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Ghezzi MD, Napolitano F, Casas-Alvarado A, Hernández-Ávalos I, Domínguez-Oliva A, Olmos-Hernández A, Pereira AMF. Utilization of Infrared Thermography in Assessing Thermal Responses of Farm Animals under Heat Stress. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:616. [PMID: 38396584 PMCID: PMC10886350 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat stress is a condition that can affect the health, performance, and welfare of farm animals. The perception of thermal stress leads to the activation of the autonomic nervous system to start a series of physiological and behavioral mechanisms to restore thermostability. One of these mechanisms is vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels to increase heat loss through the skin. Due to this aspect, infrared thermography has been suggested as a method to assess the thermal state of animals and predict rectal temperature values noninvasively. However, it is important to consider that predicting rectal temperature is challenging, and its association with IRT is not always a direct linear relationship. The present review aims to analyze the neurobiological response associated with heat stress and how thermal imaging in different thermal windows can be used to recognize heat stress in farmed ungulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Daniel Ghezzi
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), CONICET-CICPBA, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - Fabio Napolitano
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Alfredo M. F. Pereira
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
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2
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Takamata A, Oka A, Nagata M, Kosugi N, Eguchi S, Sakagawa N, Takahashi A, Nishimoto Y, Nishimaki M, Morimoto K, Takihara T. Effect of fluid replacement with green tea on body fluid balance and renal responses under mild thermal hypohydration: a randomized crossover study. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:3339-3347. [PMID: 37594507 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maintaining an appropriate hydration level by ingesting fluid in a hot environment is a measure to prevent heat-related illness. Caffeine-containing beverages, including green tea (GT), have been avoided as inappropriate rehydration beverages to prevent heat-related illness because caffeine has been assumed to exert diuretic/natriuretic action. However, the influence of caffeine intake on urine output in dehydrated individuals is not well documented. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of fluid replacement with GT on body fluid balance and renal water and electrolyte handling in mildly dehydrated individuals. METHODS Subjects were dehydrated by performing three bouts of stepping exercise for 20 min separated by 10 min of rest. They were asked to ingest an amount of water (H2O), GT, or caffeinated H2O (20 mg/100 ml; Caf-H2O) that was equal to the volume of fluid loss during the dehydration protocol; fluid balance was measured for 2 h after fluid ingestion. RESULTS The dehydration protocol induced hypohydration by ~ 10 g/kg body weight (~ 1% of body weight). Fluid balance 2 h after fluid ingestion was significantly less negative in all trials, and the fluid retention ratio was 52.2 ± 4.2% with H2O, 51.0 ± 5.0% with GT, and 47.9 ± 6.2% with Caf-H2O; those values did not differ among the trials. After rehydration, urine output, urine osmolality, and urinary excretions of osmotically active substances, sodium, potassium and chloride were not different among the trials. CONCLUSION The data indicate that ingestion of GT or an equivalent caffeine amount does not worsen the hydration level 2 h after ingestion and can be effective in reducing the negative fluid balance for acute recovery from mild hypohydration. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN53057185; retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Takamata
- Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan.
