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Chen C, Xu J, Zhang J, Chen L, Wei Y, Zhang W, Shao P, Xu H. CD2AP is a potential prognostic biomarker of renal clear cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7055. [PMID: 38457255 PMCID: PMC10923042 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) is a podocyte-associated gene and its reduced expression is associated with the development of proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. However, few studies have focused on the correlation between the expression and prognosis of CD2AP in renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Therefore, we aimed to assess the regulation of CD2AP expression and prognostic value in ccRCC. METHODS Multiple databases were employed to examine the expression of CD2AP in ccRCC. RT-qPCR, Western Blot and immunohistochemistry were used to validate CD2AP expression in different cell lines and tissue samples. Kaplan-Meier analysis and ROC curve analysis were performed on the predictive prognostic performance of CD2AP. COX regression was used to construct CD2AP-related prognostic models. The TIMER and TISIDB databases were used to analyze the correlation of tumor-infiltrating immune cells with gene expression, mutations, somatic copy number variation, and immune molecules. Mass spectrometry was used to detect methylation status of the promoter CpG site of CD2AP in multiple cells. RESULTS We found that CD2AP expression was downregulated in ccRCC and its lower expression level was correlation with worse patient prognosis, higher tumor stage and grade and distant metastasis through analysis of databases, ccRCC cell lines and clinical tissue samples. Moreover, database and mass spectrometry techniques identified and validated cg12968598 hypermethylation as one of the key reasons for the downregulation of CD2AP expression. CD2AP expression was also associated with macrophage and neutrophil infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that CD2AP can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in ccRCC patients and that DNA hypermethylation plays an important role in reducing CD2AP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Jie‐Xin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Lin‐Yuan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Yu‐Ang Wei
- Department of Urologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wei‐Ming Zhang
- Department of Pathologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Peng‐Fei Shao
- Department of Urologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hua‐Guo Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory MedicineNanjingChina
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Thimm C, Erichsen L, Wruck W, Adjaye J. Unveiling Angiotensin II and Losartan-Induced Gene Regulatory Networks Using Human Urine-Derived Podocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10551. [PMID: 37445727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are highly specialized cells that play a pivotal role in the blood filtration process in the glomeruli of the kidney, and their dysfunction leads to renal diseases. For this reason, the study and application of this cell type is of great importance in the field of regenerative medicine. Hypertension is mainly regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), with its main mediator being angiotensin II (ANG II). Elevated ANG II levels lead to a pro-fibrotic, inflammatory, and hypertrophic milieu that induces apoptosis in podocytes. The activation of RAAS is critical for the pathogenesis of podocyte injury; as such, to prevent podocyte damage, patients with hypertension are administered drugs that modulate RAAS signaling. A prime example is the orally active, non-peptide, selective angiotensin-II-type I receptor (AGTR1) blocker losartan. Here, we demonstrate that SIX2-positive urine-derived renal progenitor cells (UdRPCs) and their immortalized counterpart (UM51-hTERT) can be directly differentiated into mature podocytes. These podocytes show activation of RAAS after stimulation with ANG II, resulting in ANG II-dependent upregulation of the expression of the angiotensin-II-type I receptor, AGTR1, and the downregulated expression of the angiotensin-II-type II receptor 2 (AGTR2). The stimulation of podocytes with losartan counteracts ANG II-dependent changes, resulting in a dependent favoring of the specific receptor from AGTR1 to AGTR2. Transcriptome analysis revealed 94 losartan-induced genes associated with diverse biological processes and pathways such as vascular smooth muscle contraction, the oxytocin signaling pathway, renin secretion, and ECM-receptor interaction. Co-stimulation with losartan and ANG II induced the exclusive expression of 106 genes associated with DNA methylation or demethylation, cell differentiation, the developmental process, response to muscle stretch, and calcium ion transmembrane transport. These findings highlight the usefulness of UdRPC-derived podocytes in studying the RAAS pathway and nephrotoxicity in various kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle Thimm
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars Erichsen
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wasco Wruck
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Diseases in Children (ZCR), University College London (UCL), 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
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3
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Gueye S, Gauthier M, Benyahia R, Trape L, Dahri S, Kounde C, Perier T, Meklati L, Guelib I, Faye M, Rostaing L. [Nephropathy associated with monoclonal immunoglobulins: From clonal expansion B to renal toxicity of pathological immunoglobulins]. Nephrol Ther 2022; 18:591-603. [PMID: 36428151 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center regulation pathways are often involved in lymphomagenesis and myelomagenesis. Most of the lymphomas (and multiple myeloma) derive from post-germinal center B-cells that have undergone somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. Hence, B-cell clonal expansion can be responsible for the presence of a monoclonal component (immunoglobulin) of variable titer which, owing to physicochemical properties, can provoke pathologically defined entities of diseases. These diseases can affect any functional part of the kidney, by multiple mechanisms, either well known or not. The presence of renal deposition is influenced by germinal gene involved, immunoglobulin primary structure, post-translational modifications and microenvironmental interactions. The two ways immunoglobulin can cause kidney toxicity are (i) an excess of production (overcoming catabolism power by proximal tubule epithelial cells) with an excess of free light chains within the distal tubules and a subsequent risk of precipitation due to local physicochemical properties; (ii) by structural characteristics that predispose immunoglobulin to a renal disease (whatever their titer). The purpose of this manuscript is to review literature concerning the pathophysiology of renal toxicities of clonal immunoglobulin, from molecular B-cell expansion mechanisms to immunoglobulin renal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serigne Gueye
- Service de néphrologie-dialyse, CH de Cahors, France.
| | | | | | - Lucas Trape
- Service de néphrologie-dialyse, CH de Cahors, France
| | - Souad Dahri
- Service de néphrologie-dialyse, CH de Cahors, France
| | | | - Thomas Perier
- Service de néphrologie-dialyse, CH de Cahors, France
| | | | | | - Maria Faye
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Lionel Rostaing
- Service de néphrologie-dialyse, CH de Cahors, France; Service de néphrologie, hémodialyse, aphérèses et greffe rénale, France; Inserm U563, IFR-BMT, CHU de Purpan, Toulouse, France; Université Grenoble-Alpes, France
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4
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Li G, Lu D, Wang J, Yue S, Tan M, Liu M, Gao X. ANGPTL3 is involved in kidney injury in high-fat diet-fed mice by suppressing ACTN4 expression. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:90. [PMID: 36123608 PMCID: PMC9487085 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We wanted to explore how angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) impact hyperlipidemia-induced renal injury. Methods ANGPTL3 knockout mice and wild-type C57 mice were set up in four groups (N = 5) depending on a normal or 60% high-fat diet: wild-type with normal diet (WT), angptl3-/- with normal diet (KO), wild-type + high-fat diet (WT + HF) and angptl3-/- + high-fat diet (KO + HF). The detection time points were the 9th, 13th, 17th and 21st weeks after modeling. Serum lipid and urinary protein levels of mice in each group were detected, and pathological changes in the kidney were analyzed. Moreover, the expression of ANGPTL3, α-actinin-4 (ACTN4), CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) and podocin was tested in the glomerulus by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results In the WT + HF group, hyperlipidemia and proteinuria could be observed at the 9th week and were gradually aggravated with time. Compared with WT + HF mice, the levels of serum lipids and proteinuria in KO + HF mice were significantly reduced, and the width of podocyte foot processes (FPs) fusion was also markedly improved. The IHC results suggested that in WT + HF mice, the expression of ANGPTL3 was significantly enhanced. After modeling, ACTN4 expression was markedly weakened in the glomeruli of WT + HF mice. Different to WT mice, ACTN4 expression was not observed obviously change in KO + HF mice. Compared with the normal diet group, the expression of podocin showed a decline in WT mice treated with high-fat diet and showed a significant difference from the 17th week. In addition, podocin expression in KO + HF glomeruli was also found to be weak but not significantly different from that in WT + HF glomeruli at the four time points. The expression of CD2AP showed similar results among the four groups. Conclusion ANGPTL3 could play a role in the mechanism of hyperlipidemia-associated podocyte injury via ACTN4. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-022-01700-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Li
- Nephrology Department, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renmin Middle Road, Guangzhou City, 510623, China
| | - Di Lu
- Nephrology Department, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renmin Middle Road, Guangzhou City, 510623, China
| | - Jingzhi Wang
- Nephrology Department, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renmin Middle Road, Guangzhou City, 510623, China
| | - Shuling Yue
- Guangzhou KingMed Diagnostics Group, Guangzhou City, 510623, China
| | - Mei Tan
- Nephrology Department, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renmin Middle Road, Guangzhou City, 510623, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou City, 510623, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Nephrology Department, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renmin Middle Road, Guangzhou City, 510623, China.
