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Usategui-Martín R, Pastor-Idoate S, Chamorro AJ, Fernández I, Fernández-Bueno I, Marcos-Martín M, González-Sarmiento R, Carlos Pastor J. Meta-analysis of the rs243865 MMP-2 polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration risk. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213624. [PMID: 30845235 PMCID: PMC6405106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Several researchers have suggested that the rs243865 (16q13-q21) polymorphism in the promoter region of the metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) gene could be associated with an increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, previous results remain inconclusive. To clarify this controversy, we conducted a meta-analysis of the relationship between rs243865 of MMP-2 and AMD. Methods We included 6 independent case-control studies involving 1,682 AMD patients and 2,295 healthy subjects. The association between the rs243865 polymorphism and AMD was examined by the overall odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). We used a recessive genetic model analysis, sensitivity analysis, and assessment of bias in our meta-analysis. Results Our results showed that there was no significant association between the variant T allele (p-value = 0.10, OR [95%CI] = 0.95 [0.82–1.10]) or the CT+TT genotype (p-value = 0.16, OR [95%CI] = 0.92 [0.76–1.12]) of rs243865 MMP-2 polymorphism and the presence of AMD. Conclusions The rs243865 MMP-2 polymorphism was not associated with an increased risk of developing AMD. The MMP-2 (-1306 C>T) promoter variant is unlikely to have a major role in AMD risk susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Usategui-Martín
- Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- * E-mail: (SPI); (RUM)
| | - Salvador Pastor-Idoate
- Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Departament of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS), Oftared, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valladolid, Spain
- * E-mail: (SPI); (RUM)
| | - Antonio J. Chamorro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca-SACYL, Salamanca, Spain
- Departament of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Itziar Fernández
- Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Statistics and Operative Research, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Iván Fernández-Bueno
- Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS), Oftared, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valladolid, Spain
- Centro en Red de Medicina Regenerativa y Terapia Celular de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Miguel Marcos-Martín
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca-SACYL, Salamanca, Spain
- Departament of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Departament of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Carlos Pastor
- Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Departament of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS), Oftared, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valladolid, Spain
- Centro en Red de Medicina Regenerativa y Terapia Celular de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
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Mercken EM, Majounie E, Ding J, Guo R, Kim J, Bernier M, Mattison J, Cookson MR, Gorospe M, de Cabo R, Abdelmohsen K. Age-associated miRNA alterations in skeletal muscle from rhesus monkeys reversed by caloric restriction. Aging (Albany NY) 2014; 5:692-703. [PMID: 24036467 PMCID: PMC3808701 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The levels of microRNAs (miRNAs) are altered under different conditions such as cancer, senescence, and aging. Here, we have identified differentially expressed miRNAs in skeletal muscle from young and old rhesus monkeys using RNA sequencing. In old muscle, several miRNAs were upregulated, including miR-451, miR-144, miR-18a and miR-15a, while a few miRNAs were downregulated, including miR-181a and miR-181b. A number of novel miRNAs were also identified, particularly in old muscle. We also examined the impact of caloric restriction (CR) on miRNA abundance by reverse transcription (RT) followed by real-time, quantitative (q)PCR analysis and found that CR rescued the levels of miR-181b and chr1:205580546, and also dampened the age-induced increase in miR-451 and miR-144 levels. Our results reveal that there are changes in expression of known and novel miRNAs with skeletal muscle aging and that CR may reverse some of these changes to a younger phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi M Mercken
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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3
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Pereira-Simon S, Xia X, Catanuto P, Elliot S. Oxidant stress and mitochondrial signaling regulate reversible changes of ERα expression and apoptosis in aging mouse glomeruli and mesangial cells. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5491-9. [PMID: 23027807 PMCID: PMC3473210 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen actions are largely dependent on the intracellular estrogen receptor (ER) levels. During aging the decline of estrogens or ER leads to a loss in antiinflammatory protection and an increase in oxidant stress due to changes in mitochondrial function. Estrogens/ER may also coordinate signaling between the nucleus and mitochondria through ERK activation, which paradoxically decreases ER expression. The changes in ER expression and transcriptional activation that occur with aging as well as the mitochondria-to-nuclear signaling pathways have not been studied in the glomerulus. We found that ER expression and transcriptional activation decreased with age. Whereas ER levels decreased by greater than 90%, serum 17β-estradiol levels decreased by less than 30%, suggesting alternative mechanisms for ER decrease. Because we postulated that this was due in part to age-related oxidant stress, we treated mesangial cells (MCs) with ethidium bromide (EtBr) to deplete mitochondria. EtBr treatment resulted in decreased ERK activation and reactive oxygen species, which were associated with increased ERα expression and transcriptional activation in old MCs. EtBr treatment also decreased apoptosis and caspase-9 protein expression in old MCs. These data suggest that loss of several of the functions of 17β-estradiol during aging could be mainly due to decreased ERα expression, that the ER loss is reversible by reducing reactive oxygen species, and that mitochondrial retrograde signaling plays a role in this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pereira-Simon
- Laboratory on Sex and Gender Differences in Health and Disease, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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4
