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Yang J, Bahcecioglu G, Zorlutuna P. The Extracellular Matrix and Vesicles Modulate the Breast Tumor Microenvironment. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:E124. [PMID: 33050609 PMCID: PMC7712041 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has shown multiple roles of the tumor microenvironment (TME) components, specifically the extracellular matrix (ECM), in breast cancer development, progression, and metastasis. Aside from the biophysical properties and biochemical composition of the breast ECM, the signaling molecules are extremely important in maintaining homeostasis, and in the breast TME, they serve as the key components that facilitate tumor progression and immune evasion. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), the mediators that convey messages between the cells and their microenvironment through signaling molecules, have just started to capture attention in breast cancer research. In this comprehensive review, we first provide an overview of the impact of ECM in breast cancer progression as well as the alterations occurring in the TME during this process. The critical importance of EVs and their biomolecular contents in breast cancer progression and metastasis are also discussed. Finally, we discuss the potential biomedical or clinical applications of these extracellular components, as well as how they impact treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
| | - Gokhan Bahcecioglu
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
| | - Pinar Zorlutuna
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Lee M, Kim MJ, Oh J, Piao C, Park YW, Lee DY. Gene delivery to pancreatic islets for effective transplantation in diabetic animal. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Haque MR, Kim J, Park H, Lee HS, Lee KW, Al-Hilal TA, Jeong JH, Ahn CH, Lee DS, Kim SJ, Byun Y. Xenotransplantation of layer-by-layer encapsulated non-human primate islets with a specified immunosuppressive drug protocol. J Control Release 2017; 258:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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4
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Ranne T, Tirri T, Yli-Urpo A, Närhi T, Laine V, Rich J, Seppälä J, Aho A. In Vivo Behavior of Poly(∈-Caprolactone-co-DL-Lactide)/Bioactive Glass Composites in Rat Subcutaneous Tissue. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911507078270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, tissue reactions and possible toxicological responses of two different bioactive and degradable composite materials consisting of poly( ∈-caprolactone-co-DL-lactide) and bioactive glass (S53P4) granules were evaluated. The chosen materials were implanted subcutaneously in the back of rats for six months. The glass granules retained their bioactivity within the polymer matrices. A fibrous capsule formed around all tested materials and around the materials containing bioactive glass the fibrous capsules appeared to be thicker. Tissue growth into these materials was observed during the healing period while no growth was noticed into the plain polymer matrices. No adverse reactions were seen with any of the evaluated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Ranne
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomaterials Science
| | - T. Tirri
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomaterials Science,
| | - A. Yli-Urpo
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomaterials Science
| | - T.O. Närhi
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomaterials Science
| | - V.J.O. Laine
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - J. Rich
- Department of Chemical Technology, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - J. Seppälä
- Department of Chemical Technology, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - A. Aho
- Department of Surgery, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
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Combination strategy of multi-layered surface camouflage using hyperbranched polyethylene glycol and immunosuppressive drugs for the prevention of immune reactions against transplanted porcine islets. Biomaterials 2016; 84:144-156. [PMID: 26828680 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study suggests a novel method of stabilizing fragile porcine islets to prevent the dissociation after isolation and reducing immune cell invasion in a combination therapy of 'surface camouflaging' and immunosuppressive drugs (FK506, Rapamycin, MR-1, anti-CD19 mAb, and Clodrosome(®)) to effectively alleviate overall immune reactions against xenotransplanted porcine islets. The surface camouflage of pancreatic islets using biocompatible materials improved stabilization of pancreatic islet and prevented the infiltration of immune cells. Firstly, the surface of porcine islets was camouflaged by SH-6-arm-PEG-lipid and gelatin-catechol (artificial extracellular matrix) in order to stabilize the fragile isolated islets. Secondly, three different PEG layers (6-arm-PEG-SH, 6-arm-PEG-catechol, and linear PEG-SH) were chemically conjugated onto the surface of the stabilized porcine islets. Both artificial extracellular matrix (artificial ECM) and PEGylation effectively covered the surface of porcine islets without increasing the size of the whole islet. In addition, the viability and functionality of the islets were not affected by this multi-layer surface modification. The multi-layer modification significantly reduced the attachment of human serum albumin, fibronectin, and immunoglobulin G in comparison to the control collagen surface. The combination effect of multi-layer PEGylation and cocktailed immunosuppressive drugs on the survival time of the transplanted islets was assessed in a xenogeneic porcine-to-mouse model. The median survival time (MST) of 'artificial ECM + PEGylation' group was 4-fold increased compared to that of control group. In addition, the MST of 'artificial ECM + PEGylation + drug' group was 2.16-fold increased, compared to the 'control + drug' group. In conclusion, we proposed a novel porcine islet transplantation protocol using surface multi-layer modification and cocktailed immunosuppressive drugs, for stabilization and immunoprotection against xenogeneic immune reactions.
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6
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Rioufol C, Salles G. Biosimilar monoclonal antibodies in lymphoma: a critical appraisal. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:569-78. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1028919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Jun Y, Kim MJ, Hwang YH, Jeon EA, Kang AR, Lee SH, Lee DY. Microfluidics-generated pancreatic islet microfibers for enhanced immunoprotection. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8122-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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Tian M, Lv Y, Zhai C, Zhu H, Yu L, Wang B. Alternative immunomodulatory strategies for xenotransplantation: CD80/CD86-CTLA4 pathway-modified immature dendritic cells promote xenograft survival. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69640. [PMID: 23922766 PMCID: PMC3726660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xenotransplantation is a promising approach to circumventing the current organ shortage. However, T-cell-dependent anti-xenoresponses are a major challenge to successful xenografts. Given the advantages of the use of CTLA4-Ig in the survival of allografts, the purpose of the study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of CTLA4-IgG4 modified immature dendritic cells (imDCs) in the prevention of islets xenograft rejection. Methods CTLA4-IgG4 was constructed by the fusion of the extracellular regions of porcine CTLA4 to human the hIgG4 Fc region. The imDCs were induced and cultured from porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The CTLA4-IgG4 modified imDCs were delivered via the portal vein to the liver of diabetic mice (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) before islet xenografting, and mCTLA4-Ig was administered intravenously after xenotransplantation. Results The xenograft survival of mice receiving unmodified imDCs was approximately 30 days. However, following administration of CTLA4-IgG4 modified imDCs before grafting and mCTLA4-Ig after grafting, xenografts survived for more than 100 days. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg population was increased in spleens. The efficacy of donor CTLA4-IgG4 modified imDCs correlated partially with the amplification of Tregs. Conclusions These results confirm that selective inhibition of the direct and indirect pathways of T-cell activation by donor CTLA4-IgG4 modified imDCs and receptor CTLA4-Ig is a highly effective strategy to promote survival of xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Qureshi ZP, Magwood JS, Singh S, Bennett CL. Rituximab and biosimilars - equivalence and reciprocity. BIOSIMILARS (AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND) 2013; 2013:19-25. [PMID: 24829884 PMCID: PMC4017581 DOI: 10.2147/bs.s20681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a debilitating disease affecting millions of people daily. Over the years, cancer treatment has advanced in leaps and bounds. Antibodies are important breakthrough therapeutic agents for cancer. These agents, proteins produced by B lymphocytes of the immune system in response to antigens, bind to receptors on cell surfaces so that the antigen-antibody complexes can be recognized and destroyed by phagocytes. While each B cell synthesizes only one kind of antibody, an entire population of different types of B cells and their respective antibodies are produced in response to various antigens to which the organism had been exposed. However, to be useful clinically, substantial amounts of a single antibody must be generated from a single ancestral B cell. These antibodies produced by a specific population of B cells are the monoclonal antibodies that have become the cornerstone of treatment for cancer and many immunologic illnesses. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the clinical development of biosimilars in clinical oncology, focusing on rituximab and like biosimilars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaina P Qureshi
