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Akhtar F, Wan X, Wu G, Kesse S, Wang S, He S. Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins: Reduced Size Particulate Systems for Improved Therapeutic Outcomes. Molecules 2018; 23:E1757. [PMID: 30021958 PMCID: PMC6100363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide range of diseases have been treated using low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), the drug of choice for anticoagulation. Owing to their better pharmacokinetic features compared to those of unfractionated heparin (uFH), several systems incorporating LMWHs have been investigated to deliver and improve their therapeutic outcomes, especially through development of their micro- and nano-particles. This review article describes current perspectives on the fabrication, characterization, and application of LMWHs-loaded micro- and nano-particles to achieve ameliorated bioavailability. The valuable applications of LMWH will continue to encourage researchers to identify efficient delivery systems that have specific release characteristics and ameliorated bioavailability, overcoming the challenges presented by biological obstructions and the physicochemical properties of LMWHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Akhtar
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xinyu Wan
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Gang Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Samuel Kesse
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Shaoda Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Shuying He
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Liu JR, Wang HF, Yu DF, Chen XY, He SY. Modulation of binding to vascular endothelial growth factor and receptor by heparin derived oligosaccharide. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:558-564. [PMID: 28821104 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism of heparin-derived oligosaccharide on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Expression levels of VEGFR 1 and VEGFR 2 were examined by RT-PCR, and the corresponding protein expression levels were detected by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Western blotting was taken to identify the expression levels of mechanism proteins. The binding of VEGF and VEGFR 2 was measured by co-IP. Besides, HS competition assay was to detect the ability of HDO to compete with Heparin for VEGF165. HDO showed an inhibitory effect on the expression of VEGFR1/2 proteins and PKC, MAPK, PI3K/Akt pathways. In addition, HDO affected the binding of VEGF-VEGFR, which may be one of the most important mechanisms of HDO suppress the cell proliferation induced by growth factors. Thus HDO showed the ability as a VEGF antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Ru Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hui-Fang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dan-Feng Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shu-Ying He
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Yildiz-Pekoz A, Ozsoy Y. Inhaled Heparin: Therapeutic Efficacy and Recent Formulations. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2017; 30:143-156. [PMID: 28418758 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2015.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin is well known for its anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties. Inhaled heparin regimens are increasingly being used to manage lung disease. It has been used to treat cystic fibrosis, thromboembolism, and pulmonary fibrosis, as well as bronchial asthma and asthma-induced airway hypersensitivity. Several preclinical studies attained some useful effects of heparin-administered, parenterally and through inhalation, treatment of lung disease. Besides, recent clinical trials suggest that inhaled heparin for lung diseases is beneficial and safe, but such data remain to be limited. In 2005, the orphan designation was granted by the European Commission for heparin sodium (inhalation use) for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. The positive results of heparin in the pulmonary route necessitate a focus on the preparation and evaluation of heparin in advanced drug delivery systems, namely nano/microparticles and liposomes. Through this pulmonary delivery, heparin is protected from enzymatic degradation within the airway. Heparin is thus passively targeted into the lungs, and long-lasting localized treatment is achieved. On the other hand, these systems have encountered several problems as follows: (1) polymers, such as poly-L-lactide-glycolic acid, poly (lactic acid), and chitosan, used to prepare heparin-loaded microparticle/nanoparticle (MP/NP) systems have not been granted approval for lung application by the FDA and (2) liposomal and NP formulation stability is the main problem of formulation design. We propose that additional in vitro and in vivo research is necessary to assess the clinical applicability of this treatment strategy. The present article discusses heparin treatments for lung diseases and the use of heparin and/or heparin-loaded drugs in advanced delivery systems through the pulmonary route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Yildiz-Pekoz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yildiz Ozsoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University , Istanbul, Turkey
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Ibrahim SS, Osman R, Awad GAS, Mortada ND, Geneidy AS. Low molecular weight heparins for current and future uses: approaches for micro- and nano-particulate delivery. Drug Deliv 2015; 23:2661-2667. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1046570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa S. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassyia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rihab Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassyia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gehanne A. S. Awad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassyia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nahed D. Mortada
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassyia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed-Shawky Geneidy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassyia, Cairo, Egypt
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Synthetic di-sulfated iduronic acid attenuates asthmatic response by blocking T-cell recruitment to inflammatory sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8173-8. [PMID: 24835176 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319870111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of carbohydrate sequences that determine affinity to specific chemokines is a critical step for strategies to interfere with chemokine-mediated leukocyte trafficking. Here, we first characterized the development of allergic asthma in Tie2-dependent and inducible Ext1-knockout (Tie2-Ext1(iKO)) mice. We showed that heparan sulfate is essential for leukocyte recruitment in the peribronchial region and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and is crucial for induction of airway hyperresponsiveness. Our glycan microarray showed a unique affinity profile of chemokine CCL20 to substructures of heparin and heparin-like oligo/di/monosaccharides. Among them, we identified a synthetic and not naturally occurring monosaccharide, 2,4-O-di-sulfated iduronic acid (Di-S-IdoA), as a potential inhibitor for CCL20-heparan sulfate interaction. Mice injected with Di-S-IdoA via tail vain or nasal inhalation showed attenuated leukocyte recruitment into inflammatory sites and BALF. These results demonstrate a critical role of chemokine-heparan sulfate interaction in the asthma development and Di-S-IdoA as a potential drug for asthma treatment.