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Fukao Y, Suzuki H, Kim JS, Jeong KH, Makita Y, Kano T, Nihei Y, Nakayama M, Lee M, Kato R, Chang JM, Lee SH, Suzuki Y. Galactose-Deficient IgA1 as a Candidate Urinary Marker of IgA Nephropathy. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113173. [PMID: 35683557 PMCID: PMC9181435 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN), circulatory IgA1 and IgA1 in the mesangial deposits contain galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1). Some of the Gd-IgA1 from the glomerular deposits is excreted in the urine and thus urinary Gd-IgA1 may represent a disease-specific marker. We recruited 338 Japanese biopsy-proven IgAN patients and 120 patients with other renal diseases (disease controls). Urine samples collected at the time of renal biopsy were used to measure Gd-IgA1 levels using a specific monoclonal antibody (KM55 mAb). Urinary Gd-IgA1 levels were significantly higher in patients with IgAN than in disease controls. Moreover, urinary Gd-IgA1 was significantly correlated with the severity of the histopathological parameters in IgAN patients. Next, we validated the use of urinary Gd-IgA1 levels in the other Asian cohorts. In the Korean cohort, urinary Gd-IgA1 levels were also higher in patients with IgAN than in disease controls. Even in Japanese patients with IgAN and trace proteinuria (less than 0.3 g/gCr), urinary Gd-IgA1 was detected. Thus, urinary Gd-IgA1 may be an early disease-specific biomarker useful for determining the disease activity of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Fukao
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (Y.F.); (Y.M.); (T.K.); (Y.N.); (M.N.); (M.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (Y.F.); (Y.M.); (T.K.); (Y.N.); (M.N.); (M.L.); (R.K.)
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Jin Sug Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea; (J.S.K.); (K.H.J.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Kyung Hwan Jeong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea; (J.S.K.); (K.H.J.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Yuko Makita
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (Y.F.); (Y.M.); (T.K.); (Y.N.); (M.N.); (M.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Toshiki Kano
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (Y.F.); (Y.M.); (T.K.); (Y.N.); (M.N.); (M.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Yoshihito Nihei
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (Y.F.); (Y.M.); (T.K.); (Y.N.); (M.N.); (M.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Maiko Nakayama
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (Y.F.); (Y.M.); (T.K.); (Y.N.); (M.N.); (M.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Mingfeng Lee
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (Y.F.); (Y.M.); (T.K.); (Y.N.); (M.N.); (M.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Rina Kato
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (Y.F.); (Y.M.); (T.K.); (Y.N.); (M.N.); (M.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Jer-Ming Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan;
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea; (J.S.K.); (K.H.J.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (Y.F.); (Y.M.); (T.K.); (Y.N.); (M.N.); (M.L.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (Y.S.)
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6
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Zeng Y, Li YM, Cheng Y, Zeng XS, Wang T, Zhang F, Zhang YL. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α activation can attenuate renal podocyte injury and alleviate proteinuria in rats in a simulated high-altitude environment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 602:35-40. [PMID: 35247702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to understand whether podocyte injury is involved in proteinuria after rapid ascent to high altitude and to explore whether hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α is involved in the adaptive regulation of this proteinuria. METHODS Rats in the experimental group were housed in a low-pressure oxygen chamber to simulate a high-altitude environment (5,000 m). The intervention group was placed under the same conditions as the experimental group and prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor (PHI) was intraperitoneally injected. The control group was housed in a low altitude environment (500 m). On days 0, 7, 14, and 28, urinary albumin quantification and electrophoresis were performed. The expression levels of CD2-associated protein (CD2AP), nephrin and HIF-1α were detected by immunofluorescence. RESULTS The medium and large molecule proteins with molecular weights ranging from 63 to 75 kD were present in the urine of rats in the experimental group and that the urinary albumin levels first increased and then decreased with time and the increase on day 14 was most significant (24.58 ± 4.30 mg on day 14 VS 5.13 ± 1.58 mg on day 0). Electron microscopy revealed podocyte lesions in rats in the experimental group. Immunofluorescence results showed that the protein expression levels of CD2AP and nephrin in the glomeruli of rats in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.001) and that the expression levels of which in the intervention group were higher than those in the experimental group (P < 0.001). The expression of HIF-1α protein in the renal tissues of rats in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.001) and lower than that in the intervention group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The podocyte injury may be involved in the occurrence of proteinuria after rapid ascent to high altitude. PHI may have a potential role in reducing proteinuria by upregulating local HIF-1α expression in the kidney to alleviate podocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zeng
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, PR China; Department of Nephrology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, 610083, PR China
| | - Yun-Ming Li
- Statistical Office, Department of Information, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610083, PR China; Department of Statistics, College of Mathematics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, PR China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, 610083, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Shan Zeng
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, 610083, PR China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, 610083, PR China
| | - Yao-Lei Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Laboratory, General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, 610083, PR China
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Xue YY, Chen YH, Lin RR, Huang HF, Wu ZY, Tao QQ. Alzheimer’s disease susceptibility locus in CD2AP is associated with increased cerebrospinal fluid tau levels in mild cognitive impairment. Neurosci Lett 2021; 771:136419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Agarwal S, Sudhini YR, Polat OK, Reiser J, Altintas MM. Renal cell markers: lighthouses for managing renal diseases. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F715-F739. [PMID: 34632812 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00182.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidneys, one of the vital organs in our body, are responsible for maintaining whole body homeostasis. The complexity of renal function (e.g., filtration, reabsorption, fluid and electrolyte regulation, and urine production) demands diversity not only at the level of cell types but also in their overall distribution and structural framework within the kidney. To gain an in depth molecular-level understanding of the renal system, it is imperative to discern the components of kidney and the types of cells residing in each of the subregions. Recent developments in labeling, tracing, and imaging techniques have enabled us to mark, monitor, and identify these cells in vivo with high efficiency in a minimally invasive manner. In this review, we summarize different cell types, specific markers that are uniquely associated with those cell types, and their distribution in the kidney, which altogether make kidneys so special and different. Cellular sorting based on the presence of certain proteins on the cell surface allowed for the assignment of multiple markers for each cell type. However, different studies using different techniques have found contradictions in cell type-specific markers. Thus, the term "cell marker" might be imprecise and suboptimal, leading to uncertainty when interpreting the data. Therefore, we strongly believe that there is an unmet need to define the best cell markers for a cell type. Although the compendium of renal-selective marker proteins presented in this review is a resource that may be useful to researchers, we acknowledge that the list may not be necessarily exhaustive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Agarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Onur K Polat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
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9
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Camacho J, Rábano A, Marazuela P, Bonaterra-Pastra A, Serna G, Moliné T, Ramón Y Cajal S, Martínez-Sáez E, Hernández-Guillamon M. Association of CD2AP neuronal deposits with Braak neurofibrillary stage in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2021; 32:e13016. [PMID: 34514662 PMCID: PMC8713526 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have described several genes as genetic susceptibility loci for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among them, CD2AP encodes CD2-associated protein, a scaffold protein implicated in dynamic actin remodeling and membrane trafficking during endocytosis and cytokinesis. Although a clear link between CD2AP defects and glomerular pathology has been described, little is known about the function of CD2AP in the brain. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of CD2AP in the AD brain and its potential associations with tau aggregation and β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition. First, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of CD2AP expression in brain tissue from AD patients and controls (N = 60). Our results showed granular CD2AP immunoreactivity in the human brain endothelium in all samples. In AD cases, no CD2AP was found to be associated with Aβ deposits in vessels or parenchymal plaques. CD2AP neuronal inclusions similar to neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and neuropil thread-like deposits were found only in AD samples. Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis revealed that CD2AP colocalized with pTau. Regarding CD2AP neuronal distribution, a hierarchical progression from the entorhinal to the temporal and occipital cortex was detected. We found that CD2AP immunodetection in neurons was strongly and positively associated with Braak neurofibrillary stage, independent of age and other pathological hallmarks. To further investigate the association between pTau and CD2AP, we included samples from cases of primary tauopathies (corticobasal degeneration [CBD], progressive supranuclear palsy [PSP], and Pick's disease [PiD]) in our study. Among these cases, CD2AP positivity was only found in PiD samples as neurofibrillary tangle-like and Pick body-like deposits, whereas no neuronal CD2AP deposits were detected in PSP or CBD samples, which suggested an association of CD2AP neuronal expression with 3R-Tau-diseases. In conclusion, our findings open a new road to investigate the complex cellular mechanism underlying the tangle conformation and tau pathology in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Camacho
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Morphological Science Department, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Neuropathology Department, CIEN Foundation, Alzheimer's Centre Queen Sofía Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Marazuela
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Bonaterra-Pastra
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Garazi Serna
- Morphological Science Department, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Molecular Oncology Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Moliné
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Ramón Y Cajal
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Morphological Science Department, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez-Sáez
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Morphological Science Department, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Hernández-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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A different perspective on the filtration barrier after kidney stone formation: An immunohistochemical and biochemical study. Urolithiasis 2020; 49:201-210. [PMID: 33155094 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-020-01227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate whether the filtration barrier is affected by experimental kidney stone formation. Thirty-two rats divided into 4 equally groups (n = 8) at random. Group I control; Group II 1% ethylene glycol; Group III 1% Ethylene glycol + 0.25% Ammonium chloride; Group IV 1% Ethylene glycol + 0.5% Ammonium chloride group. Tissues applied hematoxylin-eosin, periodic-acid-Schiff, Pizzolato's staining. Immunohistochemically stained with integrin α3β1, type IV collagen, laminin, nephrin, CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) and podocin to show the filtration barrier structure. The TUNEL method was used for apoptosis. The amount of calcium, magnesium, creatinine and uric acid in urine and blood samples, also urine microprotein determined. Stones were formed in all experimental groups. Urine calcium, creatinine, uric acid levels decreased, magnesium levels were not changed. No statistically significant change was observed in blood serum results and TUNEL analysis. Immunohistochemical results showed an increase in nephrin, podocin, CD2AP, laminin and a decrease in integrin α3β1 and type IV collagen. Consequently, there is an increase in the expression densities of the proteins incorporated in the structure to prevent loss of functionality in the cellular part supporting the structure against a weakening of the basement membrane structure in the glomerular structure in which urine is filtered.