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Striker GE, Praddaude F, Alcazar O, Cousins SW, Marin-Castaño ME. Regulation of angiotensin II receptors and extracellular matrix turnover in human retinal pigment epithelium: role of angiotensin II. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295:C1633-46. [PMID: 18923060 PMCID: PMC2603567 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00092.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The early stage of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by the formation of subretinal pigment epithelium (RPE) deposits as a result of the dysregulation in the turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. However, the mechanism involved remains unclear. Hypertension (HTN) is an important risk factor for AMD, and angiotensin II (ANG II) is the most important hormone associated with HTN. However, the relevance of ANG II receptors and ANG II effects on RPE have not been investigated yet. Therefore, the expression and regulation of ANG II receptors as well as the ECM turnover were studied in human RPE. ANG II receptors were expressed and upregulated by ANG II in human RPE. This regulation resulted in functional receptor expression, since an increase in intracellular concentration of calcium was observed upon ANG II stimulation. ANG II also increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activity and MMP-14 at the mRNA and protein levels as well as type IV collagen degradation. These ANG II effects were abolished in the presence of the ANG II receptor subtype 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist candesartan. In contrast, ANG II decreased type IV collagen via both AT1 and AT2 receptors, suggesting a synergistic effect of the two receptor subtypes. In conclusion, we have confirmed the presence of ANG II receptors in human RPE and their regulation by ANG II as well as the regulation of ECM molecules via ANG II receptors. Our data support the hypothesis that ANG II may exert biological function in RPE through ANG II receptors and that ANG II may cause dysregulation of molecules that play a major role in the turnover of ECM in RPE basement membrane and Bruch's membrane, suggesting a pathogenic mechanism to explain the link between HTN and AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Striker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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5
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Striker GE, Praddaude F, Alcazar O, Cousins SW, Marin-Castaño ME. Regulation of angiotensin II receptors and extracellular matrix turnover in human retinal pigment epithelium: role of angiotensin II. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008. [PMID: 18923060 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The early stage of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by the formation of subretinal pigment epithelium (RPE) deposits as a result of the dysregulation in the turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. However, the mechanism involved remains unclear. Hypertension (HTN) is an important risk factor for AMD, and angiotensin II (ANG II) is the most important hormone associated with HTN. However, the relevance of ANG II receptors and ANG II effects on RPE have not been investigated yet. Therefore, the expression and regulation of ANG II receptors as well as the ECM turnover were studied in human RPE. ANG II receptors were expressed and upregulated by ANG II in human RPE. This regulation resulted in functional receptor expression, since an increase in intracellular concentration of calcium was observed upon ANG II stimulation. ANG II also increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activity and MMP-14 at the mRNA and protein levels as well as type IV collagen degradation. These ANG II effects were abolished in the presence of the ANG II receptor subtype 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist candesartan. In contrast, ANG II decreased type IV collagen via both AT1 and AT2 receptors, suggesting a synergistic effect of the two receptor subtypes. In conclusion, we have confirmed the presence of ANG II receptors in human RPE and their regulation by ANG II as well as the regulation of ECM molecules via ANG II receptors. Our data support the hypothesis that ANG II may exert biological function in RPE through ANG II receptors and that ANG II may cause dysregulation of molecules that play a major role in the turnover of ECM in RPE basement membrane and Bruch's membrane, suggesting a pathogenic mechanism to explain the link between HTN and AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Striker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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6
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Elliot S, Catanuto P, Fernandez P, Espinosa-Heidmann D, Karl M, Korach K, Cousins SW. Subtype specific estrogen receptor action protects against changes in MMP-2 activation in mouse retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2008; 86:653-60. [PMID: 18313050 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) demonstrate accumulation of specific deposits and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules under the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). AMD is about two times more prevalent in aging postmenopausal women. Therefore we studied whether 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) modulates the expression and activity of the trimolecular complex (MMP-2, TIMP-2 and MMP-14), molecules which are of major importance for ECM turnover in RPE. We used cell lines isolated from estrogen receptor knockout mice (ERKO) to determine which ER (estrogen receptor) subtype was important for ECM regulation in RPE cells. We found that mouse RPE sheets had higher baseline MMP-2 activity in the presence of ERbeta. This correlated with higher MMP-2 activity in RPE cell lines isolated from ERKOalpha mice. Exposure to E(2) increased MMP-2 activity in mouse RPE cell lines. In addition E(2) increased transcriptional activation of the MMP-2 promoter through a functional Sp1 site which required the presence of ERbeta, but not ERalpha. E(2) also maintained levels of pro MMP-2, and MMP-14 and TIMP-2 activity after oxidant injury. Since the direct effects of E(2) on MMP-2 transcriptional activation and the regulation of the trimolecular complex after oxidant-induced injury requires ERbeta, this receptor subtype may have a role as a potential therapeutic target to prevent changes in activation of MMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Elliot
- Laboratory on Sex and Gender Differences in Health and Disease, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred G Silva
- The United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology and the Medical College of Georgia, Emory University, 3643 Walton Way Extension, Building 6, Augusta, GA 30909, USA.
