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Zheng C, Cao Y, Li Y, Ye Z, Jia X, Li M, Yu Y, Liu W. Long-term table tennis training alters dynamic functional connectivity and white matter microstructure in large scale brain regions. Brain Res 2024; 1838:148889. [PMID: 38552934 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Table tennis training has been employed as an exercise treatment to enhance cognitive brain functioning in patients with mental illnesses. However, research on its underlying mechanisms remains limited. In this study, we investigated functional and structural changes in large-scale brain regions between 20 table tennis players (TTPs) and 21 healthy controls (HCs) using 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Compared with those of HCs, TTPs exhibited significantly greater fractional anisotropy (FA) and axial diffusivity (AD) values in multiple fiber tracts. We used the locations with the most significant structural changes in white matter as the seed areas and then compared static and dynamic functional connectivity (sFC and dFC). Brodmann 11, located in the orbitofrontal cortex, showed altered dFC values to large-scale brain regions, such as the occipital lobe, thalamus, and cerebellar hemispheres, in TTPs. Brodmann 48, located in the temporal lobe, showed altered dFC to the parietal lobe, frontal lobe, cerebellum, and occipital lobe. Furthermore, the AD values of the forceps minor (Fmi) and right anterior thalamic radiations (ATRs) were negatively correlated with useful field of view (UFOV) test scores in TTPs. Our results suggest that table tennis players exhibit a unique pattern of dynamic neural activity, this provides evidence for potential mechanisms through which table tennis interventions can enhance attention and other cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanying Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Cao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuyang Li
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Xize Jia
- School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Mengting Li
- School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.
| | - Yang Yu
- Psychiatry Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Wenming Liu
- Department of Sport Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Tays GD, Hupfeld KE, McGregor HR, Beltran NE, De Dios YE, Mulder E, Bloomberg JJ, Mulavara AP, Wood SJ, Seidler RD. Daily artificial gravity partially mitigates vestibular processing changes associated with head-down tilt bedrest. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:27. [PMID: 38472244 PMCID: PMC10933323 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Microgravity alters vestibular signaling and reduces body loading, driving sensory reweighting. The unloading effects can be modelled using head-down tilt bedrest (HDT). Artificial gravity (AG) has been hypothesized to serve as an integrated countermeasure for the declines associated with HDT and spaceflight. Here, we examined the efficacy of 30 min of daily AG to counteract brain and behavior changes from 60 days of HDT. Two groups received 30 min of AG delivered via short-arm centrifuge daily (n = 8 per condition), either in one continuous bout, or in 6 bouts of 5 min. To improve statistical power, we combined these groups (AG; n = 16). Another group served as controls in HDT with no AG (CTRL; n = 8). We examined how HDT and AG affect vestibular processing by collecting fMRI scans during vestibular stimulation. We collected these data prior to, during, and post-HDT. We assessed brain activation initially in 12 regions of interest (ROIs) and then conducted an exploratory whole brain analysis. The AG group showed no changes in activation during vestibular stimulation in a cerebellar ROI, whereas the CTRL group showed decreased activation specific to HDT. Those that received AG and showed little pre- to post-HDT changes in left vestibular cortex activation had better post-HDT balance performance. Whole brain analyses identified increased pre- to during-HDT activation in CTRLs in the right precentral gyrus and right inferior frontal gyrus, whereas AG maintained pre-HDT activation levels. These results indicate that AG could mitigate activation changes in vestibular processing that is associated with better balance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Tays
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - K E Hupfeld
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - H R McGregor
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - E Mulder
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - S J Wood
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R D Seidler
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Dong X, Gui X, Klich S, Zhu L, Chen D, Sun Z, Shi Y, Chen A. The effects of football juggling learning on executive function and brain functional connectivity. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1362418. [PMID: 38516307 PMCID: PMC10954781 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1362418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the relationship between motor skill learning and executive function (EF), with an emphasis on the potential effects of football juggling learning. A randomized controlled trial involving 111 participants aged 17-19 years was conducted. Participants were randomly assigned to either the football juggling learning (FJL) group or a control group. The FJL group underwent 70 sessions of football juggling learning, while the control group engaged in their normal daily activities without any exercise intervention during the same time frame. Both groups were assessed for EF performance and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans before and after the experiment. The executive function test included three tasks, namely, inhibition, working memory, and shifting. The results showed significant improvement in inhibition and shifting in both groups, and the FJL group showed greater improvement in these aspects of EF compared to the control group. Additionally, in comparison to the control group, the FJL group exhibited increased functional connectivity within the frontal, temporal, and cerebellar regions from the pre-test to the post-test. Notably, enhanced functional connectivity between the right superior temporal gyrus (posterior division) and left cerebellum 6 was identified in the FJL group and was associated with improved EF performance induced by football juggling learning. These findings shed light on the potential causal relationship between motor skill learning, EF, and brain plasticity. Importantly, our study provides preliminary evidence supporting the use of motor skill learning, such as football juggling, as a potential avenue for cognitive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiang Gui
- Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sebastian Klich
- Department of Paralympic Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lina Zhu
- Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Yifan Shi
- Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Todd NPM, Govender S, Hochstrasser D, Keller PE, Colebatch JG. Extended source analysis of movement related potentials (MRPs) for self-paced hand and foot movements demonstrates opposing cerebral and cerebellar laterality: a preliminary study. Neurosci Lett 2023; 815:137476. [PMID: 37714289 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is known to have extensive reciprocal connectivity with the cerebral cortex, including with prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex, which play an important role on the planning and execution of voluntary movement. In the present article we report an exploratory non-invasive electrophysiological study of the activity of the cerebellum and cerebrum during voluntary finger and foot movements. In a sample of five healthy adult subjects, we recorded EEG and the electro-cerebellogram (ECeG) with a 10% cerebellar extension montage during voluntary left and right index finger and foot movements. EMG was recorded from finger extensors and flexors and from the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles and was used to generate triggers for movement related averaging (-2000 to +2000 ms). Source analysis was conducted over five epochs defined relative to EMG onset: whole epoch (-1000 to +1000 ms), pre-move 1000 (-1000 to 0 ms), pre-move 500 (-500 to 0 ms), post-move 500 (0 to +500 ms) and post-move 1000 (0 to +1000 ms). This yielded a total of 123 cerebral and 65 cerebellar dipole clusters from across all epochs, including the pre-movement epochs, which were then subject to statistical analysis. These demonstrated predominantly contralateral dominance for the cerebral clusters, but predominantly ipsilateral dominance for the cerebellar clusters. In addition, both cerebral and cerebellar clusters showed evidence of a somatotopic gradient, medially (X-axis) for the cerebral clusters, and medially and dorso-ventrally (Z-axis) for the cerebellar clusters. These findings support the value of recording cerebellar ECeG and demonstrate its potential to contribute to understanding cerebellar function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil P M Todd
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QC, UK; UNSW Clinical School, Randwick Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Sendhil Govender
- UNSW Clinical School, Randwick Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Daniel Hochstrasser
- MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Peter E Keller
- MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - James G Colebatch
- UNSW Clinical School, Randwick Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Ramezani M, Behzadipour S, Fawcett AJ, Joghataei MT. Verbal Working Memory-Balance program training alters the left fusiform gyrus resting-state functional connectivity: A randomized clinical trial study on children with dyslexia. DYSLEXIA (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2023; 29:264-285. [PMID: 37337459 DOI: 10.1002/dys.1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Sufficient activation of the left fusiform gyrus is important in reading ability acquisition due to its role in reading and naming, working memory (WM), and balance tasks. Recently, a newly-designed training program, Verbal Working Memory-Balance (VWM-B), has been evaluated on children with dyslexia, and its positive effects were shown on reading ability, WM capacity, and postural control. In the present study, we aimed to estimate the functional connectivity alterations of the left fusiform gyrus following training by the VWM-B. Before and after 15 sessions of training, the fMRI and other tools data were collected on a sample of children with dyslexia, who were allocated into two control and experiment groups. Data analyses showed the increased functional connectivity of the left fusiform gyrus between the left anterior temporal fusiform cortex, left and right Crus II regions of the cerebellum, and the left middle frontal gyrus. Moreover, VWM-B training significantly improved the reading and naming ability, WM capacity, and postural control of participants in the experiment group in comparison to the control. The current study findings emphasize the critical role of the left fusiform gyrus in reading ability. Moreover, it provides evidence to support the existence of cerebellar deficits in dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ramezani
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Behzadipour
