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Ren W, Zhao L, Sun Y, Wang X, Shi X. HMGB1 and Toll-like receptors: potential therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases. Mol Med 2023; 29:117. [PMID: 37667233 PMCID: PMC10478470 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HMGB1, a nucleoprotein, is expressed in almost all eukaryotic cells. During cell activation and cell death, HMGB1 can function as an alarm protein (alarmin) or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and mediate early inflammatory and immune response when it is translocated to the extracellular space. The binding of extracellular HMGB1 to Toll-like receptors (TLRs), such as TLR2 and TLR4 transforms HMGB1 into a pro-inflammatory cytokine, contributing to the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases. TLRs, which are members of a family of pattern recognition receptors, can bind to endogenous DAMPs and activate the innate immune response. Additionally, TLRs are key signaling molecules mediating the immune response and play a critical role in the host defense against pathogens and the maintenance of immune balance. HMGB1 and TLRs are reported to be upregulated in several autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and autoimmune thyroid disease. The expression levels of HMGB1 and some TLRs are upregulated in tissues of patients with autoimmune diseases and animal models of autoimmune diseases. The suppression of HMGB1 and TLRs inhibits the progression of inflammation in animal models. Thus, HMGB1 and TLRs are indispensable biomarkers and important therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases. This review provides comprehensive strategies for treating or preventing autoimmune diseases discovered in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xichang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoguang Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
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Cecchinato V, Martini V, Pirani E, Ghovehoud E, Uguccioni M. The chemokine landscape: one system multiple shades. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1176619. [PMID: 37251376 PMCID: PMC10213763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1176619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte trafficking is mainly governed by chemokines, chemotactic cytokines, which can be concomitantly produced in tissues during homeostatic conditions or inflammation. After the discovery and characterization of the individual chemokines, we and others have shown that they present additional properties. The first discoveries demonstrated that some chemokines act as natural antagonists on chemokine receptors, and prevent infiltration of leukocyte subsets in tissues. Later on it was shown that they can exert a repulsive effect on selective cell types, or synergize with other chemokines and inflammatory mediators to enhance chemokine receptors activities. The relevance of the fine-tuning modulation has been demonstrated in vivo in a multitude of processes, spanning from chronic inflammation to tissue regeneration, while its role in the tumor microenvironment needs further investigation. Moreover, naturally occurring autoantibodies targeting chemokines were found in tumors and autoimmune diseases. More recently in SARS-CoV-2 infection, the presence of several autoantibodies neutralizing chemokine activities distinguished disease severity, and they were shown to be beneficial, protecting from long-term sequelae. Here, we review the additional properties of chemokines that influence cell recruitment and activities. We believe these features need to be taken into account when designing novel therapeutic strategies targeting immunological disorders.
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Belmadani S, Matrougui K. Role of High Mobility Group Box 1 in Cardiovascular Diseases. Inflammation 2022; 45:1864-1874. [PMID: 35386038 PMCID: PMC11145736 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a ubiquitous, highly conserved nuclear and cytosolic protein that has diverse biological roles depending on its cellular location and posttranslational modifications. The HMGB1 is localized in the nucleus but can be translocated to the cytoplasm to modulate the intracellular signaling and eventually secreted outside the cells. It is widely established that HMGB1 plays a key role in inflammation; however, the role of HMGB1 in the cardiovascular diseases is not well understood. In this review, we will discuss the latest reports on the pathophysiological link between HMGB1 and cardiovascular complications, with special emphasis on the inflammation. Thus, the understanding of the role of HMGB1 may provide new insights into developing new HMGB1-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souad Belmadani
- Department of Physiological Sciences, EVMS, Norfolk, Virginia, 23501, USA
| | - Khalid Matrougui
- Department of Physiological Sciences, EVMS, Norfolk, Virginia, 23501, USA.
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Glycyrrhizin ameliorates vascular endothelial cell senescence by inhibiting HMGB1 in HFD/STZ-induced diabetic rats and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175196. [PMID: 35987259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The senescence and dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells are important features of diabetic vascular disease. High mobility group box-1(HMGB1) may be involved in vascular injury in response to high glucose. Glycyrrhizin (GL) is an HMGB1 inhibitor that significantly reduces HMGB1. However, the relationship between HMGB1 and vascular ageing in diabetes is not clear, the protective mechanism of GL against vascular injury in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is unclear too. This study aims to examine the role of HMGB1 in vascular endothelial cell senescence and the protective effects of GL on vascular aging in high fat diet/streptozotocin (HFD/STZ) induce type 2 diabetic rats.After induction of diabetes, GL (150 mg/kg/d) was treated by gavage for 4 weeks. Results showed that compared with the Control group, the serum level of HMGB1 was increased in rats with type 2 diabetes, while the expression of HMGB1 mRNA and protein in the thoracic aorta was upregulated, with a decrease in endothelium-dependent vasodilation function and an increase in aging degree in the thoracic aorta. However, the above indicators were significantly improved after GL treatment. In HUVECs, we found that treated with HMGB1 (50, 100 and 200 ng/ml) for 48 h induced cells senescence and GL (50, 100 mg/L) significantly inhibited high-glucose-induced endothelial cell senescence, meanwhile GL (50, 100 mg/L) significantly inhibited the high-glucose-induced HMGB1 release and upregulated p53 expression. In conclusion, GL as an HMGB1 inhibitor, attenuates endothelium-dependent relaxation impairment and vascular ageing in an animal model of diabetes and high-glucose-induced endothelial cell senescence.
