The Roles of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in TGF-β-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Targeting the MAPK signaling pathway: implications and prospects of flavonoids in 3P medicine as modulators of cancer cell plasticity and therapeutic resistance in breast cancer patients

Cancer drug resistance poses a significant challenge in oncology, primarily driven by cancer cell plasticity, which promotes tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic evasion in many different cancers. Breast cancers (BCs) are a prominent example of that, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases and 670,000 BC-related deaths registered worldwide annually. Triple-negative BC is especially challenging for treatments demonstrating particularly aggressive disease course, an early manifestation of metastatic disease, frequent drug-resistant cancer types, and poor individual outcomes. Although chemosensitizing agents have been developed, their clinical utility in oncology remains unproven. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is considered a critical regulator of intracellular and extracellular signaling highly relevant for both - genetic and epigenetic modifications. Dysregulation of the MAPK signaling pathways plays a significant role in conferring chemoresistance in BC. Contextually, targeting the MAPK pathway represents a promising strategy for overcoming drug resistance and enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer agents in BC treatment. On the other hand, flavonoids, a prominent class of phytochemicals, are key modulators of MAPK signaling. Flavonoids interact with the ERK, JNK, p38, and ERK5 pathways of the MAPK signaling cascade and present a promising avenue for developing novel anti-cancer therapies and re-sensitizing agents for the treatment of BC. Compounds such as quercetin, kaempferol, genistein, luteolin, myricetin, EGCG, baicalein, baicalin, nobiletin, morin, delphinidin, acacetin, isorhamnetin, apigenin, silymarin, among others, have been identified as specific modulators of MAPK signaling, exerting complex downstream effects in BC cells increasing therewith drug efficacy and suppressing tumor growth and aggressivity. These properties reflect mechanisms of great clinical relevance to overcome therapeutic resistance in overall BC management. This article highlights corresponding mechanisms and provides clinically relevant illustrations in the framework of 3P medicine for primary (protection of individuals at high risk against health-to-disease transition) and secondary care (protection against metastatic BC progression). 3PM novelty makes good use of patient phenotyping and stratification, predictive multi-level diagnostics, and application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools to the individualized interpretation of big data - all proposed for cost-effective treatments tailored to individualized patient profiles with clear benefits to patients and advanced BC management.

Polymer model integrates imaging and sequencing to reveal how nanoscale heterochromatin domains influence gene expression

Chromatin organization regulates gene expression, with nanoscale heterochromatin domains playing a fundamental role. Their size varies with microenvironmental stiffness and epigenetic interventions, but how these factors regulate their formation and influence transcription remains unclear. To address this, we developed a sequencing-informed copolymer model that simulates chromatin evolution through diffusion and active epigenetic reactions. Our model predicts the formation of nanoscale heterochromatin domains and quantifies how domain size scales with epigenetic reaction rates, showing that epigenetic and compaction changes primarily occur at domain boundaries. We validated these predictions via Hi-C and super-resolution imaging of hyperacetylated melanoma cells and identified differential expression of metastasis-related genes through RNA-seq. We validated our findings in hMSCs, where epigenetic reaction rates respond to microenvironmental stiffness. Conclusively, our simulations reveal that heterochromatin domain boundaries regulate gene expression and epigenetic memory. These findings demonstrate how external cues drive chromatin organization and transcriptional memory in development and disease.

HER2-targeted therapies: Unraveling their role in biliary tract cancers

Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) constitute a heterogeneous group of malignancies with rising incidence and limited therapeutic options in advanced stages, leading to increased overall mortality. Extensive genomic profiling has identified key oncogenic drivers in BTCs that represent promising therapeutic targets and could change the treatment paradigm. Evidence suggests improved survival outcomes for patients with actionable molecular alterations who received matched targeted therapies. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a receptor tyrosine kinase and proto-oncogene that has been extensively studied as a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target in multiple solid organ malignancies. Recent clinical trials on the combination of trastuzumab with tucatinib, FOLFOX, or pertuzumab for previously treated, HER2-positive, advanced BTCs have shown improved outcomes compared to current second-line therapies. Early evidence from observational studies on trastuzumab-containing regimens as first-line suggests promising efficacy. Furthermore, the recent tumor-agnostic approval of trastuzumab deruxtecan for HER2-positive solid tumors has formally introduced HER2-directed agents in the BTC therapeutic arsenal. This review aims to summarize the rapidly evolving landscape of HER2-directed agents for BTCs, highlighting current evidence of survival benefit. Beginning with a concise presentation of the structural and functional aspects of HER2, we detail the frequency and prognostic significance of HER2 alterations in BTCs and discuss all available preclinical and clinical data on anti-HER2 agents tested for BTCs.

Lipid metabolic reprograming: the unsung hero in breast cancer progression and tumor microenvironment

Aberrant lipid metabolism is a well-recognized hallmark of cancer. Notably, breast cancer (BC) arises from a lipid-rich microenvironment and depends significantly on lipid metabolic reprogramming to fulfill its developmental requirements. In this review, we revisit the pivotal role of lipid metabolism in BC, underscoring its impact on the progression and tumor microenvironment. Firstly, we delineate the overall landscape of lipid metabolism in BC, highlighting its roles in tumor progression and patient prognosis. Given that lipids can also act as signaling molecules, we next describe the lipid signaling exchanges between BC cells and other cellular components in the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, we summarize the therapeutic potential of targeting lipid metabolism from the aspects of lipid metabolism processes, lipid-related transcription factors and immunotherapy in BC. Finally, we discuss the possibilities and problems associated with clinical applications of lipid‑targeted therapy in BC, and propose new research directions with advances in spatiotemporal multi-omics.

The role of circulating tumor DNA in melanomas of the uveal tract

Melanoma of the uveal tract or uveal melanoma (UM) originates from melanocytes of the eye and is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults. Despite considerable advances in diagnostic procedures and treatments, prognosis remains poor in those with advanced disease. Accordingly, although current treatments have an excellent local disease control rate, approximately 50% of patients develop metastatic relapse within 10 years. The high risk for metastatic disease with a variable and often long latency period is thought to be due to early spread of cancer cells disseminating into organs such as the liver, followed by a period of dormancy, before the eventual emergence of radiologically measurable disease. Early detection of disease relapse or metastasis is therefore crucial to allow timely treatment and ultimately improve patient outcome. Recently, advances in minimally-invasive liquid biopsy techniques and biomarkers such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) have demonstrated potential to transform the field of cancer care by aiding diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of various cancer types. UM is particularly suitable for ctDNA-based approaches due to the relatively well-characterized spectrum of genetic mutations, along with the inherent difficulties and risks associated with getting sufficient tumor samples via traditional biopsy methods. Key potential advantage of ctDNA are the detection of molecular residual disease (MRD) in patients post definitive treatment, and in the early identification of metastasis. This is particularly relevant contemporarily with the recent demonstration of tebentafusp improving survival in metastatic UM patients, and opens avenues for further research to investigate the potential utilization of tebentafusp combined with ctDNA-based strategies in adjuvant settings and early intervention for MRD. The present review illustrates the current understanding of ctDNA-based strategies in UM, discusses the potential clinical applications, explores the potential of utilizing ctDNA in UM MRD in the context of an ongoing clinical trial, and highlights the challenges that need to be overcome prior to routine clinical implementation.

