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Koch Esteves N, McDonald J, González‐Alonso J. Thermo-haemodynamic coupling during regional thigh heating: Insight into the importance of local thermosensitive mechanisms in blood circulation. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:600-613. [PMID: 38230961 PMCID: PMC10988708 DOI: 10.1113/ep091556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
A positive relationship between local tissue temperature and perfusion exists, with isolated limb-segment hyperthermia stimulating hyperaemia in the heated region without affecting the adjacent, non-heated limb segment. However, whether partial-limb segment heating evokes a heightened tissue perfusion in the heated region without directly or reflexly affecting the non-heated tissues of the same limb segment remains unknown. This study investigated, in 11 healthy young adults, the lower limb temperature and haemodynamic responses to three levels of 1 h upper-leg heating, none of which alter core temperature: (1) whole-thigh (WTH; water-perfused garment), (2) quadriceps (QH; water-perfused garment) and (3) partial-quadriceps (PQH; pulsed shortwave diathermy) heating. It was hypothesised that perfusion would only increase in the heated regions. WTH, QH and PQH increased local heated tissue temperature by 2.9 ± 0.6, 2.0 ± 0.7 and 2.9 ± 1.3°C (P < 0.0001), respectively, whilst remaining unchanged in the non-heated hamstrings and quadriceps tissues during QH and PQH. WTH induced a two-fold increase in common femoral artery blood flow (P < 0.0001) whereas QH and PQH evoked a similar ∼1.4-fold elevation (P ≤ 0.0018). During QH and PQH, however, tissue oxygen saturation and laser-Doppler skin blood flow in the adjacent non-heated hamstrings or quadriceps tissues remained stable (P > 0.5000). These findings in healthy young humans demonstrate a tight thermo-haemodynamic coupling during regional thigh heating, providing further evidence of the importance of local heat-activated mechanisms on the control of blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Koch Esteves
- Division of Sport, Health, and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Lifes SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
- University College of OsteopathyLondonUK
| | - Jeneil McDonald
- Division of Sport, Health, and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Lifes SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
| | - José González‐Alonso
- Division of Sport, Health, and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Lifes SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
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2
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Lee DH, Kang SC, Hwang SS, Lee YJ, Kim HY, Lee SY, Shin CH, Kim J. Establishing reference values for percentage of appendicular skeletal muscle mass and their association with metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023; 28:237-244. [PMID: 37139682 PMCID: PMC10765024 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2244268.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The association between appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and cardiometabolic risk has been emphasized. We estimated reference values of the percentage of ASM (PASM) and investigated their association with metabolic syndrome (MS) in Korean adolescents. METHODS Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey performed between 2009 and 2011 were used. Tables and graphs of reference PASM were generated using 1,522 subjects, 807 of whom were boys aged 10 to 18. The relationship between PASM and each component of MS in adolescents was further analyzed in 1,174 subjects, 613 of whom were boys. Moreover, the pediatric simple MS score (PsiMS), the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index were analyzed. Multivariate linear and logistic regressions adjusting for age, sex, household income, and daily energy intake were performed. RESULTS In boys, PASM increased with age; the trend was different in girls, in whom PASM declined with age. PsiMS, HOMA-IR, and TyG index showed inverse associations with PASM (PsiMS, β=-0.105, P<0.001; HOMA-IR, β=-0.104, P<0.001; and TyG index, β=-0.013, P<0.001). PASM z-score was negatively associated with obesity (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.22; 95% CI, 0.17-0.30), abdominal obesity (aOR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.20-0.36), hypertension (aOR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.52-0.80), and elevated triglycerides (aOR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.56-0.79). CONCLUSION The probability of acquiring MS and insulin resistance decreased as PASM values increased. The reference range may offer clinicians information to aid in the effective management of patients. We urge clinicians to monitor body composition using standard reference databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Hye Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Chan Kang
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Sik Hwang
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwa Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seong Yong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choong Ho Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaehyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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3
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Haddad F, Li X, Perelman D, Santana EJ, Kuznetsova T, Cauwenberghs N, Busque V, Contrepois K, Snyder MP, Leonard MB, Gardner C. Challenging obesity and sex based differences in resting energy expenditure using allometric modeling, a sub-study of the DIETFITS clinical trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 53:43-52. [PMID: 36657929 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Resting energy expenditure (REE) is a major component of energy balance. While REE is usually indexed to total body weight (BW), this may introduce biases when assessing REE in obesity or during weight loss intervention. The main objective of the study was to quantify the bias introduced by ratiometric scaling of REE using BW both at baseline and following weight loss intervention. DESIGN Participants in the DIETFITS Study (Diet Intervention Examining The Factors Interacting with Treatment Success) who completed indirect calorimetry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were included in the study. Data were available in 438 participants at baseline, 340 at 6 months and 323 at 12 months. We used multiplicative allometric modeling based on lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass (FM) to derive body size independent scaling of REE. Longitudinal changes in indexed REE were then assessed following weight loss intervention. RESULTS A multiplicative model including LBM, FM, age, Black race and the double product (DP) of systolic blood pressure and heart rate explained 79% of variance in REE. REE indexed to [LBM0.66 × FM0.066] was body size and sex independent (p = 0.91 and p = 0.73, respectively) in contrast to BW based indexing which showed a significant inverse relationship to BW (r = -0.47 for female and r = -0.44 for male, both p < 0.001). When indexed to BW, significant baseline differences in REE were observed between male and female (p < 0.001) and between individuals who are overweight and obese (p < 0.001) while no significant differences were observed when indexed to REE/[LBM0.66 × FM0.066], p > 0.05). Percentage predicted REE adjusted for LBM, FM and DP remained stable following weight loss intervention (p = 0.614). CONCLUSION Allometric scaling of REE based on LBM and FM removes body composition-associated biases and should be considered in obesity and weight-based intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Haddad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, CA, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, CA, USA.
| | | | - Everton Jose Santana
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, CA, USA; Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Belgium.
| | - Tatiana Kuznetsova
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Belgium.
| | - Nicholas Cauwenberghs
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Belgium.
| | - Vincent Busque
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, CA, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Kevin Contrepois
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, CA, USA.
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, CA, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, CA, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Mary B Leonard
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, CA, USA.
| | - Christopher Gardner
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, CA, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Yoo HJ, Kim YJ, Hong H, Hong SH, Chae HD, Choi JY. Deep learning-based fully automated body composition analysis of thigh CT: comparison with DXA measurement. Eur Radiol 2022; 32:7601-7611. [PMID: 35435440 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-08770-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare volumetric CT with DL-based fully automated segmentation and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the measurement of thigh tissue composition. METHODS This prospective study was performed from January 2019 to December 2020. The participants underwent DXA to determine the body composition of the whole body and thigh. CT was performed in the thigh region; the images were automatically segmented into three muscle groups and adipose tissue by custom-developed DL-based automated segmentation software. Subsequently, the program reported the tissue composition of the thigh. The correlation and agreement between variables measured by DXA and CT were assessed. Then, CT thigh tissue volume prediction equations based on DXA-derived thigh tissue mass were developed using a general linear model. RESULTS In total, 100 patients (mean age, 44.9 years; 60 women) were evaluated. There was a strong correlation between the CT and DXA measurements (R = 0.813~0.98, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in total soft tissue mass between DXA and CT measurement (p = 0.183). However, DXA overestimated thigh lean (muscle) mass and underestimated thigh total fat mass (p < 0.001). The DXA-derived lean mass was an average of 10% higher than the CT-derived lean mass and 47% higher than the CT-derived lean muscle mass. The DXA-derived total fat mass was approximately 20% lower than the CT-derived total fat mass. The predicted CT tissue volume using DXA-derived data was highly correlated with actual CT-measured tissue volume in the validation group (R2 = 0.96~0.97, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Volumetric CT measurements with DL-based fully automated segmentation are a rapid and more accurate method for measuring thigh tissue composition. KEY POINTS • There was a positive correlation between CT and DXA measurements in both the whole body and thigh. • DXA overestimated thigh lean mass by 10%, lean muscle mass by 47%, but underestimated total fat mass by 20% compared to the CT method. • The equations for predicting CT volume (cm3) were developed using DXA data (g), age, height (cm), and body weight (kg) and good model performance was proven in the validation study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Yoo
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Young Jae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyunsook Hong
- Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Hong
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Hee Dong Chae
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Ja-Young Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.