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Yu D, Rui X, He S. Effect of heparin-derived oligosaccharide on bFGFR1 and bFGFR2 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2014; 48:289-96. [PMID: 24472831 DOI: 10.1177/1538574413520518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Our purpose is to investigate the inhibitory effect and mechanisms of heparin-derived oligosaccharide (HDO) on proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Proliferation of VSMCs was measured by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry; bFGF receptor 1 and receptor 2 (bFGFR1 and bFGFR2) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; and its protein expression levels were detected by Western blotting and immunocytochemical methods. Results showed that HDO inhibited VSMC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner; HDO inhibited cells in G1 phase entering the S phase; HDO inhibited bFGFR1 and bFGFR2 mRNA expression levels. In addition, bFGFR1 and bFGFR2 protein expression levels were significantly inhibited by HDO dose dependently. These results imply that HDO can inhibit VSMC proliferation. The proliferation of bFGF-induced VSMCs by HDO is associated with the inhibition of bFGFR1 and bFGFR2 expression levels. This altered molecular signature may explain one mechanism of HDO-mediated inhibition of VSMC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Heparin-derived supersulfated disaccharide inhibits allergic airway responses in sheep. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 28:77-86. [PMID: 24355631 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The tetrasaccharide sequence of heparin oligosaccharides is the minimum chain length possessing anti-allergic activity, as the disaccharide fraction is inactive. Since sulfation pattern can modify the biological actions of heparin, we hypothesized that "supersulfation" of the inactive heparin disaccharide could confer anti-allergic activity to this molecule. To test this, we produced a supersulfated heparin disaccharide (Hep-SSD) and evaluated its anti-allergic activity in sheep with documented antigen-induced early and late airway responses (EAR and LAR) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Porcine intestinal heparin was depolymerized with nitrous acid, the disaccharide fraction separated by size exclusion chromatography, and then treated with pyridine-sulfur trioxide complex to yield Hep-SSD. Its chemical structure [IdoU2',3',4'S (1→4) AMan1,3,6S] was confirmed by HPLC, Mass Spectrometry and NMR analysis. Inhaled doses of 5 mg, 10 mg and 20 mg Hep-SSD produced inhibition of EAR (8%, 35% and 35%), LAR (50%, 80%, and 77%) and AHR (67%, 100% and 75%), respectively. A single oral dose of 2 mg/kg Hep-SSD given 90 min before challenge significantly inhibited EAR, LAR and AHR, but 1 mg/kg was ineffective. Multi dose oral treatment with Hep-SSD had a cumulative effect, as a once daily dose of 2 mg/kg for 3 days (last dose, 16 h before antigen) inhibited EAR, LAR and AHR by 30%, 75% and 74%, respectively. Finally, the oral activity of Hep-SSD could be enhanced 4 fold by formulating it with Carbopol(®)934P, in an enteric coated capsule. These data demonstrate that "supersulfation" can confer biological activity to the inactive heparin disaccharide. Both inhaled and oral Hep-SSD demonstrate significant anti-allergic activity and, therefore, may have therapeutic potential.
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Effect of heparin-derived oligosaccharide on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and the signal transduction mechanisms involved. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2013; 26:479-88. [PMID: 23097139 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-012-6419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, the effect of heparin-derived oligosaccharide (HDO) on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and the signal transduction mechanisms involved were investigated. METHODS MTT assays were used to measure VSMC proliferation, flow cytometry to analyze cell cycle distribution, RT-PCR for detection of gene transcript levels, and cell-based ELISA, Western blotting and immunocytochemical methods to detect the expression of PKC-α, ERK 1/2, p-ERK 1/2, Akt, p-Akt, p-PDK1 and p-GSK-3β. RESULTS HDO at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μmol·L(-1) dose-dependently inhibited VEGF-induced VSMC proliferation with inhibition indices of 6.8 %, 13.1 % and 28.9 %, respectively. Similar concentrations of HDO dose-dependently decreased the percentage of VEGF-induced cells in S phase to 3.6 %, 3.4 %, and 5.4 %, while increasing that of cells arrested in the G0/G1 phase to 80 %, 82 % and 83.6 %. HDO at 0.01, 0.1 or 1 μmol·L(-1) inhibited VEGF-induced PKC-α mRNA expression, with inhibition indices of 9.2 %, 16.1 % and 54.0 %. HDO at 0.1 or 1 μmol·L(-1) inhibited VEGF-induced proto-oncogene mRNA expression, with inhibition indices of 5.2 % and 6.6 % for c-jun, 8.8 % and 11.6 % for c-myc, and 6.5 % and 11.9 % for c-fos, respectively. Additionally, treatment with 0.01, 0.1 or 1 μmol·L(-1) HDO, inhibited VEGF-induced expression of some proliferation related proteins with inhibition indices of 33.2 %, 56.3 % and 77.0 % for PKC-α, 33.7 %, 38.7 % and 53.2 % for p-Akt, 3.5 %, 24.2 % and 49.3 % for p-ERK 1/2, 39.2 %, 71.8 % and 80.7 % for p-PDK 1 and 41.4 %, 89.4 % and 92.4 % for p-GSK-3β, respectively. The results showed that HDO inhibited PKC-α, c-jun, c-fos and c-myc mRNA transcription, and also down-regulated phosphorylation levels of ERK 1/2 and Akt. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that HDO inhibits transcription of proliferation-related proto-oncogenes and arrests G1/S transition through inhibition of the PKC, MAPK and Akt/PI3K pathways in association with inhibition of VSMC proliferation. This altered molecular signature may explain one mechanism of HDO-mediated inhibition of VSMC proliferation.