A MSTNDel73C mutation with FGF5 knockout sheep by CRISPR/Cas9 promotes skeletal muscle myofiber hyperplasia

Mutations in the well-known Myostatin (MSTN) produce a 'double-muscle' phenotype, which makes it commercially invaluable for improving livestock meat production and providing high-quality protein for humans. However, mutations at different loci of the MSTN often produce a variety of different phenotypes. In the current study, we increased the delivery ratio of Cas9 mRNA to sgRNA from the traditional 1:2 to 1:10, which improves the efficiency of the homozygous mutation of biallelic gene. Here, a MSTNDel73C mutation with FGF5 knockout sheep, in which the MSTN and FGF5 dual-gene biallelic homozygous mutations were produced via the deletion of 3-base pairs of AGC in the third exon of MSTN, resulting in cysteine-depleted at amino acid position 73, and the FGF5 double allele mutation led to inactivation of FGF5 gene. The MSTNDel73C mutation with FGF5 knockout sheep highlights a dominant 'double-muscle' phenotype, which can be stably inherited. Both F0 and F1 generation mutants highlight the excellent trait of high-yield meat with a smaller cross-sectional area and higher number of muscle fibers per unit area. Mechanistically, the MSTNDel73C mutation with FGF5 knockout mediated the activation of FOSL1 via the MEK-ERK-FOSL1 axis. The activated FOSL1 promotes skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and inhibits myogenic differentiation by inhibiting the expression of MyoD1, and resulting in smaller myotubes. In addition, activated ERK1/2 may inhibit the secondary fusion of myotubes by Ca2+-dependent CaMKII activation pathway, leading to myoblasts fusion to form smaller myotubes.

Mesothelin expression correlates with elevated inhibitory immune activity in patients with colorectal cancer

The expression of the protein Mesothelin (MSLN) is highly variable in several malignancies, including colorectal cancer (CRC), and high levels are associated with aggressive clinicopathological features and worse patient survival. Colorectal cancer is both a common and deadly cancer; being the third most common in incidence and second most common cause of cancer-related death. While systemic therapy remains the primary therapeutic option for most patients with stage IV (metastatic; m) CRC, their disease eventually becomes treatment refractory, and 85% succumb within 5 years. Microsatellite-stable (MSS) CRC tumors, which constitute more than 90% of patients with mCRC, are generally refractory to immunotherapeutic interventions. In our current work, we characterize MSLN levels in CRC, specifically correlating expression with clinical outcomes in relevant CRC subtypes, and explore how MSLN expression impacts the status of immune activation and suppression in the peritumoral microenvironment. Higher MSLN expression is prevalent in CMS1 and CMS4 CRC subtypes and correlates with higher gene mutation rates across the patient cohorts. Further, MSLN-high patients exhibit increased M1/M2 macrophage infiltration, PD-L1 staining, immune-inhibitory gene expression, enrichment in inflammatory, TGF-β, IL6/JAK/STAT3, IL2/STAT5 signaling pathways, and mutation in KRAS and FBXW7. Together, these results suggest that MSLN protein is a potential target for antigen-specific therapy and supports investigation into its tumorigenic effects to identify possible therapeutic interventions for patients with high MSLN expressing MSS CRC.

GATA3 and TGF-β in normal placenta and pre-eclampsia

GATA3 plays critical roles in the development and function of various tissues and organs throughout the body. Likewise, TGF-β signaling is critical for placental development and can interact with GATA3. We aimed to investigate the involvement of the multifunctional cytokine and transcription factor in trophoblast development. By using immunohistochemistry, we evaluated the localization and expression level of GATA3 and TGF-β in placentas at term of normal pregnancy and with pre-eclampsia. Up-regulation of both GATA3 and TGF-β was observed in pathological placentas, with localization in the villus epithelium (syncytiotrophoblast) stroma and decidua. Our data show altered expression of TGF-β and GATA3, which downstream could lead to a cascade of events that negatively influence trophoblast development and contribute to the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia.

Glyoxalase System in Breast and Ovarian Cancers: Role of MEK/ERK/SMAD1 Pathway

The glyoxalase system, comprising GLO1 and GLO2 enzymes, is integral in detoxifying methylglyoxal (MGO) generated during glycolysis, with dysregulation implicated in various cancer types. The MEK/ERK/SMAD1 signaling pathway, crucial in cellular processes, influences tumorigenesis, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Altered GLO1 expression in cancer showcases its complex role in cellular adaptation and cancer aggressiveness. GLO2 exhibits context-dependent functions, contributing to both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic effects in different cancer scenarios. Research highlights the interconnected nature of these systems, particularly in ovarian cancer and breast cancer. The glyoxalase system's involvement in drug resistance and its impact on the MEK/ERK/SMAD1 signaling cascade underscore their clinical significance. Furthermore, this review delves into the urgent need for effective biomarkers, exemplified in ovarian cancer, where the RAGE-ligand pathway emerges as a potential diagnostic tool. While therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways hold promise, this review emphasizes the challenges posed by context-dependent effects and intricate crosstalk within the cellular milieu. Insights into the molecular intricacies of these pathways offer a foundation for developing innovative therapeutic approaches, providing hope for enhanced cancer diagnostics and tailored treatment strategies.

Heat Shock Proteins, a Double-Edged Sword: Significance in Cancer Progression, Chemotherapy Resistance and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are involved in one of the adaptive mechanisms protecting cells against environmental and metabolic stress. Moreover, the large role of these proteins in the carcinogenesis process, as well as in chemoresistance, was noticed. This review aims to draw attention to the possibilities of using Hsps in developing new cancer therapy methods, as well as to indicate directions for future research on this topic. In order to discuss this matter, a thorough review of the latest scientific literature was carried out, taking into account the importance of selected proteins from the Hsp family, including Hsp27, Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90 and Hsp110. One of the more characteristic features of all Hsps is that they play a multifaceted role in cancer progression, which makes them an obvious target for modern anticancer therapy. Some researchers emphasize the importance of directly inhibiting the action of these proteins. In turn, others point to their possible use in the design of cancer vaccines, which would work by inducing an immune response in various types of cancer. Due to these possibilities, it is believed that the use of Hsps may contribute to the progress of oncoimmunology, and thus help in the development of modern anticancer therapies, which would be characterized by higher effectiveness and lower toxicity to the patients.

Deciphering the Role of Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 1 in Immune Modulation: A Multifaced Signalling Perspective

The disruption of antiviral sensors and the evasion of immune defences by various tactics are hallmarks of EBV infection. One of the EBV latent gene products, LMP1, was shown to induce the activation of signalling pathways, such as NF-κB, MAPK (JNK, ERK1/2, p38), JAK/STAT and PI3K/Akt, via three subdomains of its C-terminal domain, regulating the expression of several cytokines responsible for modulation of the immune response and therefore promoting viral persistence. The aim of this review is to summarise the current knowledge on the EBV-mediated induction of immunomodulatory molecules by the activation of signal transduction pathways with a particular focus on LMP1-mediated mechanisms. A more detailed understanding of the cytokine biology molecular landscape in EBV infections could contribute to the more complete understanding of diseases associated with this virus.