| | - Ayano Oka
- Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Mayuna Nagata
- Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Natsumi Kosugi
- Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Sayaka Eguchi
- Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Nanako Sakagawa
- Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Aoi Takahashi
- Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishimoto
- Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Mio Nishimaki
- Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Keiko Morimoto
- Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Kyoto Koka Women's University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takanobu Takihara
- Central Research Institute, ITO EN, Ltd., Makinohara, Shizuoka, Japan
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3
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Notley SR, Mitchell D, Taylor NAS. A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 1: Foundational principles and theories of regulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2379-2459. [PMID: 37702789 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
This contribution is the first of a four-part, historical series encompassing foundational principles, mechanistic hypotheses and supported facts concerning human thermoregulation during athletic and occupational pursuits, as understood 100 years ago and now. Herein, the emphasis is upon the physical and physiological principles underlying thermoregulation, the goal of which is thermal homeostasis (homeothermy). As one of many homeostatic processes affected by exercise, thermoregulation shares, and competes for, physiological resources. The impact of that sharing is revealed through the physiological measurements that we take (Part 2), in the physiological responses to the thermal stresses to which we are exposed (Part 3) and in the adaptations that increase our tolerance to those stresses (Part 4). Exercising muscles impose our most-powerful heat stress, and the physiological avenues for redistributing heat, and for balancing heat exchange with the environment, must adhere to the laws of physics. The first principles of internal and external heat exchange were established before 1900, yet their full significance is not always recognised. Those physiological processes are governed by a thermoregulatory centre, which employs feedback and feedforward control, and which functions as far more than a thermostat with a set-point, as once was thought. The hypothalamus, today established firmly as the neural seat of thermoregulation, does not regulate deep-body temperature alone, but an integrated temperature to which thermoreceptors from all over the body contribute, including the skin and probably the muscles. No work factor needs to be invoked to explain how body temperature is stabilised during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Notley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nigel A S Taylor
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Bienboire-Frosini C, Wang D, Marcet-Rius M, Villanueva-García D, Gazzano A, Domínguez-Oliva A, Olmos-Hernández A, Hernández-Ávalos I, Lezama-García K, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Gómez-Prado J, Mota-Rojas D. The Role of Brown Adipose Tissue and Energy Metabolism in Mammalian Thermoregulation during the Perinatal Period. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2173. [PMID: 37443971 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia is one of the most common causes of mortality in neonates, and it could be developed after birth because the uterus temperature is more elevated than the extrauterine temperature. Neonates use diverse mechanisms to thermoregulate, such as shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis. These strategies can be more efficient in some species, but not in others, i.e., altricials, which have the greatest difficulty with achieving thermoneutrality. In addition, there are anatomical and neurological differences in mammals, which may present different distributions and amounts of brown fat. This article aims to discuss the neuromodulation mechanisms of thermoregulation and the importance of brown fat in the thermogenesis of newborn mammals, emphasizing the analysis of the biochemical, physiological, and genetic factors that determine the distribution, amount, and efficiency of this energy resource in newborns of different species. It has been concluded that is vital to understand and minimize hypothermia causes in newborns, which is one of the main causes of mortality in neonates. This would be beneficial for both animals and producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bienboire-Frosini
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemical Communication, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), 84400 Apt, France
| | - Dehua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Míriam Marcet-Rius
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare Department, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), 84400 Apt, France
| | - Dina Villanueva-García
- Division of Neonatology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Angelo Gazzano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology-Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico
| | - Karina Lezama-García
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- Division of Biotechnology-Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Jocelyn Gómez-Prado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
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5
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Nervo B, Roggero A, Isaia M, Chamberlain D, Rolando A, Palestrini C. Integrating thermal tolerance, water balance and morphology: An experimental study on dung beetles. J Therm Biol 2021; 101:103093. [PMID: 34879911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The impacts of extreme and rising mean temperatures due to climate change can pose significant physiological challenges for insects. An integrated approach that focuses on mechanisms of body temperature regulation, water balance and morphology may help to unravel the functional traits underpinning thermoregulation strategies and the most relevant trade-offs between temperature and water balance regulation. Here, we focused on four species of tunneler dung beetles as important providers of ecosystem services. In this experimental research, we first quantified two traits related to desiccation resistance and tolerance via experimental tests, and subsequently defined two levels of resistance and tolerance (i.e. low and high) according to significant differences among species. Second, we identified morphological traits correlated with water balance strategies, and we found that desiccation resistance and tolerance increased with small relative size of spiracles and wings. High levels of desiccation tolerance were also correlated with small body mass. Third, by integrating thermal tolerance with functional traits based on desiccation resistance and desiccation tolerance, we found that the species with the highest survival rates under elevated temperatures (Euoniticellus fulvus) was characterized by low desiccation resistance and high desiccation tolerance. Our results suggest shared physiological and morphological responses to temperature and desiccation, with potential conflicts between the need to regulate heat and water balance. They also highlighted the sensitivity of a large species such as Geotrupes stercorarius to warm and arid conditions with potential implications for its geographic distribution and the provisioning of ecosystem services under a climate change scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Nervo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy.