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5
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Miyachi R, Kanazawa Y, Fujii Y, Ohno N, Miyati T, Yamazaki T. Reliability of lower leg muscle thickness measurement along the long axis of the muscle using ultrasound imaging, in a sitting position. J Phys Ther Sci 2022; 34:515-521. [PMID: 35784606 PMCID: PMC9246410 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.34.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To verify the reliability and validity of lower leg muscle thickness (MT)
assessment along the muscle’s long axis using ultrasound imaging (USI) in a sitting
position. [Participants and Methods] Twenty healthy adult female participants (aged, 20.3
± 0.9 years) were included in the study. Intra- and inter-examiner reliability of the
proximal, middle, and distal MT of the tibialis anterior (TA) and medial head of the
gastrocnemius (GM) were verified using USI in a sitting position. Additionally, the
relationship between MT measurement using USI and muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA)
measurement using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as the ankle joint’s maximum
muscle strength, were examined. [Results] The reliability of TA and GM MT measurement
using USI was high for all regions. The relationship between MCSA measurement using MRI
and MT measurement using USI showed a significant correlation in all the regions for both
muscles. The relationship between ankle muscle strength and USI of MT was not
significantly correlated in any region for both muscles. [Conclusion] Measurement of MT
using USI is reliable and valid for MCSA, but must be combined with assessments of other
factors for muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Miyachi
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Hokuriku University: 1-1 Taiyogaoka, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa 920-1180, Japan.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Yuji Kanazawa
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Hokuriku University: 1-1 Taiyogaoka, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa 920-1180, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Fujii
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Hokuriku University: 1-1 Taiyogaoka, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa 920-1180, Japan
| | - Naoki Ohno
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Tosiaki Miyati
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yamazaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
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6
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Rosa CSC, Ribeiro HS, Vogt BP, Sakkas GK, Monteiro HL. Sarcopenia diagnosis in patients receiving hemodialysis: Agreement among different consensuses. Nutr Clin Pract 2021; 37:1348-1355. [PMID: 34970778 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many consensuses to diagnose sarcopenia, and their agreement in patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) is not clear. We described the sarcopenia prevalence in patients receiving HD using different consensuses and analyzed their level of agreement. METHODS Sixty-seven patients (43 men, 55 ± 14.6 years) were evaluated for appendicular skeletal muscle mass using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and muscle strength using handgrip strength. Patients were classified according to different sarcopenia consensuses (European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People [EWGSOP], Revised EWGSOP [EWGSOP2], Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Project [FNIH], and Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 [AWGS2]). Kappa analysis identified the level of agreement. RESULTS The prevalence of sarcopenia ranged from 1.5% to 11.9% depending on the sarcopenia consensus. The agreement between the different consensuses ranged from poor to almost perfect. FNIH and EWGSOP showed the lowest agreement (κ = 0.20; 95% CI, -0.14 to 0.54; P < 0.05), whereas EWGSOP2 and AWGS2 had the largest κ = 0.90 (95% CI, 0.71 to 1.00; P < 0.001). When stratified by age (≥60 years), the sarcopenia prevalence was higher in the older group (27% vs 2%; P = 0.004). In addition, male participants seemed to be more prone to sarcopenia compared with female counterparts, but this difference was not statistically confirmed (16% vs 4%; P = 0.242). CONCLUSION The sarcopenia consensuses showed from poor to almost perfect agreement, which varied the sarcopenia prevalence rates in patients receiving HD. EWGSOP2 and AWGS2 showed the largest agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heitor Siqueira Ribeiro
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Maia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Barbara Perez Vogt
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
| | - Giorgos K Sakkas
- School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece.,School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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7
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Koch Esteves N, Gibson OR, Khir AW, González‐Alonso J. Regional thermal hyperemia in the human leg: Evidence of the importance of thermosensitive mechanisms in the control of the peripheral circulation. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14953. [PMID: 34350727 PMCID: PMC8339537 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia is thought to increase limb blood flow through the activation of thermosensitive mechanisms within the limb vasculature, but the precise vascular locus in which hyperthermia modulates perfusion remains elusive. We tested the hypothesis that local temperature-sensitive mechanisms alter limb hemodynamics by regulating microvascular blood flow. Temperature and oxygenation profiles and leg hemodynamics of the common (CFA), superficial (SFA) and profunda (PFA) femoral arteries, and popliteal artery (POA) of the experimental and control legs were measured in healthy participants during: (1) 3 h of whole leg heating (WLH) followed by 3 h of recovery (n = 9); (2) 1 h of upper leg heating (ULH) followed by 30 min of cooling and 1 h ULH bout (n = 8); and (3) 1 h of lower leg heating (LLH) (n = 8). WLH increased experimental leg temperature by 4.2 ± 1.2ºC and blood flow in CFA, SFA, PFA, and POA by ≥3-fold, while the core temperature essentially remained stable. Upper and lower leg blood flow increased exponentially in response to leg temperature and then declined during recovery. ULH and LLH similarly increased the corresponding segmental leg temperature, blood flow, and tissue oxygenation without affecting these responses in the non-heated leg segment, or perfusion pressure and conduit artery diameter across all vessels. Findings demonstrate that whole leg hyperthermia induces profound and sustained elevations in upper and lower limb blood flow and that segmental hyperthermia matches the regional thermal hyperemia without causing thermal or hemodynamic alterations in the non-heated limb segment. These observations support the notion that heat-activated thermosensitive mechanisms in microcirculation regulate limb tissue perfusion during hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Koch Esteves
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and RehabilitationCollege of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
| | - Oliver R. Gibson
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and RehabilitationCollege of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
- Division of Sport, Health and Exercise SciencesDepartment of Life SciencesCollege of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
| | - Ashraf W. Khir
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringCollege of Engineering, Design and Physical SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
| | - José González‐Alonso
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and RehabilitationCollege of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
- Division of Sport, Health and Exercise SciencesDepartment of Life SciencesCollege of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
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8
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Minetto MA, Busso C, Gamerro G, Lalli P, Massazza G, Invernizzi M. Quantitative assessment of volumetric muscle loss: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and ultrasonography. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 57:148-156. [PMID: 33735662 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The generalized skeletal muscle disorder that involves (in elderly subjects) the progressive loss of muscle mass and function has been defined sarcopenia, whereas the rapid-onset (traumatic or surgical) and focal (unilateral) loss of skeletal muscle with resultant functional impairment has been defined volumetric muscle loss. Different tools and approaches are commonly used in the clinical settings to quantify the loss of muscle or lean mass and to assess the consequent motor impairment. This review describes the technical principles and provides a summary of the main parameters that can be obtained to assess lean mass (and its distribution) or muscle size (and its structure) through the two imaging techniques most easily accessible and therefore frequently adopted in the clinical practice: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and muscle ultrasonography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Alessandro Minetto
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Chiara Busso
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Gamerro
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Piera Lalli
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Massazza
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Invernizzi
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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9
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Syed-Abdul MM, Soni DS, Barnes JT, Wagganer JD. Comparative analysis of BIA, IBC and DXA for determining body fat in American Football players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:687-692. [PMID: 33472346 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body composition is frequently measured by sports, fitness, and healthcare professionals. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) analysis is a validated measurement of body composition and is considered a criterion or "gold-standard" measurement. However, due to long scan times, accessibility and cost, conducting DXA scans on larger athletes (i.e., football players) is difficult. Hence fitness professionals, notably strength and conditioning coaches, typically use other methods to measure body composition. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of the Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) and Integrative Body Composition (IBC) techniques to DXA body fat percent (BF%) in collegiate American Football players. METHODS Participants performed all three modes of body composition measurement: DXA, BIA (BIA-A [athlete]and BIA-NA [non-athlete modes]), and IBC, on the same day during early morning hours in a fasted state. RESULTS The BF% measured via all methods significantly correlated with BF% measured via DXA (i.e., BIA-A [P<0.001, r=0.903], BIA-NA [P<0.001, r=0.891], and IBC [P<0.001, r=0.867]). However, values obtained via BIA-A (athlete) (P<0.001) and IBC (P<0.001) methods under predicted BF%. CONCLUSIONS BIA and IBC can be used as an alternative to DXA for measuring BF% in American Football players. The BIA-A and IBC under predicted BF% compare to DXA, therefore, a correction formula can be utilized by coaches and athletes to predict BF% more accurately compared to IBC and BIA-A methods in American Football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Syed-Abdul
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Recreation, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA -
| | - Dhwani S Soni
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Recreation, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Jeremy T Barnes
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Recreation, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Jason D Wagganer
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Recreation, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
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10
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Montalcini T, Pujia A, Donini LM, Frittitta L, Galvano F, Natali A, Pironi L, Porrini M, Riso P, Rivellese AA, Russo D, Scapagnini G, Serafini M, Tagliabue A, De Lorenzo A. A Call to Action: Now Is the Time to Screen Elderly and Treat Osteosarcopenia, a Position Paper of the Italian College of Academic Nutritionists MED/49 (ICAN-49). Nutrients 2020; 12:E2662. [PMID: 32878316 PMCID: PMC7550989 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a risk factor for the development of multiple chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer and dementia. Life expectancy has increased in certain countries but this phenomenon is associated with a reduction of years of healthy life. Aging is associated with a number of physical and functional changes, especially sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is a clinical condition associated with a decrease in skeletal muscle and muscle strength, however, sarcopenia is a reversible condition. On the basis of the current scientific literature, sarcopenia could more appropriately capture an individual's vulnerability to negative health-related outcomes since it represents an early form of the chronic diseases. Recognition of this clinical condition can improve the management of older individuals in many different clinical settings. Despite the limitations of the indirect methods used to study body composition, the Italian College of the Academic Nutritionists ME/49 recommends that health authorities and health professionals around the world should make a greater effort to diagnose sarcopenia earlier and to manage it more effectively. In line with the development of cancer screening, the use of two diagnostic tools for sarcopenia (BIA and DXA) should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Montalcini
- Department of Clinical and Experiment Medicine, University of Catanzaro Magna Grecia, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Arturo Pujia
- Department of Clinical and Experiment Medicine, University of Catanzaro Magna Grecia, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo M. Donini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of la Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lucia Frittitta
- Department of Clinical and Experiment Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 86-95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Fabio Galvano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Science, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 86-95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Andrea Natali
- Department of Clinical and Experiment Medicine, University of Pisa, Lungarno Antonio Pacinotti, 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Loris Pironi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Via Pupilli, 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Marisa Porrini
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Environment Science, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122 Milano, Italy; (M.P.); (P.R.)
| | - Patrizia Riso
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Environment Science, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122 Milano, Italy; (M.P.); (P.R.)