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Mohammad G, Kowluru RA. Involvement of High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein in Optic Nerve Damage in Diabetes. Eye Brain 2022; 14:59-69. [PMID: 35586662 PMCID: PMC9109986 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s352730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetic patients routinely have high levels of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in their plasma, vitreous and ocular membranes, which is strongly correlated with subclinical chronic inflammation in the eye. Our previous work has suggested that high HMGB1 in diabetes plays a role in retinal inflammation and angiogenesis, but its role in the optic nerve damage is unclear. Therefore, our goal is to examine the role of HMGB1 in optic nerve damage in diabetes. Methods Gene expression of HMGB1 was quantified in the optic nerve from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by qRT-PCR, and their protein expressions by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. Using immunohistochemical technique, expression of reactive astrogliosis (indicator of neuroinflammation) and nerve demyelination/damage were determined by quantifying glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and myelin basic protein (MBP), respectively. The role of HMGB1 in the optic nerve damage and alteration visual pathways was confirmed in mice receiving glycyrrhizin, a HMGB1 inhibitor. Similar parameters were measured in the optic nerve from human donors with diabetes. Results Compared to normal mice, diabetic mice exhibited increased levels of HMGB1, higher GFAP expression, and decreased MBP in the optic nerve. Double immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that diabetes induced increased HMGB1 immunoreactivities were significantly colocalized with GFAP in the optic nerve. Glycyrrhizin supplementation effectively reduced HMGB1 and maintained normal axonal myelination and visual conduction. Results from mice optic nerve confirmed the results obtained from human donors with diabetes. Discussions Thus, diabetes-induced HMGB1 upregulation promotes optic nerve demyelination and inflammation. The regulation of HMGB1 activation has potential to protect optic nerve damage and the abnormalities of visual pathways in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Mohammad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Correspondence: Ghulam Mohammad, Tel +1 313-577-0744, Email
| | - Renu A Kowluru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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Gao S, Zhao LH, Tian X, Kong MW, He JQ, Ge XC, Liu XY, Feng ZB, Gao Y. Characteristics of Gut Microbiota in Female Patients with Diabetic Microvascular Complications. J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:2980228. [PMID: 36339086 PMCID: PMC9633191 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2980228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the characteristics and analyze the gut microbiota in female patients with diabetic microvascular complications (DMC). METHODS Thirty-seven female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were included in the study. These patients were divided into DM group with microvascular complications (T2DM-MC, n = 17) and no microvascular complications group (T2DM-0, n = 20). Patients in the microvascular group presented with the involvement of at least one of the following: kidney, retinal, or peripheral nerves. Using real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, fecal samples from the two groups were tested for Bacteroides, Prevotella, Bifidobacterium spp, Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Enterococcus spp, Eubacterium rectale, Veillonellaceae, Clostridium leptum, and Roseburia inulinivorans. Levels of fasting and 2 h postprandial blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipids, and creatinine were determined to explore the correlation between gut microbiota and blood sugar. Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the differences between the two groups. Spearman correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between gut microbiota and blood glucose. Multifactor logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for DMC. RESULTS The HbA1c levels in the T2DM-MC group were higher than those in the T2DM-0 group. The abundances of Bacteroides and Enterococcus spp in the T2DM-MC group were higher than that in the T2DM-0 group. The abundances of Bacteroides and Enterococcus spp in the T2DM-MC group were lower than that in the T2DM-0 group. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that Bacteroides, Prevotella, Lactobacillus, C. leptum, and R. inulinivorans were related to the levels of HbA1c or blood glucose (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for confounding factors such as age, body mass index, family history, HbA1c, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and creatinine, Bacteroides remained an independent risk factor in female patients with DMC. CONCLUSION Gut microbiota is related to blood glucose levels. Female patients with DMC experience gut microbiota disorders. The abundances of Bacteroidesare related to DMC, and the abundances of intestinal flora may affect the blood sugar levels of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Li-hua Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Mo-wei Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Jian-qiu He
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Xiao-chun Ge
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Xiao-yan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Zeng-bin Feng
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
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Chen H, Li G, Zhang J, Zheng T, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Yang F, Wang C, Nie H, Zheng B, Gong Q. Sodium butyrate ameliorates Schistosoma japonicum-induced liver fibrosis by inhibiting HMGB1 expression. Exp Parasitol 2021; 231:108171. [PMID: 34736899 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a prevalent zoonotic parasitic disease caused by schistosomes. Its main threat to human health is hepatic granuloma and fibrosis due to worm eggs. Praziquantel remains the first choice for the treatment of schistosomiasis but has limited benefit in treating liver fibrosis. Therefore, the need to develop effective drugs for treating schistosomiasis-induced hepatic fibrosis is urgent. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a potential immune mediator that is highly associated with the development of some fibrotic diseases and may be involved in the liver pathology of schistosomiasis. We speculated that HMGB1 inhibitors could have an anti-fibrotic effect. Sodium butyrate (SB), a potent inhibitor of HMGB1, has shown anti-inflammatory activity in some animal disease models. In this study, we evaluated the effects of SB on a murine schistosomiasis model. Mice were percutaneously infected with 20 ± 2 cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum. SB (500 mg/kg/day) was administered every 3 days for the entire experiment period. The activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), liver histopathology, HMGB1 expression, and the levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum were analyzed. SB reduced hepatic granuloma and fibrosis of schistosomiasis, reflected by the decreased levels of ALT and AST in serum and the reduced expression of pro-inflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines (IFN-γ, TGF-β1, and IL-6). The protective effect could be attributable to the inhibition of the expression of HMGB1 and release by SB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, PR China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Jingmen Second People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei Province, 448000, PR China
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, PR China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, PR China
| | - Qianglin Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, PR China
| | - Yanxiang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, PR China; Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, PR China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, PR China; Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, PR China; Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, PR China
| | - Hao Nie
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, PR China; Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, PR China
| | - Bing Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, PR China; Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, PR China.
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, PR China; Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, 434023, PR China.
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Feng L, Liang L, Zhang S, Yang J, Yue Y, Zhang X. HMGB1 downregulation in retinal pigment epithelial cells protects against diabetic retinopathy through the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Autophagy 2021; 18:320-339. [PMID: 34024230 PMCID: PMC8942416 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1926655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus and currently one of the major causes of blindness. Several previous studies have demonstrated that autophagy, which is regulated by HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1), is involved in DR development. However, the role of autophagy in DR is quite complicated in that it promotes pericyte survival in early DR, whereas excessive autophagy causes excess stress and leads to necrosis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between HMGB1, the macroautophagy/autophagy-lysosome pathway, and DR, as well as their underlying molecular mechanisms. In brief, the relationship between high glucose (HG) and the autophagy-lysosome pathway was examined in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The relationship was studied by detecting classical autophagic features, and siRNAs targeting HMGB1 and pharmacological regulators were used to explore the role of the autophagy-lysosome pathway in DR development. The results demonstrated that HG inhibited autophagy and diminished the degradative capacity of autophagy due to lysosome membrane permeabilization (LMP). In addition, HMGB1 was found to be involved in LMP via the CTSB (cathepsin B)-dependent pathway, but not the CTSL (cathepsin L)-dependent pathway. Knockdown of HMGB1 expression rescued LMP, restored the degradative capacity of autophagy, decreased the expression of inflammatory factors and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), and protected against apoptosis in RPE cells in the early stages of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujia Feng
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Liang Liang
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shaochong Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinglu Yang
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Yue
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xuedong Zhang
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Iglesias-Osma MC, Blanco EJ, Carretero-Hernández M, Catalano-Iniesta L, García-Barrado MJ, Sánchez-Robledo V, Blázquez JL, Carretero J. The lack of Irs2 induces changes in the immunocytochemical expression of aromatase in the mouse retina. Ann Anat 2021; 239:151726. [PMID: 33798691 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrate (Irs) belongs to a family of proteins that mediate the intracellular signaling of insulin and IGF-1. Insulin receptor substrate 2 (Irs2) is necessary for retinal function, since its failure in Irs2-deficient mice in hyperglycemic situation promotes photoreceptor degeneration and visual dysfunction, like in diabetic retinopathy. The expression of P450 aromatase, which catalyzes androgen aromatization to form 17ß-estradiol, increases in some neurodegenerative diseases thus promoting the local synthesis of neuroestrogens that exert relevant neuroprotective functions. Aromatase is also expressed in neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS), including the retina. To further understand the role of Irs2 at the retinal level, we performed an immunocytochemical study in adult normoglycemic Irs2-deficient mice. For this aim, the retinal immunoexpression of neuromodulators, such as aromatase, glutamine synthetase (GS), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was analyzed, joint to a morphometric and planimetric study of the retinal layers. Comparing with wild-type (WT) control mice, the Irs2-knockout (Irs2-KO) animals showed a significant increase in the immunopositivity to aromatase in almost all of the retinal layers. Besides, Irs2-KO mice exhibited a decreased immunopositive reaction for GS and TH, in Müller and amacrine cells, respectively; morphological variations were also found in these retinal cell types. Furthermore, the retina of Irs2-KO mice displayed alterations in the structural organization, and a generalized decrease in the retinal thickness was observed in each of the layers, except for the inner nuclear layer. Our findings suggest that the absence of Irs2 induces retinal neurodegenerative changes in Müller and amacrine cells that are unrelated to hyperglycemia. Accordingly, in the Irs2-KO mice, the increased retinal immunocytochemical reactivity of aromatase could be associated with an attempt to repair such neural retina injuries by promoting local neuroprotective mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Iglesias-Osma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Enrique J Blanco
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Carretero-Hernández
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Leonardo Catalano-Iniesta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria Jose García-Barrado
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Virginia Sánchez-Robledo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Blázquez
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose Carretero
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain.