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Djawad Movafaghian Research Center in Neuro-rehabilitation Technologies, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lee DA, Lee HJ, Park KM. Cerebellar Volume Reduction in Patients with Isolated REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: Evidence of a Potential Role of the Cerebellum. Eur Neurol 2023; 86:341-347. [PMID: 37527632 DOI: 10.1159/000533297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we aimed to investigate changes in the total cerebellar volume, subdivisions of the cerebellar volume, and intrinsic cerebellar network in patients with isolated rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) compared to healthy controls. METHODS We enrolled patients with newly diagnosed iRBD and healthy controls who had no structural lesions according to their brain MRI. All participants underwent three-dimensional T1-weighted imaging. We obtained the total cerebellar volume and subdivisions of the cerebellar volume using the ACAPULCO program and calculated the intrinsic cerebellar network using a BRAPH program based on the subdivisions of the cerebellar volume by applying a graph theory. We compared the cerebellar volumes and intrinsic cerebellar network between the patients with iRBD and healthy controls. RESULTS In total, we enrolled 43 patients with iRBD and 47 healthy controls. Total cerebellar volume in patients with iRBD was lower than that in the healthy controls (8.4637 vs. 9.0863%, p = 0.0001). There were significant differences in the subdivisions of cerebellar volume between the groups. The volumes of the right and left lobule VIIB in the patients with iRBD were lower than those in the healthy controls (right, 0.3495 vs. 0.4025%, p = 0.0009; left, 0.3561 vs. 0.4293%, p < 0.0001). However, the other cerebellar volumes, such as the corpus meullare and vermis, were not different between the groups. The intrinsic cerebellar network was not different between the patients with iRBD and healthy controls. CONCLUSION We found decreased total cerebellar volumes and subdivisions of the cerebellar volume, particularly in the right and left lobule VIIB, in patients with iRBD compared to healthy controls. The present results suggest that the cerebellum may play a potential role in the pathogenesis of iRBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ah Lee
- Department of Neurology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Lee
- Department of Radiology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Min Park
- Department of Neurology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Seidler R, Tays G, Hupfeld K, McGregor H, Beltran N, de Dios Y, Mulder E, Bloomberg J, Mulavara A, Wood S. Daily Artificial Gravity Partially Mitigates Vestibular Processing Changes Associated with Head-down Tilt Bedrest. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3157785. [PMID: 37502989 PMCID: PMC10371135 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3157785/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Microgravity alters vestibular signaling and reduces body loading, driving sensory reweighting and adaptation. The unloading effects can be modelled using head down tilt bedrest (HDT). Artificial gravity (AG) has been hypothesized to serve as an integrated countermeasure for the physiological declines associated with HDT and spaceflight. Here, we examined the efficacy of 30 minutes of daily AG to counteract brain and behavior changes that arise from 60 days of HDT. One group of participants received 30 minutes of AG daily (AG; n = 16) while in HDT, and another group served as controls, spending 60 days in HDT bedrest with no AG (CTRL; n = 8). We examined how HDT and AG affect vestibular processing by collecting fMRI scans from participants as they received vestibular stimulation. We collected these data prior to, during (2x), and post HDT. We assessed brain activation initially in 10 regions of interest (ROIs) and then conducted an exploratory whole brain analysis. The AG group showed no changes in brain activation during vestibular stimulation in a cerebellar ROI, whereas the CTRL group showed decreased cerebellar activation specific to the HDT phase. Additionally, those that received AG and showed little pre- to post-bed rest changes in left OP2 activation during HDT had better post-HDT balance performance. Exploratory whole brain analyses identified increased pre- to during-HDT activation in the CTRL group in the right precentral gyrus and the right inferior frontal gyrus specific to HDT, where the AG group maintained pre-HDT activation levels. Together, these results indicate that AG could mitigate brain activation changes in vestibular processing in a manner that is associated with better balance performance after HDT.
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8
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Unruh KE, Bartolotti JV, McKinney WS, Schmitt LM, Sweeney JA, Mosconi MW. Functional connectivity of cortical-cerebellar networks in relation to sensorimotor behavior and clinical features in autism spectrum disorder. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:8990-9002. [PMID: 37246152 PMCID: PMC10350826 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor issues are present in the majority of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and are associated with core symptoms. The neural systems associated with these impairments remain unclear. Using a visually guided precision gripping task during functional magnetic resonance imaging, we characterized task-based connectivity and activation of cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar visuomotor networks. Participants with ASD (n = 19; ages 10-33) and age- and sex-matched neurotypical controls (n = 18) completed a visuomotor task at low and high force levels. Relative to controls, individuals with ASD showed reduced functional connectivity of right primary motor-anterior cingulate cortex and left anterior intraparietal lobule (aIPL)-right Crus I at high force only. At low force, increased caudate, and cerebellar activation each were associated with sensorimotor behavior in controls, but not in ASD. Reduced left aIPL-right Crus I connectivity was associated with more severe clinically rated ASD symptoms. These findings suggest that sensorimotor problems in ASD, particularly at high force levels, involve deficits in the integration of multimodal sensory feedback and reduced reliance on error-monitoring processes. Adding to literature positing that cerebellar dysfunction contributes to multiple developmental issues in ASD, our data implicate parietal-cerebellar connectivity as a key neural marker underlying both core and comorbid features of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Unruh
- Life Span Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - James V Bartolotti
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Walker S McKinney
- Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Lauren M Schmitt
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Matthew W Mosconi
- Life Span Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
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9
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Lu Y, Kim J, Kim T. A neurophysiological approach to the distinction between motor and cognitive skills: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1178800. [PMID: 37274191 PMCID: PMC10235625 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1178800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the neurophysiological differences underpinning motor and cognitive skills by measuring the brain activity via functional magnetic resonance imaging. Twenty-five healthy adults (11 women, 25.8 ± 3.5 years of age) participated in the study. We developed three types of tasks, namely, simple motor task (SMT), complex motor task (CMT), and cognitive task (CT), using two-dimensional images of Gomoku, a traditional game known as five in a row. When shown the stimulus, participants were instructed to identify the best spot to win the game and to perform motor imagery of placing the stone for the SMT and CMT but not for the CT. Accordingly, we found significant activation from the CMT minus SMT contrast in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, precentral gyrus, and superior frontal cortex, which reflected increased visuospatial attention, working memory, and motor planning. From the CT minus SMT contrast, we observed significant activation in the left caudate nucleus, right medial prefrontal cortex, and right primary somatosensory cortex, responsible for visuospatial working memory, error detection, and cognitive imagery, respectively. The present findings indicate that adopting a conventional classification of cognitive and motor tasks focused on the extent of decision making and motor control involved in task performance might not be ideal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhang Lu
- Department of Physical Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Sports Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingu Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Teri Kim
- Institute of Sports Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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10
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Ciapponi C, Li Y, Osorio Becerra DA, Rodarie D, Casellato C, Mapelli L, D’Angelo E. Variations on the theme: focus on cerebellum and emotional processing. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1185752. [PMID: 37234065 PMCID: PMC10206087 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1185752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum operates exploiting a complex modular organization and a unified computational algorithm adapted to different behavioral contexts. Recent observations suggest that the cerebellum is involved not just in motor but also in emotional and cognitive processing. It is therefore critical to identify the specific regional connectivity and microcircuit properties of the emotional cerebellum. Recent studies are highlighting the differential regional localization of genes, molecules, and synaptic mechanisms and microcircuit wiring. However, the impact of these regional differences is not fully understood and will require experimental investigation and computational modeling. This review focuses on the cellular and circuit underpinnings of the cerebellar role in emotion. And since emotion involves an integration of cognitive, somatomotor, and autonomic activity, we elaborate on the tradeoff between segregation and distribution of these three main functions in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Ciapponi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Yuhe Li
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Dimitri Rodarie
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Casellato
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lisa Mapelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Egidio D’Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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11
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Errante A, Gerbella M, Mingolla GP, Fogassi L. Activation of Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia and Thalamus During Observation and Execution of Mouth, hand, and foot Actions. Brain Topogr 2023:10.1007/s10548-023-00960-1. [PMID: 37133782 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-023-00960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Humans and monkey studies showed that specific sectors of cerebellum and basal ganglia activate not only during execution but also during observation of hand actions. However, it is unknown whether, and how, these structures are engaged during the observation of actions performed by effectors different from the hand. To address this issue, in the present fMRI study, healthy human participants were required to execute or to observe grasping acts performed with different effectors, namely mouth, hand, and foot. As control, participants executed and observed simple movements performed with the same effectors. The results show that: (1) execution of goal-directed actions elicited somatotopically organized activations not only in the cerebral cortex but also in the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and thalamus; (2) action observation evoked cortical, cerebellar and subcortical activations, lacking a clear somatotopic organization; (3) in the territories displaying shared activations between execution and observation, a rough somatotopy could be revealed in both cortical, cerebellar and subcortical structures. The present study confirms previous findings that action observation, beyond the cerebral cortex, also activates specific sectors of cerebellum and subcortical structures and it shows, for the first time, that these latter are engaged not only during hand actions observation but also during the observation of mouth and foot actions. We suggest that each of the activated structures processes specific aspects of the observed action, such as performing internal simulation (cerebellum) or recruiting/inhibiting the overt execution of the observed action (basal ganglia and sensory-motor thalamus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Errante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
- Department of Diagnostics, Neuroradiology unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Gloria P Mingolla
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Piazzale Ludovico Antonio Scuro 10, 37124, Verona, Italy
| | - Leonardo Fogassi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125, Parma, Italy.