| | - Angela Roggero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Isaia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Dan Chamberlain
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Rolando
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudia Palestrini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
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6
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Aghamohammadi N, Fong CS, Idrus MHM, Ramakreshnan L, Sulaiman NM. Environmental heat-related health symptoms among community in a tropical city. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146611. [PMID: 33838362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the changing climate, more frequent and prolonged heatwaves are expected to have a catastrophic consequence on urban human settlement. In tropical cities such as Kuala Lumpur (KL), the quality of the urban environment is made worse by urban heat island (UHI) phenomena due to poor urban planning practices. The prolonged exposure to urban heat is hypothesized to influence human health and well-being, especially in tropical urban areas with high population density. Therefore, a study was conducted to understand the association of urban heat stress with physical, psychosomatic and psychological (PPP) health symptoms within a tropical urban setting. Continuous urban microclimate monitoring is conducted using an automated weather station to define the level of heat stress in the study area expressed as Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET). A cross-sectional approach is used to identify heat-related health symptoms experienced by the urban population. Through exploratory factor analysis, a total of 38 PPP health symptoms are reduced into 8 heat-related health clusters which are sensory organ pain, heat-related illnesses, cardiopulmonary, pain, fatigue, anxiety, somatization, and depression-related symptoms. Heat stress was found to significantly affect psychosomatic pain (p = 0.016) as well as psychological anxiety (p = 0.022) and somatization (p = 0.041) related symptoms. Other health clusters were not significantly associated with heat stress. More studies are needed to unravel the influence of confounding factors and the long-term impact of urban heat on the health and well-being of the urban population in a tropical city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Aghamohammadi
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-based Practice, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Chng Saun Fong
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muniratul Husna Mohd Idrus
- Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-based Practice, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Logaraj Ramakreshnan
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nik Meriam Sulaiman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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7
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Colella JP, Tigano A, Dudchenko O, Omer AD, Khan R, Bochkov ID, Aiden EL, MacManes MD. Limited Evidence for Parallel Evolution Among Desert-Adapted Peromyscus Deer Mice. J Hered 2021; 112:286-302. [PMID: 33686424 PMCID: PMC8141686 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Warming climate and increasing desertification urge the identification of genes involved in heat and dehydration tolerance to better inform and target biodiversity conservation efforts. Comparisons among extant desert-adapted species can highlight parallel or convergent patterns of genome evolution through the identification of shared signatures of selection. We generate a chromosome-level genome assembly for the canyon mouse (Peromyscus crinitus) and test for a signature of parallel evolution by comparing signatures of selective sweeps across population-level genomic resequencing data from another congeneric desert specialist (Peromyscus eremicus) and a widely distributed habitat generalist (Peromyscus maniculatus), that may be locally adapted to arid conditions. We identify few shared candidate loci involved in desert adaptation and do not find support for a shared pattern of parallel evolution. Instead, we hypothesize divergent molecular mechanisms of desert adaptation among deer mice, potentially tied to species-specific historical demography, which may limit or enhance adaptation. We identify a number of candidate loci experiencing selective sweeps in the P. crinitus genome that are implicated in osmoregulation (Trypsin, Prostasin) and metabolic tuning (Kallikrein, eIF2-alpha kinase GCN2, APPL1/2), which may be important for accommodating hot and dry environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn P Colella
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH.,Hubbard Genome Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH.,Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Anna Tigano
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH.,Hubbard Genome Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH
| | - Olga Dudchenko
- Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Center for Theoretical and Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX.,Department of Computer Science, Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Arina D Omer
- Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Ruqayya Khan
- Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Computer Science, Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Ivan D Bochkov
- Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Computer Science, Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Erez L Aiden
- Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Center for Theoretical and Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX.,Department of Computer Science, Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Rice University, Houston, TX.,Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Matthew D MacManes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH.,Hubbard Genome Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH
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8
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Fuller A, Mitchell D, Maloney SK, Hetem RS, Fonsêca VFC, Meyer LCR, van de Ven TMFN, Snelling EP. How dryland mammals will respond to climate change: the effects of body size, heat load and a lack of food and water. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:224/Suppl_1/jeb238113. [PMID: 33627465 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mammals in drylands are facing not only increasing heat loads but also reduced water and food availability as a result of climate change. Insufficient water results in suppression of evaporative cooling and therefore increases in body core temperature on hot days, while lack of food reduces the capacity to maintain body core temperature on cold nights. Both food and water shortage will narrow the prescriptive zone, the ambient temperature range over which body core temperature is held relatively constant, which will lead to increased risk of physiological malfunction and death. Behavioural modifications, such as shifting activity between night and day or seeking thermally buffered microclimates, may allow individuals to remain within the prescriptive zone, but can incur costs, such as reduced foraging or increased competition or predation, with consequences for fitness. Body size will play a major role in predicting response patterns, but identifying all the factors that will contribute to how well dryland mammals facing water and food shortage will cope with increasing heat loads requires a better understanding of the sensitivities and responses of mammals exposed to the direct and indirect effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa .,Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.,Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa.,School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Shane K Maloney
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa.,School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Robyn S Hetem
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa.,School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Vinicius F C Fonsêca
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa.,Innovation Group of Biometeorology and Animal Welfare (INOBIO-MANERA), Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, 58397000, Brazil
| | - Leith C R Meyer
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa.,Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.,Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Tanja M F N van de Ven
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - Edward P Snelling
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa.,Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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9
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Song Y, Li R. Effects of Environment and Lifestyle Factors on Anovulatory Disorder. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1300:113-136. [PMID: 33523431 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-4187-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Anovulatory disorder comprises around 30% of female infertility. The origin of ovulatory failure is rooted in pituitary FSH secretion. Any factor or process that disrupts the finely tuned interactions of hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis can potentially lead to anovulation. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified anovulatory disorders into three categories: hypothalamic-pituitary failure, hypothalamic-pituitary dysregulation, and ovarian failure. Due to industrial development, environmental pollution, and global warming, the human living environment has undergone tremendous changes. Industrial waste, noise, pesticides, fertilizers, and vehicular emission are visible pollutants responsible for environmental contamination and ill effects on health of all living systems. A considerable body of research suggests that chemical exposures in the environment or workplace may be associated with endocrine disruption of the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, or elimination of natural hormones. For instance, some advanced biological mechanisms suggest that heavy metals may affect progesterone production, which possibly disturbs endocrine function in pregnant women. On the other hand, our lifestyle factors have also changed accordingly, which greatly influence overall health and well-being, including fertility. Many lifestyle factors such as nutrition, weight, exercise, and psychological stress can have substantial effects on female ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
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10
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Rozen-Rechels D, Valls-Fox H, Mabika CT, Chamaillé-Jammes S. Temperature as a constraint on the timing and duration of African elephant foraging trips. J Mammal 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaa129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In arid and semiarid environments, water is a key resource that is limited in availability. During the dry season, perennial water sources such as water pans often are far apart and shape the daily movement routines of large herbivores. In hot environments, endotherms face a lethal risk of overheating that can be buffered by evaporative cooling. Behavioral adjustments are an alternative way to reduce thermal constraints on the organism. The trade-off between foraging and reaching water pans has been studied widely in arid environments; however, few studies have looked into how ambient temperature shapes individual trips between two visits to water. In this study, we tracked during the dry season the movement of eight GPS-collared African elephants (Loxodonta africana) cows from different herds in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. This species, the largest extant terrestrial animal, is particularly sensitive to heat due to its body size and the absence of sweat glands. We show that most foraging trips depart from water at nightfall, lowering the average temperature experienced during walking. This pattern is conserved across isolated elephant populations in African savannas. We also observed that higher temperatures at the beginning of the trip lead to shorter trips. We conclude that elephants adjust the timing of foraging trips to reduce the thermal constraints, arguing that further considerations of the thermal landscape of endotherms are important to understand their ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rozen-Rechels
