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Zare R, Devrim-Lanpir A, Guazzotti S, Ali Redha A, Prokopidis K, Spadaccini D, Cannataro R, Cione E, Henselmans M, Aragon AA. Effect of Soy Protein Supplementation on Muscle Adaptations, Metabolic and Antioxidant Status, Hormonal Response, and Exercise Performance of Active Individuals and Athletes: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. Sports Med 2023; 53:2417-2446. [PMID: 37603200 PMCID: PMC10687132 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01899-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein supplements are important to maintain optimum health and physical performance, particularly in athletes and active individuals to repair and rebuild their skeletal muscles and connective tissues. Soy protein (SP) has gained popularity in recent years as an alternative to animal proteins. OBJECTIVES This systematic review evaluates the evidence from randomised controlled clinical trials of the effects of SP supplementation in active individuals and athletes in terms of muscle adaptations, metabolic and antioxidant status, hormonal response and exercise performance. It also explores the differences in SP supplementation effects in comparison to whey protein. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science, as well as a manual search in Google Scholar and EBSCO, on 27 June 2023. Randomised controlled trials that evaluated the applications of SPs supplementation on sports and athletic-related outcomes that are linked with exercise performance, adaptations and biomarkers in athletes and physically active adolescents and young adults (14 to 39 years old) were included, otherwise, studies were excluded. The risk of bias was assessed according to Cochrane's revised risk of bias tool. RESULTS A total of 19 eligible original research articles were included that investigated the effect of SP supplementation on muscle adaptations (n = 9), metabolic and antioxidant status (n = 6), hormonal response (n = 6) and exercise performance (n = 6). Some studies investigated more than one effect. SP was found to provide identical increases in lean mass compared to whey in some studies. SP consumption promoted the reduction of exercise-induced metabolic/blood circulating biomarkers such as triglycerides, uric acid and lactate. Better antioxidant capacity against oxidative stress has been seen with respect to whey protein in long-term studies. Some studies reported testosterone and cortisol fluctuations related to SP; however, more research is required. All studies on SP and endurance performance suggested the potential beneficial effects of SP supplementation (10-53.3 g) on exercise performance by improving high-intensity and high-speed running performance, enhancing maximal cardiac output, delaying fatigue and improving isometric muscle strength, improving endurance in recreational cyclists, increasing running velocity and decreasing accumulated lactate levels; however, studies determining the efficacy of soy protein on VO2max provided conflicted results. CONCLUSION It is possible to recommend SP to athletes and active individuals in place of conventional protein supplements by assessing their dosage and effectiveness in relation to different types of training. SP may enhance lean mass compared with other protein sources, enhance the antioxidant status, and reduce oxidative stress. SP supplementation had an inconsistent effect on testosterone and cortisol levels. SP supplementation may be beneficial, especially after muscle damage, high-intensity/high-speed or repeated bouts of strenuous exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zare
- Meshkat Sports Complex, Karaj, Alborz Province, Iran
- Arses Sports Complex, Karaj, Alborz Province, Iran
| | - Asli Devrim-Lanpir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 V209, Ireland
| | - Silvia Guazzotti
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases-CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Ali Ali Redha
- The Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
- Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK
| | - Daniele Spadaccini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Roberto Cannataro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
- GalaScreen Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
| | - Erika Cione
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
- GalaScreen Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
| | - Menno Henselmans
- The International Scientific Research Foundation for Fitness and Nutrition, David Blesstraat 28HS, 1073 LC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alan A Aragon
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
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Pinckaers PJ, Domić J, Petrick HL, Holwerda AM, Trommelen J, Hendriks FK, Houben LH, Goessens JP, van Kranenburg JM, Senden JM, de Groot LC, Verdijk LB, Snijders T, van Loon LJ. Higher Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates Following Ingestion of an Omnivorous Meal Compared with an Isocaloric and Isonitrogenous Vegan Meal in Healthy, Older Adults. J Nutr 2023:S0022-3166(23)72723-5. [PMID: 37972895 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-derived proteins are considered to have fewer anabolic properties when compared with animal-derived proteins. The anabolic properties of isolated proteins do not necessarily reflect the anabolic response to the ingestion of whole foods. The presence or absence of the various components that constitute the whole-food matrix can strongly impact protein digestion and amino acid absorption and, as such, modulate postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. So far, no study has compared the anabolic response following ingestion of an omnivorous compared with a vegan meal. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates following ingestion of a whole-food omnivorous meal providing 100 g lean ground beef with an isonitrogenous, isocaloric whole-food vegan meal in healthy, older adults. METHODS In a randomized, counter-balanced, cross-over design, 16 older (65-85 y) adults (8 males, 8 females) underwent 2 test days. On one day, participants consumed a whole-food omnivorous meal containing beef as the primary source of protein (0.45 g protein/kg body mass; MEAT). On the other day, participants consumed an isonitrogenous and isocaloric whole-food vegan meal (PLANT). Primed continuous L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusions were applied with blood and muscle biopsies being collected frequently for 6 h to assess postprandial plasma amino acid profiles and muscle protein synthesis rates. Data are presented as means ± standard deviations and were analyzed by 2 way-repeated measures analysis of variance and paired-samples t tests. RESULTS MEAT increased plasma essential amino acid concentrations more than PLANT over the 6-h postprandial period (incremental area under curve 87 ± 37 compared with 38 ± 54 mmol·6 h/L, respectively; P-interaction < 0.01). Ingestion of MEAT resulted in ∼47% higher postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates when compared with the ingestion of PLANT (0.052 ± 0.023 and 0.035 ± 0.021 %/h, respectively; paired-samples t test: P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of a whole-food omnivorous meal containing beef results in greater postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates when compared with the ingestion of an isonitrogenous whole-food vegan meal in healthy, older adults. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05151887.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jm Pinckaers
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Domić
- Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heather L Petrick
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Floris K Hendriks
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne Hp Houben
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy Pb Goessens
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau Mx van Kranenburg
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Cpgm de Groot
- Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Jc van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Ely IA, Phillips BE, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Piasecki M, Breen L, Larsen MS, Atherton PJ. A focus on leucine in the nutritional regulation of human skeletal muscle metabolism in ageing, exercise and unloading states. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1849-1865. [PMID: 37625315 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB) are influenced through dietary protein intake and physical (in)activity, which it follows, regulate skeletal muscle (SKM) mass across the lifespan. Following consumption of dietary protein, the bio-availability of essential amino acids (EAA), and primarily leucine (LEU), drive a transient increase in MPS with an ensuing refractory period before the next MPS stimulation is possible (due to the "muscle full" state). At the same time, MPB is periodically constrained via reflex insulin actions. Layering exercise on top of protein intake increases the sensitivity of SKM to EAA, therefore extending the muscle full set-point (∼48 h), to permit long-term remodelling (e.g., hypertrophy). In contrast, ageing and physical inactivity are associated with a premature muscle full set-point in response to dietary protein/EAA and contractile activity. Of all the EAA, LEU is the most potent stimulator of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-signalling pathway, with the phosphorylation of mTORC1 substrates increasing ∼3-fold more than with all other EAA. Furthermore, maximal MPS stimulation is also achieved following low doses of LEU-enriched protein/EAA, negating the need for larger protein doses. As a result, LEU supplementation has been of long term interest to maximise muscle anabolism and subsequent net protein accretion, especially when in tandem with resistance exercise. This review highlights current knowledge vis-à-vis the anabolic effects of LEU supplementation in isolation, and in enriched protein/EAA sources (i.e., EAA and/or protein sources with added LEU), in the context of ageing, exercise and unloading states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Ely
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Mathew Piasecki
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Philip J Atherton
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK.