| | - Angela Albarosa Rivellese
- Department of Clinical and Experiment Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80138 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Diego Russo
- Department of Health Science, University of Catanzaro Magna Grecia, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Science, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Mauro Serafini
- Department of Bioscience and food technology, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini, 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Anna Tagliabue
- Department of Public Health, University of Pavia, Corso Str. Nuova, 65, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Antonino De Lorenzo
- Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy;
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11
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Wages NP, Simon JE, Clark LA, Amano S, Russ DW, Manini TM, Clark BC. Relative contribution of muscle strength, lean mass, and lower extremity motor function in explaining between-person variance in mobility in older adults. BMC Geriatr 2020; 20:255. [PMID: 32723298 PMCID: PMC7385889 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-01656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 35% of individuals > 70 years have mobility limitations. Historically, it was posited lean mass and muscle strength were major contributors to mobility limitations, but recent findings indicate lean mass and muscle strength only moderately explain mobility limitations. One likely reason is that lean mass and muscle strength do not necessarily incorporate measures globally reflective of motor function (defined as the ability to learn, or to demonstrate, the skillful and efficient assumption, maintenance, modification, and control of voluntary postures and movement patterns). In this study we determined the relative contribution of lean mass, muscle strength, and the four square step test, as an index of lower extremity motor function, in explaining between-participant variance in mobility tasks. METHODS In community-dwelling older adults (N = 89; 67% women; mean 74.9 ± 6.7 years), we quantified grip and leg extension strength, total and regional lean mass, and time to complete the four square step test. Mobility was assessed via 6-min walk gait speed, stair climb power, 5x-chair rise time, and time to complete a complex functional task. Multifactorial linear regression modeling was used to determine the relative contribution (via semi-partial r2) for indices of lean mass, indices of muscle strength, and the four square step test. RESULTS When aggregated by sex, the four square step test explained 17-34% of the variance for all mobility tasks (p < 0.01). Muscle strength explained ~ 12% and ~ 7% of the variance in 6-min walk gait speed and 5x-chair rise time, respectively (p < 0.02). Lean mass explained 32% and ~ 4% of the variance in stair climb power and complex functional task time, respectively (p < 0.02). When disaggregated by sex, lean mass was a stronger predictor of mobility in men. CONCLUSION The four square step test is uniquely associated with multiple measures of mobility in older adults, suggesting lower extremity motor function is an important factor for mobility performance. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02505529 -2015/07/22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Wages
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, 250 Irvine Hall, 1, Athens, OH, 43147, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, 250 Irvine Hall, Athens, OH, 43147, USA
| | - Janet E Simon
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, 250 Irvine Hall, 1, Athens, OH, 43147, USA
- School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Leatha A Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, 250 Irvine Hall, 1, Athens, OH, 43147, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, 250 Irvine Hall, Athens, OH, 43147, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Shinichi Amano
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, 250 Irvine Hall, 1, Athens, OH, 43147, USA
- Xenoma Inc., Ota-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David W Russ
- University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, School of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Todd M Manini
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brian C Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, 250 Irvine Hall, 1, Athens, OH, 43147, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, 250 Irvine Hall, Athens, OH, 43147, USA.
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Ohio University, 250 Irvine Hall, Athens, OH, 43147, USA.
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12
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Tavoian D, Ampomah K, Amano S, Law TD, Clark BC. Changes in DXA-derived lean mass and MRI-derived cross-sectional area of the thigh are modestly associated. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10028. [PMID: 31296891 PMCID: PMC6624257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46428-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) derived measures of lean mass demonstrate strong associations with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) derived measures of muscle volume (MV) in cross-sectional studies, however, few studies have compared changes in response to an intervention. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of DXA at detecting changes in lean mass, using MRI-derived MV as a reference standard. 10 male and 16 female subjects (29.2 ± 9.5 years) underwent DXA and MRI scans before and after a 10-week resistance training intervention. DXA thigh lean mass was compared to MRI mid-thigh MV, and percent change in size was compared between MRI and DXA. There was a strong correlation between measures cross-sectionally (r = 0.89) in agreement with previous investigations. However, there was a modest correlation of percentage change over time between methods (r = 0.49). Bland-Altman plots revealed that the amount of random error increased as the magnitude of the change from baseline increased. DXA measures of change in lean mass were modestly associated with MRI measures of change in MV. While there are several advantages to using DXA for the measurement of lean mass, the inability to accurately detect changes over time calls into question its use in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallin Tavoian
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
| | - Kwasi Ampomah
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Shinichi Amano
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Timothy D Law
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Brian C Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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13
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Nawata T, Kubo M, Nomura T, Oishi K, Shiragami K, Ikegami T, Okada M, Kobayashi S, Yano M. Change in muscle volume after steroid therapy in patients with myositis assessed using cross-sectional computed tomography. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2018; 19:93. [PMID: 29587702 PMCID: PMC5872524 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-018-2008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Steroid therapy, a key therapy for inflammatory, allergic, and immunological disorders, is often associated with steroid myopathy as one of the side effects. Steroid therapy is considered the first-line therapy for myositis; however, there have been no reports strictly comparing the muscle mass in patients with myositis before and after steroid therapy. Thus, it is currently unclear whether steroid therapy for such patients affects muscle volume in addition to muscle strength. We aimed to determine the change in muscle mass after steroid therapy via cross-sectional computed tomography (CT) in patients with myositis. Methods Data from seven patients with myositis and eight controls, who were all treated with high doses of steroids, were assessed before and after steroid therapy. Clinical factors in patients with myositis included serum muscle enzyme levels and muscular strength. The cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle and the low muscle attenuation rate at the level of the caudal end of the third lumbar vertebra were obtained using CT and measured using an image analysis program for all patients. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using several well-established statistical tests. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for comparing paired data for each patient. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare sets of data sampled from two groups. The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used for determining the correlations between two variables. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Muscular strength and serum muscle enzyme levels improved following steroid therapy in patients with myositis. In both groups, the cross-sectional areas of skeletal muscles decreased (myositis group: p = 0.0156; control group: p = 0.0391) and the low muscle attenuation rate tended to increase (myositis group: p = 0.0781; control group: p = 0.0547). In the myositis group, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease showed a tendency toward muscle volume loss (p = 0.0571). Conclusion In patients with myositis treated with steroid therapy, muscle mass decreased after steroid therapy suggesting that the improvement in muscle strength was due to factors other than a change in muscle volume. Our study suggests the importance of therapies that not only improve muscle mass but also improve the quality of muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nawata
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Makoto Kubo
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Nomura
- Department of Radiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Keiji Oishi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kosaku Shiragami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Yamaguchi General Hospital, 2-11, Midorimachi, Yamaguchi, 753-8517, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Ikegami
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Munemasa Okada
- Department of Radiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yano
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
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14
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Rosa CSDC, Nishimoto DY, Souza GDE, Ramirez AP, Carletti CO, Daibem CGL, Sakkas GK, Monteiro HL. Effect of continuous progressive resistance training during hemodialysis on body composition, physical function and quality of life in end-stage renal disease patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2018; 32:899-908. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215518760696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of continuous progressive resistance training on body composition, functional capacity and self-reported quality of life in end-stage renal disease patients. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Subjects: The study included 52 hemodialysis patients (aged 55.7 ± 14.03 years) randomized into exercise (progressive resistance training (PRT), n = 28) or control (CON, n = 24) groups. Intervention: Patients randomized into the PRT group received prescribed strength exercises in two sets of 15–20 repetitions, in a repetition maximum training zone regime, thrice a week for 12 weeks, during hemodialysis. Patients randomized into the CON group received a sham-exercise with active mobilization of the arms and legs without load and progression. Main outcome measure: Body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), strength using handgrip dynamometry (HGS), repeated sit-to-stand test (STT), 6-minute walk test, flexibility and the SF-36 questionnaire (quality of life (QoL)) were assessed at baseline and at 12 weeks. Results: Leg lean mass ( P = 0.04, effect size (ES) of 0.56), bone mineral content ( P = 0.02, ES of 0.65), leg strength in STT repetitions ( P = 0.01, ES of 0.66) and flexibility ( P < 0.01, ES of 1.03) were significantly improved in the PRT group compared to the CON group. Walking capacity, HGS and QoL were not different between the groups. Conclusion: 12 weeks of PRT with a repetition maximum training zone regime provided significant load to increase leg lean mass and STT performance as well as bone mineral content, compared to the CON, which continued to deteriorate. There was lack of efficacy on walking test, HGS and QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Giorgos K Sakkas
- Department of Health Sciences, University of St Mark & St John, Plymouth, UK
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15
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Cole J. Assessing the calorific significance of episodes of human cannibalism in the Palaeolithic. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44707. [PMID: 28383521 PMCID: PMC5382840 DOI: 10.1038/srep44707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Episodes of Palaeolithic cannibalism have frequently been defined as ‘nutritional’ in nature, but with little empirical evidence to assess their dietary significance. This paper presents a nutritional template that offers a proxy calorie value for the human body. When applied to the Palaeolithic record, the template provides a framework for assessing the dietary value of prehistoric cannibalistic episodes compared to the faunal record. Results show that humans have a comparable nutritional value to those faunal species that match our typical body weight, but significantly lower than a range of fauna often found in association with anthropogenically modified hominin remains. This could suggest that the motivations behind hominin anthropophagy may not have been purely nutritionally motivated. It is proposed here that the comparatively low nutritional value of hominin cannibalism episodes support more socially or culturally driven narratives in the interpretation of Palaeolithic cannibalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Cole
- School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Lewes Road Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
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16
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Quantification of whole-body and segmental skeletal muscle mass using phase-sensitive 8-electrode medical bioelectrical impedance devices. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:1061-1067. [PMID: 28327564 PMCID: PMC5589975 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) provides noninvasive measures of skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). This study (i) analyzes the impact of conventional wrist-ankle vs segmental technology and standing vs supine position on BIA equations and (ii) compares BIA validation against magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Subjects/Methods: One hundred and thirty-six healthy Caucasian adults (70 men, 66 women; age 40±12 years) were measured by a phase-sensitive multifrequency BIA (seca medical body composition analyzers 515 and 525). Multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to generate prediction equations. Accuracy was tested vs MRI or DXA in an independent multiethnic population. Results: Variance explained by segmental BIA equations ranged between 97% for total SMMMRI, 91–94% for limb SMMMRI and 80–81% for VAT with no differences between supine and standing position. When compared with segmental measurements using conventional wrist-ankle technology. the relationship between measured and predicted SMM was slightly deteriorated (r=0.98 vs r=0.99, P<0.05). Although BIA results correctly identified ethnic differences in muscularity and visceral adiposity, the comparison of bias revealed some ethnical effects on the accuracy of BIA equations. The differences between LSTDXA and SMMMRI at the arms and legs were sizeable and increased with increasing body mass index. Conclusions: A high accuracy of phase-sensitive BIA was observed with no difference in goodness of fit between different positions but an improved prediction with segmental compared with conventional wrist-ankle measurement. A correction factor for certain ethnicities may be required. When compared with DXA MRI-based BIA equations are more accurate for predicting muscle mass.