Nanofibers of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan capped bimetallic nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization, wound dressing and in vivo treatment of MDR microbial infection and tracking by optical and photoacoustic imaging

Recent advancements in wound care have led to the development of interactive wound dressings utilizing nanotechnology, aimed at enhancing healing and combating bacterial infections while adhering to established protocols. Our novel wound dressings consist of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan capped gold‑silver nanoparticles (Au-Ag-TMC-NPs), with a mean size of 108.3 ± 8.4 nm and a zeta potential of +54.4 ± 1.8 mV. These optimized nanoparticles exhibit potent antibacterial and antifungal properties, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.390 μg ml-1 to 3.125 μg ml-1 and also exhibited promising zones of inhibition against multi-drug resistant strains of S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. Microbial transmission electron microscopy reveals substantial damage to cell walls and DNA condensation post-treatment. Furthermore, the nanoparticles demonstrate remarkable inhibition of microbial efflux pumps and are non-hemolytic in human blood. Incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan nanofibers, they form Au-Ag-TMC-NPs-NFs with diameters of 100-350 nm, facilitating efficient antimicrobial wound dressing. In vivo studies on MDR microbial-infected wounds in mice showed 99.34 % wound healing rate within 12 days, corroborated by analyses of wound marker protein expression levels and advanced imaging techniques such as ultrasound/photoacoustic imaging, providing real-time visualization and blood flow assessment for a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic wound healing processes.

Liquid application dosing alters the physiology of air-liquid interface (ALI) primary human bronchial epithelial cell/lung fibroblast co-cultures and in vitro testing relevant endpoints

Differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cell (dpHBEC) cultures grown under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions exhibit key features of the human respiratory tract and are thus critical for respiratory research as well as efficacy and toxicity testing of inhaled substances (e.g., consumer products, industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals). Many inhalable substances (e.g., particles, aerosols, hydrophobic substances, reactive substances) have physiochemical properties that challenge their evaluation under ALI conditions in vitro. Evaluation of the effects of these methodologically challenging chemicals (MCCs) in vitro is typically conducted by "liquid application," involving the direct application of a solution containing the test substance to the apical, air-exposed surface of dpHBEC-ALI cultures. We report that the application of liquid to the apical surface of a dpHBEC-ALI co-culture model results in significant reprogramming of the dpHBEC transcriptome and biological pathway activity, alternative regulation of cellular signaling pathways, increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, and decreased epithelial barrier integrity. Given the prevalence of liquid application in the delivery of test substances to ALI systems, understanding its effects provides critical infrastructure for the use of in vitro systems in respiratory research as well as in the safety and efficacy testing of inhalable substances.

Emerging roles of mitochondrial functions and epigenetic changes in the modulation of stem cell fate

Mitochondria serve as essential organelles that play a key role in regulating stem cell fate. Mitochondrial dysfunction and stem cell exhaustion are two of the nine distinct hallmarks of aging. Emerging research suggests that epigenetic modification of mitochondria-encoded genes and the regulation of epigenetics by mitochondrial metabolites have an impact on stem cell aging or differentiation. Here, we review how key mitochondrial metabolites and behaviors regulate stem cell fate through an epigenetic approach. Gaining insight into how mitochondria regulate stem cell fate will help us manufacture and preserve clinical-grade stem cells under strict quality control standards, contributing to the development of aging-associated organ dysfunction and disease.

p38 Molecular Targeting for Next-Generation Multiple Myeloma Therapy

Resistance to therapy and disease progression are the main causes of mortality in most cancers. In particular, the development of resistance is an important limitation affecting the efficacy of therapeutic alternatives for cancer, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Signaling pathways are largely responsible for the mechanisms of resistance to cancer treatment and progression, and multiple myeloma is no exception. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) is downstream of several signaling pathways specific to treatment resistance and progression. Therefore, in recent years, developing therapeutic alternatives directed at p38 has been of great interest, in order to reverse chemotherapy resistance and prevent progression. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the role of p38, including recent advances in our understanding of its expression and activity as well as its isoforms, and its possible clinical role based on the mechanisms of resistance and progression in multiple myeloma.

Mesothelin expression correlates with elevated inhibitory immune activity in patients with colorectal cancer

The expression of the protein Mesothelin (MSLN) is highly variable in several malignancies including colorectal cancer (CRC) and high levels are associated with aggressive clinicopathological features and worse patient survival. CRC is both a common and deadly cancer; being the third most common in incidence and second most common cause of cancer related death. While systemic therapy remains the primary therapeutic option for most patients with stage IV (metastatic; m) CRC, their disease eventually becomes treatment refractory, and 85% succumb within 5 years. Microsatellite-stable (MSS) CRC tumors, which affect more than 90% of patients with mCRC, are generally refractory to immunotherapeutic interventions. In our current work, we characterize MSLN levels in CRC, specifically correlating expression with clinical outcomes in relevant CRC subtypes and explore how MSLN expression impacts the status of immune activation and suppression in the peritumoral microenvironment. High MSLN expression is highly prevalent in CMS1 and CMS4 CRC subtypes as well as in mCRC tissue and correlates with higher gene mutation rates across the patient cohorts. Further, MSLN-high patients exhibit increased M1/M2 macrophage infiltration, PD-L1 staining, immune-inhibitory gene expression, enrichment in inflammatory, TGF-β, IL6/JAK/STAT3, IL2/STAT5 signaling pathways and mutation in KRAS and FBXW7. Together, these results suggest MSLN protein is a potential target for antigen-specific therapy and supports investigation into its tumorigenic effects to identify possible therapeutic interventions for patients with high MSLN expressing MSS CRC.

The Role of TGF-β during Pregnancy and Pregnancy Complications

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), a multifunctional cytokine, is one of the most important inflammatory cytokines closely related to pregnancy. It plays significant roles in hormone secretion, placental development, and embryonic growth during pregnancy. TGF-β is implicated in embryo implantation and inhibits the invasion of extraepithelial trophoblast cells. It also moderates the mother-fetus interaction by adjusting the secretion pattern of immunomodulatory factors in the placenta, consequently influencing the mother's immune cells. The TGF-β family regulates the development of the nervous, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems by regulating gene expression. Furthermore, TGF-β has been associated with various pregnancy complications. An increase in TGF-β levels can induce the occurrences of pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus, while a decrease can lead to recurrent miscarriage due to the interference of the immune tolerance environment. This review focuses on the role of TGF-β in embryo implantation and development, providing new insights for the clinical prevention and treatment of pregnancy complications.

Deep Proteome of the Developing Chick Midbrain

The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration of cranial neural crest cells within the midbrain are critical processes that permit proper craniofacial patterning in the early embryo. Disruptions in these processes not only impair development but also lead to various diseases, underscoring the need for their detailed understanding at the molecular level. The chick embryo has served historically as an excellent model for human embryonic development, including cranial neural crest cell EMT and migration. While these developmental events have been characterized transcriptionally, studies at the protein level have not been undertaken to date. Here, we applied mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics to establish a deep proteomics profile of the chick midbrain region during early embryonic development. Our proteomics method combines optimal lysis conditions, offline fractionation, separation on a nanopatterned stationary phase (μPAC) using nanoflow liquid chromatography, and detection using quadrupole-ion trap-Orbitrap tribrid high-resolution tandem MS. Identification of >5900 proteins and >450 phosphoproteins in this study marks the deepest coverage of the chick midbrain proteome to date. These proteins have known roles in pathways related to neural crest cell EMT and migration such as signaling, proteolysis/extracellular matrix remodeling, and transcriptional regulation. This study offers valuable insight into important developmental processes occurring in the midbrain region and demonstrates the utility of proteomics for characterization of tissue microenvironments during chick embryogenesis.