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11
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Kurakin A, Bredesen DE. Alzheimer's disease as a systems network disorder: chronic stress/dyshomeostasis, innate immunity, and genetics. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:17815-17844. [PMID: 32957083 PMCID: PMC7585078 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ineffective results of clinical trials of over 200 anti-Alzheimer's drug candidates, with a 99.6% attrition rate, suggest that the current paradigm of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be incomplete, necessitating exploration of alternative and complementary frameworks.Using algorithms for hypothesis independent search and expert-assisted synthesis of heterogeneous data, we attempted to reconcile multimodal clinical profiles of early-stage AD patients and accumulated research data within a parsimonious framework. Results of our analysis suggest that Alzheimer's may not be a brain disease but a progressive system-level network disorder, which is driven by chronic network stress and dyshomeostasis. The latter can be caused by various endogenous and exogenous factors, such as chronic inflammatory conditions, infections, vascular dysfunction, head trauma, environmental toxicity, and immune disorders. Whether originating in the brain or on the periphery, chronic stress, toxicity, and inflammation are communicated to the central nervous system (CNS) via humoral and neural routes, preferentially targeting high-centrality regulatory nodes and circuits of the nervous system, and eventually manifesting as a neurodegenerative CNS disease.In this report, we outline an alternative perspective on AD as a systems network disorder and discuss biochemical and genetic evidence suggesting the central role of chronic tissue injury/dyshomeostasis, innate immune reactivity, and inflammation in the etiopathobiology of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Kurakin
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dale E. Bredesen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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Perdigão C, Barata MA, Araújo MN, Mirfakhar FS, Castanheira J, Guimas Almeida C. Intracellular Trafficking Mechanisms of Synaptic Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:72. [PMID: 32362813 PMCID: PMC7180223 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss. Although AD neuropathological hallmarks are extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular tau tangles, the best correlate of disease progression is synapse loss. What causes synapse loss has been the focus of several researchers in the AD field. Synapses become dysfunctional before plaques and tangles form. Studies based on early-onset familial AD (eFAD) models have supported that synaptic transmission is depressed by β-amyloid (Aβ) triggered mechanisms. Since eFAD is rare, affecting only 1% of patients, research has shifted to the study of the most common late-onset AD (LOAD). Intracellular trafficking has emerged as one of the pathways of LOAD genes. Few studies have assessed the impact of trafficking LOAD genes on synapse dysfunction. Since endocytic traffic is essential for synaptic function, we reviewed Aβ-dependent and independent mechanisms of the earliest synaptic dysfunction in AD. We have focused on the role of intraneuronal and secreted Aβ oligomers, highlighting the dysfunction of endocytic trafficking as an Aβ-dependent mechanism of synapse dysfunction in AD. Here, we reviewed the LOAD trafficking genes APOE4, ABCA7, BIN1, CD2AP, PICALM, EPH1A, and SORL1, for which there is a synaptic link. We conclude that in eFAD and LOAD, the earliest synaptic dysfunctions are characterized by disruptions of the presynaptic vesicle exo- and endocytosis and of postsynaptic glutamate receptor endocytosis. While in eFAD synapse dysfunction seems to be triggered by Aβ, in LOAD, there might be a direct synaptic disruption by LOAD trafficking genes. To identify promising therapeutic targets and biomarkers of the earliest synaptic dysfunction in AD, it will be necessary to join efforts in further dissecting the mechanisms used by Aβ and by LOAD genes to disrupt synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Perdigão
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana A Barata
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida N Araújo
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Farzaneh S Mirfakhar
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Castanheira
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Guimas Almeida
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Yan Y, Zhao A, Qui Y, Li Y, Yan R, Wang Y, Xu W, Deng Y. Genetic Association of FERMT2, HLA-DRB1, CD2AP, and PTK2B Polymorphisms With Alzheimer's Disease Risk in the Southern Chinese Population. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:16. [PMID: 32116649 PMCID: PMC7010721 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to explore the relationship between 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) within the southern Chinese population. Methods A total of 420 participants, consisting of 215 AD patients and 205 sex- and age-matched controls, were recruited. The SNaPshot technique and polymer chain reaction (PCR) were used to detect the 18 SNPs. Combined with the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele and age at onset, we performed an association analysis between these SNPs and AD susceptibility. Furthermore, we analyzed SNP-associated gene expression using the expression quantitative trait loci analysis. Results Our study found that rs17125924 of FERMT2 was associated with the risk of developing AD in the dominant (P = 0.022, odds ratio [OR] = 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–2.32) and overdominant (P = 0.005, OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.18–2.61) models. Moreover, compared with APOE ε4 non-carriers, the frequency of the G-allele at rs17125924 was significantly higher among AD patients in APOE ε4 allele carriers (P = 0.029). The rs9271058 of HLA-DRB1 (dominant, overdominant, and additive models), rs9473117 of CD2AP (dominant and additive models), and rs73223431 of PTK2B (dominant, overdominant, and additive models) were associated with early onset AD (EOAD). Using the genotype-tissue expression (GTEx) and Braineac database, we found a significant association between rs9271058 genotypes and HLA-DRB1 expression levels, while the CC genotype at rs9473117 and the TT genotype of rs73223431 increased CD2AP and PTK2B gene expression, respectively. Conclusion Our study identifies the G-allele at rs17125924 as a risk factor for developing AD, especially in APOE ε4 carriers. In addition, we found that rs9271058 of HLA-DRB1, rs9473117 of CD2AP, and rs73223431 of PTK2B were associated with EOAD. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aonan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghui Qui
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Yan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulei Deng
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Luwan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Zheng J, Zhang S, Chen H, Cai X, Zhang C, Li S, Zhou Y, Shang J, Liang S, Yao F. Protosappanin-A and oleanolic acid protect injured podocytes from apoptosis through inhibition of AKT-mTOR signaling. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:189-199. [PMID: 31441181 PMCID: PMC6973098 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Protosappanin-A (PrA) and oleanolic acid (OA), which are important effective ingredients isolated from Caesalpinia sappan L., exhibit therapeutic potential in multiple diseases. This study focused on exploring the mechanisms of PrA and OA function in podocyte injury. An in vitro model of podocyte injury was induced by the sC5b-9 complex and assays such as cell viability, apoptosis, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blot were performed to further investigate the effects and mechanisms of PrA and OA in podocyte injury. The models of podocyte injury were verified to be successful as seen through significantly decreased levels of nephrin, podocin, and CD2AP and increased level of desmin. The sC5b-9-induced podocyte apoptosis was inhibited in injured podocytes treated with PrA and OA, accompanied by increased protein levels of nephrin, podocin, CD2AP, and Bcl2 and decreased levels of desmin and Bax. The p-AKT/p-mTOR levels were also reduced by treatment of PrA and OA while AKT/mTOR was unaltered. Further, the effects of PrA and OA on injured podocytes were similar to that of LY294002 (a PI3K-AKT inhibitor). PrA and OA were also seen to inhibit podocyte apoptosis and p-AKT/p-mTOR levels induced by IGF-1 (a PI3K-AKT activator). Our data demonstrate that PrA and OA can protect podocytes from injury or apoptosis, which may occur through inhibition of the abnormal activation of AKT-mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zheng
- Department of NephrologyHeilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineHarbinHeilongjiang150036PR China
| | - Shoulin Zhang
- Department of NephrologyThe Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese MedicineChangchunJilin130021PR China
| | - Huijun Chen
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Hospital Affiliated Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHarbinHeilongjiang150009PR China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- Department of NephrologyHeilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineHarbinHeilongjiang150036PR China
| | - Chunjian Zhang
- Department of NephrologyHeilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineHarbinHeilongjiang150036PR China
| | - Shuhua Li
- Department of NephrologyHeilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineHarbinHeilongjiang150036PR China
| | - Yabin Zhou
- Department of CardiologyThe First Hospital Affiliated Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHarbinHeilongjiang150040PR China
| | - Jing Shang
- Department of NephrologyHeilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineHarbinHeilongjiang150036PR China
| | - Shunyu Liang
- Department of NephrologyHeilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineHarbinHeilongjiang150036PR China
| | - Fengzhen Yao
- Department of NephrologyHeilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHarbinHeilongjiang150040PR China
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15
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Olin JW, Di Narzo AF, d’Escamard V, Kadian-Dodov D, Cheng H, Georges A, King A, Thomas A, Barwari T, Michelis KC, Bouchareb R, Bander E, Anyanwu A, Stelzer P, Filsoufi F, Florman S, Civelek M, Debette S, Jeunemaitre X, Björkegren JLM, Mayr M, Bouatia-Naji N, Hao K, Kovacic JC. A plasma proteogenomic signature for fibromuscular dysplasia. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:63-77. [PMID: 31424497 PMCID: PMC6918065 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a poorly understood disease that predominantly affects women during middle-life, with features that include stenosis, aneurysm, and dissection of medium-large arteries. Recently, plasma proteomics has emerged as an important means to understand cardiovascular diseases. Our objectives were: (i) to characterize plasma proteins and determine if any exhibit differential abundance in FMD subjects vs. matched healthy controls and (ii) to leverage these protein data to conduct systems analyses to provide biologic insights on FMD, and explore if this could be developed into a blood-based FMD test. METHODS AND RESULTS Females with 'multifocal' FMD and matched healthy controls underwent clinical phenotyping, dermal biopsy, and blood draw. Using dual-capture proximity extension assay and nuclear magnetic resonance-spectroscopy, we evaluated plasma levels of 981 proteins and 31 lipid sub-classes, respectively. In a discovery cohort (Ncases = 90, Ncontrols = 100), we identified 105 proteins and 16 lipid sub-classes (predominantly triglycerides and fatty acids) with differential plasma abundance in FMD cases vs. controls. In an independent cohort (Ncases = 23, Ncontrols = 28), we successfully validated 37 plasma proteins and 10 lipid sub-classes with differential abundance. Among these, 5/37 proteins exhibited genetic control and Bayesian analyses identified 3 of these as potential upstream drivers of FMD. In a 3rd cohort (Ncases = 506, Ncontrols = 876) the genetic locus of one of these upstream disease drivers, CD2-associated protein (CD2AP), was independently validated as being associated with risk of having FMD (odds ratios = 1.36; P = 0.0003). Immune-fluorescence staining identified that CD2AP is expressed by the endothelium of medium-large arteries. Finally, machine learning trained on the discovery cohort was used to develop a test for FMD. When independently applied to the validation cohort, the test showed a c-statistic of 0.73 and sensitivity of 78.3%. CONCLUSION FMD exhibits a plasma proteogenomic and lipid signature that includes potential causative disease drivers, and which holds promise for developing a blood-based test for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Olin