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12
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Alahmadi AAS. The Cerebellum's Orchestra: Understanding the Functional Connectivity of Its Lobes and Deep Nuclei in Coordination and Integration of Brain Networks. Tomography 2023; 9:883-893. [PMID: 37104143 PMCID: PMC10142847 DOI: 10.3390/tomography9020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum, a crucial brain region, significantly contributes to various brain functions. Although it occupies a small portion of the brain, it houses nearly half of the neurons in the nervous system. Previously thought to be solely involved in motor activities, the cerebellum has since been found to play a role in cognitive, sensory, and associative functions. To further elucidate the intricate neurophysiological characteristics of the cerebellum, we investigated the functional connectivity of cerebellar lobules and deep nuclei with 8 major functional brain networks in 198 healthy subjects. Our findings revealed both similarities and differences in the functional connectivity of key cerebellar lobules and nuclei. Despite robust functional connectivity among these lobules, our results demonstrated that they exhibit heterogeneous functional integration with different functional networks. For instance, lobules 4, 5, 6, and 8 were linked to sensorimotor networks, while lobules 1, 2, and 7 were associated with higher-order, non-motor, and complex functional networks. Notably, our study uncovered a lack of functional connectivity in lobule 3, strong connections between lobules 4 and 5 with the default mode networks, and connections between lobules 6 and 8 with the salience, dorsal attention, and visual networks. Additionally, we found that cerebellar nuclei, particularly the dentate cerebellar nuclei, were connected to sensorimotor, salience, language, and default-mode networks. This study provides valuable insights into the diverse functional roles of the cerebellum in cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A S Alahmadi
- Department of Radiologic Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Abstract
Swallowing is a complex activity requiring a sophisticated system of neurological control from neurones within the brainstem, cerebral cortices and cerebellum. The cerebellum is a critical part of the brain responsible for the modulation of movements. It receives input from motor cortical and sensory areas and fine tunes these inputs to produce coordinated motor outputs. With respect to swallowing, numerous functional imaging studies have demonstrated increased activity in the cerebellum during the task of swallowing and damage to the cerebellum following differing pathological processes is associated with dysphagia. Single pulses of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have been applied to the cerebellum and have been shown to evoke motor responses in the pharynx. Moreover, repetitive TMS (rTMS) over the cerebellum can modulate cerebral motor (pharyngeal) cortical activity. Neurostimulation has allowed a better understanding of the connections that exist between the cerebellum and cerebral swallowing motor areas in health and provides a potential treatment for neurogenic dysphagia in illness. In this review we will examine what is currently known about the role of the cerebellum in the control of swallowing, explore new findings from neurostimulatory and imaging studies and provide an overview of the future clinical applications of cerebellar stimulation for treating dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele Sasegbon
- Gastrointestinal (GI) Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital (part of the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (MAHSC)), Salford, UK.
| | - Shaheen Hamdy
- Gastrointestinal (GI) Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital (part of the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (MAHSC)), Salford, UK
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14
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Dorigo A, Valishetti K, Hetsch F, Matsui H, Meier JC, Namikawa K, Köster RW. Functional regionalization of the differentiating cerebellar Purkinje cell population occurs in an activity-dependent manner. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1166900. [PMID: 37181649 PMCID: PMC10174242 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1166900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The cerebellum is organized into functional regions each dedicated to process different motor or sensory inputs for controlling different locomotor behaviors. This functional regionalization is prominent in the evolutionary conserved single-cell layered Purkinje cell (PC) population. Fragmented gene expression domains suggest a genetic organization of PC layer regionalization during cerebellum development. However, the establishment of such functionally specific domains during PC differentiation remained elusive. Methods and results We show the progressive emergence of functional regionalization of PCs from broad responses to spatially restricted regions in zebrafish by means of in vivo Ca2+-imaging during stereotypic locomotive behavior. Moreover, we reveal that formation of new dendritic spines during cerebellar development using in vivo imaging parallels the time course of functional domain development. Pharmacological as well as cell-type specific optogenetic inhibition of PC neuronal activity results in reduced PC dendritic spine density and an altered stagnant pattern of functional domain formation in the PC layer. Discussion Hence, our study suggests that functional regionalization of the PC layer is driven by physiological activity of maturing PCs themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dorigo
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Komali Valishetti
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian Hetsch
- Cell Physiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hideaki Matsui
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jochen C. Meier
- Cell Physiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kazuhiko Namikawa
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Kazuhiko Namikawa,
| | - Reinhard W. Köster
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Reinhard W. Köster,
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15
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Piervincenzi C, Fanella M, Petsas N, Frascarelli M, Morano A, Accinni T, Di Fabio F, Di Bonaventura C, Berardelli A, Pantano P. Structural Cerebellar Abnormalities and Parkinsonism in Patients with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1533. [PMID: 36421857 PMCID: PMC9688398 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The phenotypic expression of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is variable and may include cognitive, psychiatric, and neurological manifestations, e.g., parkinsonism. We investigated brain structural alterations in patients with 22q11.2DS with and without parkinsonism (Park+ and Park-) in comparison with healthy controls (HCs). Methods: Voxel-based morphometry was performed on 3D T1-weighted MR images to explore gray matter volume (GMV) differences between 29 patients (15 Park+, 14 Park-), selected from a consecutive series of 56 adults diagnosed with 22q11.2DS, and 24 HCs. One-way ANOVA and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to explore group differences in GMV and correlations between clinical scores (MDS-UPDR-III and MoCA scores) and structural alterations. Results: Significant between-group differences in GMV were found in the cerebellum, specifically in bilateral lobes VIII and left Crus II, as well as in the left superior occipital gyrus. Although both Park+ and Park- patients showed GMV decrements in these regions with respect to HCs, GMV loss in the right lobe VIII and left Crus II was greater in Park+ than in Park- patients. GMV loss did not correlate with clinical scores. Conclusions: Patients with 22q11.2DS and parkinsonism manifest specific cerebellar volume alterations, supporting the hypothesis of neurodegenerative processes in specific cerebellar regions as a putative pathophysiological mechanism responsible for parkinsonism in patients with 22q11.2DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Piervincenzi
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Fanella
- Department of Neurology, Fabrizio Spaziani Hospital, 03100 Frosinone, Italy
| | | | - Marianna Frascarelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Morano
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Accinni
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Fabio
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Di Bonaventura
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pantano
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
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16
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Bono D, Belyk M, Longo MR, Dick F. Beyond language: The unspoken sensory-motor representation of the tongue in non-primates, non-human and human primates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104730. [PMID: 35691470 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The English idiom "on the tip of my tongue" commonly acknowledges that something is known, but it cannot be immediately brought to mind. This phrase accurately describes sensorimotor functions of the tongue, which are fundamental for many tongue-related behaviors (e.g., speech), but often neglected by scientific research. Here, we review a wide range of studies conducted on non-primates, non-human and human primates with the aim of providing a comprehensive description of the cortical representation of the tongue's somatosensory inputs and motor outputs across different phylogenetic domains. First, we summarize how the properties of passive non-noxious mechanical stimuli are encoded in the putative somatosensory tongue area, which has a conserved location in the ventral portion of the somatosensory cortex across mammals. Second, we review how complex self-generated actions involving the tongue are represented in more anterior regions of the putative somato-motor tongue area. Finally, we describe multisensory response properties of the primate and non-primate tongue area by also defining how the cytoarchitecture of this area is affected by experience and deafferentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bono
- Birkbeck/UCL Centre for Neuroimaging, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H0AP, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, UCL Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H0AP, UK.
| | - Michel Belyk
- Department of Speech, Hearing, and Phonetic Sciences, UCL Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, 2 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Matthew R Longo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet St, London WC1E7HX, UK
| | - Frederic Dick
- Birkbeck/UCL Centre for Neuroimaging, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H0AP, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, UCL Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H0AP, UK; Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet St, London WC1E7HX, UK.