Myocardial fibrosis in rheumatic heart disease: emerging concepts and clinical implications

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains a significant cardiovascular burden in the world even though it is no longer common in affluent countries. Centuries of history surrounding this disease provide us with a thorough understanding of its pathophysiology. Infections in the throat, skin, or mucosa are the gateway for Group A Streptococcus (GAS) to penetrate our immune system. A significant inflammatory response to the heart is caused by an immunologic cascade triggered by GAS antigen cross-reactivity. This exaggerated immune response is primarily responsible for cardiac dysfunction. Recurrent inflammatory processes damage all layers of the heart, including the endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. A vicious immunological cycle involving inflammatory mediators, angiotensin II, and TGF-β promotes extracellular matrix remodeling, resulting in myocardial fibrosis. Myocardial fibrosis appears to be a prevalent occurrence in patients with RHD. The presence of myocardial fibrosis, which causes left ventricular dysfunction in RHD, might be utilized to determine options for treatment and might also be used to predict the outcome of interventions in patients with RHD. This emerging concept of myocardial fibrosis needs to be explored comprehensively in order to be optimally utilized in the treatment of RHD.

Anti-migration and anti-invasion effects of LY-290181 on breast cancer cell lines through the inhibition of Twist1

Breast cancer has become the most common cancer among women worldwide. Among breast cancers, metastatic breast cancer is associated with the highest mortality rate. Twist1, one of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition-regulating transcription factors, is known to promote the intravasation of breast cancer cells into metastatic sites. Therefore, targeting Twist1 to develop anti-cancer drugs might be a valuable strategy. In this study, LY-290181 dose-dependently inhibited migration, invasion, and multicellular tumor spheroid invasion in breast cancer cell lines. These anti-cancer effects of LY-290181 were mediated through the down-regulation of Twist1 protein levels. LY-290181 inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways. Therefore, our findings suggest that LY-290181 may serve as a basis for future research and development of an anti-cancer agent targeting metastatic cancers. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(7): 410-415].

Anti-migration and anti-invasion effects of LY-290181 on breast cancer cell lines through the inhibition of Twist1

Breast cancer has become the most common cancer among women worldwide. Among breast cancers, metastatic breast cancer is associated with the highest mortality rate. Twist1, one of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition-regulating transcription factors, is known to promote the intravasation of breast cancer cells into metastatic sites. Therefore, targeting Twist1 to develop anti-cancer drugs might be a valuable strategy. In this study, LY-290181 dose-dependently inhibited migration, invasion, and multicellular tumor spheroid invasion in breast cancer cell lines. These anti-cancer effects of LY-290181 were mediated through the down-regulation of Twist1 protein levels. LY-290181 inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways. Therefore, our findings suggest that LY-290181 may serve as a basis for future research and development of an anti-cancer agent targeting metastatic cancers. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(7): 410-415].

Expression of dual-specificity phosphatases in TGFß1-induced EMT in SKOV3 cells

BACKGROUND

The study aims to profile the dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSP) expression in response to Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1)-induced epithelial- mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ovarian adenocarcinoma cells.

METHODS

The ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line SKOV3 was used as a TGFβ1-induced EMT model. Cells were incubated with 5 ng/mL TGFβ1 to induce EMT. EMT was confirmed with real-time qPCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses of various EMT markers. Western blot was used to analyze phospho- and total MAPK protein levels. Typical and atypical DUSPs mRNA expression profile was determined by real-time qPCR.

RESULTS

The epithelial marker E-cadherin expressions were decreased and mesenchymal EMT markers Snail and Slug expression levelswere increased after TGFβ1 induction. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK were enhanced in response to TGFβ1 treatment. The expression of DUSP2, DUSP6, DUSP8, DUSP10, and DUSP13 were decreased while DUSP7, DUSP16, DUSP18, DUSP21, and DUSP27 were increased by TGFβ1.

DISCUSSION

TGFβ1 induced EMT which was accompanied by increased activity of MAPKs, and led to marked changes in expressions of several DUSPs in SKOV3 cells.

Myostatin: a potential therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is a complex metabolic disorder, its main clinical manifestations are obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Although metabolic syndrome has been the focus of research in recent decades, it has been proposed that the occurrence and development of metabolic syndrome is related to pathophysiological processes such as insulin resistance, adipose tissue dysfunction and chronic inflammation, but there is still a lack of favorable clinical prevention and treatment measures for metabolic syndrome. Multiple studies have shown that myostatin (MSTN), a member of the TGF-β family, is involved in the development and development of obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension (clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome), and thus may be a potential therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome. In this review, we describe the transcriptional regulation and receptor binding pathway of MSTN, then introduce the role of MSTN in regulating mitochondrial function and autophagy, review the research progress of MSTN in metabolic syndrome. Finally summarize some MSTN inhibitors under clinical trial and proposed the use of MSTN inhibitor as a potential target for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.

Human Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome Modifies the Processes of Neuroprotection and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Retinal Pigment Epithelium at Transcriptional Level

BACKGROUND

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells are potential targets for treating retinal detachment (RD) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), considering the importance of neuroprotection and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of RPE in these conditions. This study investigated the effect of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cell secretome (WJMSC-S) on the expression of genes involved in both neuroprotection and EMT in RPE cells in vitro (TRKB, MAPK, PI3K, BDNF, and NGF).

METHODS

RPE cells from passages 5-7 were treated with WJMSC-S (or the vehicle culture medium as control) for 24 h at 37◦C and subsequently subjected to RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. Gene expression level was evaluated using real-time PCR in the treated versus control cells.

RESULTS

The results of our study showed that WJMSC-S led to a significant downregulation in three out of five studied gene expression (MAPK, TRKB, and NGF), and simultaneously, remarkably upregulated the expression of the BDNF gene.

CONCLUSIONS

According to the present data, WJMSC-S can affect the EMT and neuroprotection processes at the mRNA level by suppressing EMT and promoting neuroprotection in RPE cells. This finding may have positive clinical implications in the context of RD and PVR.

Natural product Eriocalyxin B suppressed triple negative breast cancer metastasis both in vitro and in vivo

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women, and its metastasis to distant organs accounts for the majority of death. Eriocalyxin B (Eri B), an ent-kaurane diterpenoid isolating from Isodon eriocalyx var. laxiflora, has previously been reported to have anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects in breast cancer. Here, we investigated the effect of Eri B on cell migration and adhesion in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, as well as aldehyde dehydrogenases 1 family member A1 (ALDH1A1) expression, colony- and sphere-formation in cancer stem cell (CSC) enriched MDA-MB-231 cells. The in vivo anti-metastatic activities of Eri B were determined in 3 different breast tumor-bearing mouse models. Our results indicated that Eri B inhibited TNBC cell migration and adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins, and also reduced ALDH1A1 expression and colony formation in CSC-enriched MDA-MB-231 cells. The metastasis-related pathways, such as epidermal growth factor receptor/ mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases 1/2/ extracellular regulated protein kinase signaling altered by Eri B was firstly shown in MDA-MB-231 cells. The potent anti-metastatic efficacies of Eri B were demonstrated in breast xenograft-bearing mice and syngeneic breast tumor-bearing mice. Gut microbiome analysis results revealed the change in the diversity and composition of microbiome after Eri B treatment, and the potential pathways that are involved in the anti-cancer efficacy of Eri B. In conclusion, Eri B was shown to inhibit breast cancer metastasis in both in vitro and in vivo models. Our findings further support the development of Eri B as an anti-metastatic agent for breast cancer.