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17
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Torres-Peralta R, Losa-Reyna J, Morales-Alamo D, González-Izal M, Pérez-Suárez I, Ponce-González JG, Izquierdo M, Calbet JAL. Increased PIO2 at Exhaustion in Hypoxia Enhances Muscle Activation and Swiftly Relieves Fatigue: A Placebo or a PIO2 Dependent Effect? Front Physiol 2016; 7:333. [PMID: 27582710 PMCID: PMC4987359 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the level of hypoxia from which muscle activation (MA) is reduced during incremental exercise to exhaustion (IE), and the role played by PIO2 in this process, ten volunteers (21 ± 2 years) performed four IE in severe acute hypoxia (SAH) (PIO2 = 73 mmHg). Upon exhaustion, subjects were asked to continue exercising while the breathing gas mixture was swiftly changed to a placebo (73 mmHg) or to a higher PIO2 (82, 92, 99, and 142 mmHg), and the IE continued until a new exhaustion. At the second exhaustion, the breathing gas was changed to room air (normoxia) and the IE continued until the final exhaustion. MA, as reflected by the vastus medialis (VM) and lateralis (VL) EMG raw and normalized root mean square (RMSraw, and RMSNz, respectively), normalized total activation index (TAINz), and burst duration were 8–20% lower at exhaustion in SAH than in normoxia (P < 0.05). The switch to a placebo or higher PIO2 allowed for the continuation of exercise in all instances. RMSraw, RMSNz, and TAINz were increased by 5–11% when the PIO2 was raised from 73 to 92, or 99 mmHg, and VL and VM averaged RMSraw by 7% when the PIO2 was elevated from 73 to 142 mmHg (P < 0.05). The increase of VM-VL average RMSraw was linearly related to the increase in PIO2, during the transition from SAH to higher PIO2 (R2 = 0.915, P < 0.05). In conclusion, increased PIO2 at exhaustion reduces fatigue and allows for the continuation of exercise in moderate and SAH, regardless of the effects of PIO2 on MA. At task failure, MA is increased during the first 10 s of increased PIO2 when the IE is performed at a PIO2 close to 73 mmHg and the PIO2 is increased to 92 mmHg or higher. Overall, these findings indicate that one of the central mechanisms by which severe hypoxia may cause central fatigue and task failure is by reducing the capacity for reaching the appropriate level of MA to sustain the task. The fact that at exhaustion in severe hypoxia the exercise was continued with the placebo-gas mixture demonstrates that this central mechanism has a cognitive component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Torres-Peralta
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y SanitariasLas Palmas, Spain
| | - José Losa-Reyna
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y SanitariasLas Palmas, Spain
| | - David Morales-Alamo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y SanitariasLas Palmas, Spain
| | | | - Ismael Pérez-Suárez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y SanitariasLas Palmas, Spain
| | - Jesús G Ponce-González
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra Tudela, Spain
| | - José A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y SanitariasLas Palmas, Spain
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18
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Chiesa ST, Trangmar SJ, González-Alonso J. Temperature and blood flow distribution in the human leg during passive heat stress. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:1047-58. [PMID: 26823344 PMCID: PMC4894946 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00965.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of direct heat stress to increase limb blood flow is well known, but the magnitude and profile of hemodynamic responses within the major vessels of the leg have not been explored. Here, we systematically characterize these responses through a wide range of heat stress levels and show that isolated leg heating confers potentially beneficial hemodynamic changes equivalent to those of moderate whole body hyperthermia, with these hemodynamic adjustments being predominantly driven by local temperature-sensitive mechanisms. The influence of temperature on the hemodynamic adjustments to direct passive heat stress within the leg's major arterial and venous vessels and compartments remains unclear. Fifteen healthy young males were tested during exposure to either passive whole body heat stress to levels approaching thermal tolerance [core temperature (Tc) + 2°C; study 1; n = 8] or single leg heat stress (Tc + 0°C; study 2; n = 7). Whole body heat stress increased perfusion and decreased oscillatory shear index in relation to the rise in leg temperature (Tleg) in all three major arteries supplying the leg, plateauing in the common and superficial femoral arteries before reaching severe heat stress levels. Isolated leg heat stress increased arterial blood flows and shear patterns to a level similar to that obtained during moderate core hyperthermia (Tc + 1°C). Despite modest increases in great saphenous venous (GSV) blood flow (0.2 l/min), the deep venous system accounted for the majority of returning flow (common femoral vein 0.7 l/min) during intense to severe levels of heat stress. Rapid cooling of a single leg during severe whole body heat stress resulted in an equivalent blood flow reduction in the major artery supplying the thigh deep tissues only, suggesting central temperature-sensitive mechanisms contribute to skin blood flow alone. These findings further our knowledge of leg hemodynamic responses during direct heat stress and provide evidence of potentially beneficial vascular alterations during isolated limb heat stress that are equivalent to those experienced during exposure to moderate levels of whole body hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Chiesa
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Trangmar
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - José González-Alonso
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
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19
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Torres-Peralta R, Morales-Alamo D, González-Izal M, Losa-Reyna J, Pérez-Suárez I, Izquierdo M, Calbet JAL. Task Failure during Exercise to Exhaustion in Normoxia and Hypoxia Is Due to Reduced Muscle Activation Caused by Central Mechanisms While Muscle Metaboreflex Does Not Limit Performance. Front Physiol 2016; 6:414. [PMID: 26793117 PMCID: PMC4707284 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether task failure during incremental exercise to exhaustion (IE) is principally due to reduced neural drive and increased metaboreflex activation eleven men (22 ± 2 years) performed a 10 s control isokinetic sprint (IS; 80 rpm) after a short warm-up. This was immediately followed by an IE in normoxia (Nx, PIO2:143 mmHg) and hypoxia (Hyp, PIO2:73 mmHg) in random order, separated by a 120 min resting period. At exhaustion, the circulation of both legs was occluded instantaneously (300 mmHg) during 10 or 60 s to impede recovery and increase metaboreflex activation. This was immediately followed by an IS with open circulation. Electromyographic recordings were obtained from the vastus medialis and lateralis. Muscle biopsies and blood gases were obtained in separate experiments. During the last 10 s of the IE, pulmonary ventilation, VO2, power output and muscle activation were lower in hypoxia than in normoxia, while pedaling rate was similar. Compared to the control sprint, performance (IS-Wpeak) was reduced to a greater extent after the IE-Nx (11% lower P < 0.05) than IE-Hyp. The root mean square (EMGRMS) was reduced by 38 and 27% during IS performed after IE-Nx and IE-Hyp, respectively (Nx vs. Hyp: P < 0.05). Post-ischemia IS-EMGRMS values were higher than during the last 10 s of IE. Sprint exercise mean (IS-MPF) and median (IS-MdPF) power frequencies, and burst duration, were more reduced after IE-Nx than IE-Hyp (P < 0.05). Despite increased muscle lactate accumulation, acidification, and metaboreflex activation from 10 to 60 s of ischemia, IS-Wmean (+23%) and burst duration (+10%) increased, while IS-EMGRMS decreased (−24%, P < 0.05), with IS-MPF and IS-MdPF remaining unchanged. In conclusion, close to task failure, muscle activation is lower in hypoxia than in normoxia. Task failure is predominantly caused by central mechanisms, which recover to great extent within 1 min even when the legs remain ischemic. There is dissociation between the recovery of EMGRMS and performance. The reduction of surface electromyogram MPF, MdPF and burst duration due to fatigue is associated but not caused by muscle acidification and lactate accumulation. Despite metaboreflex stimulation, muscle activation and power output recovers partly in ischemia indicating that metaboreflex activation has a minor impact on sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Torres-Peralta
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS)Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - David Morales-Alamo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS)Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - José Losa-Reyna
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS)Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ismael Pérez-Suárez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS)Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra Tudela, Spain
| | - José A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS)Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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20
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Morales-Alamo D, Losa-Reyna J, Torres-Peralta R, Martin-Rincon M, Perez-Valera M, Curtelin D, Ponce-González JG, Santana A, Calbet JAL. What limits performance during whole-body incremental exercise to exhaustion in humans? J Physiol 2015; 593:4631-48. [PMID: 26250346 DOI: 10.1113/jp270487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the mechanisms causing task failure during incremental exercise to exhaustion (IE), sprint performance (10 s all-out isokinetic) and muscle metabolites were measured before (control) and immediately after IE in normoxia (P(IO2) 143 mmHg) and hypoxia (P(IO2): 73 mmHg) in 22 men (22 ± 3 years). After IE, subjects recovered for either 10 or 60 s, with open circulation or bilateral leg occlusion (300 mmHg) in random order. This was followed by a 10 s sprint with open circulation. Post-IE peak power output (W(peak)) was higher than the power output reached at exhaustion during IE (P < 0.05). After 10 and 60 s recovery in normoxia, W(peak) was reduced by 38 ± 9 and 22 ± 10% without occlusion, and 61 ± 8 and 47 ± 10% with occlusion (P < 0.05). Following 10 s occlusion, W(peak) was 20% higher in hypoxia than normoxia (P < 0.05), despite similar muscle lactate accumulation ([La]) and phosphocreatine and ATP reduction. Sprint performance and anaerobic ATP resynthesis were greater after 60 s compared with 10 s occlusions, despite the higher [La] and [H(+)] after 60 s compared with 10 s occlusion recovery (P < 0.05). The mean rate of ATP turnover during the 60 s occlusion was 0.180 ± 0.133 mmol (kg wet wt)(-1) s(-1), i.e. equivalent to 32% of leg peak O2 uptake (the energy expended by the ion pumps). A greater degree of recovery is achieved, however, without occlusion. In conclusion, during incremental exercise task failure is not due to metabolite accumulation or lack of energy resources. Anaerobic metabolism, despite the accumulation of lactate and H(+), facilitates early recovery even in anoxia. This points to central mechanisms as the principal determinants of task failure both in normoxia and hypoxia, with lower peripheral contribution in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Morales-Alamo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Losa-Reyna
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Rafael Torres-Peralta
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Marcos Martin-Rincon
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Department of Sports and Informatics, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Mario Perez-Valera
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - David Curtelin
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Emergency Medicine Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Avenida Marítima del Sur, s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jesús Gustavo Ponce-González
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alfredo Santana
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Clinical Genetics Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Avenida Marítima, del Sur, s/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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21