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Ogawa T, Shimizu S, Shimizu T. The effect of heparin on antigen-induced mucus hypersecretion in the nasal epithelium of sensitized rats. Allergol Int 2013; 62:77-83. [PMID: 23000727 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.12-oa-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparin is a potential anti-inflammatory drug for allergic airway inflammation. To elucidate the effects of heparin on allergic inflammation, we examined the in vivo effects of heparin on antigen-induced mucus hypersecretion and infiltration of eosinophils and neutrophils in the nasal epithelium of sensitized rats. METHODS We induced hypertrophic and metaplastic changes of goblet cells in the nasal epithelium of ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized rats by intranasal challenge with OVA. The effects of intranasal instillation with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH; 1-1000IU/0.1ml) on mucus production and eosinophil/neutrophil infiltration were examined. RESULTS Intranasal instillation with low-dose LMWH (1-10IU/0.1ml) at 30 minutes before OVA instillation stimulated OVA-induced mucus production in the nasal epithelium of sensitized rats, whereas treatment with 100IU/0.1ml LMWH showed no effect. Intranasal instillation with high-dose LMWH (1000IU/0.1ml) significantly inhibited OVA-induced mucus production. Intranasal instillation with LMWH (1-1000IU/0.1ml) dose-dependently inhibited eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration into the rat nasal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that heparin inhibits mucus hypersecretion and infiltration of eosinophils and neutrophils in allergic inflammation, though the inhibitory effect against mucus production is obtained in high-dose heparin. Intranasal instillation with high-dose heparin may provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of nasal allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ogawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan. −med.ac.jp
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Ahmed T, Smith G, Abraham WM. Effect of oral and intravenous heparin tetrasaccharide on allergic airway responses: critical role of N-sulfation. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 26:180-8. [PMID: 23085243 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that inhaled heparin (hep) oligosaccharides attenuate allergic airway responses in sheep and that this anti-allergic activity resides in a tetrasaccharide sequence. Here we determined: (a) the anti-allergic activity of oral and intravenous hep-tetrasaccharide on allergic airway responses in the sheep model of asthma; and (b) the role of N-sulfation in mediating this anti-allergic activity. Ascaris suum-induced early (EAR) and Late (LAR) airway responses and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to carbachol were measured in allergic sheep without and after treatment with different doses of oral or intravenous hep-tetrasaccharide. At doses of 0.06 mg/kg, 0.125 mg/kg, and 0.25 mg/kg, oral hep-tetrasaccharide caused a dose-dependent inhibition of EAR and LAR. Post-antigen AHR was also inhibited dose dependently. The same doses of intravenous hep-tetrasaccharide yielded comparable inhibition of EAR, LAR and AHR, confirming that orally delivered hep-tetrasaccharide has good bioavailability. The protection by hep-tetrasaccharide on EAR and LAR was dependent on N-sulfation, as N-desulfated/N-acetylated tetrasaccharide had a markedly reduced effect. However, inhibition of the post-antigen AHR was independent of N-sulfation. These results demonstrate that orally administered hep-tetrasaccharide inhibits allergic airway responses in the sheep model of asthma. Hep-tetrasaccharide has good oral bioavailability and its anti-allergic activity is critically dependent on N-sulfation of the glucosamine ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Ahmed
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 4300 Alton Rd., Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA.