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Eissa LD, Ghobashy WA, El-Azab MF. Inhibition of thioredoxin-interacting protein and inflammasome assembly using verapamil mitigates diabetic retinopathy and pancreatic injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 901:174061. [PMID: 33766618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been previously demonstrated by our group that genetic inhibition of thioredoxin-interacting-protein (TXNIP) preserved retinal neuronal function in chemically-induced retinopathy. Moreover, elevated intracellular levels of TXNIP and calcium ions play important roles in hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Current study aimed to appraise the potential therapeutic benefits of pharmacological inhibition of TXNIP using verapamil in diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy was assessed in type-1 diabetes rat model induced by a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg), with or without daily treatment with verapamil (10 mg/kg, oral) for 4 months. Verapamil treatment commenced 48 h post-streptozotocin insult and continued for 16 weeks. Untreated diabetic rats exhibited higher expression of toll-like-receptor-4 (TLR4), TXNIP, nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3), caspase-1, cytochrome-c, and ssDNA as assessed immunohistochemically in both retinal and pancreatic tissues 16 weeks post-diabetes induction. This was associated with a reduced thioredoxin reductase (Trx-R) activity, increased release of TNF-α and IL-1β into vitreous fluid along with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, pancreatic islets shrinkage, and enhanced CD34 expression. The treatment with verapamil enhanced Trx-R activity, significantly inhibited TLR4 mediated NLRP3-inflammasome assembly with subsequent diminishing of inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-1β) release into the vitreous, suppression of pathological angiogenesis, and preservation of RGC count and pancreatic islets diameter. Current study showed that using the calcium channel blocker, verapamil, interferes with the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and pancreatic islets damage at multiple levels mainly through the inhibition of TLR4, TXNIP and NLRP3-inflammasome, suggesting its promising role as an anti-diabetic and a neuroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waleed A Ghobashy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mona F El-Azab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
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Hou Y, Xin M, Li Q, Wu X. Glycyrrhizin micelle as a genistein nanocarrier: Synergistically promoting corneal epithelial wound healing through blockage of the HMGB1 signaling pathway in diabetic mice. Exp Eye Res 2021; 204:108454. [PMID: 33497689 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of targeting the HMGB1 signaling pathway to treat diabetic keratopathy with a dipotassium glycyrrhizinate-based micelle ophthalmic solution encapsulating genistein (DG-Gen), and to evaluate whether these dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (DG) micelles could synergistically enhance the therapeutic effect of encapsulated genistein (Gen). An optimized DG-Gen ophthalmic solution was fabricated with a Gen/DG weight of ratio 1:15, and this formulation featured an encapsulation efficiency of 98.96 ± 0.82%, and an average particle size of 29.50 ± 2.05 nm. The DG-Gen ophthalmic solution was observed to have good in vivo ocular tolerance and excellent in vivo corneal permeation, and to remarkably improve in vitro antioxidant activity. Ocular topical application of the DG-Gen ophthalmic solution significantly prompted corneal re-epithelialization and nerve regeneration in diabetic mice, and this efficacy might be due to the inhibition of HMGB1 signaling through down-regulation of HMGB1 and its receptors RAGE and TLR4, as well as inflammatory factor interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β. In conclusion, these data showed that HMGB1 signaling is a potential regulation target for the treatment of diabetic keratopathy, and novel DG-micelle formulation encapsulating active agents such as Gen could synergistically cause blockage of HMGB1 signaling to prompt diabetic corneal and nerve wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Xin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264100, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianggen Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Research for Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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12
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Yang L, Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Hou J, Tian S, Liu Y. The anti-diabetic activity of licorice, a widely used Chinese herb. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 263:113216. [PMID: 32763420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A great deal of valuable experience has been accumulated in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) system for the treatment of "Xiaoke" disease which is known as diabetes mellitus now. As the most-commonly used Chinese herb, licorice has been used in TCM for more than two thousand years. It is often used in combination with other herbs to treat metabolic disorders, especially diabetes mellitus. AIM OF THE STUDY To summarize the characteristics, mechanisms, and clinical use of licorice and its active components for treating diabetes mellitus. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Research Gate, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Academic Journals were used as information sources by the inclusion of the search terms 'diabetes', 'licorice', 'licorice extracts', 'flavonoids', 'triterpenoids', and their combinations, mainly from 2005 to 2019. RESULTS Licorice extracts, five flavonoids and three triterpenoids isolated from licorice possess great antidiabetic activities in vivo and in vitro. This was done by several mechanisms such as increasing the appetency and sensitivity of insulin receptor site to insulin, enhancing the use of glucose in different tissues and organs, clearing away the free radicals and resist peroxidation, correcting the metabolic disorder of lipid and protein, and improving microcirculation in the body. Multiple signaling pathways, including the PI3K/Akt, AMPK, AGE-RAGE, MAPK, NF-кB, and NLRP3 signaling pathways, are targets of the licorice compounds. CONCLUSION Licorice and its metabolites have a great therapeutic potential for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, a better understanding of their pharmacological mechanisms is needed for evaluating its efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jiaming Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Shaokai Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
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13
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Nebbioso M, Lambiase A, Armentano M, Tucciarone G, Bonfiglio V, Plateroti R, Alisi L. The Complex Relationship between Diabetic Retinopathy and High-Mobility Group Box: A Review of Molecular Pathways and Therapeutic Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080666. [PMID: 32722545 PMCID: PMC7464385 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a protein that is part of a larger family of non-histone nuclear proteins. HMGB1 is a ubiquitary protein with different isoforms, linked to numerous physiological and pathological pathways. HMGB1 is involved in cytokine and chemokine release, leukocyte activation and migration, tumorigenesis, neoangiogenesis, and the activation of several inflammatory pathways. HMGB1 is, in fact, responsible for the trigger, among others, of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathways. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) that is rapidly growing in number. DR is an inflammatory disease caused by hyperglycemia, which determines the accumulation of oxidative stress and cell damage, which ultimately leads to hypoxia and neovascularization. Recent evidence has shown that hyperglycemia is responsible for the hyperexpression of HMGB1. This protein activates numerous pathways that cause the development of DR, and HMGB1 levels are constantly increased in diabetic retinas in both proliferative and non-proliferative stages of the disease. Several molecules, such as glycyrrhizin (GA), have proven effective in reducing diabetic damage to the retina through the inhibition of HMGB1. The main focus of this review is the growing amount of evidence linking HMGB1 and DR as well as the new therapeutic strategies involving this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Nebbioso
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, p. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (M.A.); (G.T.); (R.P.); (L.A.)
| | - Alessandro Lambiase
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, p. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (M.A.); (G.T.); (R.P.); (L.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4997-5357; Fax: +39-06-4997-5425
| | - Marta Armentano
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, p. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (M.A.); (G.T.); (R.P.); (L.A.)
| | - Giosuè Tucciarone
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, p. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (M.A.); (G.T.); (R.P.); (L.A.)
| | - Vincenza Bonfiglio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 76, 95100 Catania, Italy;
| | - Rocco Plateroti
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, p. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (M.A.); (G.T.); (R.P.); (L.A.)
| | - Ludovico Alisi
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, p. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (M.A.); (G.T.); (R.P.); (L.A.)