- South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, SC, USA
- Arnold School of Public Health of the University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Sarveshwari Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Charles L Bennett
- South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, SC, USA
- Arnold School of Public Health of the University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC, USA
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Ringquist S, Bellone G, Lu Y, Roeder K, Trucco M. Clustering and alignment of polymorphic sequences for HLA-DRB1 genotyping. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59835. [PMID: 23555798 PMCID: PMC3610899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Located on Chromosome 6p21, classical human leukocyte antigen genes are highly polymorphic. HLA alleles associate with a variety of phenotypes, such as narcolepsy, autoimmunity, as well as immunologic response to infectious disease. Moreover, high resolution genotyping of these loci is critical to achieving long-term survival of allogeneic transplants. Development of methods to obtain high resolution analysis of HLA genotypes will lead to improved understanding of how select alleles contribute to human health and disease risk. Genomic DNAs were obtained from a cohort of n = 383 subjects recruited as part of an Ulcerative Colitis study and analyzed for HLA-DRB1. HLA genotypes were determined using sequence specific oligonucleotide probes and by next-generation sequencing using the Roche/454 GSFLX instrument. The Clustering and Alignment of Polymorphic Sequences (CAPSeq) software application was developed to analyze next-generation sequencing data. The application generates HLA sequence specific 6-digit genotype information from next-generation sequencing data using MUMmer to align sequences and the R package diffusionMap to classify sequences into their respective allelic groups. The incorporation of Bootstrap Aggregating, Bagging to aid in sorting of sequences into allele classes resulted in improved genotyping accuracy. Using Bagging iterations equal to 60, the genotyping results obtained using CAPSeq when compared with sequence specific oligonucleotide probe characterized 4-digit genotypes exhibited high rates of concordance, matching at 759 out of 766 (99.1%) alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Ringquist
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunogenetics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
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Thampi P, Nair D, R L, N V, Venugopal S, Ramachandra U. Pathological effects of processed bovine pericardial scaffolds--a comparative in vivo evaluation. Artif Organs 2013; 37:600-5. [PMID: 23452255 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess the biocompatibility and regenerative potential of decellularized bovine pericardial scaffold in comparison with glutaraldehyde-treated and fresh bovine pericardial implants using short-term intramuscular implantation testing in a rat model. The inflammatory and immune responses were assessed using histopathological examination, special stains for connective tissue, histomorphometric evaluation, and immunohistochemistry. The decellularized pericardium showed an active tissue remodeling response with complete cellular invasion, minimum connective tissue encapsulation, extensive fibrovascular tissue formation, and collagen deposition. On the contrary, the glutaraldehyde-treated pericardial implants showed incomplete degradation and cellular invasion, while the fresh pericardial implants elicited a severe foreign body reaction. The results of immunohistochemical staining revealed a minimum T helper (CD4+) lymphocyte response in decellularized pericardial implants compared with its glutaraldehyde-treated and fresh counterparts. The decellularized bovine pericardium was better accepted as a prosthetic scaffold, which permitted maximum collagen deposition and active tissue remodeling by invading host cells and showed good tissue integration in vivo compared with glutaraldehyde-treated and fresh/untreated pericardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathy Thampi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
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12
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Donor chimera model for tolerance induction in transplantation. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:550-6. [PMID: 23354322 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance induction is the basis of a successful transplantation with the goal being the re-establishment of homeostasis after transplantation. Non-autograft transplantation disrupts this maintenance drastically which would be avoided by administration of a novel procedure. At present, the blood group antigens and the genotypes of the donor and recipient are cross-matched before transplantation combined with a drug regimen that confers general immunosuppression. But the 'specific' unresponsiveness of the recipient to the donor organ, implied by 'tolerance', is not achieved in this process. This article introduces the 'donor chimera model' via the concept of the 'closed transplantation loop' approach for tolerance induction which seeks to limit the use of immunosuppressive therapy after transplantation.
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Umashankar PR, Arun T, Kumary TV. Effect of chronic inflammation and immune response on regeneration induced by decellularized bovine pericardium. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:2202-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Role of donor-specific regulatory T cells in long-term acceptance of rat hind limb allograft. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43825. [PMID: 22952774 PMCID: PMC3430627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascularized bone marrow transplantation (VBMT) is widely accepted as an efficient means of establishing chimerism and inducing tolerance. However, the mechanism underlying is poorly understood. Recently, regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to play an important role in regulating immune responses to allogeneic antigens. In this study, we explored the role of Tregs in the induction of tolerance in an allogeneic hind limb transplantation model. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Forty-eight Lewis rats were divided into 6 groups. They received isografts and allografts from Brown-Norway hind limbs. Recipients in groups 1 and 2 received isografts and those in the other groups received allografts. The bone components of donor limbs were kept intact in groups 1, 3, and 5 but removed before transplantation into groups 2, 4, and 6. Tapered cyclosporin A (CsA) was administered to recipients in groups 5 and 6 after transplantation. During the 100-day observation period, all isografts survived, but the allografts in groups 3 and 4 were rejected within 8 to 12 days. CsA-treated intact allografts survived rejection-free for more than 100 days, and CsA-treated allografts lacking bone elements were rejected within 2 months. Stable peripheral chimerism and myeloid chimerism were observed in group 5. Declining peripheral chimerism and a lack of myeloid chimerism were observed in group 6. Donor-specific Tregs were exclusively detected in both peripheral blood and in the spleens of long-term recipient rats in group 5, with an increased FoxP3 mRNA expression in the allografts. This was further demonstrated to be responsible for donor-specific hyporeactivity by in vitro one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Bone components in the allogeneic hind limbs can induce myeloid chimerism and donor-specific Tregs may be essential to tolerance induction. The bone-removal hind limb model may be a suitable counterpart to the induction of tolerance in the study of limb transplantation.