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Yildiz A, John E, Özsoy Y, Araman A, Birchall JC, Broadley KJ, Gumbleton M. Inhaled extended-release microparticles of heparin elicit improved pulmonary pharmacodynamics against antigen-mediated airway hyper-reactivity and inflammation. J Control Release 2012; 162:456-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ahmed T, Smith G, Vlahov I, Abraham WM. Inhibition of allergic airway responses by heparin derived oligosaccharides: identification of a tetrasaccharide sequence. Respir Res 2012; 13:6. [PMID: 22269021 PMCID: PMC3296655 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies showed that heparin's anti-allergic activity is molecular weight dependent and resides in oligosaccharide fractions of <2500 daltons. Objective To investigate the structural sequence of heparin's anti-allergic domain, we used nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine heparin to prepare an oligosaccharide, and then fractionated it into disaccharide, tetrasaccharide, hexasaccharide, and octasaccharide fractions. The anti-allergic activity of each oligosaccharide fraction was tested in allergic sheep. Methods Allergic sheep without (acute responder) and with late airway responses (LAR; dual responder) were challenged with Ascaris suum antigen with and without inhaled oligosaccharide pretreatment and the effects on specific lung resistance and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to carbachol determined. Additional inflammatory cell recruitment studies were performed in immunized ovalbumin-challenged BALB/C mice with and without treatment. Results The inhaled tetrasaccharide fraction was the minimal effective chain length to show anti-allergic activity. This fraction showed activity in both groups of sheep; it was also effective in inhibiting LAR and AHR, when administered after the antigen challenge. Tetrasaccharide failed to modify the bronchoconstrictor responses to airway smooth muscle agonists (histamine, carbachol and LTD4), and had no effect on antigen-induced histamine release in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in sheep. In mice, inhaled tetrasaccharide also attenuated the ovalbumin-induced peribronchial inflammatory response and eosinophil influx in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Chemical analysis identified the active structure to be a pentasulfated tetrasaccharide ([IdoU2S (1→4)GlcNS6S (1→4) IdoU2S (1→4) AMan-6S]) which lacked anti-coagulant activity. Conclusions These results demonstrate that heparin tetrasaccharide possesses potent anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties, and that the domains responsible for anti-allergic and anti-coagulant activity are distinctly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Ahmed
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida, USA.
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Ogawa T, Shimizu S, Tojima I, Kouzaki H, Shimizu T. Heparin inhibits mucus hypersecretion in airway epithelial cells. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2011; 25:69-74. [PMID: 21679503 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparin is one of the most important anticoagulant drugs. It has been known that heparin also possesses anti-inflammatory activities. Mucus hypersecretion is an important characteristic of airway inflammation. However, little is known about the regulatory effects of heparin on mucus hypersecretion in airway epithelial cells. To elucidate the anti-inflammatory function of heparin in airway epithelial cells, we examined the in vivo effects of heparin on mucus hypersecretion and neutrophil infiltration in rat nasal epithelium. We also examined the in vitro effects of heparin on mucin production and IL-8 secretion from cultured human airway epithelial cells. METHODS We induced hypertrophic and metaplastic changes of goblet cells in rat nasal epithelium by intranasal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) instillation. The effects of intranasal instillation with heparin on mucus production and neutrophil infiltration were examined. in vitro effects of heparin on airway epithelial cells were examined using cultured NCI-H292 cells. Mucus secretion was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using an anti-MUC5AC monoclonal antibody. RESULTS Intranasal instillation with unfractionated heparin (UFH; 100 IU/0.1 mL) or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH; 100 IU/0.1 mL) at 30 minutes before LPS instillation significantly inhibited LPS-induced mucus production and neutrophil infiltration in rat nasal epithelium. UFH or LMWH inhibited tumor necrosis factor alpha (10 ng/mL)-induced secretion of MUC5AC and IL-8 from NCI-H292 cells in a dose-dependent manner (0.01-10 IU/mL). MUC5AC mRNA expression was also significantly inhibited. CONCLUSION These results indicate that heparin inhibits airway mucus hypersecretion in airway epithelial cells directly and indirectly through the suppression of IL-8 secretion and neutrophil infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ogawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
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Oyarzun-Ampuero FA, Brea J, Loza MI, Torres D, Alonso MJ. Chitosan-hyaluronic acid nanoparticles loaded with heparin for the treatment of asthma. Int J Pharm 2009; 381:122-9. [PMID: 19467809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to produce mucoadhesive nanocarriers made from chitosan (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA), and containing the macromolecular drug heparin, suitable for pulmonary delivery. For the first time, this drug was tested in ex vivo experiments performed in mast cells, in order to investigate the potential of the heparin-loaded nanocarriers in antiasthmatic therapy. CS and mixtures of HA with unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin (UFH and LMWH, respectively) were combined to form nanoparticles by the ionotropic gelation technique. The resulting nanoparticles loaded with UFH were between 162 and 217 nm in size, and those prepared with LMWH were 152 nm. The zeta potential of the nanoparticle formulations ranged from +28.1 to +34.6 mV, and in selected nanosystems both types of heparin were associated with a high degree of efficiency, which was approximately 70%. The nanosystems were stable in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, for at least 24h, and released 10.8% of UFH and 79.7% of LMWH within 12h of incubation. Confocal microscopy experiments showed that fluorescent heparin-loaded CS-HA nanoparticles were effectively internalized by rat mast cells. Ex vivo experiments aimed at evaluating the capacity of heparin to prevent histamine release in rat mast cells indicated that the free or encapsulated drug exhibited the same dose-response behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Oyarzun-Ampuero