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Calbet JAL, Losa-Reyna J, Torres-Peralta R, Rasmussen P, Ponce-González JG, Sheel AW, de la Calle-Herrero J, Guadalupe-Grau A, Morales-Alamo D, Fuentes T, Rodríguez-García L, Siebenmann C, Boushel R, Lundby C. Limitations to oxygen transport and utilization during sprint exercise in humans: evidence for a functional reserve in muscle O2 diffusing capacity. J Physiol 2015; 593:4649-64. [PMID: 26258623 DOI: 10.1113/jp270408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the contribution of convective and diffusive limitations to V̇(O2peak) during exercise in humans, oxygen transport and haemodynamics were measured in 11 men (22 ± 2 years) during incremental (IE) and 30 s all-out cycling sprints (Wingate test, WgT), in normoxia (Nx, P(IO2): 143 mmHg) and hypoxia (Hyp, P(IO2): 73 mmHg). Carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) was increased to 6-7% before both WgTs to left-shift the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve. Leg V̇(O2) was measured by the Fick method and leg blood flow (BF) with thermodilution, and muscle O2 diffusing capacity (D(MO2)) was calculated. In the WgT mean power output, leg BF, leg O2 delivery and leg V̇(O2) were 7, 5, 28 and 23% lower in Hyp than Nx (P < 0.05); however, peak WgT D(MO2) was higher in Hyp (51.5 ± 9.7) than Nx (20.5 ± 3.0 ml min(-1) mmHg(-1), P < 0.05). Despite a similar P(aO2) (33.3 ± 2.4 and 34.1 ± 3.3 mmHg), mean capillary P(O2) (16.7 ± 1.2 and 17.1 ± 1.6 mmHg), and peak perfusion during IE and WgT in Hyp, D(MO2) and leg V̇(O2) were 12 and 14% higher, respectively, during WgT than IE in Hyp (both P < 0.05). D(MO2) was insensitive to COHb (COHb: 0.7 vs. 7%, in IE Hyp and WgT Hyp). At exhaustion, the Y equilibration index was well above 1.0 in both conditions, reflecting greater convective than diffusive limitation to the O2 transfer in both Nx and Hyp. In conclusion, muscle V̇(O2) during sprint exercise is not limited by O2 delivery, O2 offloading from haemoglobin or structure-dependent diffusion constraints in the skeletal muscle. These findings reveal a remarkable functional reserve in muscle O2 diffusing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, 35017, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - José Losa-Reyna
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, 35017, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Rafael Torres-Peralta
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, 35017, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Peter Rasmussen
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jesús Gustavo Ponce-González
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, 35017, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - A William Sheel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jaime de la Calle-Herrero
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, 35017, Spain
| | - Amelia Guadalupe-Grau
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, 35017, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - David Morales-Alamo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, 35017, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Teresa Fuentes
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, 35017, Spain
| | - Lorena Rodríguez-García
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, 35017, Spain
| | - Christoph Siebenmann
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Åstrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carsten Lundby
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Gielen E, O'Neill TW, Pye SR, Adams JE, Wu FC, Laurent MR, Claessens F, Ward KA, Boonen S, Bouillon R, Vanderschueren D, Verschueren S. Endocrine determinants of incident sarcopenia in middle-aged and elderly European men. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2015; 6:242-52. [PMID: 26401471 PMCID: PMC4575556 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In men, the long-term consequences of low serum levels of sex steroids, vitamin D metabolites, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on the evolution of muscle mass, muscle strength, or physical performance are unclear. Moreover, there are no data about the relationship between these hormones and incident sarcopenia defined as low muscle mass and function. The aim of this study was to determine whether the baseline levels of sex hormones, vitamin D metabolites, and IGF-1 predict changes in muscle mass, muscle strength, physical performance, and incident sarcopenia. METHODS In 518 men aged 40-79 years, recruited for participation in the European Male Ageing Study, total, free, and bioavailable testosterone (T), oestradiol (E), sex hormone-binding globulin, IGF-1, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), and parathyroid hormone were assessed at baseline. Appendicular lean mass (aLM), gait speed, and grip strength were measured at baseline and after a mean follow-up of 4.3 years. Sarcopenia was defined by the definition of Baumgartner (relative aLM ≤7.26 kg/m(2)), the International Working Group on Sarcopenia (IWGS), and the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP). RESULTS aLM significantly decreased from age 50 years, while gait speed and grip strength significantly decreased from age 70 years. The incidence of sarcopenia by the definitions of Baumgartner, IWGS, and EWGSOP was 8.1%, 3.0%, and 1.6%, respectively. After adjustment for age, centre, body mass index, smoking, and number of comorbidities at baseline, baseline levels of T and vitamin D metabolites were not associated with change in aLM, gait speed, and/or grip strength, while a high baseline level of total E2 was associated with a greater decrease in aLM. In men aged ≥70 years, low IGF-1 was associated with a greater decrease in gait speed. Baseline endocrine variables were not independently associated with an increased risk of incident sarcopenia by any definition. CONCLUSIONS Low levels of T and 25OHD do not predict loss of muscle mass, gait speed, or grip strength in middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling European men. Low IGF-1 predicts change in gait speed in men aged ≥70 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Gielen
- Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium ; Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, UZ Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Terence W O'Neill
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology & NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen R Pye
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology & NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit Manchester, UK
| | - Judith E Adams
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and Radiology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Manchester, UK
| | - Frederick C Wu
- Andrology Research Unit, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Michaël R Laurent
- Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium ; Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, UZ Leuven Leuven, Belgium ; Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kate A Ward
- Nutrition and Bone Health, Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven Boonen
- Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium ; Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, UZ Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roger Bouillon
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, UZ Leuven Leuven, Belgium ; Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine Verschueren
- Research Group for Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Jansen RB, Christensen TM, Bülow J, Rørdam L, Holstein PE, Svendsen OL. Sarcopenia and body composition in diabetic Charcot osteoarthropathy. J Diabetes Complications 2015; 29:937-42. [PMID: 26139557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of Charcot osteoarthropathy (COA) requires restricted walking and offloading for several months, which lead to fat re-distribution and increased sarcopenia. OBJECTIVES/AIM To investigate whether subjects with COA have an altered body composition compared to controls. METHODS Cross-sectional case-control study of people with diabetes with acute or chronic Charcot osteoarthropathy, matched with otherwise healthy people with diabetes. A total of 49 subjects (distribution ~1:1) had a total body DXA-scanning, measuring appendicular lean mass, android/gynoid and truncal/total body fat distribution ratios. RESULTS Sarcopenia frequency was higher in the total population with diabetes overall (9-40%), compared to normal materials. Using two different models for correlating appendicular lean mass to sarcopenia, there were no differences in sarcopenia-rates between the groups (P=0.413 and 0.948 respectively). There was no significant difference in lean tissue mass between the affected and the unaffected leg in the immobilised subject group (P=0.830). The average fat percentage was (29.4-37.7%) in the population with diabetes, compared to a matching background population (24.5-31.9%), whereas there were no significant differences found between the groups (P=0.065). Neither truncal/total fat percent nor android/gynoid fat percent ratios showed differences between the groups. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first published dataset investigating body composition in subjects with Charcot osteoarthropathy. The study population of diabetics were more fat and sarcopenic than normal subjects, whereas no statistically significant impact of Charcot osteoarthropathy was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Bo Jansen
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
| | - Tomas Møller Christensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Jens Bülow
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Imaging, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Lene Rørdam
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Imaging, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Per E Holstein
- Copenhagen Center for Wound Healing, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Ole Lander Svendsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
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24
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Accuracy of a predictive bioelectrical impedance analysis equation for estimating appendicular skeletal muscle mass in a non-Caucasian sample of older people. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2015; 61:39-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Hosono O, Yoshikawa N, Shimizu N, Kiryu S, Uehara M, Kobayashi H, Matsumiya R, Kuribara A, Maruyama T, Tanaka H. Quantitative analysis of skeletal muscle mass in patients with rheumatic diseases under glucocorticoid therapy--comparison among bioelectrical impedance analysis, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Mod Rheumatol 2014; 25:257-63. [PMID: 25496410 DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2014.935078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the availability of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for measurement of skeletal muscle mass in patients with rheumatic diseases and quantitatively assess skeletal muscle loss after glucocorticoid (GC) treatment. METHODS The data from 22 patients with rheumatic diseases were retrospectively obtained. The muscle mass of body segments was measured with a BIA device in terms of skeletal muscle mass index (SMI). Cross-sectional area (CSA) was obtained from CT and MRI scans at the mid-thigh level using the image analysis program. We further assessed the data of three different measurements before and after GC treatment in 7 patients with rheumatic diseases. RESULTS SMI of whole body was significantly correlated with estimated muscle volume and mid-thigh muscle CSA with CT and MRI (p < 0.01). Significant correlations between SMI and mid-thigh muscle CSA of each leg were also found (p < 0.01). All the three measurements were negatively correlated with GC dosage (p < 0.01). Significant decline in mid-thigh muscle CSA with CT and MRI was found after GC treatment in 7 patients (p < 0.02). Those patients showed significant decline in SMI of whole body after GC treatment, but not in SMI of each leg. On the other hand, significant correlations between mid-thigh muscle CSA with CT and MRI were found before and after GC treatment (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS GC-related skeletal muscle loss could be quantitatively assessed with BIA, CT, or MRI in patients with rheumatic diseases, and CT and MRI appeared to be more accurate than BIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Hosono
- Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo , Minato-ku, Tokyo , Japan
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26
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Estimation of whole-body skeletal muscle mass by bioelectrical impedance analysis in the standing position. Obes Res Clin Pract 2014; 4:e1-e82. [PMID: 24345620 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Prediction of race performance of elite cross-country skiers by lean mass. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 9:1040-5. [PMID: 24700141 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between race performance and lean mass (LM) variables, as well as to examine sex differences in body composition in elite-standard cross-country skiers. METHODS Thirty-four elite cross-country skiers (18 men and 16 women) underwent a dual-emission X-ray-absorptiometry body-composition test to determine LM, fat mass, and bone mineral content. For both sexes, performance data were collected from a sprint prologue and a distance race. RESULTS The absolute expression of LM variables (whole-body [LMWB], upper body [LMUB], and lower body [LMLB]) was significantly correlated with finishing time in the sprint prologue independent of sex. Distance-race performance was significantly related to LMWB, LMUB, and LMLB in women; however, no correlation was found in men. Men had a significantly higher LM and lower fat mass, independent of expression (absolute or relative), for the whole body, arms, trunk, and legs, except for the absolute fat mass in the trunk. CONCLUSIONS The absolute expressions of LMWB, LMUB, and LMLB were significant predictors of sprint-prologue performance in both sexes, as well as of distance-race performance in women only. Compared with women, male skiers have a higher LM in the body segments that are major contributors to propelling forces. These results suggest that muscle mass in the lower and upper body is equally important for race performance; thus, more focus of elite skiers' training should be directed to increasing whole-body muscle mass to improve their competitive performance capability.