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Tezze C, Sandri M, Tessari P. Anabolic Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Sarcopenia in the Elderly: Role of Nutrition and Exercise in Young and Old People. Nutrients 2023; 15:4073. [PMID: 37764858 PMCID: PMC10535169 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of sarcopenia in the elderly is associated with many potential factors and/or processes that impair the renovation and maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and strength as ageing progresses. Among them, a defect by skeletal muscle to respond to anabolic stimuli is to be considered. Common anabolic stimuli/signals in skeletal muscle are hormones (insulin, growth hormones, IGF-1, androgens, and β-agonists such epinephrine), substrates (amino acids such as protein precursors on top, but also glucose and fat, as source of energy), metabolites (such as β-agonists and HMB), various biochemical/intracellular mediators), physical exercise, neurogenic and immune-modulating factors, etc. Each of them may exhibit a reduced effect upon skeletal muscle in ageing. In this article, we overview the role of anabolic signals on muscle metabolism, as well as currently available evidence of resistance, at the skeletal muscle level, to anabolic factors, from both in vitro and in vivo studies. Some indications on how to augment the effects of anabolic signals on skeletal muscle are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Tezze
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Paolo Tessari
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
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West S, Monteyne AJ, Whelehan G, van der Heijden I, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Finnigan TJA, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Ingestion of mycoprotein, pea protein, and their blend support comparable postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in resistance-trained individuals. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E267-E279. [PMID: 37529834 PMCID: PMC10655824 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00166.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Pea protein is an attractive nonanimal-derived protein source to support dietary protein requirements. However, although high in leucine, a low methionine content has been suggested to limit its anabolic potential. Mycoprotein has a complete amino acid profile which, at least in part, may explain its ability to robustly stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates. We hypothesized that an inferior postexercise MyoPS response would be seen following ingestion of pea protein compared with mycoprotein, which would be (partially) rescued by blending the two sources. Thirty-three healthy, young [age: 21 ± 1 yr, body mass index (BMI): 24 ± 1 kg·m-2] and resistance-trained participants received primed, continuous infusions of l-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and completed a bout of whole body resistance exercise before ingesting 25 g of protein from mycoprotein (MYC, n = 11), pea protein (PEA, n = 11), or a blend (39% MYC, 61% PEA) of the two (BLEND, n = 11). Blood and muscle samples were taken pre-, 2 h, and 4 h postexercise/protein ingestion to assess postabsorptive and postprandial postexercise myofibrillar protein fractional synthetic rates (FSRs). Protein ingestion increased plasma essential amino acid and leucine concentrations (time effect; P < 0.0001), but more rapidly in BLEND and PEA compared with MYC (time × condition interaction; P < 0.0001). From similar postabsorptive values (MYC, 0.026 ± 0.008%·h-1; PEA, 0.028 ± 0.007%·h-1; BLEND, 0.026 ± 0.006%·h-1), resistance exercise and protein ingestion increased myofibrillar FSRs (time effect; P < 0.0001) over a 4-h postprandial period (MYC, 0.076 ± 0.004%·h-1; PEA, 0.087 ± 0.01%·h-1; BLEND, 0.085 ± 0.01%·h-1), with no differences between groups (all; P > 0.05). These data show that all three nonanimal-derived protein sources have utility in supporting postexercise muscle reconditioning.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides evidence that pea protein (PEA), mycoprotein (MYC), and their blend (BLEND) can support postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates following a bout of whole body resistance exercise. Furthermore, these data suggest that a methionine deficiency in pea may not limit its capacity to stimulate an acute increase in muscle protein synthesis (MPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam West
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gráinne Whelehan
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center of Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center of Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | | | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Wu H, Quan J, Wang X, Gu Y, Zhang S, Meng G, Zhang Q, Liu L, Wang X, Sun S, Jia Q, Song K, Huang J, Huo J, Zhang B, Ding G, Niu K. Soy Food Consumption Is Inversely Associated with Handgrip Strength: Results from the TCLSIH Cohort Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020391. [PMID: 36678260 PMCID: PMC9866643 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Soy foods contain high levels of soy protein or isoflavones, which can stimulate muscle protein synthesis and increase antioxidant capacity, and thus ameliorate muscle strength decline. However, data from epidemiological studies investigating the association of habitual soy food consumption with muscle strength decline among general Chinese adults are limited. Methods: This study included 29,525 participants (mean age: 41.6 years; 16,933 (53.8%) males). Soy food consumption was evaluated using a validated 100-item food frequency questionnaire. Handgrip strength (HGS) was assessed with a hand dynamometer. Analysis of covariance were performed to assess the multivariable-adjusted least square means (LSM) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for HGS. Results: The multiple adjusted LSM (95% CI) of HGS across soy food consumption were 35.5 (34.2, 37.1) kg for <1 time per week, 36.1 (34.6, 37.6) kg for 1 time per week, 36.3 (34.8, 37.8) kg for 2−3 times per week, and 36.6 (35.1, 38.0) kg for ≥4 times per week (p for trend < 0.001). Compared to participants with soy food consumption less than one time per week, the multiple adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of low HGS was 0.638 (0.485, 0.836) when the weekly consumption was ≥ 4 times (p for trend < 0.01). Conclusions: Higher habitual soy food consumption was positively associated with HGS in general Chinese adults. Consumption of soy foods may have beneficial effects on muscle health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Wu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- School of Public Health, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
- Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jing Quan
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- School of Public Health, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xuena Wang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- School of Public Health, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yeqing Gu
- Radiation Epidemiology Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Shunming Zhang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- School of Public Health, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ge Meng
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- School of Public Health, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
- Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Li Liu
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Shaomei Sun
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qiyu Jia
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Kun Song
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Junsheng Huo
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Gangqiang Ding
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kaijun Niu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- School of Public Health, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
- Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
- Radiation Epidemiology Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Correspondence:
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van der Heijden I, Monteyne AJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Alternative dietary protein sources to support healthy and active skeletal muscle aging. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:206-230. [PMID: 35960188 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the age-related decline in skeletal muscle quantity and quality, and the associated negative health outcomes, it has been proposed that dietary protein recommendations for older adults should be increased alongside an active lifestyle and/or structured exercise training. Concomitantly, there are growing environmental concerns associated with the production of animal-based dietary protein sources. The question therefore arises as to where this dietary protein required for meeting the protein demands of the rapidly aging global population should (or could) be obtained. Various non-animal-derived protein sources possess favorable sustainability credentials, though much less is known (compared with animal-derived proteins) about their ability to influence muscle anabolism. It is also likely that the anabolic potential of various alternative protein sources varies markedly, with the majority of options remaining to be investigated. The purpose of this review was to thoroughly assess the current evidence base for the utility of alternative protein sources (plants, fungi, insects, algae, and lab-grown "meat") to support muscle anabolism in (active) older adults. The solid existing data portfolio requires considerable expansion to encompass the strategic evaluation of the various types of dietary protein sources. Such data will ultimately be necessary to support desirable alterations and refinements in nutritional guidelines to support healthy and active aging, while concomitantly securing a sustainable food future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Oh E, Park WJ, Kim Y. Effects of Tenebrio molitor larvae and its protein derivatives on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of tofu. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Coelho-Júnior HJ, Calvani R, Tosato M, Landi F, Picca A, Marzetti E. Protein intake and physical function in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101731. [PMID: 36087703 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study explored cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between protein intake and physical function in older adults. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that investigated the association between protein intake and measures of physical function in older adults. Cross-sectional, case-control, and longitudinal cohort studies that investigated the association between protein intake and physical function as a primary or secondary outcome in people aged 60 + years were included. Studies published in languages other than English, Italian, Portuguese, or Spanish were excluded. Studies were retrieved from MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, CINAHL, AgeLine, and Food Science Source databases through January 31, 2022. A pooled effect size was calculated based on standard mean differences (SMD), MD, log odds ratio (OR) and Z-score.. RESULTS Twenty-two cross-sectional studies examined a total of 11,332 community-dwellers, hospitalized older adults, and elite senior athletes with a mean age of approximately 75 years. The pooled analysis indicated that a protein intake higher than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) was significantly associated with higher Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) scores (SMD: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.99, P-value: 0.0006), faster walking speed, greater lower-limb (SMD: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.40, P-value: 0.02) and isometric handgrip strength (Z-score: 0.087, 95% CI: 0.046-0.128, P-value: 0.0001), and better balance (SMD: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.62, P-value: 0.02). Nine longitudinal studies investigated 12,424 community-dwelling and native older adults with a mean age of approximately 85 years. A protein intake higher than the current RDA was not associated with lower decline in either isometric handgrip strength (logOR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.97-1.02, P-value= 0.67) or walking speed (logOR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.77-1.10, P-value= 0.35). CONCLUSIONS A protein intake higher than the RDA is cross-sectionally associated with better physical performance and greater muscle strength in older adults. However, a high consumption of proteins does not seem to prevent physical function decline over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio José Coelho-Júnior
- Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Tosato
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Landi
- Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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10
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Wegrzyn TF, Henare S, Ahlborn N, Ahmed Nasef N, Samuelsson LM, Loveday SM. The plasma amino acid response to blended protein beverages: a randomised crossover trial. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1555-1564. [PMID: 35105389 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Soya-dairy protein blends can extend post-exercise muscle synthesis in young people more than whey protein control. Older adults differ metabolically from young people, and their ability to absorb amino acids from dietary protein is important for muscle function. The objective was to determine how protein source affects postprandial plasma amino acid response and/or metabolomic profile in older adults via a single-blind randomised crossover trial (n 16, males 50-70 years), using three nutritionally equivalent meal replacement drinks containing 30 g protein, from a 1:1 (mass ratio) soya:dairy blend, a 1:2 soya:dairy blend or whey protein. The outcome measures were plasma amino acid concentrations at 0-300 min postprandially and urine metabolomic fingerprint. Soya:dairy drinks gave similar amino acid response in plasma over time and similar urinary metabolite fingerprints. However, there were significant differences in plasma amino acid concentrations and AUC values for the soya:dairy drinks v. the whey protein drink. AUC for Leu, Trp and Lys was lower and AUC for Phe and Pro was higher for the soya:dairy drinks. Differences partly reflected the amino acid profiles of the drinks, but overall plasma amino acid response patterns were qualitatively unchanged. Plasma amino acid differences between the whey protein drink and the soya:dairy blends were reflected in urine metabolite patterns. In conclusion, postprandial plasma amino acid responses were broadly similar, irrespective of protein source (and soya:dairy ratio). There were significant differences for some plasma amino acid concentrations, reflecting different amino acid profiles of the protein source and influencing urine metabolite fingerprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa F Wegrzyn
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North4442, New Zealand
| | - Sharon Henare
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Natalie Ahlborn
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Limited, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Noha Ahmed Nasef
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North4442, New Zealand
| | - Linda M Samuelsson
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Limited, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Simon M Loveday
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North4442, New Zealand
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Limited, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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11
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Pinckaers PJM, Kouw IWK, Gorissen SHM, Houben LHP, Senden JM, Wodzig WKHW, de Groot LCPGM, Verdijk LB, Snijders T, van Loon LJC. The Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to the Ingestion of a Plant-Derived Protein Blend Does Not Differ from an Equivalent Amount of Milk Protein in Healthy Young Males. J Nutr 2022; 152:2734-2743. [PMID: 36170964 PMCID: PMC9839989 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-derived proteins are considered to have lesser anabolic properties when compared with animal-derived proteins. The attenuated rise in muscle protein synthesis rates following ingestion of plant-derived compared with animal-derived protein has been, at least partly, attributed to deficiencies in specific amino acids such as leucine, lysine, and/or methionine. Combining different plant-derived proteins could provide plant-derived protein blends with a more balanced amino acid profile. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates following the ingestion of 30 g milk protein with a 30 g blend combining wheat, corn, and pea protein in healthy young men. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group design, 24 young males (aged 24 ± 4 y) received a primed continuous l-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusion after which they ingested 30 g milk protein (MILK) or a 30 g plant-derived protein blend combining 15 g wheat, 7.5 g corn, and 7.5 g pea protein (PLANT-BLEND). Blood and muscle biopsies were collected frequently for 5 h to assess postprandial plasma amino acid profiles (secondary outcome) and subsequent muscle protein synthesis rates (primary outcome). Data were analyzed by 2-factor repeated measures ANOVA and 2-samples t tests. RESULTS MILK increased plasma essential amino acid concentrations more than PLANT-BLEND over the 5 h postprandial period (incremental AUC = 151 ± 31 compared with 79 ± 12 mmol·300 min·L-1, respectively; P < 0.001). Ingestion of both MILK and PLANT-BLEND increased myofibrillar protein synthesis rates (P < 0.001), with no significant differences between treatments (0.053 ± 0.013%/h and 0.064 ± 0.016%/h, respectively; P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of 30 g plant-derived protein blend combining wheat-, corn-, and pea-derived protein increases muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy young males. The muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of 30 g of this plant-derived protein blend does not differ from the ingestion of an equivalent amount of a high-quality animal-derived protein.Clinical trial registry number for Nederlands Trial Register: NTR6548 (https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR6548).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe J M Pinckaers
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan H M Gorissen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne H P Houben
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Will K H W Wodzig
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands,Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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The Effect of Fava Bean (Vicia faba L.) Protein Ingestion on Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis at Rest and after Resistance Exercise in Healthy, Young Men and Women: A Randomised Control Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183688. [PMID: 36145064 PMCID: PMC9502734 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of feeding fava bean (Vicia faba L.) protein (FBP) on resting and post-exercise myofibrillar fractional synthetic rate (myoFSR). In a parallel, double-blind, randomised control trial, sixteen young, healthy recreationally active adults (age = 25 (5) years, body mass = 70 (15) kg, stature = 1.72 (0.11) m, mean (SD)) ingested 0.33 g·kg−1 FBP (n = 8) or a negative control (CON, i.e., EAA-free mixture) (n = 8), immediately after a bout of unilateral knee-extensor resistance exercise. Plasma, saliva, and m. vastus lateralis muscle samples were obtained pre-ingestion and 3 h post-ingestion. MyoFSR was calculated via deuterium labelling of myofibrillar-bound alanine, measured by gas chromatography–pyrolysis–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-Pyr-IRMS). Resistance exercise increased myoFSR (p = 0.012). However, ingestion of FBP did not evoke an increase in resting (FBP 29 [−5, 63] vs. CON 12 [−25, 49]%, p = 0.409, mean % change [95% CI]) or post-exercise (FBP 78 [33, 123]% vs. CON 58 [9, 107]%, p = 0.732) myoFSR. Ingestion of 0.33 g·kg−1 of FBP does not appear to enhance resting or post-exercise myoFSR in young, healthy, recreationally active adults.