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Duong M, Cockcroft D, Boulet LP, Ahmed T, Iverson H, Atkinson DC, Stahl EG, Watson R, Davis B, Milot J, Gauvreau GM, O'Byrne PM. The effect of IVX-0142, a heparin-derived hypersulfated disaccharide, on the allergic airway responses in asthma. Allergy 2008; 63:1195-201. [PMID: 18699936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IVX-0142 is a heparin-derived hypersulfated disaccharide devoid of anticoagulant activity while possessing anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activity in preclinical studies. In a proof-of-concept study, the allergen inhalation challenge model was used to investigate the effect of IVX-0142 in mild atopic asthma. METHODS Nineteen subjects, not on controller medications, were randomized to an evaluator-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. The effect of a single nebulized dose of IVX-0142 (80 mg) or placebo administered 30 min prior to allergen inhalation was evaluated on the allergic airway responses, airway responsiveness, and airway inflammation. RESULTS When compared with placebo, 14 and 13 subjects experienced a relatively smaller maximum fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (maxFEV(1)%) for the early airway response (EAR) and late airway response (LAR) with IVX-0142, respectively (P < 0.01). The degree of attenuation in the EAR [maxFEV(1)% (mean +/- SE) 26.5 +/- 2.8%vs placebo 31.0 +/- 2.8%, P = 0.059] and LAR (15.6 +/- 2.9%vs placebo 19.0 +/- 2.9%, P = 0.24) with IVX-0142, however, was small and did not reach statistical significance compared with placebo. Similarly, a trend in the attenuation of allergen-induced increase in the absolute sputum cell counts was also observed. No difference in the allergen-induced increase in airway hyper-responsiveness and exhaled nitric oxide was noticed. CONCLUSIONS The majority of mild atopic asthmatics demonstrated a reduction in the EAR and LAR to IVX-0142. However, the treatment effect observed with a single prechallenge dose of IVX-0142 was small and heterogeneous. The potential anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects using multiple higher doses need to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Duong
- Department of Medicine, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Abstract
The chemokine system coordinates leukocyte migration in immunity and inflammation and is implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Although several successful strategies have been identified to develop drugs targeting chemokines and their receptors, this has not yet resulted in many new therapeutics. This is likely due to a complexity of the chemokine system, which was not initially appreciated, that is characterized by redundancy, pleiotropy, and differences among species. Nevertheless, our understanding of chemokine biology is continuing to grow and several promising drugs are currently being tested in late-stage clinical trials. In this review, we examine the role of chemokines in health and diseases and discuss strategies to target the chemokine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Viola
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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17
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Maarsingh H, Zaagsma J, Meurs H. Arginine homeostasis in allergic asthma. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:375-84. [PMID: 18410920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic disease characterized by early and late asthmatic reactions, airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation and airway remodelling. Changes in l-arginine homeostasis may contribute to all these features of asthma by decreased nitric oxide (NO) production and increased formation of peroxynitrite, polyamines and l-proline. Intracellular l-arginine levels are regulated by at least three distinct mechanisms: (i) cellular uptake by cationic amino acid (CAT) transporters, (ii) metabolism by NO-synthase (NOS) and arginase, and (iii) recycling from l-citrulline. Ex vivo studies using animal models of allergic asthma have indicated that attenuated l-arginine bioavailability to NOS causes deficiency of bronchodilating NO and increased production of procontractile peroxynitrite, which importantly contribute to allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness after the early and late asthmatic reaction, respectively. Decreased cellular uptake of l-arginine, due to (eosinophil-derived) polycations inhibiting CATs, as well as increased consumption by increased arginase activity are major causes of substrate limitation to NOS. Increasing substrate availability to NOS by administration of l-arginine, l-citrulline, the polycation scavenger heparin, or an arginase inhibitor alleviates allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness by restoring the production of bronchodilating NO. In addition, reduced l-arginine levels may contribute to the airway inflammation associated with the development of airway hyperresponsiveness, which similarly may involve decreased NO synthesis and increased peroxynitrite formation. Increased arginase activity could also contribute to airway remodelling and persistent airway hyperresponsiveness in chronic asthma via increased synthesis of l-ornithine, the precursor of polyamines and l-proline. Drugs that increase the bioavailability of l-arginine in the airways - particularly arginase inhibitors - may have therapeutic potential in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm Maarsingh
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University Centre for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Handel TM, Johnson Z, Crown SE, Lau EK, Proudfoot AE. Regulation of protein function by glycosaminoglycans--as exemplified by chemokines. Annu Rev Biochem 2005; 74:385-410. [PMID: 15952892 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immune modulators such as cytokines and growth factors exert their biological activity through high-affinity interactions with cell-surface receptors, thereby activating specific signaling pathways. However, many of these molecules also participate in low-affinity interactions with another class of molecules, referred to as proteoglycans. Proteoglycans consist of a protein core to which glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are attached. The GAGs are long, linear, sulfated, and highly charged heterogeneous polysaccharides that are expressed throughout the body in different forms, depending on the developmental or pathological state of the organ/organism. They participate in many biological functions, including organogenesis and growth control, cell adhesion, signaling, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and interactions with pathogens. Recently, it was demonstrated that certain chemokines require interactions with GAGs for their in vivo function. The GAG interaction is thought to provide a mechanism for retaining chemokines on cell surfaces, facilitating the formation of chemokine gradients. These gradients serve as directional cues to guide the migration of the appropriate cells in the context of their inflammatory, developmental, and homeostatic functions. In this review, we discuss GAGs and their interaction with proteins, with a special emphasis on the chemokine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Handel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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19
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Johnson Z, Proudfoot AE, Handel TM. Interaction of chemokines and glycosaminoglycans: a new twist in the regulation of chemokine function with opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005; 16:625-36. [PMID: 15990353 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite their key role in inflammation, the apparent redundancy in the chemokine system is often cited as an argument against probing chemokines as therapeutic targets for inflammation. However, this in vitro redundancy frequently does not translate to the in vivo situation, as exemplified by the use of specific receptor antagonists, ligand neutralizing or receptor blocking antibodies and gene-deleted mice in models of human disease. Specificity may be conferred onto the chemokine system by fine-tuning of responses both temporally and spatially through their highly specific interactions with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). In this survey, we present evidence for specificity in the interaction and introduce emerging technologies that enable detailed assessment of protein-GAG interactions. Finally, we address the issue of exploitation of this interaction for therapeutic advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Johnson
- Celltech, 216 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire, UK.