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28
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Takai Y, Ohta M, Akagi R, Kato E, Wakahara T, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T, Kanehisa H. Validity of ultrasound muscle thickness measurements for predicting leg skeletal muscle mass in healthy Japanese middle-aged and older individuals. J Physiol Anthropol 2013; 32:12. [PMID: 24067065 PMCID: PMC3817997 DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-32-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The skeletal muscle mass of the lower limb plays a role in its mobility during daily life. From the perspective of physical resources, leg muscle mass dominantly decreases after the end of the fifth decade. Therefore, an accurate estimate of the muscle mass is important for the middle-aged and older population. The present study aimed to clarify the validity of ultrasound muscle thickness (MT) measurements for predicting leg skeletal muscle mass (SM) in the healthy Japanese middle-aged and older population. Findings MTs at four sites of the lower limb and the bone-free lean tissue mass (LTM) of the right leg were determined using brightness-mode ultrasonography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), respectively, in 44 women and 33 men, 52- to 78-years old. LTM was used as a representative variable of leg skeletal muscle mass. In the model-development group (30 women and 22 men), regression analysis produced an equation with R2 and standard error of the estimate (SEE) of 0.958 and 0.3 kg, respectively: LTM (kg) = 0.01464 × (MTSUM×L) (cm2) - 2.767, where MTSUM is the sum of the product of MTs at four sites, and L is length of segment where MT is determined. The estimated LTM (7.0 ± 1.7 kg) did not significantly differ from the measured LTM (7.0 ± 1.7 kg), without a significant systematic error on a Bland-Altman plot. The application of this equation for the cross-validation group (14 women and 11 men) did not yield a significant difference between the measured (7.2 ± 1.6 kg) or estimated (7.2 ± 1.6 kg) LTM and systematic error. Conclusion The developed prediction equation may be useful for estimating the lean tissue mass of the lower extremity for the healthy Japanese middle-aged and older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Takai
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima 891-2393, Japan.
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29
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Estimation of total body skeletal muscle mass in Chinese adults: prediction model by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53561. [PMID: 23308254 PMCID: PMC3538629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few reports on total body skeletal muscle mass (SM) in Chinese. The objective of this study is to establish a prediction model of SM for Chinese adults. METHODOLOGY Appendicular lean soft tissue (ALST) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and SM by magnetic resonance image (MRI) in 66 Chinese adults (52 men and 14 women). Images of MRI were segmented into compartments including intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) and IMAT-free SM. Regression was used to fit the prediction model SM = c + k × ALST. Age and gender were adjusted in the fitted model. The piece-wise linear function was performed to further explore the effect of age on SM. 'Leave-One-Out Cross Validation' was utilized to evaluate the prediction performance. The significance of observed differences between predicted and actual SM was tested by t test and the level of agreement was assessed by the method of Bland and Altman. RESULTS Men had greater ALST and IMAT-free SM than women. ALST was the primary predictor and highly correlated with IMAT-free SM (R(2) = 0.94, SEE = 1.11 kg, P<0.001). Age was an additional predictor (SM prediction model with age adjusted R(2) = 0.95, SEE = 1.05 kg, P<0.001). There was a piece-wise linear relationship between age and IMAT-free SM: IMAT-free SM = 1.21×ALST-0.98, (Age <45 years) and IMAT-free SM = 1.21×ALST-0.98-0.04× (Age-45), (Age ≥45 years). The prediction performance of this age-adjusted model was good due to 'Leave-One-Out Cross Validation'. No significant difference between measured and predicted IMAT-free SM was detected. CONCLUSION Previous SM prediction model developed in multi-ethnic groups underestimated SM by 2.3% and 3.4% for Chinese men and women. A new prediction model by DXA has been established to predict SM in Chinese adults.
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30
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Verschueren S, Gielen E, O'Neill TW, Pye SR, Adams JE, Ward KA, Wu FC, Szulc P, Laurent M, Claessens F, Vanderschueren D, Boonen S. Sarcopenia and its relationship with bone mineral density in middle-aged and elderly European men. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:87-98. [PMID: 22776861 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-012-2057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between reduced muscle mass (sarcopenia) and areal bone mineral density (BMD(a)) in middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling European men. Men with sarcopenia had significantly lower BMD(a) and were more likely to have osteoporosis compared with men without sarcopenia. INTRODUCTION In men, the relationship between reduced muscle mass (sarcopenia) and BMD(a) is unclear. This study aimed to determine this relationship in middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling men. METHODS Men aged 40-79 years from the Manchester (UK) and Leuven (Belgium) cohorts of the European Male Ageing Study were invited to attend for assessment including dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, from which appendicular lean mass (aLM), fat mass (FM) and whole-body, spine and hip BMD(a) were determined. Relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass (RASM) was calculated as aLM/height². Muscle strength was assessed in subjects from Leuven. Sarcopenia was defined by RASM at <7.26 kg/m² and by the recent definition of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (RASM at <7.26 kg/m(2) plus low muscle function). Linear regression was used to determine the associations between aLM, FM, muscle strength and BMD(a) and logistic regression to determine the association between sarcopenia and osteoporosis. RESULTS Six hundred seventy-nine men with a mean age of 59.6 (SD = 10.7), contributed data to the analysis; 11.9 % were sarcopenic by the conventional definition. After adjustment for age and centre, aLM, RASM and FM were positively associated with BMD(a). Men with RASM at <7.26 kg/m² had significantly lower BMD(a) compared with those with RASM at ≥7.26 kg/m(2). In a multivariable model, aLM was most consistently associated with BMD(a). Men with sarcopenia were more likely to have osteoporosis compared with those with normal RASM (odds ratio = 3.0; 95 % CI = 1.6-5.8). CONCLUSIONS Sarcopenia is associated with low BMD(a) and osteoporosis in middle-aged and elderly men. Further studies are necessary to assess whether maintaining muscle mass contributes to prevent osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Verschueren
- Research Group for Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Chalé A, Cloutier GJ, Hau C, Phillips EM, Dallal GE, Fielding RA. Efficacy of whey protein supplementation on resistance exercise-induced changes in lean mass, muscle strength, and physical function in mobility-limited older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 68:682-90. [PMID: 23114462 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whey protein supplementation may augment resistance exercise-induced increases in muscle strength and mass. Further studies are required to determine whether this effect extends to mobility-limited older adults. The objectives of the study were to compare the effects of whey protein concentrate (WPC) supplementation to an isocaloric control on changes in whole-body lean mass, mid-thigh muscle cross-sectional area, muscle strength, and stair-climbing performance in older mobility-limited adults in response to 6 months of resistance training (RT). METHODS Eighty mobility-limited adults aged 70-85 years were randomized to receive WPC (40g/day) or an isocaloric control for 6 months. All participants also completed a progressive high-intensity RT intervention. Sample sizes were calculated based on the primary outcome of change in whole-body lean mass to give 80% power for a 0.05-level, two-sided test. RESULTS Lean mass increased 1.3% and 0.6% in the WPC and control groups, respectively. Muscle cross-sectional area was increased 4.6% and 2.9% in the WPC and control groups, respectively, and muscle strength increased 16%-50% in WPC and control groups. Stair-climbing performance also improved in both groups. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the change in any of these variables between groups. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that WPC supplementation at this dose does not offer additional benefit to the effects of RT in mobility-limited older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Chalé
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Calbet JAL, Lundby C. Skeletal muscle vasodilatation during maximal exercise in health and disease. J Physiol 2012; 590:6285-96. [PMID: 23027820 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.241190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximal exercise vasodilatation results from the balance between vasoconstricting and vasodilating signals combined with the vascular reactivity to these signals. During maximal exercise with a small muscle mass the skeletal muscle vascular bed is fully vasodilated. During maximal whole body exercise, however, vasodilatation is restrained by the sympathetic system. This is necessary to avoid hypotension since the maximal vascular conductance of the musculature exceeds the maximal pumping capacity of the heart. Endurance training and high-intensity intermittent knee extension training increase the capacity for maximal exercise vasodilatation by 20-30%, mainly due to an enhanced vasodilatory capacity, as maximal exercise perfusion pressure changes little with training. The increase in maximal exercise vascular conductance is to a large extent explained by skeletal muscle hypertrophy and vascular remodelling. The vasodilatory capacity during maximal exercise is reduced or blunted with ageing, as well as in chronic heart failure patients and chronically hypoxic humans; reduced vasodilatory responsiveness and increased sympathetic activity (and probably, altered sympatholysis) are potential mechanisms accounting for this effect. Pharmacological counteraction of the sympathetic restraint may result in lower perfusion pressure and reduced oxygen extraction by the exercising muscles. However, at the same time fast inhibition of the chemoreflex in maximally exercising humans may result in increased vasodilatation, further confirming a restraining role of the sympathetic nervous system on exercise-induced vasodilatation. This is likely to be critical for the maintenance of blood pressure in exercising patients with a limited heart pump capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain.