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14
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Steinle JJ. Role of HMGB1 signaling in the inflammatory process in diabetic retinopathy. Cell Signal 2020; 73:109687. [PMID: 32497617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a key player in retinal inflammation. HMGB1 is a danger associated protein pattern receptor which can sense high glucose as a stressor. Increased HMGB1 levels have been found in patients with late stage diabetic retinopathy. HMGB1 can bind toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), leading to increased inflammation commonly through nuclear factor kappa beta (NFkB). Because diabetic patients have been found to have increased HMGB1 and RAGE levels, as well as polymorphisms of TLR4, a number of investigations have focused on inhibition of these pathways in the diabetic retina. Work in diabetic animal models and cell culture have demonstrated a number of factors that can inhibit HMGB1/TLR4/RAGE signaling. This regulation offers potential new avenues for therapeutic development. This review is focused on HMGB1 signaling and downstream pathways leading to inflammation in the diabetic retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena J Steinle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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15
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Ross BX, Choi J, Yao J, Hager HM, Abcouwer SF, Zacks DN. Loss of High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Protein in Rods Accelerates Rod Photoreceptor Degeneration After Retinal Detachment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:50. [PMID: 32460314 PMCID: PMC7405795 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal detachment (RD) disrupts the nutritional support and oxygen delivery to photoreceptors (PRs), ultimately causing cell death. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) can serve as an extracellular alarmin when released from stressed cells. PRs release HMGB1 after RD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between HMGB1 and PR survival after RD. Methods Acute RD was created by injection of hyaluronic acid (1%) into the subretinal space in C57BL/6 mice and mice with a rhodopsin-Cre-mediated conditional knockout (cKO) of HMGB1 in rods (HMGB1ΔRod). Immunofluorescence (IF) in retinal sections was used to localize HMGB1, rhodopsin, and Iba-1 proteins. Optical coherence tomography and electroretinography were used to quantify retinal thickness and function, respectively. The morphology of the retina was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin. Results HMGB1 protein was localized to the nuclei of all retinal neurons, including PRs, with cones staining more intensely than rods. HMGB1 protein was also found in the inner and outer segments of cones but not rods. Creation of RD caused a dramatic increase of HMGB1 protein IF in rods. cKO of HMGB1 in rods did not affect retinal structure or function. However, after RD, loss of rods and reduction in the thickness of the outer nuclear layer were significantly increased in the HMGB1ΔRod retinas as compared to the control. Interestingly, depletion of HMGB1 in rods did not affect the activation and mobilization of microglia/macrophages normally seen after RD. Conclusions Increased HMGB1 expression in stressed rods may represent an intrinsic mechanism regulating their survival after RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing X. Ross
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Joanne Choi
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Jingyu Yao
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Heather M. Hager
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Steven F. Abcouwer
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - David N. Zacks
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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16
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Inhibition of HMGB1 Promotes Osseointegration under Hyperglycemic Condition through Improvement of BMSC Dysfunction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1703709. [PMID: 31929852 PMCID: PMC6939424 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1703709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) participates actively in oxidative stress damage and the latter relates closely to diabetic complications, including poor implant osseointegration. This article is aimed at investigating the effects of HMGB1 on dysfunction of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and impaired osseointegration under diabetic environment. In vitro, BMSCs were treated with normal glucose (NG), high glucose (HG), and HG+glycyrrhizin (HMGB1 inhibitor, HG+GL). Cell proliferation, osteogenic behaviors, and oxidative stress were determined. In vivo, 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were categorized to control, streptozotocin-induced diabetic, and diabetic-GL groups. Rats received GL (50 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle treatment daily after titanium implants were planted into the tibiae. After 4 and 8 weeks, plasma lipoperoxide detection, μCT analysis, and histomorphometric evaluation were conducted. By these approaches, we demonstrated that inhibiting HMGB1 by GL significantly attenuated HG-induced upregulation of HMGB1, HMGB1 ligand receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and their interaction, relieved oxidative stress, and reversed the downregulation of osteogenic markers, resulting in improved osteogenic differentiation. In diabetic rats, GL administration suppressed the upregulation of HMGB1, attenuated the lipoperoxide, and ameliorated the impaired trabecular structure and osseointegration. Taken together, inhibiting HMGB1 can be an effective approach to relieve BMSC dysfunction and enhance osseointegration under diabetic environment.
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17
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Biscetti F, Rando MM, Nardella E, Cecchini AL, Pecorini G, Landolfi R, Flex A. High Mobility Group Box-1 and Diabetes Mellitus Complications: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246258. [PMID: 31835864 PMCID: PMC6940913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endemic disease, with growing health and social costs. The complications of diabetes can affect potentially all parts of the human body, from the heart to the kidneys, peripheral and central nervous system, and the vascular bed. Although many mechanisms have been studied, not all players responsible for these complications have been defined yet. High Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB1) is a non-histone nuclear protein that has been implicated in many pathological processes, from sepsis to ischemia. The purpose of this review is to take stock of all the most recent data available on the role of HMGB1 in the complications of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Biscetti
- U.O.C. Clinica Medica e Malattie Vascolari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.); (A.F.)
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Genetics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-3015-4335; Fax: +39-06-3550-7232
| | | | - Elisabetta Nardella
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (M.M.R.); (E.N.); (A.L.C.)
| | | | - Giovanni Pecorini
- U.O.C. Clinica Medica e Malattie Vascolari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.); (A.F.)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (M.M.R.); (E.N.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Raffaele Landolfi
- U.O.C. Clinica Medica e Malattie Vascolari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.); (A.F.)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (M.M.R.); (E.N.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Andrea Flex
- U.O.C. Clinica Medica e Malattie Vascolari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.); (A.F.)
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Genetics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (M.M.R.); (E.N.); (A.L.C.)