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17
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Goda N, Hasegawa T, Koketsu D, Chiken S, Kikuta S, Sano H, Kobayashi K, Nambu A, Sadato N, Fukunaga M. Cerebro-cerebellar interactions in non-human primates examined by optogenetic functional magnetic resonance imaging. Cereb Cortex Commun 2022; 3:tgac022. [PMID: 35769971 PMCID: PMC9233902 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a promising approach for the simultaneous and extensive scanning of whole-brain activities. Optogenetics is free from electrical and magnetic artifacts and is an ideal stimulation method for combined use with fMRI. However, the application of optogenetics in nonhuman primates (NHPs) remains limited. Recently, we developed an efficient optogenetic intracortical microstimulation method of the primary motor cortex (M1), which successfully induced forelimb movements in macaque monkeys. Here, we aimed to investigate how optogenetic M1 stimulation causes neural modulation in the local and remote brain regions in anesthetized monkeys using 7-tesla fMRI. We demonstrated that optogenetic stimulation of the M1 forelimb and hindlimb regions successfully evoked robust direct and remote fMRI activities. Prominent remote activities were detected in the anterior and posterior lobes in the contralateral cerebellum, which receive projections polysynaptically from the M1. We further demonstrated that the cerebro-cerebellar projections from these M1 regions were topographically organized, which is concordant with the somatotopic map in the cerebellar cortex previously reported in macaques and humans. The present study significantly enhances optogenetic fMRI in NHPs, resulting in profound understanding of the brain network, thereby accelerating the translation of findings from animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naokazu Goda
- Division of Cerebral Integration , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Taku Hasegawa
- Division of System Neurophysiology , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Laboratory for Imagination and Executive functions , RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koketsu
- Division of System Neurophysiology , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Division of System Neurophysiology , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Satomi Kikuta
- Division of System Neurophysiology , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Neurophysiology , National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sano
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Division of System Neurophysiology , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- International Center for Brain Science , Fujita Health University, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Section of Viral Vector Development , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Division of System Neurophysiology , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Section of Viral Vector Development , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Division of Cerebral Integration , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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18
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Beuriat PA, Cristofori I, Gordon B, Grafman J. The shifting role of the cerebellum in executive, emotional and social processing across the lifespan. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2022; 18:6. [PMID: 35484543 PMCID: PMC9047369 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-022-00193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum's anatomical and functional organization and network interactions between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures are dynamic across the lifespan. Executive, emotional and social (EES) functions have likewise evolved during human development from contributing to primitive behaviors during infancy and childhood to being able to modulate complex actions in adults. In this review, we address how the importance of the cerebellum in the processing of EES functions might change across development. This evolution is driven by the macroscopic and microscopic modifications of the cerebellum that are occurring during development including its increasing connectivity with distant supra-tentorial cortical and sub-cortical regions. As a result of anatomical and functional changes, neuroimaging and clinical data indicate that the importance of the role of the cerebellum in human EES-related networks shifts from being crucial in newborns and young children to being only supportive later in life. In early life, given the immaturity of cortically mediated EES functions, EES functions and motor control and perception are more closely interrelated. At that time, the cerebellum due to its important role in motor control and sequencing makes EES functions more reliant on these computational properties that compute spatial distance, motor intent, and assist in the execution of sequences of behavior related to their developing EES expression. As the cortical brain matures, EES functions and decisions become less dependent upon these aspects of motor behavior and more dependent upon high-order cognitive and social conceptual processes. At that time, the cerebellum assumes a supportive role in these EES-related behaviors by computing their motor and sequential features. We suspect that this evolving role of the cerebellum has complicated the interpretation of its contribution to EES computational demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Aurélien Beuriat
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Brain Injury Research, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France. .,Rockfeller School of Medicine, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France.
| | - Irene Cristofori
- Institute of Cognitive, Neuroscience Marc Jeannerod, CNRS/UMR 5229, 69500, Bron, France.,Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Barry Gordon
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Brain Injury Research, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA.,Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Cognitive Neurology & Alzheimer's Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Sival DA, Noort SAMV, Tijssen MAJ, de Koning TJ, Verbeek DS. Developmental neurobiology of cerebellar and Basal Ganglia connections. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 36:123-129. [PMID: 34954622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high prevalence of mixed phenotypes of Early Onset Ataxia (EOA) with comorbid dystonia has shifted the pathogenetic concept from the cerebellum towards the interconnected cerebellar motor network. This paper on EOA with comorbid dystonia (EOA-dystonia) explores the conceptual relationship between the motor phenotype and the cortico-basal-ganglia-ponto-cerebellar network. METHODS In EOA-dystonia, we reviewed anatomic-, genetic- and biochemical-studies on the comorbidity between ataxia and dystonia. RESULTS In a clinical EOA cohort, the prevalence of dystonia was over 60%. Both human and animal studies converge on the underlying role for the cortico-basal-ganglia-ponto-cerebellar network. Genetic -clinical and -in silico network studies reveal underlying biological pathways for energy production and neural signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS EOA-dystonia phenotypes are attributable to the cortico-basal-ganglia-ponto-cerebellar network, instead of to the cerebellum, alone. The underlying anatomic and pathogenetic pathways have clinical implications for our understanding of the heterogeneous phenotype, neuro-metabolic and genetic testing and potentially also for new treatment strategies, including neuro-modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Sival
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Suus A M van Noort
- Department of Neurology and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Department of Neurology and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J de Koning
- Department of Neurology and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Genetics University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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20
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Ranzini M, Scarpazza C, Radua J, Cutini S, Semenza C, Zorzi M. A common neural substrate for number comparison, hand reaching and grasping: a SDM-PSI meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Cortex 2022; 148:31-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Belyk M, Eichert N, McGettigan C. A dual larynx motor networks hypothesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200392. [PMID: 34719252 PMCID: PMC8558777 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are vocal modulators par excellence. This ability is supported in part by the dual representation of the laryngeal muscles in the motor cortex. Movement, however, is not the product of motor cortex alone but of a broader motor network. This network consists of brain regions that contain somatotopic maps that parallel the organization in motor cortex. We therefore present a novel hypothesis that the dual laryngeal representation is repeated throughout the broader motor network. In support of the hypothesis, we review existing literature that demonstrates the existence of network-wide somatotopy and present initial evidence for the hypothesis' plausibility. Understanding how this uniquely human phenotype in motor cortex interacts with broader brain networks is an important step toward understanding how humans evolved the ability to speak. We further suggest that this system may provide a means to study how individual components of the nervous system evolved within the context of neuronal networks. This article is part of the theme issue 'Voice modulation: from origin and mechanism to social impact (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Belyk
- Department of Speech Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Nicole Eichert
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Carolyn McGettigan
- Department of Speech Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
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22
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Chen J, Fan Y, Wei W, Wang L, Wang X, Fan F, Jia Z, Li M, Wang J, Zou Q, Chen B, Lv Y. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates cortical-subcortical connectivity in sensorimotor network. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:227-243. [PMID: 34905661 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) holds the ability to modulate the connectivity within the stimulated network. However, whether and how the rTMS targeted over the primary motor cortex (M1) could affect the connectivity within the sensorimotor network (SMN) is not fully elucidated. Hence, in this study, we investigated the after-effects of rTMS over left M1 at different frequencies on connectivity within SMN. Forty-five healthy participants were recruited and randomly divided into three groups according to rTMS frequencies (high-frequency [HF], 3 Hz; low-frequency [LF], 1 Hz; and SHAM). Participants received 1-Hz, 3-Hz or sham stimulation and underwent two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning sessions before and after rTMS intervention. Using resting-state functional connectivity (FC) approach, we found that high- and low-frequency rTMS had opposing effects on FC within the SMN, especially for connectivity with subcortical regions (i.e., putamen, thalamus and cerebellum). Specifically, the reductions in connectivity between cortical and subcortical regions within cortico-basal ganglia thalamo-cortical circuits and the cognitive loop of cerebellum, and increased connectivity between cortical and subdivisions within the sensorimotor loop of cerebellum were observed after high-frequency rTMS intervention, whereas the thalamus and cognitive cerebellum subdivisions exhibited increased connectivity, and sensorimotor cerebellum subdivisions showed decreased connectivity with stimulated target after low-frequency stimulation. Collectively, these findings demonstrated the alterations of connectivity within SMN after rTMS intervention at different frequencies and may help to understand the mechanisms of rTMS treatment for movement disorders associated with deficits in subcortical regions such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Tourette's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanzi Fan
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luoyu Wang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fengmei Fan
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Zejuan Jia
- Shijiazhuang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengting Li
- School of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihong Zou
- Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Chen
- School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yating Lv
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Shimizu T, Gheorghe LA, Nemoto K, Horie T, Takano S, Haida M. Gymkhana and pylon slalom driving training effects on the cerebellum structure. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136281. [PMID: 34601040 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To develop a suitable automobile design as per each driver's characteristics and state, it is important to understand the brain function in acquiring driving skills. Reportedly, the brain structures of professionals, such as athletes and musicians, and those who have received training in special skills, undergo changes with training. However, the development process of the brain in terms of acquiring driving skills has not yet been clarified. In this study, we evaluated the effects of driving training on the brain and observed an increase in the volume of the right cerebellum after short-term training (3 days). The right cerebellum is responsible for controlling the right hand and right foot, which are important for driving. Drivers train to control a vehicle smoothly at high speeds at gymkhana and pylon slalom courses, which are often used in motor sports. The brain structure was analyzed before and after training using magnetic resonance imaging. Voxel-based morphometry was used to assess possible structural changes. First, the lap times after training were clearly shortened and vehicle dynamics were more stable, indicating that the drivers' skill level clearly improved. Second, brain structural analysis revealed a volumetric increase in the right cerebellum. The cerebellum is involved in the process of learning sensory motor skills, such as smooth steering and pedal operations, driving course shape, and vehicle size perception. These results suggest a new inner model for driving operation and support the hypothesis that motor learning affects the cerebellum during vehicle driving training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Shimizu
- Research Planning Department, Research Division, Nissan Motor Co., LTD., Yokosuka Kanagawa 237-8523, Japan.