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13
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López-Martínez MI, Miguel M, Garcés-Rimón M. Protein and Sport: Alternative Sources and Strategies for Bioactive and Sustainable Sports Nutrition. Front Nutr 2022; 9:926043. [PMID: 35782926 PMCID: PMC9247391 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.926043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition and sport play an important role in achieving a healthy lifestyle. In addition to the intake of nutrients derived from the normal diet, some sport disciplines require the consumption of supplements that contribute positively to improved athletic performance. Protein intake is important for many aspects related to health, and current evidence suggests that some athletes require increased amounts of this nutrient. On the other hand, society's demand for more environmentally friendly products, focus on the search for alternative food sources more sustainable. This review aims to summarize the latest research on novel strategies and sources for greener and functional supplementation in sport nutrition. Alternative protein sources such as insects, plants or mycoproteins have proven to be an interesting substrate due to their high added value in terms of bioactivity and sustainability. Protein hydrolysis has proven to be a very useful technology to revalue by-products, such as collagen, by producing bioactive peptides beneficial on athletes performance and sport-related complications. In addition, it has been observed that certain amino acids from plant sources, as citrulline or theanine, can have an ergogenic effect for this target population. Finally, the future perspectives of protein supplementation in sports nutrition are discussed. In summary, protein supplementation in sports nutrition is a very promising field of research, whose future perspective lies with the search for alternatives with greater bioactive potential and more sustainable than conventional sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel I. López-Martínez
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimenos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Miguel
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimenos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Miguel
| | - Marta Garcés-Rimón
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Alimentaria, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Zhang Q, Wang B, Hu N, Bao N, Pan L, Zhao Y, Qin G. Relationship between dietary amino acid release kinetics and nitrogen deposition in growing pigs. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 9:233-239. [PMID: 35600549 PMCID: PMC9092382 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the protein content of swine diets is formulated based on the ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids (AA) under current nutrition requirements, the nitrogen utilization efficiency of swine varies based on protein source, which may be related to AA release kinetics. In this experiment, a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with casein (CAS)-enriched or corn gluten meal (CGM)-enriched protein sources at different digestible crude protein levels (normal [N], 13%; and low [L], 11%) were applied to 24 crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) growing pigs (average body weight = 43.3 ± 3.5 kg) in 4 treatments (N.CAS, L.CAS, N.CGM, L.CGM, respectively) to investigate the effects of AA release kinetics on nitrogen deposition in growing pigs. Standardized ileal digestible AA in all diets were balanced by adding individual AA to meet the nutrient requirements. The AA release kinetics were detected in vitro by measuring the hydrolysis of various protein diets under pepsin and trypsin conditions. The results demonstrated that the time of AA release peak in the CGM diet was 12 h later than that in the CAS diet. The synchronization indices of dietary AA release in N.CAS, N.CGM, L.CAS, and L.CGM were 23.73%, 29.37%, 23.40%, and 26.07%, respectively. The N.CGM had the poorest AA release synchronism while the N.CAS had the greatest among the 4 diets. However, within the pigs, L.CAS and N.CGM showed the highest (81.08%) and lowest (73.54%) nitrogen biological values, respectively, despite the standard ileal digestible AA levels being equal for all diets. These results indicate that the release kinetics of dietary AA had great effect on nitrogen deposition. To optimize nitrogen deposition, AA release kinetics and composition should be taken into consideration when formulating diets for growing pigs.
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15
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Zhao Y, Zhu Y, Qin G, Pan L, Sun H, Bao N, Hasham MM, Farouk MH. Physicochemical properties of dietary protein as predictors for digestibility or releasing percentage of amino acids in monogastrics under in-vitro conditions. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2048975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaru Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Guixin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Bao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Mostafa Mohamed Hasham
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Hamdy Farouk
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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Effects of Dietary Chlorogenic Acid Supplementation Derived from Lonicera macranthoides Hand-Mazz on Growth Performance, Free Amino Acid Profile, and Muscle Protein Synthesis in a Finishing Pig Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6316611. [PMID: 35313639 PMCID: PMC8934221 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6316611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CGA), as one of the richest polyphenol compounds in nature, has broad applications in many fields due to its various biological properties. However, initial data on the effects of dietary CGA on protein synthesis and related basal metabolic activity has rarely been reported. The current study is aimed at (1) determining whether dietary CGA supplementation improves the growth performance and carcass traits, (2) assessing whether dietary CGA alters the free amino acid profile, and (3) verifying whether dietary CGA promotes muscle protein synthesis in finishing pigs. Thirty-two (Large × White × Landrace) finishing barrows with an average initial body weight of
kg were randomly allotted to 4 groups and fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.08% CGA, respectively. The results indicated that, compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with 0.04% CGA slightly stimulated the growth performance of pigs, whereas no significant correlation was noted between the dietary CGA levels and animal growth (
). Furthermore, the carcass traits of pigs were improved by 0.04% dietary CGA (
). In addition, dietary CGA significantly improved the serum free amino acid profiles of pigs (
), while 0.04% dietary CGA promoted more amino acids to translocate to skeletal muscles (
). The relative mRNA expression levels of SNAT2 in both longissimus dorsi (LD) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles were augmented in the 0.02% and 0.04% groups (
), and the LAT1 mRNA expression in the BF muscle was elevated in the 0.02% group (
). We also found that dietary CGA supplementation at the levels of 0.04% or 0.08% promoted the expression of p-Akt and activated the mTOR-S6K1-4EBP1 axis in the LD muscle (
). Besides, the MAFbx mRNA abundance in the 0.02% and 0.04% groups was significantly lower (
). Our results revealed that dietary supplementation with CGA of 0.04% improved the free amino acid profile and enhanced muscle protein biosynthesis in the LD muscle in finishing pigs.
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Yu Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Wang J, Chai J. Effect of blended protein nutritional support on reducing burn-induced inflammation and organ injury. Nutr Res Pract 2022; 16:589-603. [PMID: 36238375 PMCID: PMC9523203 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2022.16.5.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Yu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jingjie Zhang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiake Chai
- Burn Institute, the Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
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Abstract
There is a global trend of an increased interest in plant-based diets. This includes an increase in the consumption of plant-based proteins at the expense of animal-based proteins. Plant-derived proteins are now also frequently applied in sports nutrition. So far, we have learned that the ingestion of plant-derived proteins, such as soy and wheat protein, result in lower post-prandial muscle protein synthesis responses when compared with the ingestion of an equivalent amount of animal-based protein. The lesser anabolic properties of plant-based versus animal-derived proteins may be attributed to differences in their protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics, as well as to differences in amino acid composition between these protein sources. Most plant-based proteins have a low essential amino acid content and are often deficient in one or more specific amino acids, such as lysine and methionine. However, there are large differences in amino acid composition between various plant-derived proteins or plant-based protein sources. So far, only a few studies have directly compared the muscle protein synthetic response following the ingestion of a plant-derived protein versus a high(er) quality animal-derived protein. The proposed lower anabolic properties of plant- versus animal-derived proteins may be compensated for by (i) consuming a greater amount of the plant-derived protein or plant-based protein source to compensate for the lesser quality; (ii) using specific blends of plant-based proteins to create a more balanced amino acid profile; (iii) fortifying the plant-based protein (source) with the specific free amino acid(s) that is (are) deficient. Clinical studies are warranted to assess the anabolic properties of the various plant-derived proteins and their protein sources in vivo in humans and to identify the factors that may or may not compromise the capacity to stimulate post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates. Such work is needed to determine whether the transition towards a more plant-based diet is accompanied by a transition towards greater dietary protein intake requirements.
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Singh M, Trivedi N, Enamala MK, Kuppam C, Parikh P, Nikolova MP, Chavali M. Plant-based meat analogue (PBMA) as a sustainable food: a concise review. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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In Vitro Digestibility and Antioxidant Activity of Plant Protein Isolate and Milk Protein Concentrate Blends. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The replacement of animal with plant proteins in human diets has been increasing in recent years. The impact of blending milk protein concentrate (MPC) with protein isolates from soy (SPI), rice (RPI) and pea (PPI) on the in vitro digestibility and antioxidant activity of the resultant blends was investigated. Different plant protein–MPC blends (i.e., SPI–MPC (25:75), RPI–MPC (50:50) and PPI–MPC (25:75)) were analyzed. The lowest protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) was associated with RPI (0.70), while the blends had PDCAAS values above 1.00 demonstrating the high digestibility of the proteins in the blends studied. An in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion was carried out on the samples. The degree of hydrolysis and gel permeation high performance liquid chromatography profiles showed that the SPI–MPC blend was more extensively digested in the gastric phase compared with the two other blends, while the PPI–MPC and RPI–MPC blends were mainly digested during the intestinal phase. The SPI–MPC digested blend had the highest 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity having a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 0.10 ± 0.01 mg/mL. The findings show that blends of plant protein with MPC had higher in vitro digestibility and antioxidant activity compared to the individual plant protein isolates.