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20
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Suchankova J, Mata M, Cortijo J, Morcillo EJ. Effects of bemiparin on airway responses to antigen in sensitized Brown-Norway rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 507:261-71. [PMID: 15659317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparins have demonstrated activity in asthma. The effects of bemiparin, a low molecular weight heparin, were examined on antigen-induced responses in sensitized Brown-Norway rats. Inhaled bemiparin (1 mg/ml) reduced the acute bronchospasm produced by aerosol antigen, prevented airway hyperresponsiveness to 5-hydroxytryptamine postantigen exposure, and reduced the eosinophil count (from 0.205+/-0.062 to 0.054+/-0.016 x 10(6) cells/ml in antigen and antigen+bemiparin groups, respectively; P<0.05), eosinophil peroxidase activity, and proteins in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), as well as the transiently augmented mucin Muc5ac expression. Hyperresponsiveness to adenosine was not affected by bemiparin. In similar experiments, inhaled fondaparinux (1 mg/ml) did not affect the antigen-induced responses, while a low-anticoagulant low molecular weight heparin was effective. In conclusion, bemiparin showed beneficial effects in experimental asthma, probably unrelated to its anticoagulant activity, which extends the previous positive findings obtained with other heparins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Suchankova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibanez 15, E-46010 Valencia, Spain
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21
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Maarsingh H, de Boer J, Kauffman HF, Zaagsma J, Meurs H. Heparin normalizes allergen-induced nitric oxide deficiency and airway hyperresponsiveness. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142:1293-9. [PMID: 15265801 PMCID: PMC1575183 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been established that polycations cause airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine by inducing a deficiency of constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS)-derived bronchodilating nitric oxide (NO). Since a deficiency of cNOS-derived NO also contributes to allergen-induced AHR after the early asthmatic reaction (EAR) and since this AHR is associated with the release of polycationic proteins from infiltrated eosinophils in the airways, we hypothesized that endogenous polycations underlie or at least contribute to the allergen-induced NO deficiency and AHR. Using a guinea-pig model of allergic asthma, we addressed this hypothesis by examining the effect of the polyanion heparin, acting as a polycation antagonist, on the responsiveness to methacholine of isolated perfused tracheae from unchallenged control animals and from animals 6 h after ovalbumin challenge, that is, after the EAR. A 2.0-fold AHR (P<0.001) to intraluminal administration of methacholine was observed in airways from allergen-challenged animals compared to control. Incubation of these airways with 250 U ml(-1) heparin completely normalized the observed hyperresponsiveness (P<0.001), whereas the responsiveness to methacholine of airways from unchallenged control animals was not affected. The effect of heparin on airways from allergen-challenged guinea-pigs was dose-dependently (0.1 and 1.0 mM) reversed by the NOS inhibitor L-NAME (P<0.01). These results indicate that endogenous (presumably eosinophil-derived) polycations are involved in allergen-induced NO deficiency and AHR after the EAR, probably by inhibition of l-arginine transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm Maarsingh
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University Centre for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Luo Y, Cho HH, McKeehan WL. Biospecific extraction and neutralization of anticoagulant heparin with fibroblast growth factors (FGF). J Pharm Sci 2004; 92:2117-27. [PMID: 14502551 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The polyanionic sulfated carbohydrate heparin is a mixture of anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant activity that is best known for its pharmacological benefit as an anticoagulant. The objective of this study was to design and evaluate a simple purification method for an anticoagulant fraction of heparin from a crude heparin mixture as an alternative to antithrombin. Similar to blood clotting, the fibroblast growth factor signaling system is heparan sulfate-regulated and comprised of components with structurally distinct heparin-binding domains. A rare and highly specific motif within a single heparan sulfate chain has been proposed to tether both FGF and the FGFR ectodomain together. The diversity of heparin-binding motifs within the large FGF family of polypeptides and receptors provides a repertoire of diverse templates for capture of diverse heparin/heparan sulfate motifs in biology. We show here that, similar to antithrombin, a member of the FGF family, FGF7, selectively captures anti-Factor Xa and anti-Factor IIa activity from commercially and clinically applied heparin mixtures. In the presence of purified anticoagulant heparin and derivative, FGF7 has the similar activity as protamine sulfate for reversal of anticoagulant effect, while FGF1 is much less potent than FGF7. This may provide a novel cost-effective, bioaffinity-based alternative to antithrombin for concurrent enrichment and recovery of anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant heparin from the same heparin mixture. In addition, FGF7 and homologues may be useful in pharmaceutical neutralization of anticoagulant heparin and heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongde Luo
- Center for Cancer Biology and Nutrition, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030-3303, USA