MAPKs in the early steps of senescence implemEMTation

Evidence is accumulating that the earliest stages of the DNA damage response can direct cells toward senescence instead of other cell fates. In particular, tightly regulated signaling through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) in early senescence can lead to a sustained pro-survival program and suppress a pro-apoptotic program. Importantly, an epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition (EMT)-like program appears essential for preventing apoptosis and favoring senescence following DNA damage. In this review, we discuss how MAPKs might influence EMT features to promote a senescent phenotype that increases cell survival at the detriment of tissue function.

Untangling the complexity of heat shock protein 27 in cancer and metastasis

Heat shock protein 27 is a type of molecular chaperone whose expression gets up-regulated due to reaction towards different stressful triggers including anticancer treatments. It is known to be a major player of resistance development in cancer cells, whereby cells are sheltered against the therapeutics that normally activate apoptosis. Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is one of the highly expressed proteins during various cellular insults and is a strong tumor survival factor. HSP27 influences various cellular pathways associated with cancer cell survival and growth such as apoptosis, autophagy, metastasis, angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, etc. HSP27 is molecular machinery which prevents the clumping of numerous substrates or client proteins which get mutated in cancer. It has been reported in several studies that targeting HSP27 is difficult because of its dynamic structure and absence of an ATP-binding site. Here, in this review, we have summarized different modulators of HSP27 and their mechanism of action as well. Effect of deregulated HSP27 in various cancer models, limitations of targeting HSP27, resistance against the conventional drugs generated due to the overexpression of HSP27, and measures to counteract this effect have also been discussed here in detail.

Stimulation of Chondrogenesis in a Developmental Model of Endochondral Bone Formation by Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields

Notable characteristics of the skeleton are its responsiveness to physical stimuli and its ability to remodel secondary to changing biophysical environments and thereby fulfill its physiological roles of stability and movement. Bone and cartilage cells have many mechanisms to sense physical cues and activate a variety of genes to synthesize structural molecules to remodel their extracellular matrix and soluble molecules for paracrine signaling. This review describes the response of a developmental model of endochondral bone formation which is translationally relevant to embryogenesis, growth, and repair to an externally applied pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF). The use of a PEMF allows for the exploration of morphogenesis in the absence of distracting stimuli such as mechanical load and fluid flow. The response of the system is described in terms of the cell differentiation and extracellular matrix synthesis in chondrogenesis. Emphasis is placed upon dosimetry of the applied physical stimulus and some of the mechanisms of tissue response through a developmental process of maturation. PEMFs are used clinically for bone repair and have other potential clinical applications. These features of tissue response and signal dosimetry can be extrapolated to the design of clinically optimal stimulation.

The Role of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Rheumatic Heart Disease

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD), an acquired valvular disease, remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This chronic illness starts from untreated streptococcal throat infection, resulting in acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in susceptible individuals. Repeated infections lead to a chronic phase characterized by the damage of heart valves. Inflammation has been found to play important role in the development of this disease. All the studies presented in this review clearly show the involvement of the inflammatory state in the progression of this disease. However, the exact role of cytokines in inflammation sites remains to be examined, since most studies have so far focused on peripheral blood. Such analysis would provide information on inflammatory mechanisms in situ.

The effects of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in COPD induced by cigarette smoke: an update

Cigarette smoke is a complex aerosol containing a large number of compounds with a variety of toxicity and carcinogenicity. Long-term exposure to cigarette smoke significantly increases the risk of a variety of diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a unique biological process, that refers to epithelial cells losing their polarity and transforming into mobile mesenchymal cells, playing a crucial role in organ development, fibrosis, and cancer progression. Numerous recent studies have shown that EMT is an important pathophysiological process involved in airway fibrosis, airway remodeling, and malignant transformation of COPD. In this review, we summarized the effects of cigarette smoke on the development and progression of COPD and focus on the specific changes and underlying mechanisms of EMT in COPD induced by cigarette smoke. We spotlighted the signaling pathways involved in EMT induced by cigarette smoke and summarize the current research and treatment approaches for EMT in COPD, aiming to provide ideas for potential new treatment and research directions.

Co-Expression Network and Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Uncovers Biological Pathways for Fertility in Beef Heifers

Reproductive failure remains a significant challenge to the beef industry. The omics technologies have provided opportunities to improve reproductive efficiency. We used a multistaged analysis from blood profiles to integrate metabolome (plasma) and transcriptome (peripheral white blood cells) in beef heifers. We used untargeted metabolomics and RNA-Seq paired data from six AI-pregnant (AI-P) and six nonpregnant (NP) Angus-Simmental crossbred heifers at artificial insemination (AI). Based on network co-expression analysis, we identified 17 and 37 hub genes in the AI-P and NP groups, respectively. Further, we identified TGM2, TMEM51, TAC3, NDRG4, and PDGFB as more connected in the NP heifers’ network. The NP gene network showed a connectivity gain due to the rewiring of major regulators. The metabolomic analysis identified 18 and 15 hub metabolites in the AI-P and NP networks. Tryptophan and allantoic acid exhibited a connectivity gain in the NP and AI-P networks, respectively. The gene–metabolite integration identified tocopherol-a as positively correlated with ENSBTAG00000009943 in the AI-P group. Conversely, tocopherol-a was negatively correlated in the NP group with EXOSC2, TRNAUIAP, and SNX12. In the NP group, α-ketoglutarate-SMG8 and putrescine-HSD17B13 were positively correlated, whereas a-ketoglutarate-ALAS2 and tryptophan-MTMR1 were negatively correlated. These multiple interactions identified novel targets and pathways underlying fertility in bovines.

An Extensive Review on Preclinical and Clinical Trials of Oncolytic Viruses Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer

Chemotherapy resistance and peculiar tumor microenvironment, which diminish or mitigate the effects of therapies, make pancreatic cancer one of the deadliest malignancies to manage and treat. Advanced immunotherapies are under consideration intending to ameliorate the overall patient survival rate in pancreatic cancer. Oncolytic viruses therapy is a new type of immunotherapy in which a virus after infecting and lysis the cancer cell induces/activates patients’ immune response by releasing tumor antigen in the blood. The current review covers the pathways and molecular ablation that take place in pancreatic cancer cells. It also unfolds the extensive preclinical and clinical trial studies of oncolytic viruses performed and/or undergoing to design an efficacious therapy against pancreatic cancer.