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18
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Bai L, Li X, He L, Zheng Y, Lu H, Li J, Zhong L, Tong R, Jiang Z, Shi J, Li J. Antidiabetic Potential of Flavonoids from Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:933-957. [PMID: 31248265 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders in which high blood sugar levels occur over a prolonged period. Approximately 4% of the global population is affected by DM. Western medical treatment methods for diabetes including injection or oral hypoglycemic drugs have some toxic or side effects, economic pressures, and so on. Many researchers turn to discover new drugs from natural products or Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Flavonoids are widely distributed in plants, and many studies have shown that flavonoids possess antidiabetic properties, exhibiting not only well-recognized antidiabetic and hypoglycemic activities but also activity in the treatment of diabetic complications. In this review, we systematically summarized anti-diabetic flavonoid compounds based on structure classification by examining the PubMed, Springer Link, Web of Science, and CNKI databases. There are 13 flavonoid compounds listed which have been studied extensively and have antidiabetic features respectively. Apigenin, baicalein, and catechin mainly reduces blood glucose via anti-oxidation; hesperidin is good for diabetic neuropathy; glycyrrhiza flavonoids have a significant effect on gestational DM; quercetin takes advantage of crossing the blood–brain barrier and improving renal function. Some compounds have protective and preventive effects on diabetic complications, such as kaempferol and puerarin which are beneficial to cardiomyopathy; myricetin has therapeutic potential in the treatment of DN; dihydromyricetin might improve CI. It is a pity or might be a pointcut that most studies remain in the animal experimental stage, and further investigation should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Li He
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Haiying Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Jinqi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Zhongliang Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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Dulull N, Kwa F, Osman N, Rai U, Shaikh B, Thrimawithana TR. Recent advances in the management of diabetic retinopathy. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1499-1509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kim GH, Paik SS, Park YS, Kim HG, Kim IB. Amelioration of Mouse Retinal Degeneration After Blue LED Exposure by Glycyrrhizic Acid-Mediated Inhibition of Inflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:319. [PMID: 31379505 PMCID: PMC6646422 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is a major component in the root and rhizomes of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), which have been used as an herbal medicine, because of its anti-inflammatory activity. GA is known as an inhibitor of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which is involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases including inner retinal neuropathy. In this study, we examined the effect of GA in a mouse model of retinal degeneration (RD), the leading cause of blindness. RD was induced by exposure to a blue light-emitting diode (LED). In functional assessment, electroretinography showed that the amplitudes of both a- and b-waves were reduced in RD mice, whereas they were significantly increased in GA-treated RD mice (P < 0.05), compared to those in non-treated RD animals. In histological assessment, GA treatment preserved the outer nuclear layer where photoreceptors reside and reduced photoreceptor cell death. GA-treated retinas showed significantly reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, CCL2 and 6, iNOS, and COX-2 (P < 0.05), compared to that in non-treated retinas. Immunohistochemistry showed that Iba-1 and GFAP expression was markedly reduced in GA-treated retinas, indicating decreased glial response and inflammation. Interestingly, HMGB1 expression was reduced in non-treated RD retinas whereas GA paradoxically increased its expression. These results demonstrate that GA preserves retinal structure and function by inhibiting inflammation in blue LED-induced RD, suggesting a potential application of GA as a medication for RD. In addition, we propose a potential retinal protective function of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun-Sook Paik
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Soo Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyoun Geun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Glycyrrhizin Protects the Diabetic Retina against Permeability, Neuronal, and Vascular Damage through Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8070957. [PMID: 31269685 PMCID: PMC6678129 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), may be involved in retinal inflammation in response to high glucose. To test whether HMGB1 inhibition could protect the diabetic retina, C57BL/6J mice were made diabetic and treated with glycyrrhizin, a HMGB1 inhibitor, for up to six months. Measurements of permeability, neuronal, and vascular changes were done, as well as assessments of HMGB1, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and interleukin-1-beta (IL1β) levels. Retinal endothelial cells (REC) treated with glycyrrhizin had reduced IL1β and cleaved caspase 3 levels. Data also demonstrate that glycyrrhizin effectively reduced HMGB1 levels throughout the retina, as well as maintained normal retinal permeability and retinal capillary coverage. Glycyrrhizin maintained normal cell numbers in the ganglion cell layer and prevented thinning of the retina at two months. These histological changes were associated with reduced reactive oxygen species, as well as reduced HMGB1, TNFα, and IL1β levels. The data strongly imply that HMGB1 inhibition prevented diabetic retinal changes through anti-inflammatory pathways.
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22
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Mohammad G, Abdelaziz GM, Siddiquei MM, Ahmad A, De Hertogh G, Abu El-Asrar AM. Cross-Talk between Sirtuin 1 and the Proinflammatory Mediator High-Mobility Group Box-1 in the Regulation of Blood-Retinal Barrier Breakdown in Diabetic Retinopathy. Curr Eye Res 2019; 44:1133-1143. [PMID: 31136205 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1625406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) mediates inflammation and breakdown of blood-retinal barrier (BRB) in diabetic retina. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) has protective effects against inflammation and oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between HMGB1 and SIRT1 in regulating BRB breakdown in diabetic retina. Methods: BRB breakdown was assessed in vivo with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran. Vitreous samples from 47 proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and 19 nondiabetic patients, and epiretinal membranes from 13 patients with PDR were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. Retinas from 4-week diabetic rats and from normal rats intravitreally injected with HMGB1 were studied by spectrophotometric assay, Western blot analysis, and RT-PCR. We also studied the effect of the HMGB1 inhibitor glycyrrhizin and the SIRT1 activator resveratrol on diabetes-induced biochemical changes in the retina. Results: HMGB1 levels in vitreous samples from PDR patients were significantly higher than in nondiabetic controls, whereas SIRT1 levels were significantly lower in vitreous samples from patients with inactive PDR than those in patients with active PDR and nondiabetic controls. In epiretinal membranes, SIRT1 was expressed in vascular endothelial cells and stromal cells. Diabetes and intravitreal injection of HMGB1 in normal rats downregulated SIRT1expression, whereas glycyrrhizin and resveratrol normalized diabetes-induced downregulation of SIRT1. Resveratrol significantly attenuated diabetes-induced downregulation of occludin and upregulation of HMGB1 and receptor for advanced glycation end products in the retina and breakdown of BRB. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a functional link between SIRT1 and HMGB1 is involved in regulating of BRB breakdown in diabetic retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Mohammad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.,Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Research Chair in Ophthalmology , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada Maher Abdelaziz
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Mairaj Siddiquei
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.,Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Research Chair in Ophthalmology , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajmal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.,Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Research Chair in Ophthalmology , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Gert De Hertogh
- Laboratory of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, University of Leuven , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Ahmed M Abu El-Asrar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.,Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Research Chair in Ophthalmology , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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Han R, Liu Z, Sun N, Liu S, Li L, Shen Y, Xiu J, Xu Q. BDNF Alleviates Neuroinflammation in the Hippocampus of Type 1 Diabetic Mice via Blocking the Aberrant HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB Pathway. Aging Dis 2019; 10:611-625. [PMID: 31165005 PMCID: PMC6538223 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a systemic disease that can cause brain damage such as synaptic impairments in the hippocampus, which is partly because of neuroinflammation induced by hyperglycemia. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is essential in modulating neuroplasticity. Its role in anti-inflammation in diabetes is largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effects of BDNF overexpression on reducing neuroinflammation and the underlying mechanism in mice with type 1 diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Animals were stereotactically microinjected in the hippocampus with recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing BDNF or EGFP. After virus infection, four groups of mice, the EGFP+STZ, BDNF+STZ, EGFP Control and BDNF Control groups, received STZ or vehicle treatment as indicated. Three weeks later brain tissues were collected. We found that BDNF overexpression in the hippocampus significantly rescued STZ-induced decreases in mRNA and protein expression of two synaptic plasticity markers, spinophilin and synaptophysin. More interestingly, BDNF inhibited hyperglycemia-induced microglial activation and reduced elevated levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6). BDNF blocked the increase in HMGB1 levels and specifically, in levels of one of the HMGB1 receptors, RAGE. Downstream of HMGB1/RAGE, the increase in the protein level of phosphorylated NF-κB was also reversed by BDNF in STZ-treated mice. These results show that BDNF overexpression reduces neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of type 1 diabetic mice and suggest that the HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway may contribute to alleviation of neuroinflammation by BDNF in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Han
- 1State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,2Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyue Liu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,2Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nannan Sun
- 1State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,2Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Liu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,2Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lanlan Li
- 1State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,2Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Shen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,2Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbo Xiu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,2Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,2Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Liu L, Jiang Y, Steinle JJ. Epac1 and Glycyrrhizin Both Inhibit HMGB1 Levels to Reduce Diabetes-Induced Neuronal and Vascular Damage in the Mouse Retina. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060772. [PMID: 31159195 PMCID: PMC6616522 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in acute diabetic retinal damage has been demonstrated. We recently reported that glycyrrhizin, a HMGB1 inhibitor, protected the diabetic retina against neuronal, vascular, and permeability changes. In this study, we wanted to investigate the role of exchange protein for cAMP 1 (Epac1) on HMGB1 and the actions of glycyrrhizin. Using endothelial cell specific knockout mice for Epac1, we made some mice diabetic using streptozotocin, and treated some with glycyrrhizin for up to 6 months. We measured permeability, neuronal, and vascular changes in the Epac1 floxed and knockout mice. We also investigated whether Epac1 and glycyrrhizin work synergistically to reduce the retinal inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-1-beta (IL1β), as well as sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) levels. Epac1 and glycyrrhizin reduced inflammatory mediators with synergistic actions. Glycyrrhizin also increased SIRT1 levels in the Epac1 mice. Overall, these studies demonstrate that glycyrrhizin and Epac1 can work together to protect the retina. Finally, glycyrrhizin may regulate HMGB1 through increased SIRT1 actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Youde Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Jena J Steinle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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25
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PKA regulates HMGB1 through activation of IGFBP-3 and SIRT1 in human retinal endothelial cells cultured in high glucose. Inflamm Res 2018; 67:1013-1019. [PMID: 30328477 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Inflammation is a key component of a number of diseases, including diabetic retinopathy. We investigated the cellular pathway by which protein kinase A (PKA) inhibited high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). METHODS Primary human retinal endothelial cells (REC) were grown in normal glucose (5 mM) or high glucose (25 mM). Cells in high glucose were treated with exchange protein for cAMP 1 (Epac1) and IGFBP-3 siRNA. Additional cells in high glucose were treated with forskolin, a PKA agonist, and Epac1 siRNA. Some cells were treated with a plasmid for insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) that does not bind IGF-1. Finally, some REC received Ex527, a sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) antagonist, prior to forskolin treatment. Protein analyses were done for HMGB1, Epac1, IGFBP-3, SIRT1, and PKA. RESULTS PKA inhibited cytoplasmic HMGB1, independent of Epac1 actions. PKA activated IGFBP-3 and SIRT1 to inhibit cytoplasmic HMGB1. High glucose inhibited SIRT1 levels and increased cytoplasmic HMGB1 in REC. CONCLUSIONS PKA requires active IGFBP-3 and SIRT1 to inhibit HMGB1 inflammatory actions in the retina vasculature. Activation of these pathways may offer new targets for therapy development.