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Brown RA, Lever R, Jones NA, Page CP. Effects of heparin and related molecules upon neutrophil aggregation and elastase release in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 139:845-53. [PMID: 12813008 PMCID: PMC1573888 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1 Neutrophil-derived elastase is an enzyme implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Heparin inhibits the enzymatic activity of elastase and here we provide evidence for the first time that heparin can inhibit the release of elastase from human neutrophils. 2 Unfractionated and low molecular weight heparins (UH and LMWH, 0.01-1000 U ml(-1)) and corresponding concentrations (0.06-6000 micro g ml(-1)) of nonanticoagulant O-desulphated heparin (ODH), dextran sulphate (DS) and nonsulphated poly-L-glutamic acid (PGA) were compared for their effects on both elastase release from and aggregation of neutrophils. 3 UH, ODH and LMWH inhibited (P<0.05) the homotypic aggregation of neutrophils, in response to both N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP, 10(-6) M) and platelet-activating factor (PAF, 10(-6) M), as well as elastase release in response to these stimuli, in the absence and presence of the priming agent tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha, 100 U ml(-1)). 4 DS inhibited elastase release under all the conditions of cellular activation tested (P<0.05) but had no effect on aggregation. PGA lacked efficacy in either assay, suggesting general sulphation to be important in both effects of heparin on neutrophil function and specific patterns of sulphation to be required for inhibition of aggregation. 5 Further investigation of the structural requirements for inhibition of elastase release confirmed the nonsulphated GAG hyaluronic acid and neutral dextran, respectively, to be without effect, whereas the IP(3) receptor antagonist 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborate (2-APB) mimicked the effects of heparin, itself an established IP(3) receptor antagonist, suggesting this to be a possible mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Brown
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London.
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24
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Collie DDS. Comparative, complementary and relevant: the immunological basis of ovine lung allergic responses. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:282-6. [PMID: 12614439 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.01617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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25
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Ma Q, Dudas B, Daud A, Iqbal O, Hoppensteadt D, Jeske W, Cornelli U, Lee J, Lorens S, Mervis R, Hanin I, Capila I, Linhardt R, Fareed J. Molecular and biochemical profiling of a heparin-derived oligosaccharide, C3. Thromb Res 2002; 105:303-9. [PMID: 12031824 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(01)00413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to characterize a heparin-derived oligosaccharide (HDO), C3, using chemical and biochemical methods. Although previous studies have suggested C3 as a promising compound in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), its molecular and biochemical properties are still unknown. In this study, the molecular profiles and anticoagulant effects of C3 were investigated. To characterize the molecular and biochemical properties of C3, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), polyacrylmide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), radiolabeling and anticoagulant assays, such as activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), Heptest, and anti-factor Xa assay, were used. The GPC profile revealed that C3 was an ultra-low-molecular-weight (MW) heparin mixture. The multiple components in C3 were studied with PAGE analysis. Tritium-labeled C3 exhibited similar biological properties as nonlabeled materials. The biological assays showed that C3 and its components exhibited weak anticoagulant effect. These results demonstrated the applicability of the combination of GPC, PAGE, and coagulation assays to characterize the molecular and biochemical profile of HDO. In addition, the low anticoagulant effect of C3 suggests that this compound could be a relatively low-risk adjunct in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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26
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Yahata T, Nishimura Y, Maeda H, Yokoyama M. Modulation of airway responsiveness by anionic and cationic polyelectrolyte substances. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 434:71-9. [PMID: 11755168 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the effects of anionic and cationic polyelectrolyte substance on bronchoconstriction, we examined the serial changes in respiratory resistance (Rrs) in ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs after antigen exposure with or without pre-inhalation of low-molecular-weight heparin, poly-L-glutamic acid, poly-L-lysine and dextran, and with or without oral intake of dalteparin. Both immediate and late responses after antigen exposure were significantly decreased after pretreatment with inhaled low-molecular-weight heparin and poly-L-glutamic acid compared with saline alone. The late response was significantly decreased after pretreatment with oral dalteparin. Both low-molecular-weight heparin and poly-L-glutamic acid significantly decreased the airway response to methacholine in sensitized guinea pigs. In sensitized guinea pigs, the airway response to methacholine was significantly increased after pretreatment with inhaled poly-L-lysine. Pretreatment with inhaled low-molecular-weight heparin before poly-L-lysine exposure significantly suppressed the airway hyperresponsiveness after inhaled poly-L-lysine. These findings indicated that the "cationic-anionic interaction" plays an important role in airway responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Yahata
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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27