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8
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Karl M, Berho M, Pignac-Kobinger J, Striker GE, Elliot SJ. Differential effects of continuous and intermittent 17beta-estradiol replacement and tamoxifen therapy on the prevention of glomerulosclerosis: modulation of the mesangial cell phenotype in vivo. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:351-61. [PMID: 16877338 PMCID: PMC1698782 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.051255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Female ROP Os/+ mice are partially protected by endogenous estrogens against progressive glomerulosclerosis (GS) during their reproductive period; however, ovariectomy accelerates GS progression. We examined the effects of continuous and intermittent 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) replacement and tamoxifen therapy on the development of GS in ovariectomized (Ovx) ROP Os/+ mice. Continuous E(2) replacement (CE(2)) throughout 9 months prevented microalbuminuria and excess extracellular matrix accumulation in Ovx ROP Os/+, not only compared to placebo-treated Ovx mice but also in comparison to intact female ROP Os/+. Tamoxifen had a similar effect, but of lesser magnitude. Intermittent 3-month on-off-on E(2) did not reduce the kidney changes. Mesangial cells (MCs) from CE(2) mice maintained their estrogen responsiveness. E(2) in vitro prevented transforming growth factor-beta1 stimulation of a Smad-responsive reporter construct and increased MMP-2 expression and activity in MCs isolated from CE(2) mice. MCs from mice on either placebo or intermittent E(2) treatment did not respond to added E(2), consistent with a stable alteration of their estrogen responsiveness. Tamoxifen protection against GS was less pronounced in ROP Os/+ mice. Thus, prolonged estrogen deficiency promotes GS and renders MCs insensitive to subsequent estrogen treatment. This underscores the importance of continuous estrogen exposure for maintaining glomerular function and structure in females susceptible to progressive GS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karl
- Vascular Biology Institute, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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9
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Feng Z, Plati AR, Cheng QL, Berho M, Banerjee A, Potier M, Jy WC, Koff A, Striker LJ, Striker GE. Glomerular aging in females is a multi-stage reversible process mediated by phenotypic changes in progenitors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 167:355-63. [PMID: 16049323 PMCID: PMC1603557 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62981-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The glomeruli of postmenopausal C57BL6 mice, and age-matched males, show progressive hypertrophy and glomerulosclerosis. We asked whether this was a multistage process, was due to alterations in glomerular progenitors, and was reversible in female mice. Using cross bone marrow transplants (BMT) between young and old females, we found that BMT delivered a phenotype that was donor age-specific. The fact that lesions in young recipients were more severe if the donors were in late rather than early menopause suggested that new progenitor phenotypes had appeared. Postmenopausal recipients of BMT from young donors had reduced glomerular hypertrophy and sclerosis, implying that the aging lesions in females were reversible and that progenitors, rather than the local environment, determined the glomerular profile. The altered phenotype included increased extracellular matrix synthesis and decreased matrix metalloproteinase-2 levels as well as cell hypertrophy. The mechanism of the cellular hypertrophy was due to uncoupling of hypertrophy from proliferation, resulting from elevated p27 levels. Thus, glomerular hypertrophy and sclerosis in aging females is a multistage process, is reversible, and may be determined by the phenotype of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Feng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida, USA.