| | - Lucian A Gheorghe
- Advanced Materials and Processing Laboratory, Research Division, Nissan Motor Co., LTD., Yokosuka Kanagawa 237-8523, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nemoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Horie
- Department of Radiology Clinical Technology Division, Tokai University, Isehara Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
| | - Susumu Takano
- Department of Radiology Clinical Technology Division, Tokai University, Isehara Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
| | - Munetaka Haida
- Tokai University Junior College of Nursing and Medical Technology, Hiratsuka Kanagawa 259-1207, Japan
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See KB, Arpin DJ, Vaillancourt DE, Fang R, Coombes SA. Unraveling somatotopic organization in the human brain using machine learning and adaptive supervoxel-based parcellations. Neuroimage 2021; 245:118710. [PMID: 34780917 PMCID: PMC9008369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the well-established somatotopy in the pre- and post-central gyrus, there is now strong evidence that somatotopic organization is evident across other regions in the sensorimotor network. This raises several experimental questions: To what extent is activity in the sensorimotor network effector-dependent and effector-independent? How important is the sensorimotor cortex when predicting the motor effector? Is there redundancy in the distributed somatotopically organized network such that removing one region has little impact on classification accuracy? To answer these questions, we developed a novel experimental approach. fMRI data were collected while human subjects performed a precisely controlled force generation task separately with their hand, foot, and mouth. We used a simple linear iterative clustering (SLIC) algorithm to segment whole-brain beta coefficient maps to build an adaptive brain parcellation and then classified effectors using extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) based on parcellations at various spatial resolutions. This allowed us to understand how data-driven adaptive brain parcellation granularity altered classification accuracy. Results revealed effector-dependent activity in regions of the post-central gyrus, precentral gyrus, and paracentral lobule. SMA, regions of the inferior and superior parietal lobule, and cerebellum each contained effector-dependent and effector-independent representations. Machine learning analyses showed that increasing the spatial resolution of the data-driven model increased classification accuracy, which reached 94% with 1755 supervoxels. Our SLIC-based supervoxel parcellation outperformed classification analyses using established brain templates and random simulations. Occlusion experiments further demonstrated redundancy across the sensorimotor network when classifying effectors. Our observations extend our understanding of effector-dependent and effector-independent organization within the human brain and provide new insight into the functional neuroanatomy required to predict the motor effector used in a motor control task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B See
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Smart Medical Informatics Learning and Evaluation Lab, College of Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116131, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - David J Arpin
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, PO Box 118206, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - David E Vaillancourt
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Smart Medical Informatics Learning and Evaluation Lab, College of Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116131, Gainesville, FL, United States; Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, PO Box 118206, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ruogu Fang
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Smart Medical Informatics Learning and Evaluation Lab, College of Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116131, Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Stephen A Coombes
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Smart Medical Informatics Learning and Evaluation Lab, College of Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116131, Gainesville, FL, United States; Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, PO Box 118206, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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van Dun K, Brinkmann P, Depestele S, Verstraelen S, Meesen R. Cerebellar Activation During Simple and Complex Bimanual Coordination: an Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) Meta-analysis. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 21:987-1013. [PMID: 34595608 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bimanual coordination is an important part of everyday life and recruits a large neural network, including the cerebellum. The specific role of the cerebellum in bimanual coordination has not yet been studied in depth, although several studies indicate a differential role of the anterior and posterior cerebellum depending on the complexity of the coordination. An activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis was used combining the data of several functional MRI studies involving bimanual coordination tasks with varying complexities to unravel the involvement of the different areas of the cerebellum in simple and complex bimanual coordination. This study confirms the general bimanual network as found by Puttemans et al. (Puttemans et al. in J Neurosci 25:4270-4278, 2005) and highlights the differences between preferred in-phase (simultaneous movements of homologous muscle groups) and anti-phase movement conditions (alternating movements of homologous muscle groups), and more complex, non-preferred bimanual movements (e.g., out-of-phase movements). Our results show a differential role for the anterior and posterior vermis in bimanual coordination, with a role for the anterior vermis in anti-phase and complex bimanual coordination, and an exclusive role for the posterior vermis in complex bimanual movements. In addition, the way complexity was manipulated also seems to play a role in the involvement of the anterior and posterior vermis. We hypothesize that the anterior vermis is involved in sequential/spatial control, while the posterior vermis is involved in temporal control of (bimanual) coordination, though other factors such as (visual) feedback and continuity of the movement also seem to have an impact. More studies are needed to unravel the specific role of the cerebellar vermis in bimanual coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim van Dun
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Agoralaan A, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Pia Brinkmann
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Siel Depestele
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Agoralaan A, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Verstraelen
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Agoralaan A, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Raf Meesen
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Agoralaan A, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Ramezani M, Behzadipour S, Pourghayoomi E, Joghataei MT, Shirazi E, Fawcett AJ. Evaluating a new verbal working memory-balance program: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial study on Iranian children with dyslexia. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:55. [PMID: 34525977 PMCID: PMC8442443 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to improve verbal Working Memory (WM) in reading disability, as it is a key factor in learning. There are commercial verbal WM training programs, which have some short-term effects only on the verbal WM capacity, not reading. However, because of some weaknesses in current verbal WM training programs, researchers suggested designing and developing newly structured programs that particularly target educational functions such as reading skills. In the current double-blind randomized clinical trial study, we designed a new Verbal Working Memory-Balance (VWM-B) program which was carried out using a portable robotic device. The short-term effects of the VWM-B program, on verbal WM capacity, reading skills, and postural control were investigated in Iranian children with developmental dyslexia. RESULTS The effectiveness of the VWM-B program was compared with the VWM-program as a traditional verbal WM training. In comparison with VWM-program, the participants who received training by the VWM-B program showed superior performance on verbal WM capacity, reading skills, and postural control after a short-term intervention. CONCLUSIONS We proposed that the automatized postural control resulting from VWM-B training had a positive impact on improving verbal WM capacity and reading ability. Based on the critical role of the cerebellum in automatizing skills, our findings support the cerebellar deficit theory in dyslexia. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was (retrospectively) registered on 8 February 2018 with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20171219037953N1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ramezani
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Behzadipour
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.,Djawad Movafaghian Research Center in Neuro-Rehabilitation Technologies, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Pourghayoomi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Shirazi
- Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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27
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Parmar K, Fonov VS, Naegelin Y, Amann M, Wuerfel J, Collins DL, Gaetano L, Magon S, Sprenger T, Kappos L, Granziera C, Tsagkas C. Regional Cerebellar Volume Loss Predicts Future Disability in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 21:632-646. [PMID: 34417983 PMCID: PMC9325849 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS) are well described; however, the exact contribution of cerebellar damage to MS disability has not been fully explored. Longer-term observational periods are necessary to better understand the dynamics of pathological changes within the cerebellum and their clinical consequences. Cerebellar lobe and single lobule volumes were automatically segmented on 664 3D-T1-weighted MPRAGE scans (acquired at a single 1.5 T scanner) of 163 MS patients (111 women; mean age: 47.1 years; 125 relapsing–remitting (RR) and 38 secondary progressive (SP) MS, median EDSS: 3.0) imaged annually over 4 years. Clinical scores (EDSS, 9HPT, 25FWT, PASAT, SDMT) were determined per patient per year with a maximum clinical follow-up of 11 years. Linear mixed-effect models were applied to assess the association between cerebellar volumes and clinical scores and whether cerebellar atrophy measures may predict future disability progression. SPMS patients exhibited faster posterior superior lobe volume loss over time compared to RRMS, which was related to increase of EDSS over time. In RRMS, cerebellar volumes were significant predictors of motor scores (e.g. average EDSS, T25FWT and 9HPT) and SDMT. Atrophy of motor-associated lobules (IV-VI + VIII) was a significant predictor of future deterioration of the 9HPT of the non-dominant hand. In SPMS, the atrophy rate of the posterior superior lobe (VI + Crus I) was a significant predictor of future PASAT performance deterioration. Regional cerebellar volume reduction is associated with motor and cognitive disability in MS and may serve as a predictor for future disease progression, especially of dexterity and impaired processing speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Parmar
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden, Switzerland.