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d’écologie et des sciences de l’environnement (IEES), Paris, France
| | - Hugo Valls-Fox
- SELMET, Univ de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier Sup. Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Cheryl Tinashe Mabika
- Scientific Services, Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe
| | - Simon Chamaillé-Jammes
- CEFE, Univ de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Unive Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
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Meade RD, Notley SR, Rutherford MM, Boulay P, Kenny GP. Ageing attenuates the effect of extracellular hyperosmolality on whole-body heat exchange during exercise-heat stress. J Physiol 2020; 598:5133-5148. [PMID: 32996159 DOI: 10.1113/jp280132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS In humans, hypohydration attenuates sweat secretion and attenuates whole-body heat loss, probably to mitigate further fluid losses and thereby support blood pressure regulation. Recently, however, we demonstrated that the hypohydration-mediated reduction in net whole-body heat exchange (evaporative heat loss - dry heat gain) was blunted in middle-aged compared to younger men during moderate exercise in dry heat; albeit, the underpinning mechanisms could not be determined. Here we evaluated the hypothesis that those findings stemmed from a diminished influence of extracellular hyperosmolality on net whole-body heat exchange in middle-aged-to-older compared to young men. Consistent with that hypothesis, extracellular hyperosmolality induced by an intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline (3% NaCl) reduced net heat exchange and augmented rectal temperature to a greater extent in the young compared to middle-aged-to-older men. Thus, age-related differences in the influence of hypohydration on thermoregulatory function appear to be due to blunted sensitivity to hyperosmolality with ageing. ABSTRACT We recently demonstrated that sweating-induced hypohydration attenuated whole-body heat dissipation to a greater extent in young compared to middle-aged men during exercise-heat stress. Here, we evaluated whether this divergent response stemmed from an attenuated influence of extracellular hyperosmolality on heat exchange with ageing. To achieve this, ten young (mean (SD): 25 (5) years) and ten middle-aged-to-older (61 (5) years) men completed two trials involving a 90-min intravenous infusion of isosmotic saline (0.9% NaCl; ISO) or hyperosmotic saline (3.0% NaCl; HYP) followed by 60 min of cycling at a fixed metabolic heat production of 250 W/m2 (∼50% peak aerobic power) in dry heat (40°C, ∼17% relative humidity). Whole-body net heat exchange (evaporative heat loss - dry heat gain) was measured via direct calorimetry. Rectal temperature was monitored continuously. Heat exchange was attenuated in HYP compared to ISO in the young (233 (20) vs. 251 (17) W/m2 ; P = 0.002) but not older group (229 (16) vs. 227 (20) W/m2 ; P = 0.621). Further, heat exchange was lower in the middle-aged-to-older vs. young men in ISO (P = 0.034) but not in HYP (P = 0.623). Similarly, end-exercise rectal temperature was greater in HYP relative to ISO in the young (38.3 (0.4)°C vs. 37.9 (0.3)°C; P = 0.015) but not the middle-aged-to-older men (38.3 (0.3)°C vs. 38.2 (0.2)°C; P = 0.652). Compared to the young, rectal temperature was greater in the middle-aged-to-older during ISO (P = 0.035) whereas no between-group difference was observed in HYP (P = 0.746). Our findings indicate that ageing blunts the effect of extracellular hyperosmolality on thermoregulatory function during exercise-heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Meade
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean R Notley
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maura M Rutherford
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre Boulay
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Vidal MA, Barría-Oyarzo I, Contreras C, Bacigalupe LD. Geography, Temperature, and Water: Interaction Effects in a Small Native Amphibian. Physiol Biochem Zool 2020; 93:369-375. [PMID: 32762608 DOI: 10.1086/710537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian locomotor capacity is strongly linked to temperature and hydration. However, organisms in nature experience covariation of multiple environmental factors, and thus to better understand the effects of thermal and hydric conditions on physiological performance, it is critical not only to experimentally disentangle them but also to incorporate potential interactive effects due to geographic variation. To this end, we selected two populations of the small amphibian Pleurodema thaul inhabiting highly contrasting temperatures and precipitation regimens. With these two populations, we evaluated the thermal and hydric sensitivities of locomotor performance. For both factors, performance increased with temperature as well as with hydration level, although performance reached a plateau between 25° and 30°C. In addition, the influence of dehydration on performance was independent of the temperature at which it was tested. Our results also showed that the population from the warmer environment has lower sensitivity of locomotor performance to dehydration, probably as a consequence of thermal adaptation, although further studies might be required to fully understand this.