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10
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Zheng F, Cheng QL, Plati AR, Ye SQ, Berho M, Banerjee A, Potier M, Jaimes EA, Yu H, Guan YF, Hao CM, Striker LJ, Striker GE. The glomerulosclerosis of aging in females: contribution of the proinflammatory mesangial cell phenotype to macrophage infiltration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:1789-98. [PMID: 15509547 PMCID: PMC1618669 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated renal changes may be an important cause of renal failure. We recently found that aged female B6 mice developed progressive glomerular lesions. This was associated with macrophage infiltration, a frequent finding in glomerulosclerosis. We used these mice as a model for studying the mechanisms of glomerular aging. We compared the gene expression profile of intact glomeruli from late postmenopausal (28-month-old) mice to that of intact glomeruli from premenopausal (5-month-old) mice. We found that inflammation-related genes, especially those expressed by activated macrophages, were up-regulated in the glomeruli of 28-month-old mice, a result correlating with the histological observation of glomerular macrophage infiltration. The mechanism for macrophage recruitment could have been stable phenotypic changes in mesangial cells because we found that mesangial cells isolated from 28-month-old mice expressed higher levels of RANTES and VCAM-1 than cells from 5-month-old mice. The elevated serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels present in aged mice may contribute to increased RANTES and VCAM-1 expression in mesangial cells. Furthermore, cells from 28-month-old mice were more sensitive to TNF-alpha-induced RANTES and VCAM-1 up-regulation. The effect of TNF-alpha on RANTES expression was mediated by TNF receptor 1. Interestingly, mesangial cells isolated from 28-month-old mice had increased nuclear factor-kappaB transcriptional activity. Inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activity decreased baseline as well as TNF-alpha-induced RANTES and VCAM-1 expression in mesangial cells isolated from 28-month-old mice. Thus, phenotypic changes in mesangial cells may predispose them to inflammatory stimuli, such as TNF-alpha, which would contribute to glomerular macrophage infiltration and inflammatory lesions in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zheng
- Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Rosenstiel Medical Science Building, Room 1023A, 1600 NW 10th Ave., Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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11
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Zheng F, Cornacchia F, Schulman I, Banerjee A, Cheng QL, Potier M, Plati AR, Berho M, Elliot SJ, Li J, Fornoni A, Zang YJ, Zisman A, Striker LJ, Striker GE. Development of albuminuria and glomerular lesions in normoglycemic B6 recipients of db/db mice bone marrow: the role of mesangial cell progenitors. Diabetes 2004; 53:2420-7. [PMID: 15331554 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.9.2420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathologic hallmarks of diabetic nephropathy are excess mesangial extracellular matrix (ECM) and mesangial cell proliferation. We previously showed that mesangial cell phenotypic changes play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. We concluded that phenotypic changes were present in bone marrow (BM)-derived mesangial cell progenitors, as transplantation of BM from db/db mice, a model of type 2 diabetic nephropathy, transferred the db genotype and a nephropathy phenotype to naive B6 mice recipients. The recipients did not develop diabetes; however, they did develop albuminuria and glomerular lesions mirroring those in the donors (i.e., glomerular hypertrophy, increased ECM, and increased cell number with cell proliferation). We found that matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) facilitated invasion of the mesangial cells into ECM and proliferation in vitro. Thus, increased MMP-2 activity in db/db mesangial cell progenitors may partially explain increased mesangial cell repopulation and proliferation in B6 recipients of db/db BM. In summary, BM-derived mesangial cell progenitors may play a crucial role in the development and progression of ECM accumulation and mesangial cell proliferation in this model of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zheng
- University of Miami School of Medicine, Rosenstiel Medical Science Bldg., Rm. 1023A, 1600 NW 10th Ave., Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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12
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Elliot SJ, Karl M, Berho M, Potier M, Zheng F, Leclercq B, Striker GE, Striker LJ. Estrogen deficiency accelerates progression of glomerulosclerosis in susceptible mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 162:1441-8. [PMID: 12707027 PMCID: PMC1851210 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency may contribute to the development and progression of glomerulosclerosis in postmenopausal women. The responsiveness to estrogens could be controlled by genetic traits related to those that determine the susceptibility to glomerular scarring. This study was undertaken to determine whether the intensity of the sclerotic response was modified by the estrogen status in sclerosis-prone ROP Os/+ mice. Ovariectomized ROP Os/+ mice developed more severe renal dysfunction and glomerulosclerosis than intact, ie, estrogen sufficient age-matched female mice. Ovariectomized ROP Os/+ exhibited increased accumulation of extracellular matrix, predominantly of laminin, and a marked distortion of the glomerular architecture. We found an increase in macrophage infiltration in the mesangium of ovariectomized ROP Os/+. Estrogen deficiency decreased glomerular estrogen receptor expression in ROP Os/+ mice, which we had previously found to be low in the parental ROP strain. Thus, although physiological estrogen levels in young ROP Os/+ mice could not prevent the development of glomerulosclerosis, estrogen deficiency accelerated the progression of glomerular scarring in this mouse strain. This suggests that estrogen replacement will slow but not prevent the progression of glomerulosclerosis. It underscores the importance of the genetic composition of individuals that determines the susceptibility to diseases as well as the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon J Elliot