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Antonio F Di Narzo
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valentina d’Escamard
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniella Kadian-Dodov
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Haoxiang Cheng
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrien Georges
- INSERM, UMR970 Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, France
- Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France
| | - Annette King
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Allison Thomas
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Temo Barwari
- King’s British Heart Foundation Centre, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine C Michelis
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rihab Bouchareb
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Emir Bander
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anelechi Anyanwu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Stelzer
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Farzan Filsoufi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sander Florman
- Recanati-Miller Transplantation Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mete Civelek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Stephanie Debette
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, INSERM U1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology and Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Xavier Jeunemaitre
- INSERM, UMR970 Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, France
- Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpital De Paris, Department of Genetics and Referral Center for Rare Vascular Diseases, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Johan L M Björkegren
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Manuel Mayr
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
- King’s British Heart Foundation Centre, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Nabila Bouatia-Naji
- INSERM, UMR970 Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, France
- Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Yin J, Jiang J, Wang H, Lu G. Protective Effects of Specneuzhenide on Renal Injury in Rats with Diabetic Nephropathy. Open Med (Wars) 2019; 14:740-747. [PMID: 31637305 PMCID: PMC6778394 DOI: 10.1515/med-2019-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We aim to investigate the protective effects and potential mechanisms in specneuzhenide (SPE) on renal injury in rats with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Results SPE could inhibit the decrease of body weight compared with the model group (P<0.05), and trigger improvement in the renal index (P<0.05). High dose and low dose SPE could trigger a significant decrease in serum IL1β, IL-6 and TNF-α compared with the model group (P<0.05). SPE could attenuate the glomerular lesions in DN rats. SPE induced up-regulation of podocin and CD2AP (P<0.05). Conclusion SPE showed protective effects on renal injury through attenuating the pathological injury and urine protein. This process may be closely related to the modulation of CD2AP and podocin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangning Yin
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy Department, School of Pharmacy Jiang Su University, Jiang Su 212013, China
| | - Huajun Wang
- Pharmaceutical Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Guoyuan Lu
- Urology Department,No. 188, Shizi Street, Urology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 213006, China
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Tao QQ, Chen YC, Wu ZY. The role of CD2AP in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2019; 10:901-907. [PMID: 31440393 PMCID: PMC6675523 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by irreversible decline in cognition with unclear pathogenesis. Recently, accumulating evidence has revealed that CD2 associated protein (CD2AP), a scaffolding molecule regulates signal transduction and cytoskeletal molecules, is implicated in AD pathogenesis. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CD2AP gene are associated with higher risk for AD and mRNA levels of CD2AP are decreased in peripheral lymphocytes of sporadic AD patients. Furthermore, CD2AP loss of function is linked to enhanced Aβ production, Tau-induced neurotoxicity, abnormal neurite structure modulation and reduced blood-brain barrier integrity. This review is to summarize the recent discoveries about the genetics and known functions of CD2AP. The recent evidence concerning the roles of CD2AP in the AD pathogenesis is summarized and CD2AP can be a promising therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Tao
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Chao Chen
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Ohashi A, Kumagai J, Nagahama K, Fujisawa H. Case of immunotactoid glomerulopathy showing high responsiveness to steroids therapy despite severe pathological features. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/7/e229751. [PMID: 31350228 PMCID: PMC6663160 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-229751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 72-year-old woman presented with nephrotic proteinuria and moderate haematuria. Renal pathology was compatible with immunotactoid glomerulopathy (ITG), for which there is no consensus for appropriate therapy. We, therefore, postponed immunosuppressive therapy. After 4 years, the patient’s renal function started to decline and renal pathology was re-evaluated, revealing a pathological change from mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis to endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis. Treatment with oral prednisolone (30 mg/day) was initiated. Within 5 weeks, complete remission of proteinuria was obtained (proteinuria 6.02 g/gCr to 0.12 g/gCr), and the patient’s renal function stabilised. Generally, responsiveness to immunosuppressive therapy is poor in patients with ITG, and the present case represented a very rare clinical course. Some previous cases have indicated susceptibility to the therapy, regardless of the severity of renal damage. As a possible distinct entity that determines susceptibility to immunosuppressive therapy, we suggest the presence of a latent lymphoproliferative disease with no significant haematological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Ohashi
- Nephrology, Yokohama City Minato Red Cross Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jiro Kumagai
- Pathology, Yokohama City Minato Red Cross Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Hajime Fujisawa
- Nephrology, Yokohama City Minato Red Cross Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
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19
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Wang JY, Zhang DQ, Cao Q, Qiao XQ, Zhou GP. miR-939-5p decreases the enrichment of RNA polymerase II in the promoter region of CD2AP involved in nephrotic syndrome. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11366-11374. [PMID: 30756418 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The expression changes of CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) can lead to kidney diseases with proteinuria, including nephrotic syndrome (NS). A recent study reported that miRNAs may be important transcriptional regulators. In this study, we found increased expression of miR-939-5p and decreased expression of CD2AP in the peripheral blood of patients with NS. However, miR-939-5p did not show a regulatory effect on the 3'-untranslated region of CD2AP. The expression levels of specific protein 1 and adenovirus E2 promoter-binding factor 1, important transcription regulators in the promoter region of CD2AP, were also not affected by microRNA (miR)-939-5p. We confirmed that miR-939-5p is in the nucleus by fluorescent in situ hybridization and cytoplasmic separation polymerase chain reaction. The promoter plasmid and miR-939-5p were cotransfected into HEK-293 cells, and the luciferase reporter gene assay was used to analyze the promoter activity. We found that miR-939-5p binds to a specific sequence in the CD2AP promoter. miR-939-5p was confirmed to reduce the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the CD2AP promoter region by chromatin immunoprecipitation. These findings improve our understanding of the mechanism of miR-939-5p in NS and provide potential molecular therapeutic targets for NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ya Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dao-Qi Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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20
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Van Acker ZP, Bretou M, Annaert W. Endo-lysosomal dysregulations and late-onset Alzheimer's disease: impact of genetic risk factors. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:20. [PMID: 31159836 PMCID: PMC6547588 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports that cellular dysregulations in the degradative routes contribute to the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. Autophagy and endolysosomal homeostasis need to be maintained throughout life as they are major cellular mechanisms involved in both the production of toxic amyloid peptides and the clearance of misfolded or aggregated proteins. As such, alterations in endolysosomal and autophagic flux, as a measure of degradation activity in these routes or compartments, may directly impact as well on disease-related mechanisms such as amyloid-β clearance through the blood-brain-barrier and the interneuronal spreading of amyloid-β and/or Tau seeds, affecting synaptic function, plasticity and metabolism. The emerging of several genetic risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease that are functionally related to endocytic transport regulation, including cholesterol metabolism and clearance, supports the notion that in particular the autophagy/lysosomal flux might become more vulnerable during ageing thereby contributing to disease onset. In this review we discuss our current knowledge of the risk genes APOE4, BIN1, CD2AP, PICALM, PLD3 and TREM2 and their impact on endolysosomal (dys)regulations in the light of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë P Van Acker
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg, O&N4, Rm. 7.159, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marine Bretou
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg, O&N4, Rm. 7.159, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Annaert
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg, O&N4, Rm. 7.159, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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21