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Yao W, Qian H, Zhang J, Wu W, Jiang X. Multifusion-induced wall-super-thick giant multilamellar vesicles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:7079-81. [PMID: 22684038 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32387g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A polymeric multivesicular system was created by hydrating a film. This system underwent multifusion events and eventually evolved into giant multilamellar vesicles with extremely thick walls. The semi-permeable wall and large size make these vesicles suitable for encapsulating living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yao
- Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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Hammerman MR. Engraftment of insulin-producing cells from porcine islets in non-immune-suppressed rats or nonhuman primates transplanted previously with embryonic pig pancreas. J Transplant 2011; 2011:261352. [PMID: 21969909 PMCID: PMC3182564 DOI: 10.1155/2011/261352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation therapy for diabetes is limited by unavailability of donor organs and outcomes complicated by immunosuppressive drug toxicity. Xenotransplantation is a strategy to overcome supply problems. Implantation of tissue obtained early during embryogenesis is a way to reduce transplant immunogenicity. Insulin-producing cells originating from embryonic pig pancreas obtained very early following pancreatic primordium formation (embryonic day 28 (E28)) engraft long-term in non-immune, suppressed diabetic rats or rhesus macaques. Morphologically, similar cells originating from adult porcine islets of Langerhans (islets) engraft in non-immune-suppressed rats or rhesus macaques previously transplanted with E28 pig pancreatic primordia. Our data are consistent with induction of tolerance to an endocrine cell component of porcine islets induced by previous transplantation of embryonic pig pancreas, a novel finding we designate organogenetic tolerance. The potential exists for its use to enable the use of pigs as islet cell donors for humans with no immune suppression requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R. Hammerman
- George M. O'Brien Center for Kidney Disease Research, Departments of Medicine, and Cell Biology and Physiology, The Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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17
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Abstract
Transplantation therapy for humans is limited by insufficient availability of donor organs and outcomes are complicated by the toxicity of immunosuppressive drugs. Xenotransplantation is a strategy to overcome supply problems. Implantation of tissue obtained early during embryogenesis is a way to reduce immunogenicity of transplants. Insulin-producing cells originating from embryonic pig pancreas obtained very early following initiation of organogenesis [embryonic day 28 (E28)] engraft long-term in non-immune suppressed diabetic rats or rhesus macaques. Recently, we demonstrated engraftment of morphologically similar cells originating from adult porcine islets of Langerhans (islets) in rats previously transplanted with E28 pig pancreatic primordia. Our findings are consistent with induction of tolerance to a cell component of porcine islets induced by previous transplantation of embryonic pig pancreas, a phenomenon we designate organogenetic tolerance. Induction of organogenetic tolerance to porcine islets in humans with diabetes mellitus would enable the use of pigs as islet donors with no host immune suppression requirement. Adaptation of methodology for transplanting embryonic organs other than pancreas so as to induce organogenetic tolerance would revolutionize transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Hammerman
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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18
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Xenotransplantation of embryonic pig kidney or pancreas to replace the function of mature organs. J Transplant 2010; 2011:501749. [PMID: 21234246 PMCID: PMC3018651 DOI: 10.1155/2011/501749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of donor availability limits the number of human donor organs. The need for host immunosuppression complicates transplantation procedures. Ultrastructurally precise kidneys differentiate in situ following xenotransplantation in mesentery of embryonic pig renal primordia. The developing organ attracts its blood supply from the host, obviating humoral rejection. Engraftment of pig renal primordia transplanted directly into rats requires host immune suppression. However, insulin-producing cells originating from embryonic pig pancreas obtained very early following initiation of organogenesis [embryonic day 28 (E28)] engraft long term in nonimmune-suppressed diabetic rats or rhesus macaques. Engraftment of morphologically similar cells originating from adult porcine islets of Langerhans (islets) occurs in rats previously transplanted with E28 pig pancreatic primordia. Here, we review recent findings germane to xenotransplantation of pig renal or pancreatic primordia as a novel organ replacement strategy.
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Hand transplantation and vascularized composite tissue allografts in orthopaedics and traumatology. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2010; 96:283-90. [PMID: 20488148 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Composite tissue allograft (CTA) is defined as heterologous transplantation of a complex comprising skin and subcutaneous, neurovascular and mesenchymal tissue. Such techniques allow complex reconstruction using matched tissue, without donor site morbidity. The potential indications in orthopaedics-traumatology could in the future be more frequent than the present indications of heart, lung, liver, kidney and pancreas transplantation. International clinical experience clearly demonstrates the feasibility of CTA, both surgically and immunologically. However, immunosuppression remains indispensable, exposing the patient to risks that are not acceptable for purely functional surgery, except in very particular indications. The main hope for the future lies in induction of graft-specific tolerance.
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Chen CC, Hsu LW, Huang LT, Huang TL. Chronic administration of cyclosporine A changes expression of BDNF and TrkB in rat hippocampus and midbrain. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1098-104. [PMID: 20361354 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0160-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins, including the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are essential for regulating neuronal differentiation in developing brains. BDNF and its receptor tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) are involved in neuronal signaling, survival and plasticity. Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressive agent which prevents allograft rejection in organ transplantation and various immunological diseases. We investigated whether chronic administration of CsA decreases BDNF gene expression in rats, and the influence of CsA on mRNA levels of TrkB receptors was also examined. For 30 days of CsA (10 mg/kg/day) administration, the expression of BDNF and TrkB mRNA was significantly decreased in the hippocampus and midbrain, but there was no significant difference in the cortex. CsA (0, 1, 5 10, 15 ug/ml) down-regulated BDNF and TrkB gene expression through cultured SH-SY5Y cells, as did all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and there was no effect on cell viability. These experimental results indicate that suppression of the BDNF and TrkB mRNA, protein level of BDNF expression in the hippocampus and midbrain may be related to altered behavior observed following chronic administration of CsA. A common mechanism of adverse effects of CsA induced depressive symptoms may involve neurotoxicity mediated by down-regulation of brain BDNF and TrkB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chih Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, 83305, Taiwan, ROC
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Ayala-García MA, Soel JM, Diaz E, González B, Paz FJ, Cervantes F, Rodea E, Muñoz G, Rodriguez JS, Gutiérrez J, Malacara JM. Induction of tolerance in renal transplantation using splenic transplantation: experimental study in a canine model. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:376-80. [PMID: 20172353 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate in a canine model the induction of tolerance to renal transplantation after splenectomy and splenosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective, experimental, comparative, longitudinal study included 4 experimental groups, each comprising 4 dogs. Group 1 (control group) underwent renal transplantation only; group 2 underwent renal transplantation and splenectomy; group 3 underwent renal transplantation and splenosis; and group 4 underwent renal transplantation, splenectomy, and splenosis. Survival and degree of rejection were compared between the 4 groups. RESULTS Splenosis improved renal function after transplantation, as indicated by increased serum creatinine concentration (group 3, 6.2 mg/dL vs group 1, 12.9 mg/dL). Comparison of weighted survival curves (corrected for degree of rejection) demonstrated a significant difference between group 2 (66.0 days) and group 4 (66.2 days) vs group 1 (52.7 days) and group 3 (41.2 days) (P = .05, Wilcoxon rank sum test). CONCLUSION These results suggest that in this experimental model of renal transplantation, splenosis and splenectomy induce clinical tolerance, as indicated by improved renal function and prolonged recipient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ayala-García