- Vascular Biology Institute and Departments of Medicine and Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Zheng F, Plati AR, Potier M, Schulman Y, Berho M, Banerjee A, Leclercq B, Zisman A, Striker LJ, Striker GE. Resistance to glomerulosclerosis in B6 mice disappears after menopause. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 162:1339-48. [PMID: 12651625 PMCID: PMC1851217 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of chronic renal failure increases with age, especially in women after menopause. Glomerulosclerosis is a common cause of chronic renal failure in aging. We reported that pre-menopausal female C57BL6 (B6) mice are resistant to glomerulosclerosis, irrespective of the type of injury. However, we now show that B6 mice develop progressive glomerulosclerosis after menopause. Glomerular lesions, first recognized in 18-month-old mice, consisted of hypertrophy, vascular pole sclerosis, and mesangial cell proliferation. Diffuse but moderate mesangial sclerosis and more marked hypertrophy were present at 22 months. At 28 to 30 months the glomerulosclerosis was diffuse and increased levels of type I and type IV collagen and transforming growth factor-beta 1 mRNA were present. Urine albumin excretion was significantly increased in 30-month-old mice. Mesangial cells isolated from 28-month-old mice retained their sclerotic phenotype in vitro. Comparison of the effects of uninephrectomy (Nx) in 20-month-old and 2.5-month-old mice revealed a 1.7-fold increase in urine albumin excretion, accelerated glomerulosclerosis, and renal function insufficiency in 20-month-old Nx mice, but not in 2.5-month-old Nx mice. Glycemic levels, glucose, insulin tolerance, and blood pressure were normal at all ages. Thus, B6 mice model the increased frequency of chronic renal failure in postmenopausal women and provide a model for studying the mechanism(s) of glomerulosclerosis in aging women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zheng
- Vascular Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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14
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Eikmans M, Baelde HJ, de Heer E, Bruijn JA. RNA expression profiling as prognostic tool in renal patients: toward nephrogenomics. Kidney Int 2002; 62:1125-35. [PMID: 12234282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2002.kid566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Damage to the kidney generally elicits tissue repair mechanisms, but these processes themselves conversely may result in the progression of chronic renal disease. In a majority of patients chronic renal insufficiency progresses to a common histological end point, marked by the presence of a vast amount of scar tissue, that is, glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. These lesions are the result of an excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Studies on RNA expression in experimental kidney disease have shown that renal mRNA levels for ECM components and cytokines can function as prognostic tools. This suggests that mRNA levels potentially predict outcome and reaction to therapy in patients with renal diseases. Timely detection of molecular alterations could allow early therapeutic intervention that slows down or even prevents the development of sclerotic and fibrotic lesions. This review first provides a short introduction on mechanisms of initiation and progression of renal disease. Molecular techniques are available to identify renal RNA sequences potentially involved in disease progression. We discuss several molecular techniques that are being used in kidney research for quantitation and detection of mRNA. This is followed by a brief overview of investigation in experimental renal diseases, which reveal that alterations in tissue ECM mRNA levels precede histological damage and can function as predictors of clinical outcome. In particular, studies in human kidney biopsies that evaluate the prognostic value of mRNA levels with respect to renal function are examined, paying special attention to the pitfalls that potentially are encountered when interpreting the results of such studies. Then, we elaborate on ways of optimal exploitation of mRNA quantification as a prognostic tool. The potential and limitations of microarray technology in the search for genes specifically involved in progression of renal disease are reviewed, including RNA expression profiling and large-scale DNA mutation screening. Finally, the future utilities of microarray in nephrology and renal pathology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eikmans