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13
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Afternoon urine osmolality is equivalent to 24 h for hydration assessment in healthy children. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 74:884-890. [PMID: 31624367 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0519-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES While daily hydration is best assessed in 24-h urine sample, spot sample is often used by health care professionals and researchers due to its practicality. However, urine output is subject to circadian variation, with urine being more concentrated in the morning. It has been demonstrated that afternoon spot urine samples are most likely to provide equivalent urine concentration to 24-h urine samples in adults. The aim of the present study was to examine whether urine osmolality (UOsm) assessed from a spot urine sample in specific time-windows was equivalent to 24-h UOsm in free-living healthy children. SUBJECTS/METHODS Among 541 healthy children (age: 3-13 years, female: 45%, 77% non-Hispanic white, BMI:17.7 ± 4.0 kg m-2), UOsm at specific time-windows [morning (0600-1159), early afternoon (1200-1559), late afternoon (1600-1959), evening (2000-2359), overnight (2400-0559), and first morning] was compared with UOsm from the corresponding pooled 24-h urine sample using an equivalence test. RESULTS Late afternoon (1600-1959) spot urine sample UOsm value was equivalent to the 24-h UOsm value in children (P < 0.05; mean difference: 62 mmol kg-1; 95% CI: 45-78 mmol kg-1). The overall diagnostic ability of urine osmolality assessed at late afternoon (1600-1959) to diagnose elevated urine osmolality on the 24-h sample was good for both cutoffs of 800 mmol kg-1 [area under the curve (AUC): 87.4%; sensitivity: 72.6%; specificity: 90.5%; threshold: 814 mmol kg-1] and 500 mmol kg-1 (AUC: 83.5%; sensitivity: 75.0%; specificity: 80.0%; threshold: 633 mmol kg-1). CONCLUSION These data suggest that in free-living healthy children, 24-h urine concentration may be approximated from a late afternoon spot urine sample. This data will have practical implication for health care professionals and researchers.
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Rozen‐Rechels D, Dupoué A, Lourdais O, Chamaillé‐Jammes S, Meylan S, Clobert J, Le Galliard J. When water interacts with temperature: Ecological and evolutionary implications of thermo-hydroregulation in terrestrial ectotherms. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10029-10043. [PMID: 31534711 PMCID: PMC6745666 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of body temperature (thermoregulation) and of water balance (defined here as hydroregulation) are key processes underlying ecological and evolutionary responses to climate fluctuations in wild animal populations. In terrestrial (or semiterrestrial) ectotherms, thermoregulation and hydroregulation closely interact and combined temperature and water constraints should directly influence individual performances. Although comparative physiologists traditionally investigate jointly water and temperature regulation, the ecological and evolutionary implications of these coupled processes have so far mostly been studied independently. Here, we revisit the concept of thermo-hydroregulation to address the functional integration of body temperature and water balance regulation in terrestrial ectotherms. We demonstrate how thermo-hydroregulation provides a framework to investigate functional adaptations to joint environmental variation in temperature and water availability, and potential physiological and/or behavioral conflicts between thermoregulation and hydroregulation. We extend the classical cost-benefit model of thermoregulation in ectotherms to highlight the adaptive evolution of optimal thermo-hydroregulation strategies. Critical gaps in the parameterization of this conceptual optimality model and guidelines for future empirical research are discussed. We show that studies of thermo-hydroregulation refine our mechanistic understanding of physiological and behavioral plasticity, and of the fundamental niche of the species. This is illustrated with relevant and recent examples of space use and dispersal, resource-based trade-offs, and life-history tactics in insects, amphibians, and nonavian reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rozen‐Rechels
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, CNRS, IRD INRAInstitut d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, IEESParisFrance
| | - Andréaz Dupoué
- UMR 5321 CNRS-Université Toulouse III Paul SabatierStation d'Écologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleMoulisFrance
| | - Olivier Lourdais
- UMR 7372 CNRS-ULRCentre d'Études Biologiques de ChizéVilliers en BoisFrance
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | - Simon Chamaillé‐Jammes
- CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et ÉvolutiveMontpellierFrance
| | - Sandrine Meylan