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26
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Fernandes R, Viana SD, Nunes S, Reis F. Diabetic gut microbiota dysbiosis as an inflammaging and immunosenescence condition that fosters progression of retinopathy and nephropathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:1876-1897. [PMID: 30287404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and life expectancy of diabetic patients fosters the worldwide prevalence of retinopathy and nephropathy, two major microvascular complications that have been difficult to treat with contemporary glucose-lowering medications. The gut microbiota (GM) has become a lively field research in the last years; there is a growing recognition that altered intestinal microbiota composition and function can directly impact the phenomenon of ageing and age-related disorders. In fact, human GM, envisaged as a potential source of novel therapeutics, strongly modulates host immunity and metabolism. It is now clear that gut dysbiosis and their products (e.g. p-cresyl sulfate, trimethylamine‑N‑oxide) dictate a secretory associated senescence phenotype and chronic low-grade inflammation, features shared in the physiological process of ageing ("inflammaging") as well as in T2DM ("metaflammation") and in its microvascular complications. This review provides an in-depth look on the crosstalk between GM, host immunity and metabolism. Further, it characterizes human GM signatures of elderly and T2DM patients. Finally, a comprehensive scrutiny of recent molecular findings (e.g. epigenetic changes) underlying causal relationships between GM dysbiosis and diabetic retinopathy/nephropathy complications is pinpointed, with the ultimate goal to unravel potential pathophysiological mechanisms that may be explored, in a near future, as personalized disease-modifying therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Fernandes
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, CNC.IBILI Consortium & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia D Viana
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, CNC.IBILI Consortium & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Nunes
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, CNC.IBILI Consortium & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, CNC.IBILI Consortium & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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27
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Abu El-Asrar AM, Alam K, Garcia-Ramirez M, Ahmad A, Siddiquei MM, Mohammad G, Mousa A, De Hertogh G, Opdenakker G, Simó R. Association of HMGB1 with oxidative stress markers and regulators in PDR. Mol Vis 2017; 23:853-871. [PMID: 29259392 PMCID: PMC5723152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the link among the proinflammatory cytokine high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as a marker of oxidative DNA damage, the endothelial adhesion molecule and oxidase enzyme vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), and the inducible cytoprotective molecule heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). We correlated the levels of these molecules with clinical disease activity and studied the proinflammatory activities of HMGB1 on rat retinas and human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs). METHODS Vitreous samples from 47 PDR and 19 non-diabetic patients, epiretinal membranes from 11 patients with PDR, human retinas (16 from diabetic patients and 16 from non-diabetic subjects), rat retinas, and HRMECs were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry, western blot immunofluorescence, and RT-PCR analyses. In addition, we assessed the adherence of leukocytes to HMGB1-stimulated HRMECs. RESULTS HMGB1, 8-OHdG, and soluble VAP-1 (sVAP-1) levels were significantly higher in vitreous samples from PDR patients than in those from non-diabetics (p = 0.001, <0.0001, <0.0001, respectively). The HMGB1, 8-OHdG, sVAP-1, and HO-1 levels in PDR with active neovascularization were significantly higher than those in inactive PDR (p = 0.025, <0.0001, <0.0001, 0.012, respectively). Significant positive correlations were observed between the levels of HMGB1 and the levels of 8-OHdG (r = 0.422; p = 0.001) and sVAP-1 (r = 0.354; p = 0.004) and between the levels of 8-OHdG and the levels of sVAP-1 (r = 0.598; p<0.0001). In epiretinal membranes, VAP-1 and 8-OHdG were expressed in vascular endothelial cells and stromal cells. Significant increases in the VAP-1 mRNA and protein levels were detected in the RPE, but not in the neuroretina of diabetic patients. Treatment of HRMEC with HMGB1, diabetes induction, and an intravitreal injection of HMGB1 in normal rats induced a significant upregulation of the adhesion molecule intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in HRMECs and retinas. On the other hand, the expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and VAP-1 were not affected. Oral administration of the HMGB1 inhibitor glycyrrhizin in rats attenuated the diabetes-induced upregulation of the retinal ICAM-1 expression. Treatment of HRMECs with HMGB1 increased leukocyte adhesion and induced the upregulation of 8-OHdG and HO-1 and the membranous translocation of VAP-1. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a potential link among the proinflammatory cytokine HMGB1, VAP-1, oxidative stress, and HO-1 in the pathogenesis of PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Abu El-Asrar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Research Chair in Ophthalmology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kaiser Alam
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marta Garcia-Ramirez
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit and CIBERDEM (ISCIII).Vall d’Hebron Research Institute. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ajmal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ghulam Mohammad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mousa
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gert De Hertogh
- Laboratory of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rafael Simó
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit and CIBERDEM (ISCIII).Vall d’Hebron Research Institute. Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy: Potential for novel therapies. Vision Res 2017; 139:82-92. [PMID: 28988945 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The complex pathology of diabetic retinopathy (DR) affects both vascular and neural tissue. The characteristics of neurodegeneration are well-described in animal models but have more recently been confirmed in the clinical setting, mostly by using non-invasive imaging approaches such as spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The most frequent observations report loss of tissue in the nerve fiber layer and inner plexiform layer, confirming earlier findings from animal models. In several cases the reduction in inner retinal layers is reported in patients with little evidence of vascular lesions or macular edema, suggesting that degenerative loss of neural tissue in the inner retina can occur after relatively short durations of diabetes. Animal studies also suggest that neurodegeneration leading to retinal thinning is not limited to cell death and tissue loss but also includes changes in neuronal morphology, reduced synaptic protein expression and alterations in neurotransmission, including changes in expression of neurotransmitter receptors as well as neurotransmitter release, reuptake and metabolism. The concept of neurodegeneration as an early component of DR introduces the possibility to explore alternative therapies to prevent the onset of vision loss, including neuroprotective therapies and drugs targeting individual neurotransmitter systems, as well as more general neuroprotective approaches to preserve the integrity of the neural retina. In this review we consider some of the evidence for progressive retinal neurodegeneration in diabetes, and explore potential neuroprotective therapies.