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Building 1, LI-Q, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Potier M, Karl M, Zheng F, Elliot SJ, Striker GE, Striker LJ. Estrogen-related abnormalities in glomerulosclerosis-prone mice: reduced mesangial cell estrogen receptor expression and prosclerotic response to estrogens. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:1877-85. [PMID: 12000739 PMCID: PMC1850880 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2002] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development and progression of glomerulosclerosis (GS) is determined by the genetic background. The incidence of end-stage renal disease is increased in postmenopausal women, suggesting that estrogen deficiency may play a role in the accumulation of extracellular matrix by mesangial cells (MCs), which are primarily responsible for the synthesis and degradation of this matrix. Using mouse models that are prone or resistant to the development of GS, we compared the expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and ER-beta subtypes in GS-prone and GS-resistant glomeruli and isolated MCs, and examined the effects of estrogens on ER, collagen, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in MCs. Glomeruli and MCs from GS-prone mice had decreased expression of ER-alpha and ER-beta subtypes and ER transcriptional activity was also decreased in their MCs. Importantly, although 17 beta-estradiol treatment resulted in decreased collagen accumulation and increased MMP-9 expression and activity in MCs from GS-resistant mice, there was, paradoxically, no effect on collagen accumulation and decreased MMP-9 expression and activity in MCs from GS-prone mice. Thus, GS susceptibility is associated with diminished ER expression in MCs. The renal protective effects of estrogens, including decreased collagen accumulation and increased MMP-9 expression, seem to be blunted in GS-prone MCs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen Type IV/metabolism
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Estrogen Receptor alpha
- Estrogen Receptor beta
- Estrogens/metabolism
- Estrogens/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glomerular Mesangium/cytology
- Glomerular Mesangium/drug effects
- Glomerular Mesangium/metabolism
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/metabolism
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/pathology
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/prevention & control
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Species Specificity
- Transcription, Genetic
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Potier
- Vascular Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
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16
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Zheng F, Fornoni A, Elliot SJ, Guan Y, Breyer MD, Striker LJ, Striker GE. Upregulation of type I collagen by TGF-beta in mesangial cells is blocked by PPARgamma activation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002; 282:F639-48. [PMID: 11880325 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00189.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) mRNA was reduced by 77% in glomeruli of diabetic mice. Because mesangial cells play an important role in diabetic nephropathy, we examined regulation of type I collagen expression by PPARgamma and transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) in mouse mesangial cells in the presence of 6 and 25 mM glucose. Mesangial cells contained functionally active PPARgamma. Exposure to 25 mM glucose resulted in reduced PPARgamma expression and transcriptional activity, accompanied by increased type I collagen expression. Restoration of PPARgamma activity to normal levels in cells cultured in 25 mM glucose, by transfection with a PPARgamma expression construct and treatment with the PPARgamma agonist troglitazone, returned type I collagen levels toward normal values. Activation of PPARgamma by troglitazone also decreased type I collagen mRNA and blocked TGF-beta(1)-mediated upregulation of type I collagen mRNA and protein. Moreover, PPARgamma activation suppressed basal and activated TGF-beta(1) responses in mesangial cells. This action was blocked by transfection of cells with a dominant-negative PPARgamma construct. In summary, PPARgamma suppresses the increased type I collagen mRNA and protein expression mediated by TGF-beta(1) in mesangial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zheng
- Vascular Biology Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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17
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Fornoni A, Striker LJ, Zheng F, Striker GE. Reversibility of glucose-induced changes in mesangial cell extracellular matrix depends on the genetic background. Diabetes 2002; 51:499-505. [PMID: 11812761 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.51.2.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Adequate glycemic control protects most patients with diabetes from nephropathy, but a substantial fraction of patients develop progressive disease despite lowering glycemia. We isolated mesangial cells (MC) from the glomeruli of mouse strains that model these two outcomes in patients with diabetes, namely those that have the propensity (ROP) or resistance (B6) to develop progressive diabetic nephropathy. We determined the nature and reversibility of changes in selected extracellular matrix-related molecules after chronic exposure to elevated glucose concentration. MC were exposed to 25 mmol/l glucose for 5 weeks followed by 6 mmol/l glucose and 19 mmol/l mannitol for an additional 5 weeks. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) levels increased in B6 MC exposed to 25 mmol/l glucose but returned to baseline levels when the glucose concentration was reduced to 6 mmol/l. MMP-2 and TGF-beta(1) were higher in ROP MC at baseline and increased in response to 25 mmol/l glucose, but remained elevated when glucose concentration was reduced. Type I collagen expression and accumulation increased in a reversible manner in B6 MC exposed to 25 mmol/l glucose. However, type I collagen expression was higher in ROP MC at baseline and remained unaffected by changes in glucose concentration. Thus, 25 mmol/l glucose induced reversible changes in MMP-2, TGF-beta(1), and type I collagen in MC of sclerosis-resistant mice but not in MC from sclerosis-prone mice. Therefore, progressive diabetic nephropathy may be secondary to stable alterations in the phenotype of MC as a result of the interplay between the genetic background and elevated glucose concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Fornoni
- University of Miami School of Medicine, Vascular Biology Institute, Miami, Florida, USA
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18