Role of p38 MAP kinase in cancer stem cells and metastasis

Therapeutic resistance and metastatic progression are responsible for the majority of cancer mortalities. In particular, the development of resistance is a significant barrier to the efficacy of cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapies. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) underlie treatment resistance and metastasis. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) is downstream of several CSC-specific signaling pathways, and it plays an important role in CSC development and maintenance and contributes to metastasis and chemoresistance. Therefore, the development of therapeutic approaches targeting p38 can sensitize tumors to chemotherapy and prevent metastatic progression.

Long non-coding RNAs as the critical regulators of epithelial mesenchymal transition in colorectal tumor cells: an overview

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer mortality and a major health challenge worldwide. Despite advances in therapeutic and diagnostic methods, there is still a poor prognosis in CRC patients. Tumor recurrence and metastasis are the main causes of high mortality rate in these patients, which are due to late diagnosis in advanced tumor stages. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is known to be the most important cause of CRC metastasis, during which tumor cells obtain metastasis ability by losing epithelial features and gaining mesenchymal features. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are pivotal regulators of EMT process. Regarding the higher stability of lncRNAs compared with coding RNAs in body fluids, they can be used as non-invasive diagnostic markers for EMT process. In the present review, we summarized all of the lncRNAs involved in regulation of EMT process during CRC progression and metastasis. It was observed that lncRNAs mainly induced the EMT process in CRC cells by regulation of EMT-related transcription factors, Poly comb repressive complex (PRC), and also signaling pathways such as WNT, NOTCH, MAPK, and Hippo.

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Contributes to Drug Resistance of Lung Cancer Cells Through Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition

Recently, there has been a growing interest on the role of mitochondria in metastatic cascade. Several reports have shown the preferential utilization of glycolytic pathway instead of mitochondrial respiration for energy production and the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) has been considered to be a contributor to this switch in some cancers. Since epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is proposed to be one of the significant mediators of metastasis, the molecular connections between cancer cell metabolism and EMT may reveal underlying mechanisms and improve our understanding on metastasis. In order to explore a potential role for PDH inhibition on EMT and associated drug resistance, we took both pharmacological and genetic approaches, and selectively inhibited or knocked down PDHA1 by using Cpi613 and shPDHA1, respectively. We found that both approaches triggered morphological changes and characteristics of EMT (increase in mesenchymal markers). This change was accompanied by enhanced wound healing and an increase in migration. Interestingly, cells were more resistant to many of the clinically used chemotherapeutics following PDH inhibition or PDHA1 knockdown. Furthermore, the TGFβRI (known as a major inducer of the EMT) inhibitor (SB-431542) together with the PDHi, was effective in reversing EMT. In conclusion, interfering with PDH induced EMT, and more importantly resulted in chemoresistance. Therefore, our study demonstrates the need for careful consideration of PDH-targeting approaches in cancer treatment.

GANE can Improve Lung Fibrosis by Reducing Inflammation via Promoting p38MAPK/TGF-β1/NF-κB Signaling Pathway Downregulation

There is a trend to use nanoparticles as distinct treatments for cancer treatment because they have overcome many of the limitations of traditional drug delivery systems. Gallic acid (GA) is an effective polyphenol in the treatment of tissue injuries. In this study, GA was loaded onto niosomes to produce gallic acid nanoemulsion (GANE) using a green synthesis technique. GANE's efficiency, morphology, UV absorption, release, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis were evaluated. An in vitro study was conducted on the A549 lung carcinoma cell line to determine the GANE cytotoxicity. Also, our study was extended to evaluate the protective effect of GANE against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. GANE showed higher encapsulation efficiency and strong absorption at 280 nm. Transmission electron microscopy presented a spherical shape of the prepared nanoparticles, and FTIR demonstrated different spectra for the free gallic acid sample compared to GANE. GANE showed cytotoxicity for the A549 carcinoma lung cell line with a low IC₅₀ value. It was found that oral administration of GANE at 32.8 and 82 mg/kg.b.w. and dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg) provided significant protection against LPS-induced pulmonary fibrosis. GANE enhanced production of superoxide dismutase, GPx, and GSH. It simultaneously reduced the MDA level. The GANE and dexamethasone, induced the production of IL-4, but suppressed TNF-α and IL-6. On the other hand, the lung p38MAPK, TGF-β1, and NF-κB gene expression was downregulated in rats administrated with GANE when compared with the LPS-treated rats. Histological studies confirmed the effective effect of GANE as it had a lung-protective effect against LPS-induced lung fibrosis. It was noticed that GANE can inhibit oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and cytokines and downregulate p38MAPK, TGF-β1, and NF-κB gene expression to suppress the proliferation and migration of lung fibrotic cells.

Regulation of Myostatin on the Growth and Development of Skeletal Muscle

Myostatin (MSTN), a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, can negatively regulate the growth and development of skeletal muscle by autocrine or paracrine signaling. Mutation of the myostatin gene under artificial or natural conditions can lead to a significant increase in muscle quality and produce a double-muscle phenotype. Here, we review the similarities and differences between myostatin and other members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily and the mechanisms of myostatin self-regulation. In addition, we focus extensively on the regulation of myostatin functions involved in myogenic differentiation, myofiber type conversion, and skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation. Also, we summarize the induction of reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative stress by myostatin in skeletal muscle. This review of recent insights into the function of myostatin will provide reference information for future studies of myostatin-regulated skeletal muscle formation and may have relevance to agricultural fields of study.

Insights into health promoting effects and myochemical profiles of pine mushroom Tricholoma matsutake

Tricholoma matsutake (TM) is a valuable edible mushroom that has attracted increasing attention due to its potential medicinal values and functional uses. However, the chemical composition and molecular mechanisms behinds TM are not specifically summarized yet. Hence, this review aims to systematically analyze the research progress on the characterization of chemical compositions and the reported health effects of TM in the last 20 years. The myochemical profiles of TM consist of proteins with amino acids, fatty acids, nucleic acids with their derivatives, polysaccharides, minerals, volatile components, phenolic compounds, and steroids. The bioactive substances in TM exert their health effects mainly by regulating body immunity and restoring the balance of the redox system. NF-κB signaling pathway and its downstream cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 are the key molecular mechanisms. In addition, MAPK, PI3K-Akt, and JAK-STAT are also involved. NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt are also highly related to cancer regulation and thus TM has great anticancer potential. Considering that most studies have only investigated the dosage and inhibition rate of TM on cancer cell lines, more extensive studies need to focus on the specific molecular mechanisms behind these anticancer effects in the future.

REDD1 attenuates hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis via inhibiting of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway

Liver fibrosis is caused by repetitive hepatic injury. Regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1) gene is induced by various stresses and has been studied in cell proliferation and survival. However, the role of REDD1 in hepatic stellate cell activation and hepatic fibrogenesis has not yet been investigated. In the current study, we examined the effect of REDD1 on hepatic fibrogenesis and the underlying molecular mechanism. REDD1 protein was upregulated in the activated primary hepatic stellate cells and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-treated LX-2 cells. REDD1 mRNA levels were also elevated by TGF-β treatment. TGF-β signaling is primarily transduced via the activation of the Smad transcription factor. However, TGF-β-mediated REDD1 induction was not Smad-dependent. Thus, we investigated the transcription factors that influence the REDD1 expression by TGF-β. We found that c-JUN, a component of AP-1, upregulated the REDD1 expression that was specifically suppressed by p38 inhibitor. In silico analysis of the REDD1 promoter region showed putative AP-1-binding sites; additionally, its deletion mutants demonstrated that the AP-1-binding site between -716 and -587 bp within the REDD1 promoter is critical for TGF-β-mediated REDD1 induction. Moreover, REDD1 overexpression markedly inhibited TGF-β-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression and Smad phosphorylation. REDD1 adenovirus infection inhibited CCl₄-induced hepatic injury in mice, which was demonstrated by reduced ALT/AST levels and collagen accumulation. In addition, we observed that REDD1 inhibited CCl₄-induced fibrogenic gene induction and restored GSH and malondialdehyde levels. Our findings implied that REDD1 has the potential to inhibit HSC activation and protect against liver fibrosis.