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Rani J, Mittal I, Pramanik A, Singh N, Dube N, Sharma S, Puniya BL, Raghunandanan MV, Mobeen A, Ramachandran S. T2DiACoD: A Gene Atlas of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Associated Complex Disorders. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6892. [PMID: 28761062 PMCID: PMC5537262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed integrative analysis of genes associated with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) associated complications by automated text mining with manual curation and also gene expression analysis from Gene Expression Omnibus. They were analysed for pathogenic or protective role, trends, interaction with risk factors, Gene Ontology enrichment and tissue wise differential expression. The database T2DiACoD houses 650 genes, and 34 microRNAs associated with T2DM complications. Seven genes AGER, TNFRSF11B, CRK, PON1, ADIPOQ, CRP and NOS3 are associated with all 5 complications. Several genes are studied in multiple years in all complications with high proportion in cardiovascular (75.8%) and atherosclerosis (51.3%). T2DM Patients' skeletal muscle tissues showed high fold change in differentially expressed genes. Among the differentially expressed genes, VEGFA is associated with several complications of T2DM. A few genes ACE2, ADCYAP1, HDAC4, NCF1, NFE2L2, OSM, SMAD1, TGFB1, BDNF, SYVN1, TXNIP, CD36, CYP2J2, NLRP3 with details of protective role are catalogued. Obesity is clearly a dominant risk factor interacting with the genes of T2DM complications followed by inflammation, diet and stress to variable extents. This information emerging from the integrative approach used in this work could benefit further therapeutic approaches. The T2DiACoD is available at www.http://t2diacod.igib.res.in/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rani
- G N Ramachandran Knowledge of Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Room No. 130, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Inna Mittal
- G N Ramachandran Knowledge of Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Room No. 130, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Atreyi Pramanik
- G N Ramachandran Knowledge of Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Room No. 130, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Namita Singh
- G N Ramachandran Knowledge of Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Room No. 130, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Namita Dube
- G N Ramachandran Knowledge of Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Room No. 130, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Smriti Sharma
- G N Ramachandran Knowledge of Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Room No. 130, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Bhanwar Lal Puniya
- G N Ramachandran Knowledge of Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Room No. 130, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Muthukurussi Varieth Raghunandanan
- G N Ramachandran Knowledge of Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Room No. 130, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Ahmed Mobeen
- G N Ramachandran Knowledge of Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Room No. 130, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IGIB South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Srinivasan Ramachandran
- G N Ramachandran Knowledge of Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Room No. 130, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IGIB South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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30
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Liu L, Jiang Y, Steinle JJ. Inhibition of HMGB1 protects the retina from ischemia-reperfusion, as well as reduces insulin resistance proteins. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178236. [PMID: 28542588 PMCID: PMC5441648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammation in diabetic retinal amage is well accepted. While a number of cytokines and inflammatory mediators are responsible for these changes, upstream regulators are less well studied. Additionally, the role for these upstream mediators in retinal health is unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that inhibition of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) could restore normal insulin signaling in retinal endothelial cells (REC) grown in high glucose, as well as protect the retina against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced retinal damage. REC were grown in normal (5mM) or high glucose (25mM) and treated with Box A or glycyrrhizin, two different HMGB1 inhibitors. Western blotting was done for HMGB1, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and Akt. ELISA analyses were done for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and cleaved caspase 3. In addition, C57/B6 mice were treated with glycyrrhizin, both before and after ocular I/R. Two days following I/R, retinal sections were processed for neuronal changes, while vascular damage was measured at 10 days post-I/R. Results demonstrate that both Box A and glycyrrhizin reduced HMGB1, TLR4, and TNFα levels in REC grown in high glucose. This led to reduced cleavage of caspase 3 and IRS-1Ser307 phosphorylation, and increased insulin receptor and Akt phosphorylation. Glycyrrhizin treatment significantly reduced loss of retinal thickness and degenerate capillary numbers in mice exposed to I/R. Taken together, these results suggest that inhibition of HMGB1 can reduce retinal insulin resistance, as well as protect the retina against I/R-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Youde Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jena J. Steinle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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High Mobility Group Box-1: A Missing Link between Diabetes and Its Complications. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3896147. [PMID: 27847406 PMCID: PMC5099456 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3896147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1), a damage-associated molecular pattern, can be actively or passively released from various cells under different conditions and plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of inflammation and angiogenesis-dependent diseases. More and more evidence suggests that inflammation, in addition to its role in progression of diabetes, also promotes initiation and development of diabetic complications. In this review, we focus on the role of HMGB-1 in diabetes-related complications and the therapeutic strategies targeting HMGB-1 in diabetic complications.
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32
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Pahwa R, Jialal I. The role of the high-mobility group box1 protein-Toll like receptor pathway in diabetic vascular disease. J Diabetes Complications 2016; 30:1186-91. [PMID: 27037040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increased Toll like receptors (TLRs) especially 2 and 4 have been demonstrated in obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes resulting in increased cellular inflammation. Since we have shown increased TLR2 and 4 activities in both T1DM and T2DM and MetS, we wanted to elucidate the mechanisms of this sterile inflammation. In T1DM, T2DM and MetS we have shown that high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB-1), a non-histone DNA binding protein is increased and could be a potential activator of TLRs since it has previously shown to activate TLR2, 4 and 9. We examined the role of HMGB-1 in patients and animal models of diabetes and MetS to determine how important it is as an activator of TLR mediated inflammation and its role in diabetic vascular complications. METHODS A Medline search was conducted using the terms HMGB-1, TLRs and diabetes. RESULTS HMGB-1 levels are increased in patients with diabetes and MetS, and associated with increased biomediators of inflammation. Furthermore data supported a role of HMGB-1 in both diabetic microvascular and macrovascular complications. CONCLUSIONS HMGB-1 interaction with TLRs is implicated in diabetic complications and could be important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Pahwa
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, Department of Pathology and InternalMedicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
| | - Ishwarlal Jialal
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, Department of Pathology and InternalMedicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA; Medical Services (Endocrinology and Metabolism), VA Medical Center, Mather, CA.