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21
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Li C, Meng H, Wu S, Fang A, Liao G, Tan X, Chen P, Wang X, Chen S, Zhu H. Daily Supplementation With Whey, Soy, or Whey-Soy Blended Protein for 6 Months Maintained Lean Muscle Mass and Physical Performance in Older Adults With Low Lean Mass. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 121:1035-1048.e6. [PMID: 33612439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated the effect of long-term protein supplementation alone on muscle health in older adults with low lean mass. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of whey, soy or whey-soy blended protein supplementation on lean muscle mass and physical performance in older adults with low lean mass. DESIGN A 4-arm randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Chinese older adults (n = 123, 65-79 years) with low lean mass (appendicular skeletal muscle index < 7.0 kg/m2 in men and < 5.4 kg/m2 in women) living in the urban area of Guangzhou participated between October 2015 and June 2016. INTERVENTION Participants were randomly assigned to receive approximately 16 g/d of whey, soy, or whey-soy blend protein or maintained habitual diets in control group for 6 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Lean mass, handgrip strength, and physical performance (gait speed, chair stand test, and Short Physical Performance Battery) were assessed at baseline and 6 months. STATISTICAL ANALYSES Two-way analysis of variance with the main effects of treatment and time and treatment × time interaction and analysis of covariance was used to determine differences in outcomes. RESULTS Appendicular skeletal muscle index, lean mass, percent lean mass in legs and appendicular areas, gait speed, and Short Physical Performance Battery score were maintained in the treatment groups and decreased in the control group, resulting in significant reduction in these variables from baseline in the control compared with treatment groups (all P < .01; percent differences between treatment and control groups ranged from 80% to 156%). The chair stand test time at month 6 decreased from baseline in the treatment groups and increased in the control group, resulting in a significant increase in the control compared with treatment groups (all P < .01; percent differences between treatment and control groups ranged from 132% to 155%). Handgrip strength remained unchanged. There were no significant differences in outcomes among treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with whey, soy, or whey-soy blended protein for 6 months equally maintained lean muscle mass and physical performance in older adults with low lean mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Clinical Nutrition, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huicui Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangling Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiping Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gongcheng Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuying Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilian Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Roberson PA, Mobley CB, Romero MA, Haun CT, Osburn SC, Mumford PW, Vann CG, Greer RA, Ferrando AA, Roberts MD. LAT1 Protein Content Increases Following 12 Weeks of Resistance Exercise Training in Human Skeletal Muscle. Front Nutr 2021; 7:628405. [PMID: 33521042 PMCID: PMC7840583 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.628405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Amino acid transporters are essential for cellular amino acid transport and promoting protein synthesis. While previous literature has demonstrated the association of amino acid transporters and protein synthesis following acute resistance exercise and amino acid supplementation, the chronic effect of resistance exercise and supplementation on amino acid transporters is unknown. The purpose herein was to determine if amino acid transporters and amino acid metabolic enzymes were related to skeletal muscle hypertrophy following resistance exercise training with different nutritional supplementation strategies. Methods: 43 college-aged males were separated into a maltodextrin placebo (PLA, n = 12), leucine (LEU, n = 14), or whey protein concentrate (WPC, n = 17) group and underwent 12 weeks of total-body resistance exercise training. Each group's supplement was standardized for total energy and fat, and LEU and WPC supplements were standardized for total leucine (6 g/d). Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained prior to training and ~72 h following each subject's last training session. Results: All groups increased type I and II fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA) following training (p < 0.050). LAT1 protein increased following training (p < 0.001) and increased more in PLA than LEU and WPC (p < 0.050). BCKDHα protein increased and ATF4 protein decreased following training (p < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry indicated total LAT1/fiber, but not membrane LAT1/fiber, increased with training (p = 0.003). Utilizing all groups, the change in ATF4 protein, but no other marker, trended to correlate with the change in fCSA (r = 0.314; p = 0.055); however, when regression analysis was used to delineate groups, the change in ATF4 protein best predicted the change in fCSA only in LEU (r 2 = 0.322; p = 0.043). In C2C12 myoblasts, LAT1 protein overexpression caused a paradoxical decrease in protein synthesis levels (p = 0.002) and decrease in BCKDHα protein (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Amino acid transporters and metabolic enzymes are affected by resistance exercise training, but do not appear to dictate muscle fiber hypertrophy. In fact, overexpression of LAT1 in vitro decreased protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Roberson
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - C Brooks Mobley
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Matthew A Romero
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Cody T Haun
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Shelby C Osburn
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Petey W Mumford
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Rory A Greer
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AK, United States
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Wu C, Wang T, Ren C, Ma W, Wu D, Xu X, Wang LS, Du M. Advancement of food-derived mixed protein systems: Interactions, aggregations, and functional properties. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:627-651. [PMID: 33325130 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, interests in binary protein systems have been developed considerably ascribed to the sustainability, environment-friendly, rich in nutrition, low cost, and tunable mechanical properties of these systems. However, the molecular coalition is challenged by the complex mechanisms of interaction, aggregation, gelation, and emulsifying of the mixed system in which another protein is introduced. To overcome these fundamental difficulties and better modulate the structural and functional properties of binary systems, efforts have been steered to gain basic information regarding the underlying dynamics, theories, and physicochemical characteristics of mixed systems. Therefore, the present review provides an overview of the current studies on the behaviors of proteins in such systems and highlights shortcomings and future challenges when applied in scientific fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chao Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Wuchao Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Di Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Xianbing Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Li-Shu Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ming Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
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24
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Hertzler SR, Lieblein-Boff JC, Weiler M, Allgeier C. Plant Proteins: Assessing Their Nutritional Quality and Effects on Health and Physical Function. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3704. [PMID: 33266120 PMCID: PMC7760812 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumer demand for plant protein-based products is high and expected to grow considerably in the next decade. Factors contributing to the rise in popularity of plant proteins include: (1) potential health benefits associated with increased intake of plant-based diets; (2) consumer concerns regarding adverse health effects of consuming diets high in animal protein (e.g., increased saturated fat); (3) increased consumer recognition of the need to improve the environmental sustainability of food production; (4) ethical issues regarding the treatment of animals; and (5) general consumer view of protein as a "positive" nutrient (more is better). While there are health and physical function benefits of diets higher in plant-based protein, the nutritional quality of plant proteins may be inferior in some respects relative to animal proteins. This review highlights the nutritional quality of plant proteins and strategies for wisely using them to meet amino acid requirements. In addition, a summary of studies evaluating the potential benefits of plant proteins for both health and physical function is provided. Finally, potential safety issues associated with increased intake of plant proteins are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Hertzler
- Scientific and Medical Affairs, Abbott Nutrition, 2900 Easton Square Place, Columbus, OH 43219, USA; (J.C.L.-B.); (M.W.); (C.A.)
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25
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Chen P, Xiao Z, Wu H, Wang Y, Su W, Li P. The Effects of Naringin on Cigarette Smoke-Induced Dynamic Changes in Oxidation/Antioxidant System in Lung of Mice. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20947233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Naringin possesses strong antioxidative activity and can protect against some respiratory diseases. Oxidative stress is thought to be a major factor in the development of many tobacco-caused diseases. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of oxidative stress. The dynamic changes in the antioxidant system in the lung that are induced by cigarette smoke (CS) are not well investigated, and how naringin affects these changes remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes between the oxidation and antioxidant systems resulting from CS exposure and the effects of naringin on these changes in mice. Mice were chronically exposed to CS for 30 days. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); and the expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) in lung tissue were measured on days 2, 7, and 30. The levels of MDA, GSH, IL-6, and TNF-α in the lung were found to increase throughout the exposure. SOD and GSH-Px activities showed an increase on day 2 and a decrease on days 7 and 30. The messenger ribonucleic acid expressions of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 were elevated on day 2 and decreased on day 7; Nrf2 and HO-1 expressions were continually decreased, but NQO1 expression was increased again, on day 30. Naringin restored the levels of these biochemical indices to normal throughout the experiment, suggesting that naringin protected against the CS-induced oxidative damage by suppressing the increase of antioxidants resulting from the early stage of CS exposure, as well as inhibiting the depletion of antioxidants due to long-term oxidative stress. Naringin also suppressed lung inflammation by inhibiting IL-6 and TNF-α. These results indicate that naringin possesses a powerful ability to maintain the balance of the oxidation/antioxidant system in the lung when subjected to CS exposure, probably by regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziting Xiao
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Su
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peibo Li
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Monteyne AJ, Coelho MOC, Porter C, Abdelrahman DR, Jameson TSO, Jackman SR, Blackwell JR, Finnigan TJA, Stephens FB, Dirks ML, Wall BT. Mycoprotein ingestion stimulates protein synthesis rates to a greater extent than milk protein in rested and exercised skeletal muscle of healthy young men: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:318-333. [PMID: 32438401 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoprotein is a fungal-derived sustainable protein-rich food source, and its ingestion results in systemic amino acid and leucine concentrations similar to that following milk protein ingestion. OBJECTIVE We assessed the mixed skeletal muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of a single bolus of mycoprotein compared with a leucine-matched bolus of milk protein, in rested and exercised muscle of resistance-trained young men. METHODS Twenty resistance-trained healthy young males (age: 22 ± 1 y, body mass: 82 ± 2 kg, BMI: 25 ± 1 kg·m-2) took part in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Participants received primed, continuous infusions of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and ingested either 31 g (26.2 g protein: 2.5 g leucine) milk protein (MILK) or 70 g (31.5 g protein: 2.5 g leucine) mycoprotein (MYCO) following a bout of unilateral resistance-type exercise (contralateral leg acting as resting control). Blood and m. vastus lateralis muscle samples were collected before exercise and protein ingestion, and following a 4-h postprandial period to assess mixed muscle fractional protein synthetic rates (FSRs) and myocellular signaling in response to the protein beverages in resting and exercised muscle. RESULTS Mixed muscle FSRs increased following MILK ingestion (from 0.036 ± 0.008 to 0.052 ± 0.006%·h-1 in rested, and 0.035 ± 0.008 to 0.056 ± 0.005%·h-1 in exercised muscle; P <0.01) but to a greater extent following MYCO ingestion (from 0.025 ± 0.006 to 0.057 ± 0.004%·h-1 in rested, and 0.024 ± 0.007 to 0.072 ± 0.005%·h-1 in exercised muscle; P <0.0001) (treatment × time interaction effect; P <0.05). Postprandial FSRs trended to be greater in MYCO compared with MILK (0.065 ± 0.004 compared with 0.054 ± 0.004%·h-1, respectively; P = 0.093) and the postprandial rise in FSRs was greater in MYCO compared with MILK (Delta 0.040 ± 0.006 compared with Delta 0.018 ± 0.005%·h-1, respectively; P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS The ingestion of a single bolus of mycoprotein stimulates resting and postexercise muscle protein synthesis rates, and to a greater extent than a leucine-matched bolus of milk protein, in resistance-trained young men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as 660065600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mariana O C Coelho
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch & Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch & Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas S O Jameson
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sarah R Jackman
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jamie R Blackwell