| | - Vladimir S Fonov
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne Naegelin
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Amann
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG), Basel, Switzerland.,Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (Qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Wuerfel
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG), Basel, Switzerland.,Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (Qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Louis Collins
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, CA, USA
| | - Laura Gaetano
- Neuroscience/Digital Medicine, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Magon
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Till Sprenger
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, DKD HELIOS Klinik Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Granziera
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charidimos Tsagkas
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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28
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Raos V, Savaki HE. Functional Imaging of the Cerebellum during Action Execution and Observation. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab041. [PMID: 34409298 PMCID: PMC8366719 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We employed the 14C-deoxyglucose autoradiographic method to map the activity in the cerebellar cortex of rhesus monkeys that performed forelimb movements either in the light or in the dark and of monkeys that observed forelimb movements executed by a human experimenter. The execution of forelimb movements, both in the light and in the dark, activated the forelimb representations in the cerebellar hemispheric extensions of 1) vermian lobules IV-VI and 2) vermian lobule VIIIB, ipsilaterally to the moving forelimb. Activations in the former forelimb representation involved both a paravermal and a lateral hemispheric region. Also, Crus II posterior in the ansiform lobule (the hemispheric expansion of lobule VIIB) was activated bilaterally by execution of movements in the light but not in the dark. Action observation activated the lateral-most region of the forelimb representation in the lateral hemispheric extension of vermian lobules IV-VI, as well as the crus II posterior, bilaterally. Our results demonstrate that the cerebellar cortex, in addition to its involvement in the generation of movement, is also recruited in the perception of observed movements. Moreover, our findings suggest a modularity gradient in the primate cerebellar cortex, which progresses from unimodal (medially) to multimodal (laterally) functional areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Raos
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece
| | - Helen E Savaki
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece
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29
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Barry RL, Babu S, Anteraper SA, Triantafyllou C, Keil B, Rowe OE, Rangaprakash D, Paganoni S, Lawson R, Dheel C, Cernasov PM, Rosen BR, Ratai EM, Atassi N. Ultra-high field (7T) functional magnetic resonance imaging in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 30:102648. [PMID: 33872993 PMCID: PMC8060594 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Participants with ALS exhibited impaired function between the cortex and cerebellum. The cerebellum is associated with complex motor and cognitive processing tasks. These findings add to the growing number of ALS reports implicating the cerebellum.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that results in a progressive loss of motor function and ultimately death. It is critical, yet also challenging, to develop non-invasive biomarkers to identify, localize, measure and/or track biological mechanisms implicated in ALS. Such biomarkers may also provide clues to identify potential molecular targets for future therapeutic trials. Herein we report on a pilot study involving twelve participants with ALS and nine age-matched healthy controls who underwent high-resolution resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging at an ultra-high field of 7 Tesla. A group-level whole-brain analysis revealed a disruption in long-range functional connectivity between the superior sensorimotor cortex (in the precentral gyrus) and bilateral cerebellar lobule VI. Post hoc analyses using atlas-derived left and right cerebellar lobule VI revealed decreased functional connectivity in ALS participants that predominantly mapped to bilateral postcentral and precentral gyri. Cerebellar lobule VI is a transition zone between anterior motor networks and posterior non-motor networks in the cerebellum, and is associated with a wide range of key functions including complex motor and cognitive processing tasks. Our observation of the involvement of cerebellar lobule VI adds to the growing number of studies implicating the cerebellum in ALS. Future avenues of scientific investigation should consider how high-resolution imaging at 7T may be leveraged to visualize differences in functional connectivity disturbances in various genotypes and phenotypes of ALS along the ALS-frontotemporal dementia spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Barry
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Suma Babu
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sheeba Arnold Anteraper
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christina Triantafyllou
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Boris Keil
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Mittelhessen University of Applied Sciences, Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection, Giessen, Germany
| | - Olivia E Rowe
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - D Rangaprakash
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sabrina Paganoni
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Lawson
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina Dheel
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul M Cernasov
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce R Rosen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eva-Maria Ratai
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Neuroradiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nazem Atassi
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Sanofi Genzyme, Cambridge, MA, USA
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30
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Hernandez-Martin E, Marcano F, Modroño C, Janssen N, González-Mora JL. Diffuse optical tomography to measure functional changes during motor tasks: a motor imagery study. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:6049-6067. [PMID: 33282474 PMCID: PMC7687968 DOI: 10.1364/boe.399907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The present work shows the spatial reliability of the diffuse optical tomography (DOT) system in a group of healthy subjects during a motor imagery task. Prior to imagery task performance, the subjects executed a motor task based on the finger to thumb opposition for motor training, and to corroborate the DOT spatial localization during the motor execution. DOT technology and data treatment allows us to distinguish oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin at the cerebral gyri level unlike the cerebral activations provided by fMRI series that were processed using different approaches. Here we show the DOT reliability showing functional activations at the cerebral gyri level during motor execution and motor imagery, which provide subtler cerebral activations than the motor execution. These results will allow the use of the DOT system as a monitoring device in a brain computer interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Hernandez-Martin
- Department of Basic Medical Science (Physiology), Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Section, Universidad de La Laguna 38071, Spain
| | - Francisco Marcano
- Department of Basic Medical Science (Physiology), Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Section, Universidad de La Laguna 38071, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
| | - Cristian Modroño
- Department of Basic Medical Science (Physiology), Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Section, Universidad de La Laguna 38071, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
| | - Niels Janssen
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
- Psychology Department, Universidad de La Laguna 38071, Spain
| | - Jose Luis González-Mora
- Department of Basic Medical Science (Physiology), Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Section, Universidad de La Laguna 38071, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
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31
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The Effects of Midline Cerebellar rTMS on Human Pharyngeal Cortical Activity in the Intact Swallowing Motor System. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 20:101-115. [PMID: 32979188 PMCID: PMC7862520 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We sought to compare the effects of 10 Hz cerebellar vermis (vs. unilateral hemispheric and sham) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on cortical neuroelectrical activity and thereafter 10 Hz cerebellar vermis (vs. sham) rTMS on swallowing behaviour. Healthy participants (n = 25) were randomly allocated to receive vermis, unilateral hemisphere or sham 10 Hz cerebellar rTMS. Recordings were made using pharyngeal electromyography and manometry catheters, obtaining motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and pressure recordings. The amplitudes of MEPs elicited using single-pulse TMS delivered to the pharyngeal areas of the motor cortex bilaterally were measured pre- and post-cerebellar stimulation. As in previous studies, abductor policis brevis (APB) MEPs were measured to assess post-rTMS modulation specificity. Swallowing was assessed using a swallowing accuracy task. Measurements were made at baseline and 15-min intervals for an hour post-intervention. Measurements involved TMS being used to elicit 10 MEPs bilaterally over the pharyngeal areas of the motor cortex, over the APB cortical representation adjacent to the pharyngeal area with the lowest resting motor threshold and 5 MEPs bilaterally over pharyngeal areas of the cerebellar hemispheres. Swallowing accuracy was assessed by giving participants 10 attempts to swallow and hit a digital target. Cerebellar vermis rTMS caused significant suppression of cortical pharyngeal MEP amplitudes compared with unilateral rTMS and sham (P = 0.0005, 0.002). APB and cerebellar MEP amplitudes were unaffected as were pharyngeal and APB MEP latencies. Following cerebellar vermis rTMS there was a significant reduction in swallowing accuracy compared with sham (P = 0.001). Our findings demonstrate cerebellar vermis rTMS exerts a suppressive effect on pharyngeal motor cortical activity and swallowing behaviour.
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32
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Kostorz K, Flanagin VL, Glasauer S. Synchronization between instructor and observer when learning a complex bimanual skill. Neuroimage 2020; 216:116659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Parma JO, Profeta VLDS, Andrade AGPD, Lage GM, Apolinário-Souza T. TDCS of the Primary Motor Cortex: Learning the Absolute Dimension of a Complex Motor Task. J Mot Behav 2020; 53:431-444. [PMID: 32654612 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2020.1792823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The primary motor cortex (M1) is one of the main cortical areas involved in motor learning. However, little is known about its differential role in the learning of the relative and absolute dimensions of motor skills. We investigated the role of M1 in the learning of the dimensions of a complex motor skill. Forty-eight participants practiced golf putting and were stimulated for 20 minutes with real or sham bihemispheric tDCS before acquisition. tDCS improved global performance from pre- to post-test. Only those with worse initial performance who were stimulated by tDCS showed a significant improvement in the skill's absolute dimension. No effects of tDCS were found for the relative dimension. Our results suggest that M1 has a distinct participation in the learning of the absolute dimension of complex motor skills, and tDCS effects are influenced by the learner's level of initial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Otoni Parma
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vitor Leandro da Silva Profeta
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - André Gustavo Pereira de Andrade
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Menezes Lage
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tércio Apolinário-Souza
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Rodríguez-Takeuchi S, Baena-Caldas G, Orejuela-Zapata J, Granados Sánchez A. Analysis of the pattern of functional activation of the cerebellum and its topographical correlation. RADIOLOGIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rodríguez-Takeuchi S, Baena-Caldas G, Orejuela-Zapata J, Granados Sánchez A. Análisis del patrón de activación funcional del cerebelo y su correlación topográfica. RADIOLOGIA 2020; 62:298-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rx.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Abdelgabar AR, Suttrup J, Broersen R, Bhandari R, Picard S, Keysers C, De Zeeuw CI, Gazzola V. Action perception recruits the cerebellum and is impaired in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia. Brain 2020; 142:3791-3805. [PMID: 31747689 PMCID: PMC7409410 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our cerebellum has been proposed to generate prediction signals that may help us plan and execute our motor programmes. However, to what extent our cerebellum is also actively involved in perceiving the action of others remains to be elucidated. Using functional MRI, we show here that observing goal-directed hand actions of others bilaterally recruits lobules VI, VIIb and VIIIa in the cerebellar hemispheres. Moreover, whereas healthy subjects (n = 31) were found to be able to discriminate subtle differences in the kinematics of observed limb movements of others, patients suffering from spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6; n = 21) were severely impaired in performing such tasks. Our data suggest that the human cerebellum is actively involved in perceiving the kinematics of the hand actions of others and that SCA6 patients’ deficits include a difficulty in perceiving the actions of other individuals. This finding alerts us to the fact that cerebellar disorders can alter social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel R Abdelgabar
- Social Brain Lab and Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, A Research Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Suttrup
- Social Brain Lab and Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, A Research Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Broersen
- Social Brain Lab and Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, A Research Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam. Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ritu Bhandari
- Social Brain Lab and Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, A Research Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Picard
- Social Brain Lab and Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, A Research Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Keysers
- Social Brain Lab and Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, A Research Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam. Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Social Brain Lab and Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, A Research Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valeria Gazzola
- Social Brain Lab and Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, A Research Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam. Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Whole-body somatotopic maps in the cerebellum revealed with 7T fMRI. Neuroimage 2020; 211:116624. [PMID: 32058002 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is known to contain a double somatotopic body representation. While the anterior lobe body map has shown a robust somatotopic organization in previous fMRI studies, the representations in the posterior lobe have been more difficult to observe and are less precisely characterized. In this study, participants went through a simple motor task asking them to move either the eyes (left-right guided saccades), tongue (left-right movement), thumbs, little fingers or toes (flexion). Using high spatial resolution fMRI data acquired at ultra-high field (7T), with special care taken to obtain sufficient B1 over the entire cerebellum and a cerebellar surface reconstruction facilitating visual inspection of the results, we were able to precisely map the somatotopic representations of these five distal body parts on both subject- and group-specific cerebellar surfaces. The anterior lobe (including lobule VI) showed a consistent and robust somatotopic gradient. Although less robust, the presence of such a gradient in the posterior lobe, from Crus II to lobule VIIIb, was also observed. Additionally, the eyes were also strongly represented in Crus I and the oculomotor vermis. Overall, crosstalk between the different body part representations was negligible. Taken together, these results show that multiple representations of distal body parts are present in the cerebellum, across many lobules, and they are organized in an orderly manner.