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Ming L, Ning J, Ge Y, Zhang Y, Ruan Z. Excessive apoptosis of podocytes caused by dysregulation of microRNA-182-5p and CD2AP confers to an increased risk of diabetic nephropathy. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16516-16523. [PMID: 31131477 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The functions of miR-182-5p in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) remain largely unclear. Here, we studied the roles and relationship between miR-182-5p and CD2AP in the development of DN. We used real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to compare miR-182-5p expression between DN and control groups, while computational analysis and luciferase assays were used to confirm CD2AP as a miR-182-5p target. Western blot and real-time PCR were then used to measure the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of CD2AP in the presence of miR-182-5p. The results showed that miR-182-5p was highly expressed in cells isolated from people with DN. In addition, the luciferase activity of cells transfected with wild-type/mutant CD2AP confirmed CD2AP as a direct target of miR-182-5p. The expression levels of CD2AP mRNA and protein were much lower in the DN group compared with that in the normal group. In addition, the expression levels of CD2AP mRNA and protein were evidently increased by a miR-182-5p inhibitor, but notably downregulated by miR-182-5p mimics or CD2AP small interfering RNA (siRNA). Furthermore, miR-182-5p and CD2Ap siRNA significantly reduced the survival rate and viability of transfected cells, while the miR-182-5p inhibitor exhibited an opposite effect. These findings indicated the presence of a negative regulatory relationship between miR-182-5p and CD2AP in podocytes cells and suggested that the overexpression of miR-182-5p contributes to the pathogenesis of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ming
- Department of Image, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Ning
- Nursing Department, Wucheng People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Ruan
- Department of Tumor Chemotherapy, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
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22
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Ha TS, Ha DS. Ginseng Total Saponin Attenuates Podocyte Apoptosis Induced by Diabetic Conditions Through the Recovery of CD2-Associated Protein. J Med Food 2019; 22:170-177. [PMID: 30601089 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD2-associated protein (CD2AP), an adaptor protein, plays several important roles in podocyte function, linking slit diaphragms to actin-based cytoskeleton and sending survival signals. Here, we investigated whether ginseng total saponin (GTS) had a protective role in the changes of podocyte CD2AP protein and podocyte apoptosis under in vitro diabetic conditions. Conditionally immortalized mouse podocytes cultured with normal glucose (5 mM) or high glucose (30 mM) and with or without advanced glycosylation end products were treated with GTS. We found that CD2AP co-localized with the F-actin fibers in podocyte cytoplasm using confocal imaging; however, diabetic conditions caused the podocytes to diminish and conglomerate CD2AP stainings in the peripheral cytoplasm, which were recovered by GTS. Diabetic conditions also suppressed CD2AP protein levels at 6 and 24 h in western blotting. These phenotypical changes of CD2AP protein were mitigated by GTS. Diabetic conditions also induced podocyte apoptosis at 24 h, which were attenuated by GTS. These findings provide a novel mechanism that diabetic conditions induce quantitative and qualitative changes of podocyte CD2AP protein and apoptosis, which would be restored by GTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Sun Ha
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,2 Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Dong-Soo Ha
- 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
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23
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Empitu MA, Kadariswantiningsih IN, Aizawa M, Asanuma K. MAGI-2 and scaffold proteins in glomerulopathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1336-F1344. [PMID: 30110567 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00292.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In many cells and tissues, including the glomerular filtration barrier, scaffold proteins are critical in optimizing signal transduction by enhancing structural stability and functionality of their ligands. Recently, mutations in scaffold protein membrane-associated guanylate kinase inverted 2 (MAGI-2) encoding gene were identified among the etiology of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. MAGI-2 interacts with core proteins of multiple pathways, such as transforming growth factor-β signaling, planar cell polarity pathway, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in podocyte and slit diaphragm. Through the interaction with its ligand, MAGI-2 modulates the regulation of apoptosis, cytoskeletal reorganization, and glomerular development. This review aims to summarize recent findings on the role of MAGI-2 and some other scaffold proteins, such as nephrin and synaptopodin, in the underlying mechanisms of glomerulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulana A Empitu
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga , Surabaya , Indonesia
| | - Ika N Kadariswantiningsih
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga , Surabaya , Indonesia
| | - Masashi Aizawa
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Asanuma
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
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24
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Huang ZH, Chen HC, Chou YC, Lin CL, Kao CH, Lo HY, Yang TY, Liu FC. Does nephrotic syndrome without chronic kidney disease increase the risk of Parkinson's disease and secondary parkinsonism? A nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020821. [PMID: 29982207 PMCID: PMC6045768 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous research has shown that patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) have a higher risk of cognitive impairment, dementia or neurodegenerative disorder. The present study aimed to examine a relationship, if any exists between NS and Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder and secondary parkinsonism (sPS). METHODS A nationwide retrospective observational study conducted using data from the 2000-2010 Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. This study included 3663 patients with NS and 14 652 randomly selected, age-matched and sex-matched patients without NS. A Cox multivariable proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the risk of PD and sPS (PDsPS) in the NS cohort. RESULTS This study identified a positive association between NS and the risk of PDsPS in both men and women and in all age groups (adjusted HR 1.51; 95% CI 1.37 to 1.66). Compared with patients without NS and comorbidities, those with NS with two or more comorbidities exhibited an 8.23-fold higher risk of PDsPS (95% CI 6.22 to 10.9) and patients with NS and one comorbidity exhibited a 2.93-fold higher risk of PDsPS (95% CI 2.37 to 3.63). CONCLUSIONS Patients with NS have an increased risk of PDsPS. This increased risk may be related to brain vascular damage or blood-brain barrier impairment. Further research is necessary to explore the underlying relationship between NS and PDsPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hao Huang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Cheng Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Chou
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Kao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine Science and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Lo
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Yen Yang
- Molecular and Genomic Epidemiology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Cheng Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Guimas Almeida C, Sadat Mirfakhar F, Perdigão C, Burrinha T. Impact of late-onset Alzheimer's genetic risk factors on beta-amyloid endocytic production. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2577-2589. [PMID: 29704008 PMCID: PMC11105284 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The increased production of the 42 aminoacids long beta-amyloid (Aβ42) peptide has been established as a causal mechanism of the familial early onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). In contrast, the causal mechanisms of the late-onset AD (LOAD), that affects most AD patients, remain to be established. Indeed, Aβ42 accumulation has been detected more than 30 years before diagnosis. Thus, the mechanisms that control Aβ accumulation in LOAD likely go awry long before pathogenesis becomes detectable. Early on, APOE4 was identified as the biggest genetic risk factor for LOAD. However, since APOE4 is not present in all LOAD patients, genome-wide association studies of thousands of LOAD patients were undertaken to identify other genetic variants that could explain the development of LOAD. PICALM, BIN1, CD2AP, SORL1, and PLD3 are now with APOE4 among the identified genes at highest risk in LOAD that have been implicated in Aβ42 production. Recent evidence indicates that the regulation of the endocytic trafficking of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and/or its secretases to and from sorting endosomes is determinant for Aβ42 production. Thus, here, we will review the described mechanisms, whereby these genetic risk factors can contribute to the enhanced endocytic production of Aβ42. Dissecting causal LOAD mechanisms of Aβ42 accumulation, underlying the contribution of each genetic risk factor, will be required to identify therapeutic targets for novel personalized preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Guimas Almeida
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Farzaneh Sadat Mirfakhar
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Perdigão
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Burrinha
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
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26
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Multiple Targets for Novel Therapy of FSGS Associated with Circulating Permeability Factor. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6232616. [PMID: 28951873 PMCID: PMC5603123 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6232616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A plasma component is responsible for altered glomerular permeability in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Evidence includes recurrence after renal transplantation, remission after plasmapheresis, proteinuria in infants of affected mothers, transfer of proteinuria to experimental animals, and impaired glomerular permeability after exposure to patient plasma. Therapy may include decreasing synthesis of the injurious agent, removing or blocking its interaction with cells, or blocking signaling or enhancing cell defenses to restore the permeability barrier and prevent progression. Agents that may prevent the synthesis of the permeability factor include cytotoxic agents or aggressive chemotherapy. Extracorporeal therapies include plasmapheresis, immunoadsorption with protein A or anti-immunoglobulin, or lipopheresis. Oral or intravenous galactose also decreases Palb activity. Studies of glomeruli have shown that several strategies prevent the action of FSGS sera. These include blocking receptor-ligand interactions, modulating cell reactions using indomethacin or eicosanoids 20-HETE or 8,9-EET, and enhancing cytoskeleton and protein interactions using calcineurin inhibitors, glucocorticoids, or rituximab. We have identified cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF-1) as a candidate for the permeability factor. Therapies specific to CLCF-1 include potential use of cytokine receptor-like factor (CRLF-1) and inhibition of Janus kinase 2. Combined therapy using multiple modalities offers therapy to reverse proteinuria and prevent scarring.