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Hannaian SJ, Hodson N, Abou Sawan S, Mazzulla M, Kato H, Matsunaga K, Waskiw-Ford M, Duncan J, Kumbhare DA, Moore DR. Leucine-enriched amino acids maintain peripheral mTOR-Rheb localization independent of myofibrillar protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling postexercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:133-143. [PMID: 32525432 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00241.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Postexercise protein ingestion can elevate rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS), mTORC1 activity, and mTOR translocation/protein-protein interactions. However, it is unclear if leucine-enriched essential amino acids (LEAA) can similarly facilitate intracellular mTOR trafficking in humans after exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of postexercise LEAA (4 g total EAAs, 1.6 g leucine) on acute MyoPS and mTORC1 translocation and signaling. Recreationally active men performed lower-body resistance exercise (5 × 8-10 leg press and leg extension) to volitional failure. Following exercise participants consumed LEAA (n = 8) or an isocaloric carbohydrate drink (PLA; n = 10). MyoPS was measured over 1.5-4 h of recovery by oral pulse of l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine. Phosphorylation of proteins in the mTORC1 pathway were analyzed via immunoblotting and mTORC1-LAMP2/WGA/Rheb colocalization via immunofluorescence microscopy. There was no difference in MyoPS between groups (LEAA = 0.098 ± 0.01%/h; PL = 0.090 ± 0.01%/h; P > 0.05). Exercise increased (P < 0.05) rpS6Ser240/244(LEAA = 35.3-fold; PLA = 20.6-fold), mTORSer2448(LEAA = 1.8-fold; PLA = 1.2-fold) and 4EBP1Thr37/46(LEAA = 1.5-fold; PLA = 1.4-fold) phosphorylation irrespective of nutrition (P > 0.05). LAT1 and SNAT2 protein expression were not affected by exercise or nutrient ingestion. mTOR-LAMP2 colocalization was greater in LEAA preexercise and decreased following exercise and supplement ingestion (P < 0.05), yet was unchanged in PLA. mTOR-WGA (cell periphery marker) and mTOR-Rheb colocalization was greater in LEAA compared with PLA irrespective of time-point (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the postexercise consumption of 4 g of LEAA maintains mTOR in peripheral regions of muscle fibers, in closer proximity to its direct activator Rheb, during prolonged recovery independent of differences in MyoPS or mTORC1 signaling compared with PLA ingestion. This intracellular localization of mTOR may serve to "prime" the kinase for future anabolic stimuli.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to investigate whether postexercise leucine-enriched amino acid (LEAA) ingestion elevates mTORC1 translocation and protein-protein interactions in human skeletal muscle. Here, we observed that although LEAA ingestion did not further elevate postexercise MyoPS or mTORC1 signaling compared with placebo, mTORC1 peripheral location and interaction with Rheb were maintained. This may serve to "prime" mTORC1 for subsequent anabolic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarkis J Hannaian
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nathan Hodson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sidney Abou Sawan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Mazzulla
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Technology Development Center, Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsunaga
- Technology Development Center, Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Marcus Waskiw-Ford
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Justin Duncan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Molina-López J, Ricalde MAQ, Hernández BV, Planells A, Otero R, Planells E. Effect of 8-week of dietary micronutrient supplementation on gene expression in elite handball athletes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232237. [PMID: 32357196 PMCID: PMC7194438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A study was made of the changes in gene expression in elite handball athletes, comparing gene modulation before, after and in the absence of an 8-week nutritional intervention with multivitamin/mineral supplements. Methods Thirteen elite handball athletes (aged 22.9 ± 2.7 years) and 13 sedentary controls (aged 20.9 ± 2.8 years) were included. Three timepoints were established: T0 (baseline conditions); T8 (after 8 weeks of supplementation with a multivitamin/mineral complex); and T16 (after 8 weeks in the absence of supplementation). The expressions of a total 112 of genes were evaluated by RT-qPCR analysis with the QuantStudioTM 12K Flex Real-Time PCR System. Results The analysis revealed different gene regulation profiles of genes implicated in cell communication, cell energy metabolism, inflammation and the immune system, oxidative stress and muscle function in athletes compared to sedentary controls under resting conditions (upregulated genes: effect size = large, ƞ2 = 1.011 to 1.398, p < 0.05; downregulated genes: effect size = large, ƞ2 = 0.846 and 1.070, p < 0.05, respectively). The nutritional intervention encouraged gene upregulation in elite athletes (p < 0.05). In a follow-up investigation, the IRAK1, CD81, ITGB1, ACADS PDHA2 and GPX1 genes were downregulated in athletes, with a moderate main effect for time-by-group interaction (ηP2 = 0.099 to 0.133; p < 0.05). Additionally, nutritional genes such as MTHFR and THTPA revealed a moderate effect over all the timepoints and group interaction in the study (ηP2 = 0.070 to 0.092; p < 0.05). Conclusions Elite handball athletes showed a different expression profile in reference to key genes implicated in several sports performance-related functions compared to the sedentary controls, in addition to modulation of gene expression after multivitamin/mineral supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Molina-López
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technological Park, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - María Antonieta Quispe Ricalde
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Basilio Valladares Hernández
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Antonio Planells
- Unit of Social Studies of the Defense, General Technical Secretary, Ministry of Defence, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Otero
- Department of Statistics. Faculty of Social and Legal Sciences, University of Carlos III, Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Planells
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technological Park, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Reitelseder S, Tranberg B, Agergaard J, Dideriksen K, Højfeldt G, Merry ME, Storm AC, Poulsen KR, Hansen ET, van Hall G, Lund P, Holm L. Phenylalanine stable isotope tracer labeling of cow milk and meat and human experimental applications to study dietary protein-derived amino acid availability. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:3652-3662. [PMID: 32334880 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Availability of dietary protein-derived amino acids (AA) is an important determinant for their utilization in metabolism and for protein synthesis. Intrinsic labeling of protein is the only method to directly trace availability and utilization. The purpose of the present study was to produce labeled milk and meat proteins and investigate how dietary protein-derived AA availability is affected by the protein-meal matrix. METHODS Four lactating cows were infused with L-[ring-d5]phenylalanine and one with L-[15N]phenylalanine for 72 h. Milk was collected, and three of the [d5]phenylalanine cows were subsequently slaughtered. Two human studies were performed to explore plasma AA availability properties utilizing the labeled proteins. One study compared the intake of whey protein either alone or together with carbohydrates-fat food-matrix. The other study compared the intake of meat hydrolysate with minced beef. Cow blood, milk, meat and human blood samples were collected and analyzed by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Whey and caseinate acquired label to 15-20 mol percent excess (MPE), and the meat proteins reached 0.41-0.73 MPE. The [d5]phenylalanine appeared fast in plasma and peaked 30 min after whey protein alone and meat hydrolysate intake, whereas whey protein with a food-matrix and the meat minced beef postponed the [d5]phenylalanine peak until 2 and 1 h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Phenylalanine stable isotope-labeled milk and meat were produced and proved a valuable tool to investigate AA absorption characteristics. Dietary protein in food-matrices showed delayed postprandial plasma AA availability as compared to whey protein alone and meat hydrolysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Reitelseder
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Britt Tranberg
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jakob Agergaard
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kasper Dideriksen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Grith Højfeldt
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Marie Emily Merry
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Adam C Storm
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University Foulum, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet.
| | - Peter Lund
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University Foulum, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Lars Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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30
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Cordeiro EM, de Oliveira GV, Volino-Souza M, Velozo ODC, Alvares TS. Effects of fish protein hydrolysate ingestion on postexercise aminoacidemia compared with whey protein hydrolysate in young individuals. J Food Sci 2019; 85:21-27. [PMID: 31846088 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aminoacidemia resulting from food protein digestion in response to exercise plays an underlying role in the rate of muscle protein synthesis. Whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) has been demonstrated to cause more pronounced postexercise aminoacidemia compared with casein and soy. Although fish protein has been demonstrated to be a great source of amino acids, there is no data available providing information about the postexercise aminoacidemia after fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) intake. The present study investigated the characteristic patterns of postexercise aminoacidemia after WPH and FPH intake in nine physically active subjects (six males and three females). In a crossover, double-blind, and randomized design, all participants received oral doses of either 0.25 g/kg of FPH or WPH or placebo (PLA) immediately after a resistance exercise bout. Blood samples were taken before and at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min after supplementation. There was a significant increase in plasma total amino acids (TAA), essential amino acids (EAA), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), and leucine concentrations at 30 and 60 min after FPH supplementation, and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after WPH as compared to PLA. No significant differences were observed in plasma TAA, EAA, BCAA, and leucine concentrations between FPH and WPH at any time point, and there were no significant difference observed in the area under the curve for TAA, EAA, BCAA, and leucine between FPH and WPH. In conclusion, both FPH and WPH showed a rapid and pronounced postexercise aminoacidemia. FPH presented itself to be an alternative food source of rapidly digested proteins to be used after resistance exercise. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) demonstrated a rapid and pronounced postexercise aminoacidemia. Whey protein hydrolysate showed similar effects. FPH is presented as an alternative food source of rapidly digested proteins to be consumed by the population, especially physically active individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisaldo Mendes Cordeiro
- Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Federal Univ. of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Products and Bioscience, Federal Univ. of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Vieira de Oliveira
- Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Federal Univ. of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Products and Bioscience, Federal Univ. of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Mônica Volino-Souza
- Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Federal Univ. of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Food Science, Chemistry Inst., Federal Univ. of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Otávio do Couto Velozo
- Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Federal Univ. of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Thiago Silveira Alvares
- Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Federal Univ. of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Products and Bioscience, Federal Univ. of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Food Science, Chemistry Inst., Federal Univ. of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
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31
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Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Dawson Hughes B, Scott D, Sanders KM, Rizzoli R. Nutritional strategies for maintaining muscle mass and strength from middle age to later life: A narrative review. Maturitas 2019; 132:57-64. [PMID: 31883664 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progressive age-related reductions in muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia) can cause substantial morbidity. This narrative review summarizes evidence of nutritional interventions for maintaining muscle mass and strength from midlife through old age. PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched to identify studies of dietary intake and nutritional interventions for sustaining muscle mass and strength. The benefits of progressive resistance training with and without dietary interventions are well documented. Protein and amino acid (particularly leucine) intake should be considered, and supplementation may be warranted for those not meeting recommended intakes. Vitamin D receptors are expressed in muscle tissue; meta-analyses have shown that vitamin D benefits muscle strength. Data suggest that milk and other dairy products containing different bioactive compounds (i.e. protein, leucine) can enhance muscle protein synthesis, particularly when combined with resistance exercise. Omega-3 s can improve muscle mass and strength by mediating cell signaling and inflammation-related oxidative damage; no studies were specifically conducted in sarcopenia. Low-dose antioxidants (e.g. vitamins C and E) can protect muscle tissue from oxidative damage, but relevant studies are limited. Magnesium is involved with muscle contraction processes, and data have shown benefits to muscle strength. Acidogenic diets increase muscle protein breakdown, which is exacerbated by aging. Alkalizing compounds (e.g. bicarbonates) can promote muscle strength. Small studies of probiotics and plant extracts have generated interest, but few large studies have been conducted. Based on available data, dietary and supplemental interventions may add to the benefits of exercise on muscle mass and strength; effects independent of exercise have not been consistently shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso J Cruz-Jentoft
- Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km. 9,11 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bess Dawson Hughes
- Bone Metabolism Laboratory at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
| | - David Scott
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
| | - Kerrie M Sanders
- Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Sunshine Hospital, 176 Furlong Road, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia.
| | - Rene Rizzoli
- University Hospital of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Genève, Switzerland.