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, CNRS, IRD INRAInstitut d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, IEESParisFrance
- Sorbonne UniversitéESPE de ParisParisFrance
| | - Jean Clobert
- UMR 5321 CNRS-Université Toulouse III Paul SabatierStation d'Écologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleMoulisFrance
| | - Jean‐François Le Galliard
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, CNRS, IRD INRAInstitut d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, IEESParisFrance
- École normale supérieure, CNRS, UMS 3194Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP‐Ecotron IleDeFrance), Département de biologiePSL Research UniversitySaint‐Pierre‐lès‐NemoursFrance
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15
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Amano T, Sugiyama Y, Okumura J, Fujii N, Kenny GP, Nishiyasu T, Inoue Y, Kondo N, Sasagawa K, Enoki Y, Maejima D. Effects of isomaltulose ingestion on postexercise hydration state and heat loss responses in young men. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1494-1504. [PMID: 31400765 DOI: 10.1113/ep087843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What are the effects of isomaltulose, an ingredient in carbohydrate-electrolyte beverages to maintain glycaemia and attenuate the risk of dehydration during exercise heat stress, on postexercise rehydration and physiological heat loss responses? What is the main finding and its importance? Consumption of a 6.5% isomaltulose-electrolyte beverage following exercise heat stress restored hydration following a 2 h recovery as compared to a 2% solution or water only. While the 6.5% isomaltulose-electrolytes increased plasma volume and plasma osmolality, which are known to modulate postexercise heat loss, sweating and cutaneous vascular responses did not differ between conditions. Consequently, ingestion beverages containing 6.5% isomaltulose-electrolytes enhanced postexercise rehydration without affecting heat loss responses. ABSTRACT Isomaltulose is a disaccharide carbohydrate widely used during exercise to maintain glycaemia and hydration. We investigated the effects of ingesting a beverage containing isomaltulose and electrolytes on postexercise hydration state and physiological heat loss responses. In a randomized, single-blind cross-over design, 10 young healthy men were hypohydrated by performing up to three 30 min successive moderate-intensity (50% heart rate reserve) bouts of cycling, each separated by 10 min, while wearing a water-perfusion suit heated to 45°C. The protocol continued until a 2% reduction in body mass was achieved. Thereafter, participants performed a final 15 min moderate-intensity exercise bout followed by a 2 h recovery. Following cessation of exercise, participants ingested a beverage consisting of (i) water only (Water), (ii) 2% isomaltulose (CHO-2%), or (iii) 6.5% isomaltulose (CHO-6.5%) equal to the volume of 2% body mass loss within the first 30 min of the recovery. Changes in plasma volume (ΔPV) after fluid ingestion were greater for CHO-6.5% compared with CHO-2% (120 min postexercise) and Water (90 and 120 min) (all P ≤ 0.040). Plasma osmolality remained elevated with CHO-6.5% compared with consumption of the other beverages at 30 and 90 min postexercise (all P ≤ 0.050). Urine output tended to be reduced with CHO-6.5% compared to other fluid conditions (main effect, P = 0.069). Rectal and mean skin temperatures, chest sweat rate and cutaneous perfusion did not differ between conditions (all P > 0.05). In conclusion, compared with CHO-2% and Water, consuming a beverage consisting of CHO-6.5% and electrolytes during recovery under heat stress enhances PV recovery without modulating physiological heat loss responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Amano
- Laboratory for Exercise and Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiyama
- Laboratory for Exercise and Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Junya Okumura
- Laboratory for Exercise and Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoto Fujii
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Japan
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Takeshi Nishiyasu
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Inoue
- Laboratory for Human Performance Research, Osaka International University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Narihiko Kondo
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsumi Sasagawa
- Bourbon Institutes of Health Nutraceuticals Science Laboratory, Bourbon Corporation, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Enoki
- Bourbon Institutes of Health Nutraceuticals Science Laboratory, Bourbon Corporation, Niigata, Japan
| | - Daisuke Maejima
- Bourbon Institutes of Health Nutraceuticals Science Laboratory, Bourbon Corporation, Niigata, Japan