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Garcia-Martinez I, Shaker ME, Mehal WZ. Therapeutic Opportunities in Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern-Driven Metabolic Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1305-15. [PMID: 26055926 PMCID: PMC4685500 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Sterile inflammation is a common finding present in various metabolic disorders. This type of inflammation is mediated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are released upon cellular injury to activate pattern recognition receptors on innate immune cells and amplify organ damage. RECENT ADVANCES In the last decade, DAMPs, such as high-mobility group protein B1, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), adenosine triphosphate, and other metabolites, were found to contribute to the inflammatory response in diabetes, gout, obesity, steatohepatitis, and atherosclerosis. Varied receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the purinergic P2X(7) receptors, and nucleotide-binding domain, and leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (NLRP3)-inflammasome sense DAMPs and DAMP-like molecules and release the proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. CRITICAL ISSUES Available therapeutic approaches that interfered with the signaling of TLRs, P2X(7), NLRP3-inflammasome, and IL-1β showed encouraging results in metabolic diseases, which will be also highlighted in this review. FUTURE DIRECTIONS It is important to understand the origination of DAMPs and how they contribute to the inflammatory response in metabolic disorders to develop selective and efficient therapeutics for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Garcia-Martinez
- 1 Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mohamed E Shaker
- 1 Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut.,2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Wajahat Z Mehal
- 1 Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut
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Fu D, Tian X. Effect of high mobility group box 1 on the human retinal pigment epithelial cell in high-glucose condition. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:17796-17803. [PMID: 26770371 PMCID: PMC4694271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains a prevalent complication of diabetes and one of the leading causes of blindness among working-age adults. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of the development of DR was still unclear by now. HMGB1 is a non-histone DNA-binding protein and serves as a structural component to facilitate the assembly of nucleoprotein complexes in the nucleus. In the present study, we examined the serum level of HMGB1 and VEGFA in the DR patients. Besides, we also detect the association between HMGB1 and VEGFA level. In the advanced in-vitro study, we detect the protective effect of HMGB1 on the RPE cells in high glucose condition. In this study, we demonstrated that HMGB1 and VEGFA expressions were upregulated in serum samples of DR patients. Advanced analysis showed that HMGB1 and VEGFA level was positively associated. In the in-vitro study, it was found that up-regulation of HMGB1 inhibited the RPE cell viability and induce the apoptosis. Besides, HMGB1 treatment would up-regulate the expression of VEGFA in the RPE cells in high glucose condition. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that HMGB1 and VEGFA are key players in the ability to suppress cell viability and induce apoptosis. The result of this current experiments shed light into the mechanism by which HMGB1 works. Besides, we also present the data of case control study data, our results showed that HMGB1 might be used as biomarkers of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFujian, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tian
- Tianjin Ophthalmological Hospital, Medical University of TianjinTianjin, China
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Mutual enhancement between high-mobility group box-1 and NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species mediates diabetes-induced upregulation of retinal apoptotic markers. J Physiol Biochem 2015; 71:359-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-015-0416-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Kato Y, Kamiya H, Koide N, Odkhuu E, Komatsu T, Watarai A, Kondo M, Kato K, Nakamura J, Yokochi T. Irbesartan attenuates production of high-mobility group box 1 in response to lipopolysaccharide via downregulation of interferon-β production. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 26:97-102. [PMID: 25817178 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is suggested to participate in development of local and systemic inflammatory disorders. Irbesartan (IRB), an angiotensin II type1 receptor blocker, is widely used for treatment of hypertension, especially in patients with diabetic nephropathy. The effect of IRB on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced HMGB1 and nitric oxide (NO) production was examined using RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells. IRB inhibited LPS-induced HMGB1 production. IRB also reduced LPS-induced expression of an inducible NO synthase, and inhibited LPS-induced NO production. The expression levels of IFN-β protein and mRNA, which is a key molecule in MyD88-independent pathway of LPS signaling, were exclusively inhibited by IRB. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and angiotensin II type 1 receptor were not involved in the inhibitory action of IRB on LPS-induced HMGB1 and NO production. Collectively, IRB was suggested to inhibit LPS-induced HMGB1 production via downregulation of IFN-β production in the MyD88-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Kato
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
| | - Hideki Kamiya
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Naoki Koide
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Erdenezaya Odkhuu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Takayuki Komatsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Atsuko Watarai
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Masaki Kondo
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Laboratory of Medicine, Aichi Gakuin University School of Pharmacy, Nagoya 464-0037, Japan
| | - Jiro Nakamura
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokochi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ. Dicarbonyl stress in cell and tissue dysfunction contributing to ageing and disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:221-6. [PMID: 25666945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dicarbonyl stress is the abnormal accumulation of dicarbonyl metabolites leading to increased protein and DNA modification contributing to cell and tissue dysfunction in ageing and disease. Enzymes metabolising dicarbonyls, glyoxalase 1 and aldoketo reductases, provide an efficient and stress-response enzyme defence against dicarbonyl stress. Dicarbonyl stress is produced by increased formation and/or decreased metabolism of dicarbonyl metabolites, and by exposure to exogenous dicarbonyls. It contributes to ageing, disease and activity of cytototoxic chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Rabbani
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Paul J Thornalley
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK.
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Abu El-Asrar AM, Mohammad G, Nawaz MI, Siddiquei MM. High-Mobility Group Box-1 Modulates the Expression of Inflammatory and Angiogenic Signaling Pathways in Diabetic Retina. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:1141-52. [PMID: 25495026 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.982829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The expression of high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is upregulated in epiretinal membranes and vitreous fluid from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and in the diabetic retina. HMGB1 mediates inflammation, breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier and apoptosis in the diabetic retina. Here, we investigated inflammatory and angiogenic signaling pathways activated by HMGB1 in diabetic retina. METHODS Human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMEC) and retinas from 1-month diabetic rats and normal rats intravitreally injected with HMGB1 were studied using RT-PCR, Western blot analysis and co-immunoprecipitation. We also studied the effect of the HMGB1 inhibitor glycyrrhizin on diabetes-induced biochemical changes in the retina. RESULTS Diabetes and intravitreal injection of HMGB1 in normal rats induced significant upregulation of the mRNA levels of the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) receptor CXCR4 and protein levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, early growth response-1, tyrosine kinase 2 and the CXCL12/CXCR4 chemokine axis. Constant glycyrrhizin intake from onset of diabetes did not affect the metabolic status of the diabetic rats, but it restored these increased mediators to control values. Stimulation of HRMEC with HMGB1 and intraviteral injection of HMGB1 significantly increased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor-2. Co-immunoprecipitation studies showed that diabetes increased the interaction between CXCL12 and CXCR4 and between HMGB1 and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), but not between HMGB1 and the CXCL12/CXCR4 chemokine axis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that HMGB1 activates inflammatory and angiogenic signaling pathways in diabetic retina mediated by RAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abu El-Asrar
- a Department of Ophthalmology , College of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz University Hospital , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Mohammad
- a Department of Ophthalmology , College of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz University Hospital , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Imtiaz Nawaz
- a Department of Ophthalmology , College of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz University Hospital , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Mairaj Siddiquei
- a Department of Ophthalmology , College of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz University Hospital , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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Ali BH, Al Za'abi M, Al Shukaili A, Nemmar A. High-mobility group box-1 protein in adenine-induced chronic renal failure and the influence of gum arabic thereon. Physiol Res 2014; 64:147-51. [PMID: 25194125 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of adenine-induced chronic renal failure may involve inflammatory, immunological and/or oxidant mechanisms. Gum arabic (GA) is a complex polysaccharide that acts as an anti-oxidant which can modulate inflammatory and/or immunological processes. Therefore, we tested here the effect of GA treatment (15 % in the drinking water for 4 weeks) in plasma and urine of rats, on a novel cytokine that has been shown to be pro-inflammatory, viz, DNA-binding high-mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1). Adenine (0.75 % in the feed, 4 weeks) significantly increased indoxyl sulphate, urea and creatinine concentrations in plasma, and significantly decreased the creatinine clearance. GA significantly abated these effects. The concentrations of HMGB1 in urine before the start of the experiment were similar in all four groups. However, 24 h after the last treatment, adenine treatment increased significantly the concentration of HMGB1 when compared with the control. GA treatment did not affect the HMGB1 concentration in urine. Moreover, the concentration of HMGB1 in plasma obtained 24 h after the last treatment in rats treated with adenine was drastically reduced compared with the control group. This may explain its significant rise in urine. In conclusion, HMGB1 can be considered a potentially useful biomarker in adenine induced CRF and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE. ,
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