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27
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Cho DH, Bae JS, Jeong JM, Han HJ, Lee DC, Cho MY, Jung SH, Kim DH, Park CI. The first report of CD2 associated protein gene, in a teleost (Rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus): An investigation of the immune response upon infection with several pathogens. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:1-6. [PMID: 28535972 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CD2 is expressed on the surfaces of virtually all T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. In mammals, the CD2 molecule is 50 kDa. The cytoplasmic tail of CD2 interacts with CD2-associated protein (CD2AP), which plays an important role in mediating the trigger signal in outer magnetic pole cells. In this study, we identified CD2AP from rock bream and investigated its gene expression. The ORF of CD2AP (1950 bp) encodes 650 amino acids (aa). CD2AP has a Src homology 3 (SH3) domain. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that CD2AP shows higher expression in the gills and skin. Under experimental challenge, CD2AP gene expression was increased as relative to the control after 7 days. This result will improve our understanding of blood vessels in teleost fish, and will provide a basis for the study of CD2-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hee Cho
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sol Bae
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Jeong
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ja Han
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Chan Lee
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young Cho
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Jung
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu., Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Decreased gene expression of CD2AP in Chinese patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 56:212.e5-212.e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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29
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Ito Y, Katayama K, Nishibori Y, Akimoto Y, Kudo A, Kurayama R, Hada I, Takahashi S, Kimura T, Fukutomi T, Katada T, Suehiro J, Beltcheva O, Tryggvason K, Yan K. Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1-like 1 epigenetically regulates nephrin gene expression. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F1184-F1199. [PMID: 28228401 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00305.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered expression of nephrin underlies the pathophysiology of proteinuria in both congenital and acquired nephrotic syndrome. However, the epigenetic mechanisms of nephrin gene regulation remain elusive. Here, we show that Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1-like 1 long form (WHSC1L1-L) is a novel epigenetic modifier of nephrin gene regulation. WHSC1L1-L was associated with histone H3K4 and H3K36 in human embryonic kidney cells. WHSC1L1-L gene was expressed in the podocytes, and functional protein product was detected in these cells. WHSC1L1-L was found to bind nephrin but not other podocyte-specific gene promoters, leading to its inhibition/suppression, abrogating the stimulatory effect of WT1 and NF-κB. Gene knockdown of WHSC1L1-L in primary cultured podocytes accelerated the transcription of nephrin but not CD2AP. An in vivo zebrafish study involving the injection of Whsc1l1 mRNA into embryos demonstrated an apparent reduction of nephrin mRNA but not podocin and CD2AP mRNA. Immunohistochemistry showed that both WHSC1L1-L and nephrin emerged at the S-shaped body stage in glomeruli. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy displayed WHSC1L1 to colocalize with trimethylated H3K4 in the glomerular podocytes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed the reduction of the association of trimethylated H3K4 at the nephrin promoter regions. Finally, nephrin mRNA was upregulated in the glomerulus at the early proteinuric stage of mouse nephrosis, which was associated with the reduction of WHSC1L1. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that WHSC1L1-L acts as a histone methyltransferase in podocytes and regulates nephrin gene expression, which may in turn contribute to the integrity of the slit diaphragm of the glomerular filtration barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kan Katayama
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Matrix Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yukino Nishibori
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Akimoto
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kudo
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Kurayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hada
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Toshiyuki Fukutomi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Tomohisa Katada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Junichi Suehiro
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Olga Beltcheva
- Molecular Medicine Center and Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Matrix Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kunimasa Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan;
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30
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Hasan MM, DeFaveri J, Kuure S, Dash SN, Lehtonen S, Merilä J, McCairns RJS. Kidney morphology and candidate gene expression shows plasticity in sticklebacks adapted to divergent osmotic environments. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:2175-2186. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.146027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Novel physiological challenges in different environments can promote the evolution of divergent phenotypes, either through plastic or genetic changes. Environmental salinity serves as a key barrier to the distribution of nearly all aquatic organisms, and species diversification is likely to be enabled by adaptation to alternative osmotic environments. The threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a euryhaline species with populations found both in marine and freshwater environments. It has evolved both highly plastic and locally adapted phenotypes due to salinity-derived selection, but the physiological and genetic basis of adaptation to salinity is not fully understood. We integrated comparative cellular morphology of the kidney, a key organ for osmoregulation, and candidate gene expression to explore the underpinnings of evolved variation in osmotic plasticity within two populations of sticklebacks from distinct salinity zones in the Baltic Sea: the high salinity Kattegat, representative of the ancestral marine habitat, and the low salinity Bay of Bothnia. A common-garden experiment revealed that kidney morphology in the ancestral high salinity population had a highly plastic response to salinity conditions, whereas this plastic response was reduced in the low salinity population. Candidate gene expression in kidney tissue revealed a similar pattern of population-specific differences, with a higher degree of plasticity in the native high salinity population. Together these results suggest that renal cellular morphology has become canalized to low salinity, and that these structural differences may have functional implications for osmoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mehedi Hasan
- Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jacquelin DeFaveri
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Kuure
- Institute of Biotechnology & Laboratory Animal Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Surjya N. Dash
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Lehtonen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R. J. Scott McCairns
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, 35042 Rennes, France
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CD2-associated protein/phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling has a preventive role in angiotensin II-induced podocyte apoptosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:370-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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32
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Sever S, Reiser J. CD2AP, dendrin, and cathepsin L in the kidney. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 185:3129-30. [PMID: 26506476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Sever
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
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Sugimoto K, Miyazawa T, Enya T, Miyazaki K, Okada M, Takemura T. Cyclosporine A induced histological changes of Cathepsin L and CD2AP expression in renal glomeruli and tubules. Clin Exp Nephrol 2016; 21:83-91. [PMID: 26975192 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-016-1257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclosporine A (CsA) is used globally as an immunosuppressant for the treatment of immune-mediated nephrotic syndrome (NS). However, its long-term use causes nephrotoxicity characterized by tubulointerstitial injury and glomerulosclerosis. The present study aimed to investigate the associations between histomorphological findings and immunohistological expression of Cathepsin L (CatL) and CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) in patients with NS mediated with CsA. METHODS A total of 18 patients with child-onset NS were divided into two groups after treatment with CsA for 2 years (group A; n = 10) and more than 4 years (group B; n = 8), respectively. Analyses of relationships between tubulointerstitial disorders and expression of CatL and CD2AP proteins were performed using immunohistochemistry of paired renal specimens. RESULTS Glomeruli with arteriole hyalinization were significantly increased in both groups depending on dosage periods, although degrees of tubule and interstitial injury did not differ between groups. CD2AP expression was significantly greater in podocytes (P = 0.046) and was significantly less in proximal tubule cells (P = 0.014) in patients of group B compared with those of group A. Moreover, CD2AP expression was significantly increased in lateral tubule cells in both groups (group A, P = 0.02; group B, P = 0.001), and CatL expression in glomeruli and tubule cells did not change with the duration of CsA treatment in either patient group. CONCLUSIONS CD2AP expression in renal tubules may histologically associate with tissue hypoxia and reflected recovery from CsA-mediated renal injury in patients, even with mild histological features of tubulointerstitial disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Miyazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Takuji Enya
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kouhei Miyazaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Takemura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
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Huang YP, Qiu LZ, Zhou GP. MicroRNA-939 down-regulates CD2-associated protein by targeting promoter in HEK-293T cells. Ren Fail 2016; 38:508-13. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2016.1144443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ensuring the Quality of Stem Cell-Derived In Vitro Models for Toxicity Testing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 856:259-297. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33826-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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36
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Marikanty RK, Gupta MK, Cherukuvada SVB, Kompella SSS, Prayaga AK, Konda S, Polisetty RV, Idris MM, Rao PV, Chandak GR, Dakshinamurty KV. Identification of urinary proteins potentially associated with diabetic kidney disease. Indian J Nephrol 2016; 26:434-445. [PMID: 27942176 PMCID: PMC5131383 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.176144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease. Although several parameters are used to evaluate renal damage, in many instances, there is no pathological change until damage is already advanced. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is a novel tool to identify newer diagnostic markers. To identify urinary proteins associated with renal complications in diabetes, we collected urine samples from 10 type 2 diabetes patients each with normoalbuminuria, micro- and macro-albuminuria and compared their urinary proteome with that of 10 healthy individuals. Urinary proteins were concentrated, depleted of albumin and five other abundant plasma proteins and in-gel trypsin digested after prefractionation on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The peptides were analyzed using a nanoflow reverse phase liquid chromatography system coupled to linear trap quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. We identified large number of proteins in each group, of which many were exclusively present in individual patient groups. A total of 53 proteins were common in all patients but were absent in the controls. The majority of the proteins were functionally binding, biologically involved in metabolic processes, and showed enrichment of alternative complement and blood coagulation pathways. In addition to identifying reported proteins such as α2-HS-glycoprotein and Vitamin D binding protein, we detected novel proteins such as CD59, extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1), factor H, and myoglobin in the urine of macroalbuminuria patients. ECM1 and factor H are known to influence mesangial cell proliferation, and CD59 causes microvascular damage by influencing membrane attack complex deposition, suggestive their biological relevance to DN. Thus, we have developed a proteome database where various proteins exclusively present in the patients may be further investigated for their role as stage-specific markers and possible therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Marikanty
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - M K Gupta
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - S V B Cherukuvada
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S S S Kompella
- Department of Biochemistry, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - A K Prayaga
- Department of Pathology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S Konda
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - R V Polisetty
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - M M Idris
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - P V Rao