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Cornacchia F, Fornoni A, Plati AR, Thomas A, Wang Y, Inverardi L, Striker LJ, Striker GE. Glomerulosclerosis is transmitted by bone marrow-derived mesangial cell progenitors. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:1649-56. [PMID: 11733560 PMCID: PMC200982 DOI: 10.1172/jci12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We found that ROP Os/+ (Os/+) mice had diffuse glomerulosclerosis and glomerular hypertrophy and that their mesangial cells (the vascular smooth muscle cells of the glomerulus) displayed an apparent sclerosing phenotype. Since mesangial cells are the major source of scar tissue in glomerulosclerosis, we postulated that the sclerosis phenotype was carried by mesangial cell progenitors and that this phenotype could be derived from the bone marrow (BM). Therefore, we transplanted BM from Os/+ mice into congenic ROP +/+ mice (+/+ mice), which have normal glomeruli. We found that glomeruli of +/+ recipients of Os/+ marrow contained the Os/+ genotype, were hypertrophied, and contained increased extracellular matrix. Clones of recipient glomerular mesangial cells with the donor genotype were found in all +/+ recipients that developed mesangial sclerosis and glomerular hypertrophy, whereas +/+ recipients of +/+ BM had normal glomeruli. Thus, the sclerotic (Os/+) or normal (+/+) genotype and phenotype were present in, and transmitted by, BM-derived progenitors. These data show that glomerular mesangial cell progenitors are derived from the BM and can deliver a disease phenotype to normal glomeruli. Glomerular lesions may therefore be perpetuated or aggravated, rather than resolved, by newly arriving progenitor cells exhibiting a disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cornacchia
- Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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19
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Esposito C, He CJ, Striker GE, Zalups RK, Striker LJ. Nature and severity of the glomerular response to nephron reduction is strain-dependent in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 154:891-7. [PMID: 10079267 PMCID: PMC1866424 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nephron reduction is an important factor in the development of glomerulosclerosis. In a study of the oligosyndactyly (Os) mutation that causes a congenital 50% reduction in nephron number, we previously found that ROP Os/+ mice developed glomerulosclerosis whereas C57B1/6J Os/+ mice did not. We concluded that the predisposition to glomerulosclerosis depended largely on the genetic background, the ROP being sclerosis-prone whereas the C57 strain was sclerosis-resistant. In the current experiments we asked whether the intensity of the sclerotic response to nephron reduction in the ROP strain was related to the time at which it occurred, ie, a pre- or post-natal event. We also determined whether the absence of lesions in C57 Os/+ mice was caused by a higher threshold for the induction of a sclerotic response in C57 mice. We further examined the relationship between glomerular hypertrophy and sclerosis. C57 +/+, C57 Os/+, ROP +/+, and ROP Os/+ mice were uninephrectomized (NX) at age 10 weeks and followed for 8 weeks. We found no sclerotic changes in NX C57 +/+ and C57 Os/+ mice, despite a 75% reduction in nephron number in the latter. In contrast, both NX ROP +/+ and NX ROP Os/+ mice had glomerulosclerosis, which was more severe in the NX ROP Os/+ mice. Examination of extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation at the mRNA level revealed that synthesis exceeded degradation in ROP Os/+ mice. The lesions in NX ROP +/+ were less severe than in sham-operated ROP/Os mice, suggesting that the timing of nephron reduction affected the amplitude of the sclerotic response in this strain. Following NX, an increase in glomerular volume was found in C57 +/+, ROP +/+, and ROP Os/+ mice. However, NX did not lead to a further increase in glomerular volume in C57 Os/+ mice. We make three conclusions: 1) sclerosis was more severe in the ROP strain when nephron reduction occurred in utero; 2) the absence of glomerulosclerosis in C57 mice was not related to a higher threshold for a sclerosis response in this strain; and 3) whereas glomerular size continued to increase as nephron number decreased in ROP mice, it reached a plateau in C57 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Esposito
- Division of Nephrology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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20
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Yang CW, Yu CC, Ko YC, Huang CC. Aminoguanidine reduces glomerular inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) mRNA expression and diminishes glomerulosclerosis in NZB/W F1 mice. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 113:258-64. [PMID: 9717976 PMCID: PMC1905027 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-expression of iNOS is implicated in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis in animal models of systemic lupus erythematosus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aminoguanidine, a selective inhibitor of iNOS, for the protection from glomerulosclerosis in NZB/W F1 mice. Female NZB/W F1 mice (n = 8) were treated with aminoguanidine (1 g/l) in drinking water for 4 months starting at age 2 months before the onset of glomerulonephritis. Controls were age- and sex-matched mice (n = 10) without aminoguanidine treatment. By glomerular microdissection and reverse-transcription competitive polymerase chain reaction, we found that glomerular iNOS/beta-actin and TGF-beta1/beta-actin mRNA ratios were reduced 15.1% (P<0.05) and 61.3% (P<0.01), respectively, in aminoguanidine-treated mice. Aminoguanidine significantly reduced the glomerular iNOS staining, urinary nitrite production and degree of glomerulosclerosis. In addition, the glomerular volume and mean glomerular cell number were reduced 33.2% (P<0.01) and 32.8% (P<0.01), respectively. Likewise, the urinary proteinuria was also significantly reduced by aminoguanidine. These results indicate that administration of aminoguanidine may reduce the progression of glomerulosclerosis in NZB/W F1 mice, possibly through inhibition of glomerular nitric oxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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21
