with brain ECs in the regulation of capillary permeability through secretion of cytokines, chemokines, nitric oxide, matrix metalloproteinases, and by means of capillary contraction. Those pericyte manifestations are related to changes in blood-brain barrier permeability by an increase in endocytosis-mediated transport and by tight junction disruption. In addition, recent reports demonstrate that pericytes control the migration of leukocytes in response to inflammatory mediators by up-regulating the expression of adhesion molecules and releasing chemo-attractants; however, under physiological conditions they appear to be immune-suppressors. Better understanding of the immune properties of pericytes and their participation in the effects of brain infections, neurodegenerative diseases, and sleep loss will be achieved by analyzing pericyte ultrastructure, capillary coverage, and protein expression. That knowledge may provide a mechanism by which pericytes participate in the maintenance of the proper function of the brain-immune interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beatriz Gómez-Gónzalez
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, Unidad Iztapalapa, Universidad Autónoma MetropolitanaMexico City, Mexico
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