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajio y Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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Ravindra K, Wu S, McKinney M, Xu H, Ildstad S. Composite Tissue Allotransplantation: Current Challenges. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:3519-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Oluwole SF, Oluwole OO, Adeyeri AO, DePaz HA. New strategies in immune tolerance induction. Cell Biochem Biophys 2009; 40:27-48. [PMID: 15289641 DOI: 10.1385/cbb:40:3:27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Induction of tolerance in clinical organ transplantation that will obviate the use of chronic immunosuppression and preserve host immune response to other antigens remains the goal of transplant research. The thymus plays a critical role in the ability of the immune system to discriminate between self- and nonself-antigens or harmful and harmless alloantigens. We now know that multiple factors determine how the immune system responds to a self-antigen or foreign antigen. These determinants include developmental stage of the host, stage of T-cell maturity, site of antigen encounter, type and maturity of antigen-presenting cells, and presence and type of costimulatory molecules. Our understanding of the mechanisms of T-cell interactions with peptide/ major histocompatibility complex in peripheral lymphoid organs has led to experiments that translate into peripheral T-cell tolerance. The induction of high-avidity peripheral alloreactive T cells in the early phase of organ transplantation makes it difficult to achieve long-term alloantigen-specific tolerance without the use of transient perioperative immunosuppression. Therefore, protocols that induce robust tolerance in rodent and nonhuman primate models involve the use of donor antigen combined with a short course of perioperative immunosuppression. These studies suggest that the underlying mechanisms of peripheral tolerance include deletion, anergy, immune deviation, and regulatory T cells. This review focuses on recent advances in tolerance induction in experimental animal models and discusses their relevance to the development of protocols for the induction and maintenance of clinical transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soji F Oluwole
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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24
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Bishop KD, Harris JE, Mordes JP, Greiner DL, Rossini AA, Czech MP, Phillips NE. Depletion of the programmed death-1 receptor completely reverses established clonal anergy in CD4(+) T lymphocytes via an interleukin-2-dependent mechanism. Cell Immunol 2009; 256:86-91. [PMID: 19230866 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated the cell surface receptor Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) in numerous models of T cell anergy, though the specific mechanisms by which the PD-1 signal maintains tolerance is not clear. We demonstrate that the depletion of PD-1 with siRNA results in a complete reversal of clonal anergy in the A.E7 T cell model, suggesting that the mechanism by which PD-1 maintains the anergic phenotype is a T-cell-intrinsic phenomenon, and not one dependent on other cell populations in vivo. We have also shown that the neutralization of IL-2 during restimulation abrogates the effect of PD-1 depletion, suggesting that tolerance mediated by PD-1 is wholly IL-2 dependent, and likewise intrinsic to the tolerized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Bishop
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01655, USA
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25
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Xu H, Huang Y, Chilton PM, Hussain LR, Tanner MK, Yan J, Ildstad ST. Strategic nonmyeloablative conditioning: CD154:CD40 costimulatory blockade at primary bone marrow transplantation promotes engraftment for secondary bone marrow transplantation after engraftment failure. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:6616-24. [PMID: 18941252 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.6616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is an increased risk of failure of engraftment following nonmyeloablative conditioning. Sensitization resulting from failed bone marrow transplantation (BMT) remains a major challenge for secondary BMT. Approaches to allow successful retransplantation would have significant benefits for BMT candidates living with chronic diseases. We used a mouse model to investigate the effect of preparative regimens at primary BMT on outcome for secondary BMT. We found that conditioning with TBI or recipient T cell lymphodepletion at primary BMT did not promote successful secondary BMT. In striking contrast, successful secondary BMT could be achieved in mice conditioned with anti-CD154 costimulatory molecule blockade at first BMT. Blockade of CD154 alone or combined with T cell depletion inhibits generation of the humoral immune response after primary BMT, as evidenced by abrogation of production of anti-donor Abs. The humoral barrier is dominant in sensitization resulting from failed BMT, because almost all CFSE-labeled donor cells were killed at 0.5 and 3 h in sensitized recipients in in vivo cytotoxicity assay, reflecting Ab-mediated cytotoxicity. CD154:CD40 costimulatory blockade used at primary BMT promotes allogeneic engraftment in secondary BMT after engraftment failure at first BMT. The prevention of generation of anti-donor Abs at primary BMT is critical for successful secondary BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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26
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Viral infection: a potent barrier to transplantation tolerance. Clin Dev Immunol 2009; 2008:742810. [PMID: 18815618 PMCID: PMC2536507 DOI: 10.1155/2008/742810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of allogeneic organs has proven to be an effective therapeutic for a large variety of disease states, but the chronic immunosuppression that is required for organ allograft survival increases the risk for infection and neoplasia and has direct organ toxicity. The establishment of transplantation tolerance, which obviates the need for chronic immunosuppression, is the ultimate goal in the field of transplantation. Many experimental approaches have been developed in animal models that permit long-term allograft survival in the absence of chronic immunosuppression. These approaches function by inducing peripheral or central tolerance to the allograft. Emerging as some of the most promising approaches for the induction of tolerance are protocols based on costimulation blockade. However, as these protocols move into the clinic, there is recognition that little is known as to their safety and efficacy when confronted with environmental perturbants such as virus infection. In animal models, it has been reported that virus infection can prevent the induction of tolerance by costimulation blockade and, in at least one experimental protocol, can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. In this review, we discuss how viruses modulate the induction and maintenance of transplantation tolerance.
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27
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Mangada J, Pearson T, Brehm MA, Wicker LS, Peterson LB, Shultz LD, Serreze DV, Rossini AA, Greiner DL. Idd loci synergize to prolong islet allograft survival induced by costimulation blockade in NOD mice. Diabetes 2009; 58:165-73. [PMID: 18984741 PMCID: PMC2606867 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE NOD mice model human type 1 diabetes and are used to investigate tolerance induction protocols for islet transplantation in a setting of autoimmunity. However, costimulation blockade-based tolerance protocols have failed in prolonging islet allograft survival in NOD mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we studied the ability of costimulation blockade to prolong islet allograft survival in congenic NOD mice bearing insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) loci that reduce the frequency of diabetes. RESULTS The frequency of diabetes is reduced in NOD.B6 Idd3 mice and is virtually absent in NOD.B6/B10 Idd3 Idd5 mice. Islet allograft survival in NOD.B6 Idd3 mice treated with costimulation blockade is prolonged compared with NOD mice, and in NOD.B6/B10 Idd3 Idd5, mice islet allograft survival is similar to that achieved in C57BL/6 mice. Conversely, some Idd loci were not beneficial for the induction of transplantation tolerance. Alloreactive CD8 T-cell depletion in (NOD x CBA)F1 mice treated with costimulation blockade was impaired compared with similarly treated (C57BL/6.H2(g7) x CBA)F1 mice. Injection of exogenous interleukin (IL)-2 into NOD mice treated with costimulation prolonged islet allograft survival. NOD.B6 Idd3 mice treated with costimulation blockade deleted alloreactive CD8 T-cells and exhibited prolonged islet allograft survival. CONCLUSIONS Il2 is the Idd3 diabetes susceptibility gene and can influence the outcome of T-cell deletion and islet allograft survival in mice treated with costimulation blockade. These data suggest that Idd loci can facilitate induction of transplantation tolerance by costimulation blockade and that IL-2/Idd3 is a critical component in this process.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/surgery