- Department of Endocrinology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - G R Chandak
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K V Dakshinamurty
- Department of Nephrology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Cochran JN, Rush T, Buckingham SC, Roberson ED. The Alzheimer's disease risk factor CD2AP maintains blood-brain barrier integrity. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6667-74. [PMID: 26358779 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) is a leading genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, but little is known about the function of CD2AP in the brain. We studied CD2AP(-/-) mice to address this question. Because CD2AP(-/-) mice normally die by 6 weeks from nephrotic syndrome, we used mice that also express a CD2AP transgene in the kidney, but not brain, to attenuate this phenotype. CD2AP-deficient mice had no behavioral abnormalities except for mild motor and anxiety deficits in a subset of CD2AP(-/-) mice exhibiting severe nephrotic syndrome, associated with systemic illness. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures occurred with shorter latency in CD2AP(-/-) mice, but characteristics of these seizures on electroencephalography were not altered. As CD2AP is expressed in brain-adjacent endothelial cells, we hypothesized that the shorter latency to seizures without detectably different seizure characteristics may be due to increased penetration of PTZ related to compromised blood-brain barrier integrity. Using sodium fluorescein extravasation, we found that CD2AP(-/-) mice had reduced blood-brain barrier integrity. Neither seizure severity nor blood-brain barrier integrity was correlated with nephrotic syndrome, indicating that these effects are dissociable from the systemic illness associated with CD2AP deficiency. Confirming this dissociation, wild-type mice with induced nephrotic syndrome maintained an intact blood-brain barrier. Taken together, our results support a role of CD2AP in mediating blood-brain barrier integrity and suggest that cerebrovascular roles of CD2AP could contribute to its effects on Alzheimer's disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nicholas Cochran
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Travis Rush
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Susan C Buckingham
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Insulin signaling: implications for podocyte biology in diabetic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2015; 24:104-10. [PMID: 25415617 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Several key elements of the insulin signaling cascade contribute to podocyte function and survival. While it was initially thought that the consequences of altered insulin signaling to podocyte function was strictly related to altered glucose uptake, it has become clear that upstream signaling events involved in cell survival, lipid metabolism or nutrient sensing and modulated by insulin are strong independent contributors to podocyte function. RECENT FINDINGS Akt2, the major isoform of Akt activated following cellular insulin stimulation, protects against the progression of renal disease in nephron-deficient mice, and podocyte-specific deletion of Akt2 results in a more rapid progression of experimental glomerular disease. In diabetes, podocyte mammalian target of rapamycin activation clearly contributes to podocyte injury and regulated autophagy. Furthermore, podocyte-specific glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) deficiency protects podocytes by preventing mammalian target of rapamycin signaling independently of glucose uptake. Finally, intracellular lipids have been recently recognized as major modulators of podocyte insulin signaling and as a new therapeutic target. SUMMARY The identification of new contributors to podocyte insulin signaling is of extreme translational value as it may lead to new drug development strategies for diabetic kidney disease, as well as for other proteinuric kidney diseases.
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SV2B is essential for the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier. J Transl Med 2015; 95:534-45. [PMID: 25730372 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The glomerular visceral epithelial cell (podocyte) is characterized as a specialized structure of the interdigitating foot processes, covering the outer side of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). The neighboring foot processes are connected by a slit diaphragm, which is a key structure regulating the barrier function of the glomerular capillary wall to prevent proteinuria. We have previously reported that synaptic vesicle protein 2 B (SV2B) is expressed in the podocyte and that the expression is clearly decreased in nephrotic models. However, the precise function of SV2B in the podocyte is unclear. To investigate the role of SV2B in maintaining the podocyte function and to better understand the function of the neuron-like vesicle expressing SV2B in the podocyte, we analyzed them with SV2B knockout (KO) mice. An increase in the amount of proteinuria, effacement of the foot process of the podocyte, and alterations of the GBM were detected in SV2B KO mice. It was also found that the expression of CD2AP, nephrin, and NEPH1, the functional molecules of the slit diaphragm, and laminin, a critical component of the GBM, is clearly altered in SV2B KO mice. Synaptotagmin and neurexin, which have a role in the synaptic vesicle docking in neurons, are downregulated in the kidney cortex of SV2B KO mice. We have previously reported that neurexin interacts with CD2AP, and the present study shows that SV2B interacts with CD2AP. These findings suggest that the SV2B-neurexin complex is involved in the formation and maintenance of the slit diaphragm. In addition, SV2B is densely expressed close to the cell surface in the presumptive podocyte in the early stage of glomerulogenesis. These results suggest that SV2B has an essential role in the formation and maintenance of the glomerular capillary wall.
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An update: the role of Nephrin inside and outside the kidney. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:649-57. [PMID: 25921941 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nephrin is a key molecule in podocytes to maintain normal slit diaphragm structure. Nephin interacts with many other podocyte and slit diaphragm protein and also mediates important cell signaling pathways in podocytes. Loss of nephrin during the development leads to the congenital nephrotic syndrome in children. Reduction of nephrin expression is often observed in adult kidney diseases including diabetic nephropathy and HIV-associated nephropathy. The critical role of nephrin has been confirmed by different animal models with nephrin knockout and knockdown. Recent studies demonstrate that knockdown of nephrin expression in adult mice aggravates the progression of unilateral nephrectomy and Adriamycin-induced kidney disease. In addition to its critical role in maintaining normal glomerular filtration unit in the kidney, nephrin is also expressed in other organs. However, the exact role of nephrin in kidney and extra-renal organs has not been well characterized. Future studies are required to determine whether nephrin could be developed as a drug target to treat patients with kidney disease.
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Ha TS, Hong EJ, Han GD. Diabetic conditions downregulate the expression of CD2AP in podocytes via PI3-K/Akt signalling. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:50-60. [PMID: 24846128 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteinuria is typically accompanied by structural and compositional changes of the foot processes and of the slit diaphragms between podocytes. CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) in podocytes serves as an adaptor protein binding to nephrin and podocin, anchoring these slit diaphragm proteins to actin filaments of podocyte cytoskeleton and sending signals inward or outward. METHODS In the present study, we prepared streptozotocin-induced diabetic renal tissues and cultured podocytes in diabetic conditions to investigate podocyte phenotypical changes, including quantitative and distributional changes of CD2AP protein and search for the signalling mechanisms in diabetic conditions. We prepared cultured rat glomerular epithelial cells and mouse podocytes to study how high glucose and advanced glycosylation end products (AGE) induce phenotypical changes of cultured podocyte, under (1) normal glucose (5 mM, = control), (2) high glucose (30 mM), (3) AGE-added or (4) high glucose plus AGE-added conditions. RESULTS According to diabetic duration, density of CD2AP in renal tissue of experimental diabetic nephropathy became conglomerulated and diminished. In cultured podocytes, CD2AP co-localized with nephrin and zonula occludens-1 by confocal imaging. High glucose and high glucose plus AGE induced the relocalization and concentration of CD2AP at internal cytoplasmic and perinuclear areas of podocytes. High glucose plus AGE-added condition also decreased CD2AP protein amount and its mRNA expression compared with normal glucose or osmotic control conditions. In addition, LY294002, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor, prevented the quantitative and distributional changes of CD2AP induced by high glucose and AGE. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that diabetic conditions induce the phenotypical changes of podocyte CD2AP possibly via phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Sun Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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Wilmes A, Jennings P. The Use of Renal Cell Culture for Nephrotoxicity Investigations. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527674183.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Lal MA, Andersson AC, Katayama K, Xiao Z, Nukui M, Hultenby K, Wernerson A, Tryggvason K. Rhophilin-1 is a key regulator of the podocyte cytoskeleton and is essential for glomerular filtration. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:647-62. [PMID: 25071083 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013111195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhophilin-1 is a Rho GTPase-interacting protein, the biologic function of which is largely unknown. Here, we identify and describe the functional role of Rhophilin-1 as a novel podocyte-specific protein of the kidney glomerulus. Rhophilin-1 knockout mice were phenotypically normal at birth but developed albuminuria at about 2 weeks of age. Kidneys from severely albuminuric mice revealed widespread podocyte foot process effacement, thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, and FSGS-like lesions. The absence of any overt changes in the expression of podocyte proteins at the onset of proteinuria suggested that the primary cause of podocyte abnormalities in Rhpn1-null mice was the result of cell-autonomous, Rhophilin-1-dependent signaling events. In culture, Rhophilin-1 was detected at the plasma membrane leading edge of primary podocytes, where it elicited remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton network. This effect of Rhophilin-1 on actin cytoskeleton organization associated with inhibitory effects on Rho-dependent phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain and stress fiber formation. Conversely, phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain increased in podocyte foot processes of Rhpn1(-/-) mice, implicating altered actinomyosin contractility in foot process effacement and compromised filtration capacity. Targeted deletion of RhoA in podocytes of Rhophilin-1 knockout mice exacerbated the renal injury. Taken together, our results indicate that Rhophilin-1 is essential for the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier and that this protein is a key determinant of podocyte cytoskeleton architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Lal
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | | | - Kan Katayama
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - Ziejie Xiao
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - Masatoshi Nukui
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Research Center, and
| | - Annika Wernerson
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics,
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Xu HL, Ou C, Rong L, Zhou TB. The potential signal pathway between PAX2 and CD2AP in the renal interstitial fibrosis disease. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 34:290-8. [PMID: 24471428 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2013.876045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Paired box gene 2 (PAX2) can regulate tissue development and cellular differentiation, and it is associated with renal diseases. CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) is an adaptor protein involving in a variety of physiological and disease processes. Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is a hallmark of common progressive chronic diseases which lead to renal failure. This study was performed to investigate whether there was a potential signal pathway between PAX2 and CD2AP in RIF rats induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Eighty Wistar male rats were divided into two groups randomly: sham operation group (SHO) and model group subjected to UUO (GU), n = 40. The model was established by left ureteral ligation. Renal tissues were collected at 14 d and 28 d after surgery. RIF index, cell apoptosis index, protein expression of PAX2, CD2AP, transforming growth factor-βl (TGF-β1), collagen-IV (Col-IV), fibronectin (FN) in renal interstitium and renal tissue, and mRNA expression of PAX2, CD2AP, and TGF-β1 in renal tissue were detected. Compared with that in the SHO group, the PAX2 and CD2AP expressions (mRNA and protein) were significantly increased (p < 0.01). Protein expressions of TGF-β1, Col-IV, and FN, and RIF index or cell apoptosis index in the GU group were markedly elevated than those in the SHO group (all p < 0.01). PAX2 or CD2AP was positively correlated with TGF-β1, Col-IV, and FN, and RIF index or cell apoptosis index (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, PAX2 was positively correlated with CD2AP (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the expression of PAX2 or CD2AP was increased in RIF rats, and PAX2 was positively correlated with CD2AP. There might be a potential signaling pathway between PAX2 and CD2AP in RIF disease. Further research is needed to determine the association in RIF disease.