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Liu J, Klebach M, Visser M, Hofman Z. Amino Acid Availability of a Dairy and Vegetable Protein Blend Compared to Single Casein, Whey, Soy, and Pea Proteins: A Double-Blind, Cross-Over Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2613. [PMID: 31683779 PMCID: PMC6893549 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein quality is important for patients needing medical nutrition, especially those dependent on tube feeding. A blend of dairy and vegetable proteins (35% whey, 25% casein, 20% soy, 20% pea; P4) developed to obtain a more balanced amino acid profile with higher chemical scores, was compared to its constituent single proteins. Fourteen healthy elderly subjects received P4, whey, casein, soy, and pea (18 g/360 mL bolus) on five separate visits. Blood samples were collected at baseline until 240 min after intake. Amino acid availability was calculated using incremental maximal concentration (iCmax) and area under the curve (iAUC). Availability for P4 as a sum of all amino acids was similar to casein (iCmax and iAUC) and whey (iCmax) and higher vs. soy (iCmax and iAUC) and pea (iCmax). Individual amino acid availability (iCmax and iAUC) showed different profiles reflecting the composition of the protein sources: availability of leucine and methionine was higher for P4 vs. soy and pea; availability of arginine was higher for P4 vs. casein and whey. Conclusions: The P4 amino acid profile was reflected in post-prandial plasma levels and may be regarded as more balanced compared to the constituent single proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Liu
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Monique Visser
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Zandrie Hofman
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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33
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Moore DR. Maximizing Post-exercise Anabolism: The Case for Relative Protein Intakes. Front Nutr 2019; 6:147. [PMID: 31552263 PMCID: PMC6746967 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Maximizing the post-exercise increase in muscle protein synthesis, especially of the contractile myofibrillar protein fraction, is essential to facilitate effective muscle remodeling, and enhance hypertrophic gains with resistance training. MPS is the primary regulated variable influencing muscle net balance with dietary amino acid ingestion representing the single most important nutritional variable enhancing post-exercise rates of muscle protein synthesis. Dose-response studies in average (i.e., ~80 kg) males have reported an absolute 20 g dose of high quality, rapidly digested protein maximizes mixed, and myofibrillar protein synthetic rates. However, it is unclear if these absolute protein intakes can be viewed in a “one size fits all” solution. Re-analysis of published literature in young adults suggests a relative single meal intake of ~0.31 g/kg of rapidly digested, high quality protein (i.e., whey) should be considered as a nutritional guideline for individuals of average body composition aiming to maximize post-exercise myofibrillar protein synthesis while minimizing irreversible amino acid oxidative catabolism that occurs with excessive intakes of this macronutrient. This muscle-specific bolus intake is lower than that reported to maximize whole body anabolism (i.e., ≥0.5 g/kg). Review of the available literature suggests that potential confounders such as the co-ingestion of carbohydrate, sex, and amount of active muscle mass do not represent significant barriers to the translation of this objectively determined relative protein intake. Additional research is warranted to elucidate the effective dose for proteins with suboptimal amino acid compositions (e.g., plant-based), and/or slower digestion rates as well as whether recommendations are appreciably affected by other physiological conditions such endurance exercise, high habitual daily protein ingestion, aging, obesity, and/or periods of chronic negative energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Berrazaga I, Micard V, Gueugneau M, Walrand S. The Role of the Anabolic Properties of Plant- versus Animal-Based Protein Sources in Supporting Muscle Mass Maintenance: A Critical Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1825. [PMID: 31394788 PMCID: PMC6723444 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-sourced proteins offer environmental and health benefits, and research increasingly includes them in study formulas. However, plant-based proteins have less of an anabolic effect than animal proteins due to their lower digestibility, lower essential amino acid content (especially leucine), and deficiency in other essential amino acids, such as sulfur amino acids or lysine. Thus, plant amino acids are directed toward oxidation rather than used for muscle protein synthesis. In this review, we evaluate the ability of plant- versus animal-based proteins to help maintain skeletal muscle mass in healthy and especially older people and examine different nutritional strategies for improving the anabolic properties of plant-based proteins. Among these strategies, increasing protein intake has led to a positive acute postprandial muscle protein synthesis response and even positive long-term improvement in lean mass. Increasing the quality of protein intake by improving amino acid composition could also compensate for the lower anabolic potential of plant-based proteins. We evaluated and discussed four nutritional strategies for improving the amino acid composition of plant-based proteins: fortifying plant-based proteins with specific essential amino acids, selective breeding, blending several plant protein sources, and blending plant with animal-based protein sources. These nutritional approaches need to be profoundly examined in older individuals in order to optimize protein intake for this population who require a high-quality food protein intake to mitigate age-related muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insaf Berrazaga
- UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- IATE Agropolymer Engineering and Emerging Technologies, Univ. Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Micard
- IATE Agropolymer Engineering and Emerging Technologies, Univ. Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Marine Gueugneau
- UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Walrand
- UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Service de Nutrition Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Gabriel Montpied, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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35
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Moro T, Brightwell CR, Velarde B, Fry CS, Nakayama K, Sanbongi C, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Whey Protein Hydrolysate Increases Amino Acid Uptake, mTORC1 Signaling, and Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle of Healthy Young Men in a Randomized Crossover Trial. J Nutr 2019; 149:1149-1158. [PMID: 31095313 PMCID: PMC7443767 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) can be stimulated by ingestion of protein sources, such as whey, casein, or soy. Protein supplementation can enhance muscle protein synthesis after exercise and may preserve skeletal muscle mass and function in aging adults. Therefore, identifying protein sources with higher anabolic potency is of high significance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the anabolic potency and efficacy of a novel whey protein hydrolysate mixture (WPH) on mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and skeletal MPS in healthy young subjects. METHODS Ten young men (aged 28.7 ± 3.6 y, 25.2 ± 2.9 kg/m2 body mass index [BMI]) were recruited into a double-blind two-way crossover trial. Subjects were randomized to receive either 0.08 g/kg of body weight (BW) of WPH or an intact whey protein (WHEY) mixture during stable isotope infusion experiments. Fractional synthetic rate, leucine and phenylalanine kinetics, and markers of amino acid sensing were assessed as primary outcomes before and 1-3 h after protein ingestion using a repeated measures mixed model. RESULTS Blood leucine concentration, delivery of leucine to muscle, transport of leucine from blood into muscle and intracellular muscle leucine concentration significantly increased to a similar extent 1 h after ingestion of both mixtures (P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of S6K1 (i.e. a marker of mTORC1 activation) increased equally by ∼20% 1-h postingestion (P < 0.05). Ingestion of WPH and WHEY increased mixed MPS similarly in both groups by ∼43% (P < 0.05); however, phenylalanine utilization for synthesis increased in both treatments 1-h postingestion but remained elevated 3-h postingestion only in the WPH group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a small dose of WPH effectively increases leucine transport into muscle, activating mTORC1 and stimulating MPS in young men. WPH anabolic potency and efficacy for promoting overall muscle protein anabolism is similar to WHEY, an intact protein source. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03313830.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Moro
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | | | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Kyosuke Nakayama
- Food Science & Technology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sanbongi
- Food Science & Technology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX,Address correspondence to BBR (e-mail: )
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Dietary supplementation with arginine and glutamic acid alters the expression of amino acid transporters in skeletal muscle of growing pigs. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1081-1092. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Brightwell CR, Markofski MM, Moro T, Fry CS, Porter C, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise improves skeletal muscle quality in older adults. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2019; 2:109-119. [PMID: 31123725 PMCID: PMC6518946 DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, age-associated involuntary loss of muscle and strength, can progress to clinically relevant functional decline. Resistance exercise attenuates muscle and strength loss but may not be feasible for some older adults. Aerobic exercise training (AET) improves cardiopulmonary health; however, effects on protein turnover, muscle mass, and strength are less clear. We aimed to determine whether AET improves basal myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) and capillarization, promoting hypertrophy and strength. We hypothesized that AET improves strength with increased MPS and capillarization. Older adults were randomized to non-exercise (NON; n = 11, 71.4 ± 4.18 years) or exercise (EX; n = 12, 73.7 ± 4.05 years). EX completed 24 weeks of AET (walking 3×/week, 45 minutes, 70% heart rate reserve); NON remained sedentary. A stable isotope tracer was infused. MPS and capillarization were analyzed from vastus lateralis muscle biopsies. Strength was measured via isokinetic dynamometry. Lean mass was determined with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Basal MPS increased in EX (+50.7%, P = 0.01) along with capillary density (+66.4%, P = 0.03), peak oxygen consumption (+15.8%, P = 0.01), quadriceps strength (+15.1%, P = 0.01), and muscle quality (peak torque divided by leg lean mass, +15.5%, P = 0.01). Lean mass did not change (P > 0.05). AET increases muscle protein turnover and capillarization in older adults, improving muscle quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille R. Brightwell
- Department of Nutrition and MetabolismUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Division of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and AnatomyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
| | | | - Tatiana Moro
- Department of Nutrition and MetabolismUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Sealy Center on AgingUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Center for RecoveryPhysical Activity, and NutritionUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
| | - Christopher S. Fry
- Department of Nutrition and MetabolismUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Center for RecoveryPhysical Activity, and NutritionUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
| | - Craig Porter
- Center for RecoveryPhysical Activity, and NutritionUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Metabolism UnitShriners Hospitals for ChildrenGalvestonTexas
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on AgingUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Center for RecoveryPhysical Activity, and NutritionUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