- Flow Cytometry
- Graft Survival/drug effects
- Graft Survival/genetics
- Graft Survival/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/methods
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Mangada
- Program in Immunology and Virology, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Rigby MR, Trexler AM, Pearson TC, Larsen CP. CD28/CD154 blockade prevents autoimmune diabetes by inducing nondeletional tolerance after effector t-cell inhibition and regulatory T-cell expansion. Diabetes 2008; 57:2672-83. [PMID: 18492787 PMCID: PMC2551677 DOI: 10.2337/db07-1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Blocking T-cell signaling is an effective means to prevent autoimmunity and allograft rejection in many animal models, yet the clinical translation of many of these approaches has not resulted in the success witnessed in experimental systems. Improved understanding of these approaches may assist in developing safe and effective means to treat disorders such as autoimmune diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied the effect of anti-CD154 and CTLA4-Ig on diabetes development, and the requirements to induce tolerance in nod.scid mice after transfer of transgenic beta-cell reactive BDC2.5.NOD T-cells. RESULTS Nod.scid recipients of diabetogenic BDC2.5.NOD cells were protected indefinitely from diabetes by a short course of combined costimulation blockade, despite the continued diabetogenic potential of their T-cells. The presence of pathogenic T-cells in the absence of disease indicates peripheral immune tolerance. T-cell maturation occurred in protected recipients, yet costimulation blockade temporarily blunted early T-cell proliferation in draining pancreatic nodes. Tolerance required preexisting regulatory T-cells (Tregs), and protected recipients had greater numbers of Tregs than diabetic recipients. Diabetes protection was successful in the presence of homeostatic expansion and high T-cell precursor frequency, both obstacles to tolerance induction in other models of antigen-specific immunity. CONCLUSIONS Immunotherapies that selectively suppress effector T-cells while permitting the development of natural regulatory mechanisms may have a unique role in establishing targeted long-standing immune protection and peripheral tolerance. Understanding the mechanism of these approaches may assist in the design and use of therapies for human conditions, such as type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Rigby
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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29
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Thornley TB, Phillips NE, Beaudette-Zlatanova BC, Markees TG, Bahl K, Brehm MA, Shultz LD, Kurt-Jones EA, Mordes JP, Welsh RM, Rossini AA, Greiner DL. Type 1 IFN mediates cross-talk between innate and adaptive immunity that abrogates transplantation tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:6620-9. [PMID: 17982052 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TLR activation of innate immunity prevents the induction of transplantation tolerance and shortens skin allograft survival in mice treated with costimulation blockade. The mechanism by which TLR signaling mediates this effect has not been clear. We now report that administration of the TLR agonists LPS (TLR4) or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (TLR3) to mice treated with costimulation blockade prevents alloreactive CD8(+) T cell deletion, primes alloreactive CTLs, and shortens allograft survival. The TLR4- and MyD88-dependent pathways are required for LPS to shorten allograft survival, whereas polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid mediates its effects through a TLR3-independent pathway. These effects are all mediated by signaling through the type 1 IFN (IFN-alphabeta) receptor. Administration of IFN-beta recapitulates the detrimental effects of TLR agonists on transplantation tolerance. We conclude that the type 1 IFN generated as part of an innate immune response to TLR activation can in turn activate adaptive immune responses that abrogate transplantation tolerance. Blocking of type 1 IFN-dependent pathways in patients may improve allograft survival in the presence of exogenous TLR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Thornley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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30
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Hammerman MR. Transplantation of renal primordia: renal organogenesis. Pediatr Nephrol 2007; 22:1991-8. [PMID: 17668242 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-007-0554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dialysis and allotransplantation of human kidneys represent effective therapies to replace kidney function, but the former replaces only a small component of renal function, and the latter is limited by lack of organ availability. Xenotransplantation of whole kidneys from nonprimate donors is complicated by humoral and severe cellular rejection. The use of individual cells or groups of cells to repair damaged tissue (cellular therapies) offers an alternative for renal tissue replacement. However, recapitulation of complex functions such glomerular filtration and reabsorption and secretion of solutes that are dependent on a three-dimensionally integrated kidney structure are beyond the scope of most cellular replacement therapies. The use of nonvascularized embryonic renal primordia for transplantation circumvents humoral rejection of xenogeneic tissue and ameliorates cellular rejection. Renal primordia are preprogrammed to attract a vasculature and differentiate into a kidney and in this manner undergo organogenesis after transplantation into the mesentery of hosts. Here we review a decade's progress in renal organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Hammerman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8126, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Huang Y, Sui Y, Zhang X, Si S, Ge W, Hu P, Li X, Ma B. Response of T cells in vivo induced by repeated superantigen treatments at different time intervals. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2007; 39:467-74. [PMID: 17622466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2007.00308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the response of T cells to staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) injections in vivo. We found that a single injection of SEA with an optimal dose of 10 microg increased the expression of both CD4 and CD8 significantly. There was expansion of SEA-reactive T cells in vivo after SEA re-injection and the time interval between injections strongly influenced the responsiveness of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Anergy of T cells was observed after three SEA treatments. The time interval between injections mainly affected the unresponsiveness of CD4+ T cells, not CD8+ T cells. Marked deletion followed by anergy of CD4+ T cells was induced at short intervals, and anergy without obvious deletion of CD4+ T cells was induced at long intervals. We also found that the anergic state was reversible in vivo. Repeated SEA stimulation led to down-regulation of interleukin (IL)-2, and high levels of IL-10. This study showed that both CD4+ and CD8+ SEA-primed T cells were responsive to SEA rechallenge in vivo, and a third injection was needed to induce the anergy of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Schuind F, Abramowicz D, Schneeberger S. Hand transplantation: the state-of-the-art. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2007; 32:2-17. [PMID: 17084950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsb.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of hand transplantation has been demonstrated, both surgically and immunologically. Levels of immunosuppression comparable to regimens used in solid organ transplantation are proving sufficient to prevent graft loss. Many patients have achieved discriminative sensibility and recovery of intrinsic muscle function. In addition to restoration of function, hand transplantation offers considerable psychological benefits. The recipient's pre-operative psychological status, his motivation and his compliance with the intense rehabilitation programme are key issues. While the induction of graft specific tolerance represents a hope for the future, immunosuppression currently remains necessary and carries significant risks. Hand transplantation should, therefore, only be considered a therapeutic option for a carefully selected group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schuind
- Service d'Orthopédie-Traumatologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Hôpital Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium.