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38
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Rezaee Z, Dutta A. Lobule‐Specific Dosage Considerations for Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation During Healthy Aging: A Computational Modeling Study Using Age‐Specific Magnetic Resonance Imaging Templates. Neuromodulation 2020; 23:341-365. [DOI: 10.1111/ner.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Rezaee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
| | - Anirban Dutta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
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39
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Kilteni K, Ehrsson HH. Functional Connectivity between the Cerebellum and Somatosensory Areas Implements the Attenuation of Self-Generated Touch. J Neurosci 2020; 40:894-906. [PMID: 31811029 PMCID: PMC6975290 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1732-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1970s, numerous behavioral studies have shown that self-generated touch feels less intense and less ticklish than the same touch applied externally. Computational motor control theories have suggested that cerebellar internal models predict the somatosensory consequences of our movements and that these predictions attenuate the perception of the actual touch. Despite this influential theoretical framework, little is known about the neural basis of this predictive attenuation. This is due to the limited number of neuroimaging studies, the presence of conflicting results about the role and the location of cerebellar activity, and the lack of behavioral measures accompanying the neural findings. Here, we combined psychophysics with fMRI to detect the neural processes underlying somatosensory attenuation in male and female healthy human participants. Activity in bilateral secondary somatosensory areas was attenuated when the touch was presented during a self-generated movement (self-generated touch) than in the absence of movement (external touch). An additional attenuation effect was observed in the cerebellum that is ipsilateral to the passive limb receiving the touch. Importantly, we further found that the degree of functional connectivity between the ipsilateral cerebellum and the contralateral primary and bilateral secondary somatosensory areas was linearly and positively related to the degree of behaviorally assessed attenuation; that is, the more participants perceptually attenuated their self-generated touches, the stronger this corticocerebellar coupling. Collectively, these results suggest that the ipsilateral cerebellum is fundamental in predicting self-generated touch and that this structure implements somatosensory attenuation via its functional connectivity with somatosensory areas.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT When we touch our hand with the other, the resulting sensation feels less intense than when another person or a machine touches our hand with the same intensity. Early computational motor control theories have proposed that the cerebellum predicts and cancels the sensory consequences of our movements; however, the neural correlates of this cancelation remain unknown. By means of fMRI, we show that the more participants attenuate the perception of their self-generated touch, the stronger the functional connectivity between the cerebellum and the somatosensory cortical areas. This provides conclusive evidence about the role of the cerebellum in predicting the sensory feedback of our movements and in attenuating the associated percepts via its connections to early somatosensory areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H Henrik Ehrsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
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40
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41
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Papitto G, Friederici AD, Zaccarella E. The topographical organization of motor processing: An ALE meta-analysis on six action domains and the relevance of Broca's region. Neuroimage 2019; 206:116321. [PMID: 31678500 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Action is a cover term used to refer to a large set of motor processes differing in domain specificities (e.g. execution or observation). Here we review neuroimaging evidence on action processing (N = 416; Subjects = 5912) using quantitative Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) and Meta-Analytic Connectivity Modeling (MACM) approaches to delineate the functional specificities of six domains: (1) Action Execution, (2) Action Imitation, (3) Motor Imagery, (4) Action Observation, (5) Motor Learning, (6) Motor Preparation. Our results show distinct functional patterns for the different domains with convergence in posterior BA44 (pBA44) for execution, imitation and imagery processing. The functional connectivity network seeding in the motor-based localized cluster of pBA44 differs from the connectivity network seeding in the (language-related) anterior BA44. The two networks implement distinct cognitive functions. We propose that the motor-related network encompassing pBA44 is recruited when processing movements requiring a mental representation of the action itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Papitto
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; International Max Planck Research School on Neuroscience of Communication: Function, Structure, and Plasticity, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emiliano Zaccarella
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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42
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Learning to play badminton altered resting-state activity and functional connectivity of the cerebellar sub-regions in adults. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223234. [PMID: 31574108 PMCID: PMC6771995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that sport experts are different from novices in functions and structures of the cerebellar sub-regions and the functional connectivity (FC) associated with the cerebellum, suggesting the role of the cerebellum on motor skill learning (MSL). However, the manipulation of individuals with different motor skills fails to exclude the effects of innate talents. In addition, individuals with higher motor skills often start with the MSL in their young ages. It is still unclear whether the effects regarding the cerebellum would be shown at one's adult age. The present study was to directly alter individuals' motor skills to investigate whether MSL (taking learning to play badminton as an example) in adulthood influences resting-state activity in the cerebellum. To this end, young adults without ball training experience were recruited as participants and were assigned randomly into the experimental group and the control group. Participants in the experimental group were asked to attend a badminton training course for 12 weeks, while the control group did not regularly attend any ball sports during this period. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was recorded before and after the training. Results showed that compared to the control group, the experimental group had smaller amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in right cerebellar hemispheric VI and left VIII after training. For the experimental group, right hemispheric VIII had a stronger FC with left hemispheric IV-V, cerebellar vermal IX, left middle cingulate gyrus and right hippocampus after training. Taken together, these findings suggested that MSL, at least learning to play badminton in adulthood, reduces resting-state activity in different sub-regions in the cerebellum but increases FC between sub-regions of the cerebellum as well as between sub-regions of the cerebellum and cerebral cortices (e.g., middle cingulate cortex and hippocampus).