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Scafoglieri A, Tresignie J, Provyn S, Marfell-Jones M, Reilly T, Bautmans I, Clarys JP. Prediction of segmental lean mass using anthropometric variables in young adults. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:777-85. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.670716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ackland TR, Lohman TG, Sundgot-Borgen J, Maughan RJ, Meyer NL, Stewart AD, Müller W. Current Status of Body Composition Assessment in Sport. Sports Med 2012; 42:227-49. [DOI: 10.2165/11597140-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Skalsky AJ, Han JJ, Abresch RT, McDonald CM. Regional and whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to guide treatment and monitor disease progression in neuromuscular disease. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2011; 23:67-73, x. [PMID: 22239875 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is a safe, noninvasive, inexpensive tool for managing patients with neuromuscular diseases. Regional and whole-body DEXA can be used to guide clinical treatments, such as determining body composition to guide nutritional recommendations, as well as to monitor disease progression by assessing regional and whole-body lean tissue mass. DEXA can also be used as an outcome measure for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Skalsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital and Health Center, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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Pruna L, Chatelin J, Pascal-Vigneron V, Kaminsky P. Regional body composition and functional impairment in patients with myotonic dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 2011; 44:503-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.22099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhong K, Lei SF, Yang F, Chen XD, Tan LJ, Zhu XZ, Tian Q, Deng HW. The differences of sarcopenia-related phenotypes: effects of gender and population. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11556-011-0082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a serious condition especially in the elderly population mainly characterized by the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with aging. Extremity skeletal muscle mass index (EMMI) (sum of skeletal muscle mass in arms and legs/height2) is gaining popularity in sarcopenia definition (less than two standard deviations below the mean of a young adult reference group), but little is known about the gender- and population-specific differences of EMMI. This study aimed at investigating the differences of EMMI, arm muscle mass index (AMMI), and leg muscle mass index (LMMI) between gender groups and populations (Chinese vs. Caucasians). The participants included 1,809 Chinese and 362 Caucasians with normal weight aged from 19 to 45 years old. Extremity muscle mass, arm muscle mass, and leg muscle mass were measured by using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Independent sample t tests were used to analyze the differences in muscle mass indexes between the studied groups. All the study parameters including EMMIs, AMMIs, and LMMIs were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.0003) in the Caucasian group than in the Chinese group and also higher in the male group than in the female group, and these significant differences (P ≤ 0.0005) remained after adjusting for age by simple regressions. The detected differences of muscle mass indexes between different gender and ethnic groups may provide important implications in their different risk of future sarcopenia.
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Yang CSH, Chen HC, Liang CC, Yu TY, Hung D, Tseng TC, Tsai WC. Sonographic measurements of the thickness of the soft tissues of the interscapular region in a population of normal young adults. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2011; 39:78-82. [PMID: 21213332 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To use sonography (US) to measure the interscapular soft-tissue thickness and to determine any correlation with anthropometric indices. METHODS Fifty-five healthy young adults (21 men and 34 women) with a mean age of 22.1 ± 3.0 years (range, 18-35) were enrolled. High-resolution US was used to measure the bilateral soft-tissue thickness near the medial border of the scapula. Anthropometric indices, including body weight, height, and circumferences of chest, waist, and hip, were also measured. RESULTS On the right side, mean values ± standard deviation for the thickness of the trapezius, rhomboid, and posterior serratus muscles in millimeters were 4.9 ± 1.0, 6.3 ± 2.3, and 3.5 ± 1.4, respectively, for men and 3.4 ± 0.8, 3.8 ± 1.7, and 2.2 ± 1.5, respectively, for women. The thickness of each muscle was significantly greater in men than in women (p < 0.05). For both genders, no significant differences in the soft-tissue thicknesses were found between both sides. Based on the anthropometric indices, body weight was the only significant contributor to the soft-tissue thickness. CONCLUSIONS US is a practical tool for measuring soft-tissue thickness in the interscapular region. Body weight and soft-tissue thickness are closely associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Shih-Hsien Yang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Romano G, Simonella R, Falleti E, Bortolotti N, Deiuri E, Antonutto G, De Vita S, Ferraccioli GF, Montanaro D. Physical training effects in renal transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2011; 24:510-4. [PMID: 19788449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2009.01098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several studies demonstrated the benefits of rehabilitation in uraemic patients. This study evaluates physical and psychosocial effects of exercise on renal transplant recipients (RTRs). PATIENTS AND METHODS Eight RTRs were evaluated before and after an exercise training consisting of thirty 40-minute sessions, three times a week, performed with the interval training technique. RESULTS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) significantly decreased (p<0.04 and <0.008, respectively). Quality of life mean scores (SF-36 test) significantly increased (p<0.000). No differences were recorded for muscle and fat mass, maximal explosive power of the lower limbs, alkaline and acid phosphatase, parathormone (PTH), myoglobin, lipoprotein-A, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), at rest heart rate, and cardiac troponin. IL-6 decreased from 2.8±0.6 to 1.7±0.5 pg/mL (p<0.01). Resting MAP fell from 112±4 to 99±3 mmHg (p<0.02). The metabolic threshold rose from 33±4 to 43±5% (p<0.033). The blood lactate level at peak exercise increased from 5.2±0.9 to 6.2±0.7 mmol/L (p<0.012). The maximum oxygen uptake increased from 1200±210 to 1359±202 mL/min (p<0.05), iso-load oxygen uptake decreased from 1110±190 to 1007±187 mL/min (p<0.034). The maximum working capacity increased from 90±14 to 115±15 watts (p<0.000). CONCLUSION This study suggests that an appropriate dose of physical training is a useful, safe and non-pharmacologic contribution to RTR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Romano
- S.M. Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy.
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Modlesky CM, Cavaiola ML, Smith JJ, Rowe DA, Johnson DL, Miller F. A DXA-based mathematical model predicts midthigh muscle mass from magnetic resonance imaging in typically developing children but not in those with quadriplegic cerebral palsy. J Nutr 2010; 140:2260-5. [PMID: 20980659 PMCID: PMC2981008 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.126219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Valid methods for assessing regional muscle mass in children are needed. The aim of this study was to determine whether dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can accurately estimate midthigh muscle mass from MRI (muscle(MRI)) in typically developing children and children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy (CP). A mathematical model predicting muscle(MRI) from midthigh, fat-free soft tissue mass from DXA (FFST(DXA)) was developed using 48 typically developing children (6-13 y) and was validated using the leave-one-out method. The model was also tested in children with quadriplegic CP (n = 10). The model produced valid estimates of midthigh muscle mass (muscle(DXA)) in typically developing children, as indicated by a very strong relationship between muscle(DXA) and muscle(MRI) (r(2) = 0.95; SEE = 68 g; P < 0.001), no difference in muscle(DXA) and muscle(MRI) (P = 0.951), and visual examination using a Bland-Altman plot. Muscle(DXA) was very strongly related to muscle(MRI) in children with CP (r(2) = 0.96; SEE = 54 g; P < 0.001); however, muscle(DXA) overestimated muscle(MRI) by 15% (P = 0.006). The overestimation of muscle(MRI) by muscle(DXA) was strongly related to the lower ratio of muscle(MRI) to FFST(DXA) (muscle(MRI)/FFST(DXA)) in children with CP (r(2) = 0.75; P = 0.001). The findings suggest that the DXA-based mathematical model developed in the current study can accurately estimate midthigh muscle mass in typically developing children. However, a population-specific model that takes into account the lower muscle(MRI)/FFST(DXA) is needed to estimate midthigh muscle mass in children with quadriplegic CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Modlesky
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Matthew L. Cavaiola
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Jarvis J. Smith
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - David A. Rowe
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G13 1PP, UK
| | - David L. Johnson
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Freeman Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, AI duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803
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Bredella MA, Ghomi RH, Thomas BJ, Torriani M, Brick DJ, Gerweck AV, Misra M, Klibanski A, Miller KK. Comparison of DXA and CT in the assessment of body composition in premenopausal women with obesity and anorexia nervosa. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:2227-33. [PMID: 20111013 PMCID: PMC3607308 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Accurate methods for assessing body composition in subjects with obesity and anorexia nervosa (AN) are important for determination of metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors and to monitor therapeutic interventions. The purpose of our study was to assess the accuracy of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for measuring abdominal and thigh fat, and thigh muscle mass in premenopausal women with obesity, AN, and normal weight compared to computed tomography (CT). In addition, we wanted to assess the impact of hydration on DXA-derived measures of body composition by using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). We studied a total of 91 premenopausal women (34 obese, 39 with AN, and 18 lean controls). Our results demonstrate strong correlations between DXA- and CT-derived body composition measurements in AN, obese, and lean controls (r = 0.77-0.95, P < 0.0001). After controlling for total body water (TBW), the correlation coefficients were comparable. DXA trunk fat correlated with CT visceral fat (r = 0.51-0.70, P < 0.0001). DXA underestimated trunk and thigh fat and overestimated thigh muscle mass and this error increased with increasing weight. Our study showed that DXA is a useful method for assessing body composition in premenopausal women within the phenotypic spectrum ranging from obesity to AN. However, it is important to recognize that DXA may not accurately assess body composition in markedly obese women. The level of hydration does not significantly affect most DXA body composition measurements, with the exceptions of thigh fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Bredella
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Metabolic factors limiting performance in marathon runners. PLoS Comput Biol 2010; 6:e1000960. [PMID: 20975938 PMCID: PMC2958805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Each year in the past three decades has seen hundreds of thousands of runners register to run a major marathon. Of those who attempt to race over the marathon distance of 26 miles and 385 yards (42.195 kilometers), more than two-fifths experience severe and performance-limiting depletion of physiologic carbohydrate reserves (a phenomenon known as ‘hitting the wall’), and thousands drop out before reaching the finish lines (approximately 1–2% of those who start). Analyses of endurance physiology have often either used coarse approximations to suggest that human glycogen reserves are insufficient to fuel a marathon (making ‘hitting the wall’ seem inevitable), or implied that maximal glycogen loading is required in order to complete a marathon without ‘hitting the wall.’ The present computational study demonstrates that the energetic constraints on endurance runners are more subtle, and depend on several physiologic variables including the muscle mass distribution, liver and muscle glycogen densities, and running speed (exercise intensity as a fraction of aerobic capacity) of individual runners, in personalized but nevertheless quantifiable and predictable ways. The analytic approach presented here is used to estimate the distance at which runners will exhaust their glycogen stores as a function of running intensity. In so doing it also provides a basis for guidelines ensuring the safety and optimizing the performance of endurance runners, both by setting personally appropriate paces and by prescribing midrace fueling requirements for avoiding ‘the wall.’ The present analysis also sheds physiologically principled light on important standards in marathon running that until now have remained empirically defined: The qualifying times for the Boston Marathon. Marathon running, historically perceived as testing the physiologic limits of human endurance, has become increasingly popular even among recreational runners. Of those runners who test their endurance by racing the marathon distance, however, more than two in five report ‘hitting the wall,’ the rapid onset of severe fatigue and inability to maintain a high-intensity pace, resulting from the near-complete depletion of carbohydrate stores in the leg muscles and liver. An apparent paradox of long-distance running is that even the leanest athletes store enough fat to power back-to-back marathons, yet small carbohydrate reservoirs can nevertheless catastrophically limit performance in endurance exercise. In this study I develop and validate a mathematical model that facilitates computation of personalized estimates of the distances at which runners will exhaust their carbohydrate stores while running at selected paces. In addition, I provide a systematic approach to estimating personalized maximum speeds at which runners can safely complete a marathon, based on accessible physiologic parameters such as heart rate and running speed. This analysis provides a quantitative basis for improving the safety and optimizing the performance of endurance runners, evaluating midrace fueling requirements, and estimating limits of performance in human endurance running, for elite and recreational runners alike.