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Lee JH, Ha J, Kim SH, Kim SJ. IL-2 pathway blocking in combination with anti-CD154 synergistically establishes mixed macrochimerism with limited dose of bone marrow cells and prolongs skin graft survival in mice. J Korean Med Sci 2006; 21:1005-11. [PMID: 17179677 PMCID: PMC2721919 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2006.21.6.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To facilitate the establishment of mixed chimerism with limited dose of bone marrow (BM) cells, and to achieve tolerance in skin graft model, combined blocking of costimulatory pathway and IL-2 pathway was used in minimally myeloablative model using busulfan. BM cells (2.5x10(7)) of BALB/c were injected into C57BL/6 mice at day 0 with full thickness skin graft after single dose injection of busulfan (25 mg/kg) on day-1. Recipients were grouped and injected the anti-CD154, CTLA4-Ig, anti-IL-2R at days 0, 2, 4, and 6 according to protocol. Mixed macrochimerism were induced in groups treated with anti-CD154+anti-CTLA4-Ig, anti-CD154+anti-IL-2R, and anti-CD154+anti-CTLA4 Ig+anti-IL-2R. Three groups having chimerism enjoyed prolonged graft survival more than 6 months. Superantigen deletion study revealed deletion of alloreactive T cells in combined blockade treated groups. In graft versus host disease model using CFSE staining, CD4+ T cell and CD8+ T cell proliferation were reduced in groups treated with CTLA4-Ig or anti-IL-2R or both in combination with anti-CD154. However, anti-IL-2R was not so strong as CTLA4-Ig in terms of inhibition of T cell proliferation. In conclusion, IL-2 pathway blocking combined with anti-CD154 can establish macrochimerism with limited dose of BM transplantation and induce specific tolerance to allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-hoon Lee
- Department of Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jongwon Ha
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shi-hwa Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Joon Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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35
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Phillips NE, Greiner DL, Mordes JP, Rossini AA. Costimulatory Blockade Induces Hyporesponsiveness in T Cells that Recognize Alloantigen via Indirect Antigen Presentation. Transplantation 2006; 82:1085-92. [PMID: 17060858 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000235521.83772.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blockade of T cell costimulation by treatment with donor-specific transfusion (DST) and anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody (mAb) induces prolonged allograft survival in mice. This effect is due in part to deletion of host CD8 and CD4 T cells that recognize alloantigen by direct presentation. The fate of host CD4 T cells that recognize alloantigen by indirect presentation, however, is unclear. METHODS We studied Tg361 TCR transgenic CD4 T cells that recognize alloantigen by indirect presentation. Carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester-labeled Tg361 cells were adoptively transferred into syngeneic nontransgenic recipients and their fate in the peripheral blood, spleen, and lymph nodes following treatment with DST and anti-CD154 was analyzed. RESULTS Treatment of mice with DST plus anti-CD154 mAb does not delete Tg361 CD4 T cells, but instead renders them hyporesponsive to rechallenge with alloantigen. Mice circulating hyporesponsive CD4 T cells also fail to reject skin allografts. The hyporesponsive state of the T cells is not reversed by the addition of interleukin-2, anti-CD28 mAb, or an agonistic anti-CD134 mAb in the presence of antigen. These T cells are capable of activation, however, as evidenced by in vitro proliferation in response to anti-CD3 mAb. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that costimulation blockade can induce hyporesponsiveness of host CD4 T cells recognizing alloantigens by indirect presentation, thus prolonging graft survival by a mechanism that does not involve deletion of alloreactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Phillips
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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36
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Brehm MA, Mangada J, Markees TG, Pearson T, Daniels KA, Thornley TB, Welsh RM, Rossini AA, Greiner DL. Rapid quantification of naive alloreactive T cells by TNF-alpha production and correlation with allograft rejection in mice. Blood 2006; 109:819-26. [PMID: 16973964 PMCID: PMC1785097 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-008219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Allograft transplantation requires chronic immunosuppression, but there is no effective strategy to evaluate the long-term maintenance of immunosuppression other than assessment of graft function. The ability to monitor naive alloreactive T cells would provide an alternative guide for drug therapy at early, preclinical stages of graft rejection and for evaluating tolerance-inducing protocols. To detect and quantify naive alloreactive T cells directly ex vivo, we used the unique ability of naive T cells to rapidly produce TNF-alpha but not IFN-gamma. Naive alloreactive T cells were identified by the production of TNF-alpha after a 5-hour in vitro stimulation with alloantigen and were distinguished from effector/memory alloreactive T cells by the inability to produce IFN-gamma. Moreover, naive alloreactive T cells were not detected in mice tolerized against specific alloantigens. The frequency of TNF-alpha-producing cells was predictive for rejection in an in vivo cytotoxicity assay and correlated with skin allograft rejection. Naive alloreactive T cells were also detected in humans, suggesting clinical relevance. We conclude that rapid production of TNF-alpha can be used to quantify naive alloreactive T cells, that it is abrogated after the induction of tolerance, and that it is a potential tool to predict allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Brehm
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce antigen specific anergy in lymphocytes: a comparative study. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:1673-81. [PMID: 16979121 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Induction of immune tolerance to transplanted tissue continues to be a challenge for organ transplantation. In the present study, six widely used histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDAI), sodium butyrate (n-butyrate), Trichostatin A, Oxamflatin, Scriptaid, HDAC I and HDAC III, were examined for ability to induce antigen-specific immune anergy in cloned and naïve murine CD4(+) T cells. When first compared for their ability to inhibit histone deacetylation Trichostatin A was found to be 10 times more potent than HDAC III, Oxamflatin and Scriptaid and 10(4) times more potent than n-butyrate. When we compared ability to inhibit CD4(+) T cell proliferation in response to IL-2 stimulation, Trichostatin A was the most potent with 100% inhibition using 100 nM Trichostatin A, while 1 muM of HDAC III, Oxamflatin and Scriptaid and 1 mM of n-butyrate were required for this effect. When the tolerogenic activity of Trichostatin A, Scriptaid and n-butyrate were compared using cloned Th1 cells specific for keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), all three HDAI were effective, but Trichostatin A was again the most potent. Finally, Trichostatin A (0.05 mM) was shown to induce anergy in OT-II ovalbumin-specific naïve CD4(+) T-cells. We concluded that Trichostatin A was the most potent HDAI with regard to inhibition of histone deacetylation and the ability to induce antigen-specific anergy in both cloned and naïve CD4(+) T cells. These results will guide future studies examining HDAIs for ability to induce clinical tolerance in organ transplantation.