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43
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Ernst TM, Brol AE, Gratz M, Ritter C, Bingel U, Schlamann M, Maderwald S, Quick HH, Merz CJ, Timmann D. The cerebellum is involved in processing of predictions and prediction errors in a fear conditioning paradigm. eLife 2019; 8:46831. [PMID: 31464686 PMCID: PMC6715348 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prediction errors are thought to drive associative fear learning. Surprisingly little is known about the possible contribution of the cerebellum. To address this question, healthy participants underwent a differential fear conditioning paradigm during 7T magnetic resonance imaging. An event-related design allowed us to separate cerebellar fMRI signals related to the visual conditioned stimulus (CS) from signals related to the subsequent unconditioned stimulus (US; an aversive electric shock). We found significant activation of cerebellar lobules Crus I and VI bilaterally related to the CS+ compared to the CS-. Most importantly, significant activation of lobules Crus I and VI was also present during the unexpected omission of the US in unreinforced CS+ acquisition trials. This activation disappeared during extinction when US omission became expected. These findings provide evidence that the cerebellum has to be added to the neural network processing predictions and prediction errors in the emotional domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Michael Ernst
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany.,Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Marcel Gratz
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,High-Field and Hybrid MR Imaging, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Ritter
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bingel
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Schlamann
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany.,Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Maderwald
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Harald H Quick
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,High-Field and Hybrid MR Imaging, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Josef Merz
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany.,Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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44
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Ashida R, Cerminara NL, Edwards RJ, Apps R, Brooks JCW. Sensorimotor, language, and working memory representation within the human cerebellum. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:4732-4747. [PMID: 31361075 PMCID: PMC6865458 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in a wide range of behaviours. A key organisational principle from animal studies is that somatotopically corresponding sensory input and motor output reside in the same cerebellar cortical areas. However, compelling evidence for a similar arrangement in humans and whether it extends to cognitive functions is lacking. To address this, we applied cerebellar optimised whole‐brain functional MRI in 20 healthy subjects. To assess spatial overlap within the sensorimotor and cognitive domains, we recorded activity to a sensory stimulus (vibrotactile) and a motor task; the Sternberg verbal working memory (VWM) task; and a verb generation paradigm. Consistent with animal data, sensory and motor activity overlapped with a somatotopic arrangement in ipsilateral areas of the anterior and posterior cerebellum. During the maintenance phase of the Sternberg task, a positive linear relationship between VWM load and activity was observed in right Lobule VI, extending into Crus I bilaterally. Articulatory movement gave rise to bilateral activity in medial Lobule VI. A conjunction of two independent language tasks localised activity during verb generation in right Lobule VI‐Crus I, which overlapped with activity during VWM. These results demonstrate spatial compartmentalisation of sensorimotor and cognitive function in the human cerebellum, with each area involved in more than one aspect of a given behaviour, consistent with an integrative function. Sensorimotor localisation was uniform across individuals, but the representation of cognitive tasks was more variable, highlighting the importance of individual scans for mapping higher order functions within the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Ashida
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Neurosurgery Department, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol Trust, Bristol, UK.,Neurosurgery Department, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Nadia L Cerminara
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard J Edwards
- Neurosurgery Department, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK.,Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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45
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Argyropoulos GPD, Watkins KE, Belton-Pagnamenta E, Liégeois F, Saleem KS, Mishkin M, Vargha-Khadem F. Neocerebellar Crus I Abnormalities Associated with a Speech and Language Disorder Due to a Mutation in FOXP2. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 18:309-319. [PMID: 30460543 PMCID: PMC6517346 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bilateral volume reduction in the caudate nucleus has been established as a prominent brain abnormality associated with a FOXP2 mutation in affected members of the 'KE family', who present with developmental orofacial and verbal dyspraxia in conjunction with pervasive language deficits. Despite the gene's early and prominent expression in the cerebellum and the evidence for reciprocal cerebellum-basal ganglia connectivity, very little is known about cerebellar abnormalities in affected KE members. Using cerebellum-specific voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and volumetry, we provide converging evidence from subsets of affected KE members scanned at three time points for grey matter (GM) volume reduction bilaterally in neocerebellar lobule VIIa Crus I compared with unaffected members and unrelated controls. We also show that right Crus I volume correlates with left and total caudate nucleus volumes in affected KE members, and that right and total Crus I volumes predict the performance of affected members in non-word repetition and non-verbal orofacial praxis. Crus I also shows bilateral hypo-activation in functional MRI in the affected KE members relative to controls during non-word repetition. The association of Crus I with key aspects of the behavioural phenotype of this FOXP2 point mutation is consistent with recent evidence of cerebellar involvement in complex motor sequencing. For the first time, specific cerebello-basal ganglia loops are implicated in the execution of complex oromotor sequences needed for human speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P D Argyropoulos
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychiatry Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K E Watkins
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Belton-Pagnamenta
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychiatry Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - F Liégeois
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychiatry Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - K S Saleem
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Mishkin
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - F Vargha-Khadem
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychiatry Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Hu Y, Liu X, Chen X, Chen T, Ye P, Jiang L, Fu Y, Xie X, Shan X, Yan Z. Differences in the functional connectivity density of the brain between individuals with growth hormone deficiency and idiopathic short stature. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 103:67-75. [PMID: 30658340 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.12.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate the differences in the topological organization of functional brain networks between children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and those with idiopathic short stature (ISS). METHODS Thirty-one children with GHD and fifty-three children with ISS were recruited based on the results of GH stimulation tests. Resting-state fMRI data were acquired from all children. Whole brain functional connectivity density (FCD) analysis and subsequent seed-based functional connectivity analysis were used to explore the differences in functional brain networks between the children with ISS and GHD. Correlation analyses among the results of clinical laboratory examinations, neuropsychological scales and FCD values of different brain regions were applied. RESULTS Compared with the ISS group, the GHD group exhibited significantly decreased FCDs in the left postcentral gyrus, right precentral gyrus and left cerebellar lobules 7b and 6. The subsequent functional connectivity analysis found decreased functional connectivity between lobules 7b and 6 of the left cerebellum as well as the left postcentral gyrus and right precentral gyrus in the GHD group compared to that in the ISS group. In addition, the FCD values of region 6 of the left cerebellum in the GHD group were negatively correlated with the scores on the Symptom Checklist-90 and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. The FCD value of the left postcentral gyrus in children with ISS positively correlated with IGFBP-3 levels and was approximately correlated with IGF-1 levels. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the impact of growth hormone deficiency on the brain network that mainly involves the somatosensory, somatic motor and cerebellum networks, which may contribute to the behavioural problems observed in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Hu
- China-USA Neuroimaging Research Institute, Radiology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Radiology, Zhejiang University Lishui Hospital, 323000, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaozheng Liu
- China-USA Neuroimaging Research Institute, Radiology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- China-USA Neuroimaging Research Institute, Radiology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Chen
- China-USA Neuroimaging Research Institute, Radiology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - PeiPei Ye
- China-USA Neuroimaging Research Institute, Radiology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lezhen Jiang
- China-USA Neuroimaging Research Institute, Radiology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuchuan Fu
- China-USA Neuroimaging Research Institute, Radiology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoling Xie
- China-USA Neuroimaging Research Institute, Radiology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoou Shan
- Children's Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhihan Yan
- China-USA Neuroimaging Research Institute, Radiology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Abstract
It is a clinical experience that acute lesions of the cerebellum induce pathological tremor, which tends to improve. However, quantitative characteristics, imaging correlates, and recovery of cerebellar tremor have not been systematically investigated. We studied the prevalence, quantitative parameters measured with biaxial accelerometry, and recovery of pathological tremor in 68 patients with lesions affecting the cerebellum. We also investigated the correlation between the occurrence and characteristics of tremor and lesion localization using 3D T1-weighted MRI images which were normalized and segmented according to a spatially unbiased atlas template for the cerebellum. Visual assessment detected pathological tremor in 19% while accelerometry in 47% of the patients. Tremor was present both in postural and intentional positions, but never at rest. Two types of pathological tremor were distinguished: (1) low-frequency tremor in 36.76% of patients (center frequency 2.66 ± 1.17 Hz) and (2) normal frequency-high-intensity tremor in 10.29% (center frequency 8.79 ± 1.43 Hz). The size of the lesion did not correlate with the presence or severity of tremor. Involvement of the anterior lobe and lobule VI was related to high tremor intensity. In all followed up patients with acute cerebellar ischemia, the tremor completely recovered within 8 weeks. Our results indicate that cerebellar lesions might induce pathological postural and intentional tremor of 2-3 Hz frequency. Due to its low frequency and low amplitude, quantitative tremorometry is neccessary to properly identify it. There is no tight correlation between lesion localization and quantitative characteristics of cerebellar tremor.
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48
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Hardwick RM, Caspers S, Eickhoff SB, Swinnen SP. Neural correlates of action: Comparing meta-analyses of imagery, observation, and execution. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 94:31-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Choe KY, Sanchez CF, Harris NG, Otis TS, Mathews PJ. Optogenetic fMRI and electrophysiological identification of region-specific connectivity between the cerebellar cortex and forebrain. Neuroimage 2018; 173:370-383. [PMID: 29496611 PMCID: PMC5911204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex animal behavior is produced by dynamic interactions between discrete regions of the brain. As such, defining functional connections between brain regions is critical in gaining a full understanding of how the brain generates behavior. Evidence suggests that discrete regions of the cerebellar cortex functionally project to the forebrain, mediating long-range communication potentially important in motor and non-motor behaviors. However, the connectivity map remains largely incomplete owing to the challenge of driving both reliable and selective output from the cerebellar cortex, as well as the need for methods to detect region specific activation across the entire forebrain. Here we utilize a paired optogenetic and fMRI (ofMRI) approach to elucidate the downstream forebrain regions modulated by activating a region of the cerebellum that induces stereotypical, ipsilateral forelimb movements. We demonstrate with ofMRI, that activating this forelimb motor region of the cerebellar cortex results in functional activation of a variety of forebrain and midbrain areas of the brain, including the hippocampus and primary motor, retrosplenial and anterior cingulate cortices. We further validate these findings using optogenetic stimulation paired with multi-electrode array recordings and post-hoc staining for molecular markers of activated neurons (i.e. c-Fos). Together, these findings demonstrate that a single discrete region of the cerebellar cortex is capable of influencing motor output and the activity of a number of downstream forebrain as well as midbrain regions thought to be involved in different aspects of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Y Choe
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carlos F Sanchez
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502 USA
| | - Neil G Harris
- The UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thomas S Otis
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paul J Mathews
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502 USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Gray-matter structural variability in the human cerebellum: Lobule-specific differences across sex and hemisphere. Neuroimage 2018; 170:164-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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