| | - Blake B. Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and MetabolismUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Sealy Center on AgingUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Center for RecoveryPhysical Activity, and NutritionUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
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Zeng N, Prodhan U, D'Souza RF, Ramzan F, Mitchell SM, Sharma P, Knowles SO, Roy NC, Sjödin A, Wagner KH, Milan AM, Cameron-Smith D, Mitchell CJ. Regulation of Amino Acid Transporters and Sensors in Response to a High protein Diet: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Elderly Men. J Nutr Health Aging 2019; 23:354-363. [PMID: 30932134 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-019-1171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is fundamental for many cellular processes, yet it is often dysregulated with aging. Increased amino acid (AA) availability is correlated with the expression of AA transporters (AAT) and mTORC1 activity. Although many AA sensors and mediators have been proposed to relay the AA signal to mTORC1, it has not yet been determined if chronic dietary intervention affects the expression of AAT, sensors and mediators and their relationships with mTORC1 activity. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN This study investigated whether the consumption of a diet containing either the current recommended daily allowance (RDA) of protein intake (0.8 g/kg/d) or twice the RDA (2RDA) for ten weeks affected the expression of targets associated with AA transport, sensing and mTORC1 regulation in 26 older men (70-81 years). METHOD Muscle biopsies were collected before and after the intervention under fasting conditions. Diets were controlled by providing fully prepared meals and snacks. Western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to measure protein and gene expression respectively. RESULTS Consumption of 2RDA reduced the protein expression of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1). However, plasma leucine concentration and basal mTORC1 activity were unaltered. The downregulation of LAT1 did not affect the expression of AA sensors and mediators, including leucyl tRNA synthetase (LRS), cytosolic arginine sensor for mTORC1 (CASTOR1), Sestrin2 and Rag proteins. Instead, total ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) was upregulated with 2RDA. CONCLUSION Ten weeks of 2RDA diet did not affect the fasting mTORC1 signaling, but increased total RPS6 might suggest improved muscular translational capacity to maintain muscular mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zeng
- Dr. Cameron Mitchell Faculty of Education | School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia | Vancouver Campus, 2553 Wesbrook Mall | Vancouver British Columbia | V6T 1Z3 Canada, Phone 604 827 2072| Cell 604 790 3815,
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Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1685-1695. [PMID: 30167963 PMCID: PMC6245118 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The postprandial rise in essential amino acid (EAA) concentrations modulates the increase in muscle protein synthesis rates after protein ingestion. The EAA content and AA composition of the dietary protein source contribute to the differential muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of different proteins. Lower EAA contents and specific lack of sufficient leucine, lysine, and/or methionine may be responsible for the lower anabolic capacity of plant-based compared with animal-based proteins. We compared EAA contents and AA composition of a large selection of plant-based protein sources with animal-based proteins and human skeletal muscle protein. AA composition of oat, lupin, wheat, hemp, microalgae, soy, brown rice, pea, corn, potato, milk, whey, caseinate, casein, egg, and human skeletal muscle protein were assessed using UPLC–MS/MS. EAA contents of plant-based protein isolates such as oat (21%), lupin (21%), and wheat (22%) were lower than animal-based proteins (whey 43%, milk 39%, casein 34%, and egg 32%) and muscle protein (38%). AA profiles largely differed among plant-based proteins with leucine contents ranging from 5.1% for hemp to 13.5% for corn protein, compared to 9.0% for milk, 7.0% for egg, and 7.6% for muscle protein. Methionine and lysine were typically lower in plant-based proteins (1.0 ± 0.3 and 3.6 ± 0.6%) compared with animal-based proteins (2.5 ± 0.1 and 7.0 ± 0.6%) and muscle protein (2.0 and 7.8%, respectively). In conclusion, there are large differences in EAA contents and AA composition between various plant-based protein isolates. Combinations of various plant-based protein isolates or blends of animal and plant-based proteins can provide protein characteristics that closely reflect the typical characteristics of animal-based proteins.
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40
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Fernandes AL, Hayashi AP, Jambassi-Filho JC, de Capitani MD, de Santana DA, Gualano B, Roschel H. Different protein and derivatives supplementation strategies combined with resistance training in pre-frail and frail elderly: Rationale and protocol for the "Pro-Elderly" Study. Nutr Health 2018; 23:251-260. [PMID: 29214924 DOI: 10.1177/0260106017737465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frailty is a multifactorial geriatric syndrome characterized by progressive decline in health and associated with decreased muscle mass, strength, and functional capacity. Resistance training (RT) combined with protein or amino acids supplementation has been shown to be promising for mitigating age-related impairments. AIM To investigate the chronic effects of different strategies of protein and derivatives supplementation in association with RT on selected health-related parameters in pre-frail and frail elderly. METHODS This is a series of double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trials. Volunteers will be divided into nine groups, comprising four different sub-studies evaluating the effects of: isolated leucine supplementation (study 1); protein source (whey vs. soy - study 2); combination of whey protein and creatine (study 3); and sexual dimorphism on the response to protein intake and RT (males vs. females - study 4). Muscle cross-sectional area, fiber cross-sectional area, body composition, lower-limb maximal dynamic and isometric strength, functionality, lipid profile, biochemical parameters, renal function, quality of life, and nutritional status will be assessed before and after a 16-week intervention period. Data will be tested for normality and a mixed-model for repeated measures will be conducted to assess within- and between-group effects of the intervention on the dependent variables. Confidence intervals (95%), effect sizes, and relative changes will also be determined, with significance set at p < 0.05.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Lins Fernandes
- 1 Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Hayashi
- 1 Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil.,2 Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Claudio Jambassi-Filho
- 1 Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Dutilh de Capitani
- 1 Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Davi Alves de Santana
- 1 Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil.,2 Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- 1 Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil.,2 Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- 1 Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil.,2 Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Moro T, Brightwell CR, Deer RR, Graber TG, Galvan E, Fry CS, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Muscle Protein Anabolic Resistance to Essential Amino Acids Does Not Occur in Healthy Older Adults Before or After Resistance Exercise Training. J Nutr 2018; 148:900-909. [PMID: 29796648 PMCID: PMC6251608 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The muscle protein anabolic response to contraction and feeding may be blunted in older adults. Acute bouts of exercise can improve the ability of amino acids to stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) by activating mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, but it is not known whether exercise training may improve muscle sensitivity to amino acid availability. Objective The aim of this study was to determine if muscle protein anabolism is resistant to essential amino acids (EAAs) and whether resistance exercise training (RET) improves muscle sensitivity to EAA in healthy older adults. Methods In a longitudinal study, 19 healthy older adults [mean ± SD age: 71 ± 4 y body mass index (kg/m2): 28 ± 3] were trained for 12 wk with a whole-body program of progressive RET (60-75% 1-repetition maximum). Body composition, strength, and metabolic health were measured pre- and posttraining. We also performed stable isotope infusion experiments with muscle biopsies pre- and posttraining to measure MPS and markers of amino acid sensing in the basal state and in response to 6.8 g of EAA ingestion. Results RET increased muscle strength by 16%, lean mass by 2%, and muscle cross-sectional area by 27% in healthy older adults (P < 0.05). MPS and mTORC1 signaling (i.e., phosphorylation status of protein kinase B, 4E binding protein 1, 70-kDa S6 protein kinase, and ribosomal protein S6) increased after EAA ingestion (P < 0.05) pre- and posttraining. RET increased basal MPS by 36% (P < 0.05); however, RET did not affect the response of MPS and mTORC1 signaling to EAA ingestion. Conclusion RET increases strength and basal MPS, promoting hypertrophy in healthy older adults. In these subjects, a small dose of EAAs stimulates muscle mTORC1 signaling and MPS, and this response to EAAs does not improve after RET. Our data indicate that anabolic resistance to amino acids may not be a problem in healthy older adults. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02999802.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Moro
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
- Address correspondence to BBR (e-mail: )
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42
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Skeletal muscle amino acid transporter and BCAT2 expression prior to and following interval running or resistance exercise in mode-specific trained males. Amino Acids 2018; 50:961-965. [PMID: 29725856 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Endurance (END)- and resistance (RES)-trained males performed interval running or resistance exercise during three consecutive days (bouts 1-3). Muscle biopsies were obtained at baseline, 2 h post-bout 1, and 72 h post-bout 3. Amino acid transporter SNAT2 mRNA was 75% greater in END (group p = 0.008), and increased ~ 70% 2 h post in both groups (time p = 0.023). Amino acid transporter PAT1 mRNA was 2.7-fold greater in RES (group p = 0.002). Baseline protein levels of the mitochondrial aminotransferase BCAT2 were 79% greater in END (p = 0.015).
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43
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Recent Perspectives Regarding the Role of Dietary Protein for the Promotion of Muscle Hypertrophy with Resistance Exercise Training. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020180. [PMID: 29414855 PMCID: PMC5852756 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle supports locomotion and serves as the largest site of postprandial glucose disposal; thus it is a critical organ for physical and metabolic health. Skeletal muscle mass is regulated by the processes of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB), both of which are sensitive to external loading and aminoacidemia. Hyperaminoacidemia results in a robust but transient increase in rates of MPS and a mild suppression of MPB. Resistance exercise potentiates the aminoacidemia-induced rise in MPS that, when repeated over time, results in gradual radial growth of skeletal muscle (i.e., hypertrophy). Factors that affect MPS include both quantity and composition of the amino acid source. Specifically, MPS is stimulated in a dose-responsive manner and the primary amino acid agonist of this process is leucine. MPB also appears to be regulated in part by protein intake, which can exert a suppressive effect on MPB. At high protein doses the suppression of MPB may interfere with skeletal muscle adaptation following resistance exercise. In this review, we examine recent advancements in our understanding of how protein ingestion impacts skeletal muscle growth following resistance exercise in young adults during energy balance and energy restriction. We also provide practical recommendations for exercisers who wish to maximize the hypertrophic response of skeletal muscle during resistance exercise training.