Cholangiocyte Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a potential molecular mechanism driving ischemic cholangiopathy in liver transplantation

Donation after circulatory death (DCD) has expanded the donor pool for liver transplantation. However, ischemic cholangiopathy (IC) after DCD liver transplantation causes inferior outcomes. The molecular mechanisms of IC are currently unknown but may depend on ischemia-induced genetic reprograming of the biliary epithelium to mesenchymal-like cells. The main objective of this study was to determine if cholangiocytes undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) after exposure to DCD conditions and if this causally contributes to the phenotype of IC. Human cholangiocyte cultures were exposed to periods of warm and cold ischemia to mimic DCD liver donation. EMT was tested by assays of cell migration, cell morphology, and differential gene expression. Transplantation of syngeneic rat livers recovered under DCD conditions were evaluated for EMT changes by immunohistochemistry. Human cholangiocytes exposed to DCD conditions displayed migratory behavior and gene expression patterns consistent with EMT. E-cadherin and CK-7 expressions fell while N-cadherin, vimentin, TGFβ, and SNAIL rose, starting 24 hours and peaking 1-3 weeks after exposure. Cholangiocyte morphology changed from cuboidal (epithelial) before to spindle shaped (mesenchymal) a week after ischemia. These changes were blocked by pretreating cells with the Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) receptor antagonist Galunisertib (1 μM). Finally, rats with liver isografts cold stored for 20 hours in UW solution and exposed to warm ischemia (30 minutes) at recovery had elevated plasma bilirubin 1 week after transplantation and the liver tissue showed immunohistochemical evidence of early cholangiocyte EMT. Our findings show EMT occurs after exposure of human cholangiocytes to DCD conditions, which may be initiated by upstream signaling from autocrine derived TGFβ to cause mesenchymal specific morphological and migratory changes.

Cytoguardin: A Tryptophan Metabolite against Cancer Growth and Metastasis

Cytoguardin was identified in the conditioned medium of fibroblasts as a tryptophan metabolite, 5-methoxytryptophan (5-MTP). It is synthesized via two enzymatic steps: tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT). A truncated HIOMT isoform, HIOMT298, catalyzes 5-MTP synthesis. Cancer cells produce scarce 5-MTP due to defective HIOMT298 expression. 5-MTP inhibits cancer cell COX-2 expression and thereby reduces COX-2-mediated cell proliferation and migration. 5-MTP also inhibits MMP-9 expression and thereby reduces cancer cell invasion. 5-MTP exerts its anti-cancer effect by blocking p38 MAPK and p38-mediated NF-κB and p300 HAT activation. The stable transfection of A549 cells with HIOMT298 restores 5-MTP production which renders cancer cells less aggressive. The implantation of HIOMT-transfected A549 into subcutaneous tissues of a murine xenograft tumor model shows that HIOMT-transduced A549 cells form smaller tumors and generate fewer metastatic lung nodules than control A549 cells. HIOMT298 transfection suppresses aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) expression and serotonin production. Serotonin is a cancer-promoting factor. By restoring 5-MTP and suppressing serotonin production, HIOMT298 overexpression converts cancer cells into less malignant phenotypes. The analysis of HIOMT expression in a human cancer tissue array showed reduced HIOMT levels in a majority of colorectal, pancreatic, and breast cancer. HIOMT298 may be a biomarker of human cancer progression. Furthermore, 5-MTP has the potential to be a lead compound in the development of new therapy for the chemoprevention of certain cancers such as hepatocellular cancer.

Interactions between SARS coronavirus 2 papain-like protease and immune system: A potential drug target for the treatment of COVID-19

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of respiratory viruses which can cause mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections. Recently, new coronavirus named as Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has been identified which is a major threat to public health. Innate immune responses play a vital role in a host's defence against viruses. Interestingly, CoVs have evolved elaborate strategies to evade the complex system of sensors and signalling molecules to suppress host immunity. SARS‐CoV‐2 papain‐like protease (PLpro), as an important coronavirus enzyme, regulates viral spread and innate immune responses. SCoV‐2 PLpro is multifunctional enzyme with deubiquitinating (DUB) and deISGylating activity. The PLpro can interact with key regulators in signalling pathways such as STING, NF‐κB, cytokine production, MAPK and TGF‐β and hijack those to block the immune responses. Therefore, the PLpro can be as an important target for the treatment of COVID‐19. Until now, several drugs or compounds have been identified that can inhibit PLpro activity. Here we discuss about the dysregulation effects of PLpro on immune system and drugs that have potential inhibitors for SCoV‐2 PLpro.

Identification of pathways modulating vemurafenib resistance in melanoma cells via a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen

Vemurafenib is a BRAF kinase inhibitor (BRAFi) that is used to treat melanoma patients harboring the constitutively active BRAF-V600E mutation. However, after a few months of treatment patients often develop resistance to vemurafenib leading to disease progression. Sequence analysis of drug-resistant tumor cells and functional genomic screens has identified several genes that regulate vemurafenib resistance. Reactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a recurrent feature of cells that develop resistance to vemurafenib. We performed a genome-scale CRISPR-based knockout screen to identify modulators of vemurafenib resistance in melanoma cells with a highly improved CRISPR sgRNA library called Brunello. We identified 33 genes that regulate resistance to vemurafenib out of which 14 genes have not been reported before. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that the hit genes regulate histone modification, transcription and cell cycle. We discuss how inactivation of hit genes might confer resistance to vemurafenib and provide a framework for follow-up investigations.

Glycosyltransferase POMGNT1 deficiency strengthens N-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion

Defects in protein O-mannosylation lead to severe congenital muscular dystrophies collectively known as α-dystroglycanopathy. A hallmark of these diseases is the loss of the O-mannose-bound matriglycan on α-dystroglycan, which reduces cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix. Mutations in protein O-mannose β1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (POMGNT1), which is crucial for the elongation of O-mannosyl glycans, have mainly been associated with muscle-eye-brain (MEB) disease. In addition to defects in cell-extracellular matrix adhesion, aberrant cell-cell adhesion has occasionally been observed in response to defects in POMGNT1. However, specific molecular consequences of POMGNT1 deficiency on cell-cell adhesion are largely unknown. We used POMGNT1 knockout HEK293T cells and fibroblasts from an MEB patient to gain deeper insight into the molecular changes in POMGNT1 deficiency. Biochemical and molecular biological techniques combined with proteomics, glycoproteomics, and glycomics revealed that a lack of POMGNT1 activity strengthens cell-cell adhesion. We demonstrate that the altered intrinsic adhesion properties are due to an increased abundance of N-cadherin (N-Cdh). In addition, site-specific changes in the N-glycan structures in the extracellular domain of N-Cdh were detected, which positively impact on homotypic interactions. Moreover, in POMGNT1-deficient cells, ERK1/2 and p38 signaling pathways are activated and transcriptional changes that are comparable with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are triggered, defining a possible molecular mechanism underlying the observed phenotype. Our study indicates that changes in cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and other EMT-related processes may contribute to the complex clinical symptoms of MEB or α-dystroglycanopathy in general and suggests that the impact of changes in O-mannosylation on N-glycosylation has been underestimated.