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He C, Esposito C, Phillips C, Zalups RK, Henderson DA, Striker GE, Striker LJ. Dissociation of glomerular hypertrophy, cell proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis in mouse strains heterozygous for a mutation (Os) which induces a 50% reduction in nephron number. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:1242-9. [PMID: 8636436 PMCID: PMC507177 DOI: 10.1172/jci118539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported that the Os mutation in ROP mice induced a 50% reduction in nephron number, glomerular hypertrophy, and severe glomerulosclerosis. We examined two mouse strains with the Os mutation, ROP Os/+ and C57 Os/+ mice, to determine whether the genetic background influenced the development of glomerulosclerosis. Nephron number was decreased by 50% in both ROP Os/+ and C57 Os/+ mice, and a glomerular volume and labeling index were two- to threefold increased in both. Whereas glomerulosclerosis was severe in ROP Os/+ mice, it was absent or minimal in C57 Os/+ mice. ROP Os/+ glomeruli had two- to threefold more type IV collagen, laminin, and tenascin than C57 Os/+ by immunofluorescence microscopy. Glomerular alpha 1IV collagen and tenascin mRNA levels were increased (2.8- and 1.7-fold) in ROP Os/+ and in C57 Os/+ (1.7- and 1.4-fold) mice. Both ROP Os/+ and C57 Os/+ mice had a slight increase (1.5- and 1.7-fold) in 72-kD collagenase mRNA levels. Whereas laminin B1 mRNA levels were twofold higher in ROP +/+ than in C57 +/+ mice, there was no further change in the presence of the Os mutation. Thus, the response to the Os mutation depended on the mouse strain, since severe glomerulosclerosis occurred only in ROP Os/+ mice, even though cell proliferation and glomerular hypertrophy also were present in C57 Os/+ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C He
- Renal Cell Biology Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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22
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Yang CW, Vlassara H, Peten EP, He CJ, Striker GE, Striker LJ. Advanced glycation end products up-regulate gene expression found in diabetic glomerular disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:9436-40. [PMID: 7937785 PMCID: PMC44827 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.20.9436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix in the glomeruli of diabetic kidneys may be due to reactive intermediates forming between glucose and matrix proteins called advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Normal mice received AGE-modified mouse serum albumin i.p. for 4 weeks, and glomerular extracellular matrix, growth factor mRNA levels, and morphology were examined. We found that AGE induced an increase in glomerular extracellular matrix alpha 1(IV) collagen, laminin B1, and transforming growth factor beta 1 mRNA levels, as measured by competitive PCR, as well as glomerular hypertrophy. The AGE response was specific because the coadministration of an AGE inhibitor, aminoguanidine, reduced all these changes. We conclude that AGEs affected expression of genes implicated in diabetic kidney disease and may play a major role in nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Yang
- Renal Cell Biology Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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23
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Cook HT, Ebrahim H, Jansen AS, Foster GR, Largen P, Cattell V. Expression of the gene for inducible nitric oxide synthase in experimental glomerulonephritis in the rat. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 97:315-20. [PMID: 7519531 PMCID: PMC1534697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrite, a stable product of nitric oxide (NO), is synthesized in vitro by glomeruli in experimental glomerulonephritis. We have now studied the expression of the gene for inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in accelerated nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN). The purpose of the study was to confirm in vivo induction of iNOS in this model of immune complex disease, and to relate the onset of induction and the level of expression to pathogenic events in the model. Glomeruli from rats with NTN were isolated at 6 h, 24 h and 2, 4 and 7 days and total RNA extracted. RNA (10 micrograms) was reverse transcribed and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with primers homologous to rat vascular smooth muscle iNOS and rat beta actin. A 222-base PCR product corresponding to iNOS mRNA was present in all experimental animals. iNOS expression was also found in activated macrophages, neutrophils and IL-1-stimulated but not unstimulated mesangial cells. Quantitative competitive PCR was carried out on glomerular samples using a 514-bp mutant of a 735-bp PCR product. iNOS expression was present at low levels in normal glomeruli and was markedly enhanced at 6 h after the induction of glomerulonephritis and peaked at 24 h. Increased iNOS expression persisted to day 7. beta actin mRNA levels were similar in all glomerular specimens. This study demonstrates that there is in vivo induction of iNOS in immune complex glomerulonephritis, corresponding to the generation of nitrite we have previously reported. iNOS gene expression is detectable within 6 h of induction of NTN, indicating the onset of gene transcription is closely related to the initial formation of immune complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Cook
- Department of Histopathology, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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