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Small Ruminants: Farmers' Hope in a World Threatened by Water Scarcity. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9070456. [PMID: 31323882 PMCID: PMC6680725 DOI: 10.3390/ani9070456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Water is one of the most important nutrients to livestock. It is so essential that more than half the volume of the animal's body is water. However, its availability is threatened by the irreversible changes in climate, which has culminated into reduced rainfall in most regions of the world. Such an increasing threat to regular water supply, and by extension to food security and livelihood has forced a shift from large to small ruminant production, especially in regions experiencing low rainfall, with farmers taking advantage of their adaptive process and efficiency of water use. Small ruminants, especially desert goats, can adaptively survive in water-limited areas while trekking long distance in search of feed and they will regain any weight loss at the next watering point. Further research is needed on adaptive indigenous breeds of small ruminants since tolerance to water scarcity is breed dependent, so that improvements can be made through effective selection and breeding program. Abstract The availability and sustainability of suitable and good quality drinking water is a global concern. Such uncertainties threaten livestock production with an attendant ripple effect on food security. Small ruminants, including sheep and goats, appear to be promising to smallholder farmers in solving this problem because of their ability to survive in water-limited areas and harsh environment when compared with large ruminants. Their small body size is also seen as an advantage, because less water will be required for proper digestion and feed utilization. Therefore, this review will provide information regarding the adaptive responses of small ruminants on thermoregulation, blood metabolites, immune status, drug pharmacokinetics, reproduction and hormonal indices during the period of water stress. Adaptable and indigenous breeds are known to be more tolerant to water stress than selected breeds. A drop in feed intake and weight reduced respiratory rate and increased concentration of blood metabolites are the general effects and/or observations that are encountered by small ruminants during the period of water stress. The concept of water tolerance either as deprivation and/or restriction of indigenous and adaptable breeds of small ruminants is gaining ground in research studies around the world. However, more research, however, seeking to explore water tolerance capacity of adaptable breeds especially in arid and water limiting areas are still needed.
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Seasonal adaptations of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system of the dromedary camel. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216679. [PMID: 31211771 PMCID: PMC6581255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The “ship” of the Arabian and North African deserts, the one-humped dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) has a remarkable capacity to survive in conditions of extreme heat without needing to drink water. One of the ways that this is achieved is through the actions of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP), which is made in a specialised part of the brain called the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system (HNS), but exerts its effects at the level of the kidney to provoke water conservation. Interestingly, our electron microscopy studies have shown that the ultrastructure of the dromedary HNS changes according to season, suggesting that in the arid conditions of summer the HNS is in an activated state, in preparation for the likely prospect of water deprivation. Based on our dromedary genome sequence, we have carried out an RNAseq analysis of the dromedary HNS in summer and winter. Amongst the 171 transcripts found to be significantly differentially regulated (>2 fold change, p value <0.05) there is a significant over-representation of neuropeptide encoding genes, including that encoding AVP, the expression of which appeared to increase in summer. Identification of neuropeptides in the HNS and analysis of neuropeptide profiles in extracts from individual camels using mass spectrometry indicates that overall AVP peptide levels decreased in the HNS during summer compared to winter, perhaps due to increased release during periods of dehydration in the dry season.
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Angilletta MJ, Youngblood JP, Neel LK, VandenBrooks JM. The neuroscience of adaptive thermoregulation. Neurosci Lett 2019; 692:127-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Sieck GC. Physiology in Perspective: Seeking Solutions to Biological Questions. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 33:168-169. [PMID: 29616879 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00010.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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