Cardiac dysfunction after preeclampsia; an overview of pro- and anti-fibrotic circulating effector molecules

Preeclampsia (PE) is strongly associated with heart failure (HF) later in life. The aberrant cardiac remodelling is likely initiated or amplified during preeclamptic pregnancy. Aberrant remodelling often persists after delivery and is known to relate strongly to cardiac fibrosis. This review provides an overview of pro- and anti- fibrotic circulating effector molecules that are involved in cardiac fibrosis and their association with PE. Women with PE complicated pregnancies show increased ANG-II sensitivity and elevated levels of the pro-fibrotic factors IL-6, TNF-α, TGs and FFAs compared to uncomplicated pregnancies. In the postpartum period, PE pregnancies compared to uncomplicated pregnancies have increased ANG-II sensitivity, elevated levels of the pro-fibrotic factors IL-6, TNF-α, LDL cholesterol and leptin, as well as decreased levels of the anti-fibrotic factor adiponectin. The review revealed several profibrotic molecules that associate to cardiac fibrosis during and after PE. The role that these fibrotic factors have on the heart during and after PE may improve the understanding of the link between PE and HF. Furthermore they may provide insight into the pathways in which the relation between both diseases can be understood as potential mechanisms which interfere in the process of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Unravelling the molecular mechanism and pathways involved might bring the diagnostic and therapeutic abilities of those factors a step closer.

Emerging Roles of Disabled Homolog 2 (DAB2) in Immune Regulation

Disabled-2 (DAB2) is a clathrin and cargo binding endocytic adaptor protein recognized for its multifaceted roles in signaling pathways involved in cellular differentiation, proliferation, migration, tumor suppression, and other fundamental homeostatic cellular mechanisms. The requirement for DAB2 in the canonical TGFβ signaling in fibroblasts suggested that a similar mechanism may exist in immune cells and that DAB2 may contribute to immunological tolerance and suppression of inflammatory responses. In this review, we synthesize the current state of knowledge on the roles of DAB2 in the cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, with particular focus on antigen presenting cells (APCs; macrophages and dendritic cells) and regulatory T cells (Tregs). The emerging role of DAB2 in the immune system is that of an immunoregulatory molecule with significant roles in Treg-mediated immunosuppression, and suppression of TLR signaling in APC. DAB2 itself is downregulated by inflammatory stimuli, an event that likely contributes to the immunogenic function of APC. However, contrary findings have been described in neuroinflammatory disorders, thus suggesting a highly context-specific roles for DAB2 in immune cell regulation. There is need for better understanding of DAB2 regulation and its roles in different immune cells, their specialized sub-populations, and their responses under specific inflammatory conditions.

OXPHOS-dependent metabolic reprogramming prompts metastatic potential of breast cancer cells under osteogenic differentiation

BACKGROUND

Microcalcification is one of the most reliable clinical features of the malignancy risk of breast cancer, and it is associated with enhanced tumour aggressiveness and poor prognosis. However, its underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear.

METHODS

Clinical data were retrieved to analyse the association between calcification and bone metastasis in patients with breast cancer. Using multiple human breast cancer cell lines, the osteogenic cocktail model was established in vitro to demonstrate calcification-exacerbated metastasis. Migration and invasion characteristics were determined by wound healing and transwell migration. mRNA and protein expression were identified by quantitative PCR and western blotting. Metabolic alterations in breast cancer cells were evaluated using Seahorse Analyser.

RESULTS

The osteogenic differentiation of human breast cancer cells activated the classical TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway and the non-canonical MAPK pathway, which, in turn, exacerbated the progression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The metabolic programme switched to enhancing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) upon osteogenic differentiation. Rotenone was used to inhibit the OXPHOS complex during osteogenesis to block mitochondrial function, consequently reversing the EMT phenotype.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides important insights into the mechanisms involved in breast cancer bone metastasis, and outlines a possible strategy to intervene in OXPHOS for the treatment of breast tumours.

Truncation of MYH8 tail in AML: a novel prognostic marker with increase cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition utilizing RAF/MAPK pathway

MYH8 is an actin-based motor protin involved in integrin-mediated cell adhesion and migration. Heretofore, the association of MYH8 mutation and cancer is unclear. In this study, we investigated the biologic significance of novel MYH8 tail truncation mutation, R1292X, in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) which was discovered by whole-exome sequencing and targeted re-sequencing of 209 AML patients. The patients harboring the mutation all relapsed within 3.8-20.9 months. To explore the functional consequence of the mutation in AML progress, we established knock-in cell lines using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. Using the established mutant model, we assessed traits of cancer progress. The mutant cells had improved motility, which was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining, wound healing, transwell migration and adhesion assay. The cell morphology and cell cycle were altered to be accessible to migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcription factors were also increased. The Raf and p44/42 MAPK pathway was a major regulator of these characteristics proved by a screening of signal transduction and inhibitor assay. Further, a public cancer genome database (cBioPortal) shows that MYH8 tail truncation mutations occurring near the R1292 position of the genome may have a significant function in cancer. In conclusion, truncation of MYH8 could be a novel prognostic marker related to poor prognosis by inducing cell migration and EMT features, and inhibition of the Raf/MAPK pathway would be a therapeutic strategy for AML patients with MYH8 tail truncation.

Trehalose ameliorates peritoneal fibrosis by promoting Snail degradation and inhibiting mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in mesothelial cells

Peritoneal fibrosis (PF) is a severe complication of peritoneal dialysis, but there are few effective therapies for it. Recent studies have revealed a new biological function of trehalose as an autophagy inducer. Thus far, there are few reports regarding the therapeutic effects of trehalose on fibrotic diseases. Therefore, we examined whether trehalose has anti-fibrotic effects on PF. PF was induced by intraperitoneal injection of chlorhexidine gluconate (CG). CG challenges induced the increase of peritoneal thickness, ColIα₁ mRNA expression and hydroxyproline content, all of which were significantly attenuated by trehalose. In addition, CG challenges induced a marked peritoneal accumulation of α-SMA⁺ myofibroblasts that was reduced by trehalose. The number of Wt1⁺ α-SMA⁺ cells in the peritoneum increased following CG challenges, suggesting that a part of α-SMA⁺ myofibroblasts were derived from peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs). The number of Wt1⁺ α-SMA⁺ cells was also suppressed by trehalose. Additionally, trehalose attenuated the increase of α-SMA and ColIα₁ mRNA expression induced by TGF-β₁ through Snail protein degradation, which was dependent on autophagy in PMCs. These results suggest that trehalose might be a novel therapeutic agent for PF through the induction of autophagy and the suppression of mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in PMCs.