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Rundqvist HC, Esbjörnsson M, Rooyackers O, Österlund T, Moberg M, Apro W, Blomstrand E, Jansson E. Influence of nutrient ingestion on amino acid transporters and protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle after sprint exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:1501-1515. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00244.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient ingestion is known to increase the exercise-induced stimulation of muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise. Less is known about the effect of nutrients on muscle protein synthesis following sprint exercise. At two occasions separated by 1 mo, 12 healthy subjects performed three 30-s sprints with 20-min rest between bouts. In randomized order, they consumed a drink with essential amino acids and maltodextrin (nutrient) or flavored water (placebo). Muscle biopsies were obtained 80 and 200 min after the last sprint, and blood samples were taken repeatedly during the experiment. Fractional synthetic rate (FSR) was measured by continuous infusion of l-[2H5]phenylalanine up to 200 min postexercise. The mRNA expression and protein expression of SNAT2 were both 1.4-fold higher ( P < 0.05) after nutrient intake compared with placebo at 200 min postexercise. Phosphorylated Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p70S6k were 1.7- to 3.6-fold higher ( P < 0.01) 80 min after the last sprint with nutrient ingestion as compared with placebo. In addition, FSR was higher ( P < 0.05) with nutrients when plasma phenylalanine (FSRplasma) was used as a precursor but not when intracellular phenylalanine (FSRmuscle) was used. Significant correlations were also found between FSRplasma on the one hand and plasma leucine and serum insulin on the other hand in the nutrient condition. The results show that nutrient ingestion induces the expression of the amino acid transporter SNAT2 stimulates Akt/mTOR signaling and most likely the rate of muscle protein synthesis following sprint exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY There is limited knowledge regarding the effect of nutrients on muscle protein synthesis following sprint as compared with resistance exercise. The results demonstrate that nutrient ingestion during repeated 30-s bouts of sprint exercise induces expression of the amino acid transporter SNAT2 and stimulates Akt/mTOR signaling and most likely the rate of muscle protein synthesis. Future studies to explore the chronic effects of nutritional ingestion during sprint exercise sessions on muscle mass accretion are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan C. Rundqvist
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mona Esbjörnsson
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olav Rooyackers
- Division of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ted Österlund
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Moberg
- Åstrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Sport and Health Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William Apro
- Åstrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Sport and Health Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Blomstrand
- Åstrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Sport and Health Science, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Jansson
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Wang Z, Duan Y, Li F, Yang B, Zhang J, Hou S. Dietary supplementation with Lonicera macranthoides leaf powder enhances growth performance and muscle growth of Chinese Tibetan pigs. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Revel A, Jarzaguet M, Peyron MA, Papet I, Hafnaoui N, Migné C, Mosoni L, Polakof S, Savary-Auzeloux I, Rémond D, Dardevet D. At same leucine intake, a whey/plant protein blend is not as effective as whey to initiate a transient post prandial muscle anabolic response during a catabolic state in mini pigs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186204. [PMID: 29045496 PMCID: PMC5646799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle atrophy has been explained by an anabolic resistance following food intake and an increase of dietary protein intake is recommended. To be optimal, a dietary protein has to be effective not only to initiate but also to prolong a muscle anabolic response in a catabolic state. To our knowledge, whether or not a dairy or a dairy/plant protein blend fulfills these criterions is unknown in a muscle wasting situation. OBJECTIVE Our aim was, in a control and a catabolic state, to measure continuously muscle anabolism in term of intensity and duration in response to a meal containing casein (CAS), whey (WHEY) or a whey/ plant protein blend (BLEND) and to evaluate the best protein source to elicit the best post prandial anabolism according to the physio-pathological state. METHODS Adult male Yucatan mini pigs were infused with U-13C-Phenylalanine and fed either CAS, WHEY or BLEND. A catabolic state was induced by a glucocorticoid treatment for 8 days (DEX). Muscle protein synthesis, proteolysis and balance were measured with the hind limb arterio-venous differences technique. Repeated time variance analysis were used to assess significant differences. RESULTS In a catabolic situation, whey proteins were able to initiate muscle anabolism which remained transient in contrast to the stimulated muscle protein accretion with WHEY, CAS or BLEND in healthy conditions. Despite the same leucine intake compared to WHEY, BLEND did not restore a positive protein balance in DEX animals. CONCLUSIONS Even with WHEY, the duration of the anabolic response was not optimal and has to be improved in a catabolic state. The use of BLEND remained of lower efficiency even at same leucine intake than whey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélia Revel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marianne Jarzaguet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Peyron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Papet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Noureddine Hafnaoui
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Carole Migné
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Mosoni
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sergio Polakof
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Savary-Auzeloux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Didier Rémond
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Dominique Dardevet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- * E-mail:
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47
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Protein blend ingestion before allogeneic stem cell transplantation improves protein-energy malnutrition in patients with leukemia. Nutr Res 2017; 46:68-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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48
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Agergaard J, Bülow J, Jensen JK, Reitelseder S, Bornø A, Drummond MJ, Schjerling P, Holm L. Effect of light-load resistance exercise on postprandial amino acid transporter expression in elderly men. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/18/e13444. [PMID: 28963124 PMCID: PMC5617931 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An impaired amino acid sensing is associated with age‐related loss of skeletal muscle mass. We tested whether light‐load resistance exercise (LL‐RE) affects postprandial amino acid transporter (AAT) expression in aging skeletal muscle. Untrained, healthy men (age: +65 years) were subjected to 13 h of supine rest. After 2 1/2 h of rest, unilateral LL‐RE was conducted (leg extensions, 10 sets of 36 repetitions) at 16% 1RM. Thereafter, the subjects were randomized into groups that orally ingested 40 g of whey protein either as hourly drinks (4 g per drink) (PULSE, N = 10) or two boluses (28 g at 0 h and 12 g at 7 h) (BOLUS, N = 10), or hourly isocaloric maltodextrin drinks (placebo, N = 10). Quadriceps muscle biopsies were taken at 0, 3, 7, and 10 h postexercise from both the resting and exercised leg, from which the membrane protein and mRNA expression of select AATs were analyzed by Western Blot and RT‐PCR, respectively. LAT1 and PAT1 protein expression increased in response to LL‐RE in the PULSE group, and SNAT2 and PAT1 protein expression increased in the BOLUS group when plasma BCAA concentration was low. In all three groups, LL‐RE increased LAT1 mRNA expression, whereas a time course decrease in SNAT2 mRNA expression was observed. LL‐RE increased membrane‐associated AAT protein expression and mRNA expression. Altered AAT protein expression was only seen in groups that ingested whey protein, with the greatest effect observed after hourly feeding. This points toward an importance of AATs in the anabolic response following LL‐RE and protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Agergaard
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark .,Center for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jacob Bülow
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob K Jensen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Reitelseder
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Bornø
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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49
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Characterising the muscle anabolic potential of dairy, meat and plant-based protein sources in older adults. Proc Nutr Soc 2017; 77:20-31. [DOI: 10.1017/s002966511700194x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function is caused, at least in part, by a reduced muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion. The magnitude and duration of the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response to ingested protein is dependent on the quantity and quality of the protein consumed. This review characterises the anabolic properties of animal-derived and plant-based dietary protein sources in older adults. While approximately 60 % of dietary protein consumed worldwide is derived from plant sources, plant-based proteins generally exhibit lower digestibility, lower leucine content and deficiencies in certain essential amino acids such as lysine and methionine, which compromise the availability of a complete amino acid profile required for muscle protein synthesis. Based on currently available scientific evidence, animal-derived proteins may be considered more anabolic than plant-based protein sources. However, the production and consumption of animal-derived protein sources is associated with higher greenhouse gas emissions, while plant-based protein sources may be considered more environmentally sustainable. Theoretically, the lower anabolic capacity of plant-based proteins can be compensated for by ingesting a greater dose of protein or by combining various plant-based proteins to provide a more favourable amino acid profile. In addition, leucine co-ingestion can further augment the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response. Finally, prior exercise or n-3 fatty acid supplementation have been shown to sensitise skeletal muscle to the anabolic properties of dietary protein. Applying one or more of these strategies may support the maintenance of muscle mass with ageing when diets rich in plant-based protein are consumed.
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50
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Jäger R, Kerksick CM, Campbell BI, Cribb PJ, Wells SD, Skwiat TM, Purpura M, Ziegenfuss TN, Ferrando AA, Arent SM, Smith-Ryan AE, Stout JR, Arciero PJ, Ormsbee MJ, Taylor LW, Wilborn CD, Kalman DS, Kreider RB, Willoughby DS, Hoffman JR, Krzykowski JL, Antonio J. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:20. [PMID: 28642676 PMCID: PMC5477153 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review related to the intake of protein for healthy, exercising individuals. Based on the current available literature, the position of the Society is as follows:An acute exercise stimulus, particularly resistance exercise, and protein ingestion both stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and are synergistic when protein consumption occurs before or after resistance exercise.For building muscle mass and for maintaining muscle mass through a positive muscle protein balance, an overall daily protein intake in the range of 1.4-2.0 g protein/kg body weight/day (g/kg/d) is sufficient for most exercising individuals, a value that falls in line within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range published by the Institute of Medicine for protein.Higher protein intakes (2.3-3.1 g/kg/d) may be needed to maximize the retention of lean body mass in resistance-trained subjects during hypocaloric periods.There is novel evidence that suggests higher protein intakes (>3.0 g/kg/d) may have positive effects on body composition in resistance-trained individuals (i.e., promote loss of fat mass).Recommendations regarding the optimal protein intake per serving for athletes to maximize MPS are mixed and are dependent upon age and recent resistance exercise stimuli. General recommendations are 0.25 g of a high-quality protein per kg of body weight, or an absolute dose of 20-40 g.Acute protein doses should strive to contain 700-3000 mg of leucine and/or a higher relative leucine content, in addition to a balanced array of the essential amino acids (EAAs).These protein doses should ideally be evenly distributed, every 3-4 h, across the day.The optimal time period during which to ingest protein is likely a matter of individual tolerance, since benefits are derived from pre- or post-workout ingestion; however, the anabolic effect of exercise is long-lasting (at least 24 h), but likely diminishes with increasing time post-exercise.While it is possible for physically active individuals to obtain their daily protein requirements through the consumption of whole foods, supplementation is a practical way of ensuring intake of adequate protein quality and quantity, while minimizing caloric intake, particularly for athletes who typically complete high volumes of training. Rapidly digested proteins that contain high proportions of essential amino acids (EAAs) and adequate leucine, are most effective in stimulating MPS. Different types and quality of protein can affect amino acid bioavailability following protein supplementation. Athletes should consider focusing on whole food sources of protein that contain all of the EAAs (i.e., it is the EAAs that are required to stimulate MPS). Endurance athletes should focus on achieving adequate carbohydrate intake to promote optimal performance; the addition of protein may help to offset muscle damage and promote recovery. Pre-sleep casein protein intake (30-40 g) provides increases in overnight MPS and metabolic rate without influencing lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO USA
| | - Bill I. Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Paul J. Cribb
- Metabolic Precision Certifications, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Arny A. Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Shawn M. Arent
- IFNH Center for Health & Human Performance, Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey USA
| | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Paul J. Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 USA
| | - Michael J. Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
- Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | - Lem W. Taylor
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor UMHB, Belton, TX 76513 USA
| | - Colin D. Wilborn
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor UMHB, Belton, TX 76513 USA
| | - Doug S. Kalman
- Department of Nutrition & Endocrinology, QPS, Miami, FL USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Darryn S. Willoughby
- Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX USA
| | - Jay R. Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | | | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL USA
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