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Suzuki R, Freed AN. Heparin inhibits hyperventilation-induced late-phase hyperreactivity in dogs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:27-33. [PMID: 11779726 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.165.1.2010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of heparin attenuates hyperventilation-induced bronchoconstriction in humans and dogs. The purpose of this study was to determine whether heparin inhibits the late-phase response to hyperventilation, which is characterized by increased peripheral airway resistance (RP), eicosanoid mediator production, neutrophilic/ eosinophilic inflammation, and airway hyperreactivity (AHR) at 5 h after dry air challenge (DAC). Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was used to record RP and airway reactivity (DeltaRP) to aerosol and intravenous histamine before and 5 h after DAC. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells and eicosanoid mediators were also measured approximately 5 h after DAC. DAC of vehicle-treated bronchi resulted in late-phase airway obstruction (approximately 120% increase over baseline RP), inflammation, increased BALF concentrations of leukotriene (LT) C(4), LTD(4), and LTE(4) and prostaglandin (PG)D(2), and AHR. Pretreatment with aerosolized heparin attenuated late-phase airway obstruction by approximately 50%, inhibited eosinophil infiltration, reduced BALF concentrations of LTC(4), LTD(4), and LTE(4) and PGD(2), and abolished AHR. We conclude that heparin inhibits hyperventilation-induced late-phase changes in peripheral airway function, and does so in part via the inhibition of eosinophil migration and eicosanoid mediator production and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Suzuki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 20892-7924, USA
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28
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Smailbegovic A, Lever R, Page CP. The effects of heparin on the adhesion of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to human stimulated umbilical vein endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:827-36. [PMID: 11606323 PMCID: PMC1573012 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The effects of unfractionated heparin (UH) and a selectively O-desulphated derivative of heparin (ODSH), lacking anticoagulant activity, on the adhesion of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (HPBMNC) to human stimulated umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), were investigated. 2. For comparison, the effects of poly-L-glutamic acid (PGA), a large polyanionic molecule without sulphate groups and two different molecular weight sulphated dextrans (DS 5 k and DS 10 k) were studied. 3. UH (50 - 1000 u ml(-1)) significantly (P<0.05) inhibited the adhesion of HPBMNC to HUVECs, stimulated with IL-1beta (100 u ml(-1)), TNF-alpha (1000 u ml(-1)) or LPS (100 microg ml(-1)), when the drugs were added together with stimuli to HUVECs and coincubated for 6 h. Such effects on adhesion occurred with limited influence on expression of relevant endothelial adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1). 4. UH (100 - 1000 u ml(-1)), when added to prestimulated HUVECs, significantly (P<0.05) increased adhesion of mononuclear cells to endothelium at the higher concentrations tested, without any effect on adhesion molecule expression. In contrast, the opposite effect was observed when human polymorphonuclear leucocyte adhesion was examined, under the same experimental conditions, suggesting that the observed potentiation of HPBMNC adhesion is cell specific. 5. The effects of UH on HPBMNC adhesion were shared by the non-anticoagulant ODSH (600 - 6000 microg ml(-1)) but not by sulphated dextrans or PGA (300 - 6000 microg ml(-1)). 6. Heparin affects the adhesion of HPBMNC to stimulated endothelium, in both an inhibitory and potentiating manner, effects which are unrelated to its anticoagulant activity and not solely dependent on molecular charge characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Smailbegovic
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT.
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Seeds EA, Page CP. Heparin inhibits allergen-induced eosinophil infiltration into guinea-pig lung via a mechanism unrelated to its anticoagulant activity. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2001; 14:111-9. [PMID: 11273792 DOI: 10.1006/pupt.2000.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the discovery of novel molecules for the treatment of allergic diseases and several recent studies have demonstrated that heparin can inhibit airway responses in subjects with asthma. However, heparin is also an anticoagulant which is potentially an unwanted effect in a molecule for treating asthma and allergic diseases. Recently, though, there have been a number of molecules described that are heparin-like but devoid of anticoagulant activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the ability of heparin to inhibit allergen-induced eosinophil infiltration could be mimicked by analogues of heparin, some of which lack anticoagulant activity. We evaluated the effects of heparin and a number of modified heparins for their ability to inhibit allergen induced eosinophil infiltration into airways of suitably sensitised guinea-pigs assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage. Heparin and various modified heparins inhibited allergen-induced eosinophil infiltration into guinea-pig lung, including modified heparin preparations lacking anticoagulant activity. Our results suggest that heparin can inhibit eosinophil infiltration into lung tissue via a mechanism unrelated to its ability to act as an anticoagulant. Our results suggest that it may be possible to develop novel antiinflammatory agents for the treatment of asthma and allergic diseases related to the structure of heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Seeds
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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