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45
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He FF, Chen S, Su H, Meng XF, Zhang C. Actin-associated Proteins in the Pathogenesis of Podocyte Injury. Curr Genomics 2014; 14:477-84. [PMID: 24396279 PMCID: PMC3867723 DOI: 10.2174/13892029113146660014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes have a complex cellular architecture with interdigitating processes maintained by a precise organization of actin filaments. The actin-based foot processes of podocytes and the interposed slit diaphragm form the final barrier to proteinuria. The function of podocytes is largely based on the maintenance of the normal foot process structure with actin cytoskeleton. Cytoskeletal dynamics play important roles during normal podocyte development, in maintenance of the healthy glomerular filtration barrier, and in the pathogenesis of glomerular diseases. In this review, we focused on recent findings on the mechanisms of organization and reorganization of these actin-related molecules in the pathogenesis of podocyte injury and potential therapeutics targeting the regulation of actin cytoskeleton in podocytopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang He
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xian-Fang Meng
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Jennings P, Aschauer L, Wilmes A, Gstraunthaler G. Renal Cell Culture. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0521-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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47
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Merscher S, Fornoni A. Podocyte pathology and nephropathy - sphingolipids in glomerular diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:127. [PMID: 25126087 PMCID: PMC4115628 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are components of the lipid rafts in plasma membranes, which are important for proper function of podocytes, a key element of the glomerular filtration barrier. Research revealed an essential role of sphingolipids and sphingolipid metabolites in glomerular disorders of genetic and non-genetic origin. The discovery that glucocerebrosides accumulate in Gaucher disease in glomerular cells and are associated with clinical proteinuria initiated intensive research into the function of other sphingolipids in glomerular disorders. The accumulation of sphingolipids in other genetic diseases including Tay-Sachs, Sandhoff, Fabry, hereditary inclusion body myopathy 2, Niemann-Pick, and nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type and its implications with respect to glomerular pathology will be discussed. Similarly, sphingolipid accumulation occurs in glomerular diseases of non-genetic origin including diabetic kidney disease (DKD), HIV-associated nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and lupus nephritis. Sphingomyelin metabolites, such as ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate have also gained tremendous interest. We recently described that sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase acid-like 3b (SMPDL3b) is expressed in podocytes where it modulates acid sphingomyelinase activity and acts as a master modulator of danger signaling. Decreased SMPDL3b expression in post-reperfusion kidney biopsies from transplant recipients with idiopathic FSGS correlates with the recurrence of proteinuria in patients and in experimental models of xenotransplantation. Increased SMPDL3b expression is associated with DKD. The consequences of differential SMPDL3b expression in podocytes in these diseases with respect to their pathogenesis will be discussed. Finally, the role of sphingolipids in the formation of lipid rafts in podocytes and their contribution to the maintenance of a functional slit diaphragm in the glomerulus will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Merscher
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- *Correspondence: Sandra Merscher, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, 1580 NW 10th Avenue, Batchelor Building, Room 628, Miami, FL 33136, USA e-mail: ; Alessia Fornoni, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, 1580 NW 10th Avenue, Batchelor Building, Room 633, Miami, FL 33136, USA e-mail:
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- *Correspondence: Sandra Merscher, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, 1580 NW 10th Avenue, Batchelor Building, Room 628, Miami, FL 33136, USA e-mail: ; Alessia Fornoni, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, 1580 NW 10th Avenue, Batchelor Building, Room 633, Miami, FL 33136, USA e-mail:
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Merscher S, Pedigo CE, Mendez AJ. Metabolism, energetics, and lipid biology in the podocyte - cellular cholesterol-mediated glomerular injury. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:169. [PMID: 25352833 PMCID: PMC4196552 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a high risk of death. Dyslipidemia is commonly observed in patients with CKD and is accompanied by a decrease in plasma high-density lipoprotein, and an increase in plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and oxidized lipids. The observation that statins may decrease albuminuria but do not stop the progression of CKD indicates that pathways other than the cholesterol synthesis contribute to cholesterol accumulation in the kidneys of patients with CKD. Recently, it has become clear that increased lipid influx and impaired reverse cholesterol transport can promote glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial damage. Lipid-rafts are cholesterol-rich membrane domains with important functions in regulating membrane fluidity, membrane protein trafficking, and in the assembly of signaling molecules. In podocytes, which are specialized cells of the glomerulus, they contribute to the spatial organization of the slit diaphragm (SD) under physiological and pathological conditions. The discovery that podocyte-specific proteins such as podocin can bind and recruit cholesterol contributing to the formation of the SD underlines the importance of cholesterol homeostasis in podocytes and suggests cholesterol as an important regulator in the development of proteinuric kidney disease. Cellular cholesterol accumulation due to increased synthesis, influx, or decreased efflux is an emerging concept in podocyte biology. This review will focus on the role of cellular cholesterol accumulation in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases with a focus on glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Merscher
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- *Correspondence: Sandra Merscher, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami,1580 NW 10th Ave, Batchelor Bldg, Room 628, Miami, FL 33136, USA e-mail:
| | - Christopher E. Pedigo
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Armando J. Mendez
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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May CJ, Saleem M, Welsh GI. Podocyte dedifferentiation: a specialized process for a specialized cell. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:148. [PMID: 25324828 PMCID: PMC4181233 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The podocyte is one of the two cell types that contribute to the formation of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). It is a highly specialized cell with a unique structure. The key feature of the podocyte is its foot processes that regularly interdigitate. A structure known as the slit diaphragm can be found bridging the interdigitations. This molecular sieve comprises the final layer of the GFB. It is well accepted that the podocyte is the target cell in the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome. In nephrotic syndrome, the GFB no longer restricts the passage of macromolecules and protein is lost into the urine. A number of phenotypic and morphological changes are seen in the diseased podocyte and in the literature these have been described as an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, there is a growing appreciation that this term does not accurately describe the changes that are seen. Definitions of type-2 EMT are based on typical epithelial cells. While the podocyte is known as a visceral epithelial cell, it is not a typical epithelial cell. Moreover, podocytes have several features that are more consistent with mesenchymal cells. Therefore, we suggest that the term podocyte disease transformation is more appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl James May
- Academic Renal Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- *Correspondence: Carl James May, Academic Renal Unit, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK e-mail:
| | - Moin Saleem
- Academic Renal Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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A compendium of urinary biomarkers indicative of glomerular podocytopathy. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:782395. [PMID: 24327929 PMCID: PMC3845336 DOI: 10.1155/2013/782395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that glomerular podocyte injury and loss are present in numerous nephropathies and that the pathophysiologic consecution of disease hinges upon the fate of the podocyte. While multiple factors play a hand in glomerulopathy progression, basic logic lends that if one monitors the podocyte's status, that may reflect the status of disease. Recent investigations have focused on what one can elucidate from the noninvasive collection of urine, and have proven that certain, specific biomarkers of podocytes can be readily identified via varying techniques. This paper has brought together all described urinary biomarkers of podocyte injury and is made to provide a concise summary of their utility and testing in laboratory and clinical theatres. While promising in the potential that they hold as tools for clinicians and investigators, the described biomarkers require further comprehensive vetting in the form of larger clinical trials and studies that would give their value true weight. These urinary biomarkers are put forth as novel indicators of glomerular disease presence, disease progression, and therapeutic efficacy that in some cases may be more advantageous than the established parameters/measures currently used in practice.
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