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Narang AS, Mahato RI. Biological and Biomaterial Approaches for Improved Islet Transplantation. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58:194-243. [PMID: 16714486 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation may be used to treat type I diabetes. Despite tremendous progress in islet isolation, culture, and preservation, the clinical use of this modality of treatment is limited due to post-transplantation challenges to the islets such as the failure to revascularize and immune destruction of the islet graft. In addition, the need for lifelong strong immunosuppressing agents restricts the use of this option to a limited subset of patients, which is further restricted by the unmet need for large numbers of islets. Inadequate islet supply issues are being addressed by regeneration therapy and xenotransplantation. Various strategies are being tried to prevent beta-cell death, including immunoisolation using semipermeable biocompatible polymeric capsules and induction of immune tolerance. Genetic modification of islets promises to complement all these strategies toward the success of islet transplantation. Furthermore, synergistic application of more than one strategy is required for improving the success of islet transplantation. This review will critically address various insights developed in each individual strategy and for multipronged approaches, which will be helpful in achieving better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit S Narang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 26 S. Dunlap St., Feurt Building, Room 413, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Beaudette-Zlatanova BC, Whalen B, Zipris D, Yagita H, Rozing J, Groen H, Benjamin CD, Hunig T, Drexhage HA, Ansari MJ, Leif J, Mordes JP, Greiner DL, Sayegh MH, Rossini AA. Costimulation and autoimmune diabetes in BB rats. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:894-902. [PMID: 16611325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Costimulatory signals regulate T-cell activation. To investigate the role of costimulation in autoimmunity and transplantation, we studied the BB rat model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes-prone BB (BBDP) rats spontaneously develop disease when 55-120 days of age. We observed that two anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) with different functional activities completely prevented diabetes in BBDP rats. Anti-CD154 mAb delayed diabetes, whereas treatment with CTLA4-Ig or anti-CD80 mAb accelerated disease. Anti-CD86 or anti-CD134L mAbs had no effect. Diabetes resistant BB (BBDR) rats are disease-free, but >95% of them develop diabetes after treatment with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and an mAb that depletes Treg cells. In the induced BBDR model, anti-CD154 mAb delayed onset of diabetes, whereas CTLA4-Ig, anti-CD134L or either of the anti-CD28 mAbs had little or no effect. In contrast, blockade of the CD134-CD134L pathway was highly effective for preventing autoimmune recurrence against syngeneic islet grafts in diabetic BBDR hosts. Blockade of the CD40-CD154 pathway was also effective, but less so. These data suggest that the effectiveness of costimulation blockade in the treatment of type 1 diabetes is dependent on both the costimulatory pathway targeted and the mechanism of induction, stage, intensity and duration of the pathogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Beaudette-Zlatanova
- Department of Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, and Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Masaki H, Appel MC, Leahy L, Leif J, Paquin L, Shultz LD, Mordes JP, Greiner DL, Rossini AA. Anti-mouse CD154 antibody treatment facilitates generation of mixed xenogeneic rat hematopoietic chimerism, prevents wasting disease and prolongs xenograft survival in mice. Xenotransplantation 2006; 13:224-32. [PMID: 16756565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The induction of xenogeneic hematopoietic chimerism is an attractive approach for overcoming the host response to xenografts, but establishing xenogeneic chimerism requires severe myeloablative conditioning of the recipient. The goal of this study was to determine if co-stimulation blockade would facilitate chimerism and xenograft tolerance in irradiation-conditioned concordant recipients. METHODS Wistar Furth rat bone marrow (BM) cells were injected into irradiation-conditioned C57BL/6 mice with or without co-administration of anti-mouse CD154 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Chimerism was quantified by flow cytometry, and mice were transplanted with WF rat skin and islet xenografts. RESULTS Blockade of CD40-CD154 interaction facilitated establishment of xenogeneic chimerism in mice conditioned with 600 cGy irradiation. Anti-CD154 mAb was not required for establishment of chimerism in mice treated with 700 cGy. However, mice irradiated with 700 cGy but not treated with anti-CD154 mAb developed a "graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)-like" wasting syndrome and died, irrespective of their development of chimerism. Xenogeneic chimeras established with irradiation and anti-CD154 mAb treatment exhibited prolonged skin and, in many cases, permanent islet xenograft survival. Chimerism was unstable and eventually lost in most recipients. Skin xenografts were rejected even in mice that remained chimeric, whereas most islet xenografts survived to the end of the observation period. CONCLUSIONS Blockade of host CD40-CD154 interaction facilitates the establishment of xenogeneic chimerism and prevents wasting disease and death. Chimerism permits prolonged xenograft survival, but chimerism generated in this way is unstable over time. Skin xenografts are eventually rejected, whereas most islet xenografts survive long term and perhaps permanently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Masaki
- Division of Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Akst LM, Dan O, Strome M. The effect of donor-specific transfusion upon rejection in a rat model of laryngeal transplantation. Am J Otolaryngol 2006; 27:13-7. [PMID: 16360817 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2005.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lifelong immunosuppression carries significant morbidity, and techniques to reduce or eliminate such immunosuppression might expand laryngeal transplantation. This study investigates the ability of donor-specific transfusion to establish tolerance in a rat model of laryngeal transplantation. A total of 289 transplants were performed from Lewis-Brown-Norway donors to Lewis recipients. Donor-specific transfusion was provided as single intravenous injections of donor splenocytes 1 hour before transplantation. Different combinations of in vitro irradiation of donor larynges and postoperative cyclosporine doses provided additional immunomodulation. Allograft rejection was scored histologically at sacrifice 15 or 30 days posttransplant. Multivariate analysis was performed across all groups, and paired analyses compared groups with and without donor-specific transfusion. Donor-specific transfusion did not improve rejection score, although increased cyclosporine dose did (P < .001). Donor splenocyte injection on the day of transplantation does not establish tolerance to laryngeal allografts or permit reduction of other immunosuppression. Other immunomodulatory strategies to establish tolerance in rat laryngeal transplantation require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M Akst
- Head and Neck Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Luna A, Julián JF, Alba A, Garcia-Cuyás F, Broggi MA, Ciancio G, Pujol-Borrell R, Fernández-Llamazares J, Vives-Pi M. Syngeneic islet transplantation into seminal vesicles of diabetic rats. J INVEST SURG 2005; 18:13-8. [PMID: 15804947 DOI: 10.1080/08941930590905107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic islet transplantation has been proposed as an attractive option for the treatment of type I diabetes. Transplantation into different sites has been investigated, among them those that are immuno-logically privileged (e.g., thymus, uterus, brain, anterior eye chamber, and testicle). Because of their characteristics, seminal vesicles could be considered as immunologically privileged organs, but there is no worldwide experience that can confirm it. The purpose of the present study is to assess the viability and functionality of islet transplantation into seminal vesicles of diabetic rats. One hundred ninety inbred adult male syngeneic Lewis rats were used as donors (n = 72), receptors (n = 36), and controls(n = 11). Diabetes was chemically induced through a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Groups of 1200 purified islets were introduced in the right seminal vesicle of diabetic rats. Diabetic control rats were sham transplanted. Body weight and glycemia were monitored every 2 d. Of transplanted rats, 16.7% achieved a good function due to islet engraftment, while 30.6% achieved a partially good response, and 52.7% were considered as nonresponding. This is the first report about islet transplantation into seminal vesicles of diabetic animals. Our results indicate that islet transplantation into rat seminal vesicles is technically possible, and that islets can function normally after engraftment into the wall of the seminal vesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Luna
- Department of Surgery in Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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Halberstadt C, Emerich DF, Gores P. Use of Sertoli cell transplants to provide local immunoprotection for tissue grafts. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 4:813-25. [PMID: 15174964 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.4.6.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The recent success of allogeneic islet transplantation for the treatment of type I diabetes has renewed interest in cell therapy for diseases of secretory cell dysfunction. Unfortunately, widespread clinical use of cell transplantation is limited by tissue availability and the need for long-term immunosuppresion. Testicular Sertoli cells can confer local immunoprotection for co-transplanted cells and may provide a means of overcoming the obstacles associated with cell transplantation. Sertoli cell grafts protect islets in animal models of diabetes and can be transplanted into the brain to enhance regeneration and promote the survival of co-grafted tissues. This review describes the role that Sertoli cells normally play in testicular immunology, details the preclinical data using transplanted Sertoli cells in models of diabetes and Parkinson's disease and discusses some of the possible mechanisms involved in this phenomena, as well as the future of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Halberstadt
- Carolinas Medical Center, General Surgery Research, Cannon Research Center, P.O. Box 32861, Charlotte, NC 28232-2861, USA.