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Silva AM, Shen W, Heo M, Gallagher D, Wang Z, Sardinha LB, Heymsfield SB. Ethnicity-related skeletal muscle differences across the lifespan. Am J Hum Biol 2010; 22:76-82. [PMID: 19533617 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite research and clinical significance, limited information is available on the relations between skeletal muscle (SM) and age in adults, specifically among Hispanics, African Americans (AA), and Asians. The aim was to investigate possible sex and ethnic SM differences in adults over an age range of 60 years. Subjects were 468 male and 1280 female adults (> or =18 years). SM was estimated based on DXA-measured appendicular lean-soft tissue using a previously reported prediction equation. Locally weighted regression smoothing lines were fit to examine SM trends and to localize age cutoffs; piecewise multiple linear regression models were then applied, controlling for weight and height, to identify age cutoffs for sex-specific changes in SM among the ethnic groups. The age of 27 years was identified for women and men as the cut-off after which SM starts to show a negative association with age. Both sexes had a similar ethnic pattern for expected mean SM at the age cutoff, with AA presenting the highest SM values, followed by Whites, Hispanics, and Asians. After the age cutoffs, the lowering of SM differed by ethnicity and sex: AA women showed the greatest SM lowering whereas Hispanic women had the least. Hispanic men tended to show a higher negative association of SM with age followed by AA and Whites. To conclude, significant sex and ethnic differences exist in the magnitude of negative associations of SM with age >27 years. Further studies using a longitudinal design are needed to explore the associations of ethnicity-related decline of SM with health risks.
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Bridge P, Pocock NA, Nguyen T, Munns C, Cowell CT, Thompson MW. Prediction of appendicular skeletal and fat mass in children: excellent concordance of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2009; 22:795-804. [PMID: 19960889 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2009.22.9.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body composition studies in children have great potential to help understand the aetiology and evolution of acute and chronic. diseases. AIM To validate appendicular lean soft tissue mass (LSTM) and fat mass (FM) measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the reference standard, in healthy peri-pubertal adolescents. DESIGN Peri-pubertal Caucasian children (n = 74) aged 11-14 years were evaluated. DXA LSTM and FM of the mid third femur were measured and skeletal muscle mass (SM) and FM of the same region were measured on the same day by MRI. RESULTS There was a strong correlation between MRI SM and DXA LSTM (r2 = 0.98, index of concordance [C] = 0.91). DXA estimation of LSTM exceeded MRI SM by a mean of 189 g, from 6-371 g (p < 0.0001). The discordance between DXA and MRI significantly increased with the absolute value (r = 0.27; p = 0.024). FM was highly correlated (r = 0.98) with a high index of concordance (C = 0.97). CONCLUSION This study validates the use of DXA in LSTM measurement in children, confirming its potential in clinical and research roles in paediatric diseases affecting and related to body composition.
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Skalsky AJ, Han JJ, Abresch RT, Shin CS, McDonald CM. Assessment of regional body composition with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Correlation of regional lean mass and quantitative strength. Muscle Nerve 2009; 39:647-51. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.21212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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QUITERIO ANAL, CARNERO ELVISA, SILVA ANALIZAM, BRIGHT BRIANNAC, SARDINHA LUISB. Anthropometric Models to Predict Appendicular Lean Soft Tissue in Adolescent Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:828-36. [PMID: 19276850 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31818ffe4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Skalsky AJ, Abresch RT, Han JJ, Shin CS, McDonald CM. The relationship between regional body composition and quantitative strength in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Neuromuscul Disord 2008; 18:873-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gobbo LA, Cyrino ES, Petroski ÉL, Cardoso JR, Carvalho FO, Romanzini M, Avelar A. Validação de equações antropométricas para a estimativa da massa muscular por meio de absortometria radiológica de dupla energia em universitários do sexo masculino. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922008000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diferentes equações antropométricas têm sido desenvolvidas e validadas para uso em populações distintas, a partir de modelos multicompartimentais. A absortometria radiológica de dupla energia (DEXA) é uma alternativa multicompartimental de avaliação da composição corporal, ainda pouco utilizada no Brasil para validação e desenvolvimento de equações antropométricas, sobretudo para predição da massa muscular (MM). Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi validar equações antropométricas para estimativa da MM a partir da DEXA, em universitários brasileiros do sexo masculino. Para tanto, 131 adultos entre 18 e 36 anos (73,9 ± 9,7kg; 177,6 ± 6,4cm; MM = 32,1 ± 3,6kg) foram avaliados por meio da DEXA e de medidas antropométricas (massa corporal, estatura, circunferências e espessura de dobras cutâneas), e analisados mediante utilização de quatro equações preditivas da MM. Foram utilizadas as seguintes análises: estatística descritiva, procedimentos de validação cruzada e análise de concordância (CCI e Bland e Altman). A equação 3 [MM (kg) = E.(0,00744.CBrC² + 0,00088.CCxC² + 0,00441.CPantC²) + 2,4.S - 0,048.Id + R + 7,8] de Lee et al. (Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:796-803) apresentou validade concorrente, para a avaliação da MM (t = 1,13; r = 0,83; EPE = 2,08; diferença média [d] = 0,21). Além desta, a equação 4, dos mesmos autores [MM (kg) = 0,244.MC + 7,8.E + 6,6.S - 0,098.Id + R - 3,3], com baixos valores de EPE (2,20), erro constante (- 0,72), erro total (2,72) e d (- 0,77) e boas concordâncias (moderada a alta) foi sugerida para utilização na amostra estudada. Novos estudos de validação são sugeridos em amostras diferentes, mediante o uso de DEXA como método de referência. Da mesma forma, sugere-se maior utilização de equações antropométricas para avaliação da MM, sobretudo para o monitoramento das alterações na massa muscular em relação aos processos de crescimento, desenvolvimento e envelhecimento e na avaliação do treinamento físico e esportivo.
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Essig M, Vrtovsnik F. Quelles méthodes d’évaluation de la composition corporelle doivent être utilisées en néphrologie ? Nephrol Ther 2008; 4:92-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Estimation of thigh muscle mass with magnetic resonance imaging in older adults and people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Phys Ther 2008; 88:219-30. [PMID: 18056754 DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20070052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Quantifying muscle mass is an essential part of physical therapy assessment, particularly in older adults and in people with chronic conditions associated with muscle atrophy. The purposes of this study were to examine the relationship between muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and volume by use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to compare anthropometric estimations of midthigh CSA with measurements obtained from MRI. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Twenty older adults who were healthy and 20 people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), matched for age, sex, and body mass index, underwent MRI to obtain measurements of thigh muscle CSA and volume. Anthropometric measurements (skinfold thickness and thigh circumference) were used to estimate midthigh CSA. RESULTS Muscle volumes were significantly lower in the people with COPD than in the older adults who were healthy. Moderate to high correlations were found between midthigh CSA and volume in both groups (r=.61-.94). Anthropometric measurements tended to overestimate midthigh CSA in both the people with COPD (estimated CSA=64.9+/-17.8; actual CSA=48.3+/-10.2 cm(2)) and the older adults who were healthy (estimated quadriceps femoris muscle CSA=65.0+/-14.0; actual CSA=56.8+/-13.5 cm(2)). Furthermore, the estimated quadriceps femoris muscle CSAs were not sensitive enough to detect a difference in muscle size between people with COPD and controls. Thigh circumference alone was not different between groups and showed only low to moderate correlations with muscle volume (r=.19-.47). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Muscle CSA measured from a single slice provides a good indication of volume, but the most representative slice should be chosen on the basis of the muscle group of interest. Thigh circumference is not correlated with muscle volume and, therefore, should not be used as an indicator of muscle size. The development of population-specific reference equations for estimating muscle CSA from anthropometric measurements is warranted.
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