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Markees TG, Pearson T, Cuthbert A, Pearson AL, Shultz LD, Leif J, Phillips NE, Mordes JP, Greiner DL, Rossini AA. Evaluation of donor-specific transfusion sources: unique failure of bone marrow cells to induce prolonged skin allograft survival with anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody. Transplantation 2004; 78:1601-8. [PMID: 15591948 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000140847.29917.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody (mAb) plus a donor-specific transfusion (DST) of spleen cells prolongs skin allograft survival in mice through a mechanism involving deletion of host alloreactive CD8(+) T cells. It is unknown if other lymphohematopoietic cell populations can be used as a DST. METHODS Murine recipients of allogeneic skin grafts on day 0 were either untreated or given a DST on day -7 plus 4 doses of anti-CD154 mAb on days -7, -4, 0, and +4. Deletion of CD8(+) alloreactive cells was measured using "synchimeric" CBA recipients, which circulate trace populations of TCR transgenic alloreactive CD8(+) T cells. RESULTS Transfusion of splenocytes, thymocytes, lymph node cells, or buffy coat cells led to prolonged skin allograft survival in recipients treated with anti-CD154 mAb. In contrast, bone marrow DST failed to delete host alloreactive CD8(+) T cells and was associated with brief skin allograft survival. Transfusions consisting of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells or a mixture of splenocytes and bone marrow cells were also ineffective. CONCLUSIONS Donor-specific transfusions of splenocytes, thymocytes, lymph node cells, or buffy coat cells can prolong skin allograft survival in recipients treated with costimulation blockade. Bone marrow cells fail to serve this function, in part by failing to delete host alloreactive CD8(+) T cells, and they may actively interfere with the function of a spleen cell DST. The data suggest that transplantation tolerance induction protocols that incorporate bone marrow cells to serve as a DST may not be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Markees
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Banuelos SJ, Markees TG, Phillips NE, Appel MC, Cuthbert A, Leif J, Mordes JP, Shultz LD, Rossini AA, Greiner DL. Regulation of skin and islet allograft survival in mice treated with costimulation blockade is mediated by different CD4+ cell subsets and different mechanisms. Transplantation 2004; 78:660-7. [PMID: 15371665 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000130449.05412.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor-specific transfusion (DST) and a brief course of anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody (mAb) induces permanent islet and prolonged skin allograft survival in mice. Induction of skin allograft survival requires the presence of CD4 cells and deletion of alloreactive CD8 cells. The specific roles of CD4 and CD4CD25 cells and the mechanism(s) by which they act are not fully understood. METHODS We used skin and islet allografts, a CD8 T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic model system, and in vivo depleting antibodies to analyze the role of CD4 cell subsets in regulating allograft survival in mice treated with DST and anti-CD154 mAb. RESULTS Deletion of CD4 or CD25 cells during costimulation blockade induced rapid rejection of skin but only minimally shortened islet allograft survival. Deletion of CD4 or CD25 cells had no effect upon survival of healed-in islet allografts, and CD25 cell deletion had no effect upon healed-in skin allograft survival. In the TCR transgenic model, DST plus anti-CD154 mAb treatment deleted alloreactive CD8 T cells, and anti-CD4 mAb treatment prevented that deletion. In contrast, injection of anti-CD25 mAb did not prevent alloreactive CD8 T cell deletion. CONCLUSIONS These data document that (1) both CD4CD25 and CD4CD25 cells are required for induction of skin allograft survival, (2) CD4CD25 T cells are not required for alloreactive CD8 T cell deletion, and (3) CD4CD25 regulatory cells are not critical for islet allograft tolerance. It appears that skin and islet transplantation tolerance are mediated by different CD4 cell subsets and different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Banuelos
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Xu J, von Aulock S, Lucas R, Wendel A. Potential of colony-stimulating factors to improve host defense in organ transplant recipients. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2004. [DOI: 10.1097/01.mot.0000146562.43151.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Banuelos SJ, Shultz LD, Greiner DL, Burzenski LM, Gott B, Lyons BL, Rossini AA, Appel MC. Rejection of human islets and human HLA-A2.1 transgenic mouse islets by alloreactive human lymphocytes in immunodeficient NOD-scid and NOD-Rag1nullPrf1null mice. Clin Immunol 2004; 112:273-83. [PMID: 15308121 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficient NOD mice engrafted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were used in two models of human islet allograft rejection. Model one: human PBMCs were engrafted into chemically diabetic NOD-scid mice bearing established subrenal human islet allografts. Inflammation and often complete islet allograft rejection were observed. Model 2 incorporated three key advances. First, we developed a new immunodeficient recipient, NOD-RagI(null)Prf1(null) mice. Second, graft-lymphocyte interactions were optimized by intrasplenic co-transplantation of islets and human PBMC. Third, NOD-scid islets expressing human HLA-A2.1 were used as allograft targets. Diabetic NOD-RagI(null)Prf1(null) recipients of HLA-A2.1 transgenic mouse islets, alone or co-engrafted with HLA-A2-positive human PBMC, exhibited durable graft survival and euglycemia. Contrastingly, co-transplantation with HLA-A2-negative human PBMC led to islet graft rejection without evidence of graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD). We propose that diabetic NOD-RagI(null)Prf1(null) mice co-engrafted with HLA-A2 mouse transgenic islets and allogeneic human PBMC provide an effective in vivo model of human islet allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Banuelos
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Hettiaratchy S, Randolph MA, Petit F, Lee WPA, Butler PEM. Composite tissue allotransplantation--a new era in plastic surgery? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 57:381-91. [PMID: 15191817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2004.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2002] [Accepted: 02/17/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) holds great potential for reconstructive surgery. The recent hand transplants have made this a clinical reality. However, concerns about CTA have divided the medical community. The current transplants require life-long immunosuppression, which could place the recipients at risk of serious complications. In addition despite potent immunosuppression, chronic rejection may still negate any early favourable results. This article will outline the clinical experience of CTA, the major problems of the technique and the potential solutions to these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehan Hettiaratchy
- Division of Plastic Surgery/Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, WACC-453, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Pearson T, Weiser P, Markees TG, Serreze DV, Wicker LS, Peterson LB, Cumisky AM, Shultz LD, Mordes JP, Rossini AA, Greiner DL. Islet allograft survival induced by costimulation blockade in NOD mice is controlled by allelic variants of Idd3. Diabetes 2004; 53:1972-8. [PMID: 15277375 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.8.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
NOD mice develop type 1 autoimmune diabetes and exhibit genetically dominant resistance to transplantation tolerance induction. These two phenotypes are genetically separable. Costimulation blockade fails to prolong skin allograft survival in (NOD x C57BL/6)F1 mice and in NOD-related strains made diabetes-resistant by congenic introduction of protective major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or non-MHC Idd region genes. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the genetic basis for the resistance of NOD mice to skin allograft tolerance also applies to islet allografts. Surprisingly, costimulation blockade induced permanent islet allograft survival in (NOD x C57BL/6)F1 mice but not in NOD mice. After costimulation blockade, islet allograft survival was prolonged in diabetes-resistant NOD.B6 Idd3 mice and shortened in diabetes-free C57BL/6 mice congenic for the NOD Idd3 variant. Islet allograft tolerance could not be induced in diabetes-resistant NOD.B10 Idd5 and NOD.B10 Idd9 mice. The data demonstrate that 1) NOD mice resist islet allograft tolerance induction; 2) unlike skin allografts, resistance to islet allograft tolerance is a genetically recessive trait; 3) an Idd3 region gene(s) is an important determinant of islet allograft tolerance induction; and 4) there may be overlap in the mechanism by which the Idd3 resistance locus improves self-tolerance and the induction of allotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Pearson
- The University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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