Edible mushrooms: improving human health and promoting quality life

The inhibition effect of oleamide for acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase from edible wild mushroom by in vitro, in silico and fluorescence analysis

Lipid compounds from edible wild mushrooms have been reported for their biological activities related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) treatment. This research investigated purified oleamide (PEWM) from edible wide mushroom and determined its antioxidant activity and inhibition potential against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and α-glucosidase. The PEWM was purified by preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC) with methanol: chloroform: water (6:6:1 v/v). The antioxidant activity against ABTS·+ and DPPH· radical of crude extracts (CEWM) had higher potent than PEWM. On the other hand, the inhibition potential of PEWM against AChE and α-glucosidase had higher potency than CEWM. Moreover, the inhibition potency of PEWM and oleamide against AChE was higher than α-glucosidase. The inhibition mode of CEWM, PEWM and oleamide exhibited mixed-type inhibition on AChE and α-glucosidase. Inhibition constant (Ki) also supported that CEWM, PEWM and oleamide have the highest potent on AChE. CEWM, PEWM and oleamide showed fluorescence quenching by increasing the inhibitors' concentration against AChE and α-glucosidase. Docking analysis revealed that oleamide was located in peripheral anionic sites of AChE. The results suggest that edible wild mushrooms as the source of lipids related to AChE and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity might be applied for AD and DM management.

Evaluation of antioxidant activity, anti-lipid peroxidation effect and elemental impurity risk of some wild Agaricus species mushrooms

BACKGROUND

Mushrooms are natural antioxidant sources that have been consumed as food from past to present and have a nutraceutical effect thanks to the bioactive components they contain. The aim of this study is to comparatively evaluate the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) inhibition effect of three mushroom species (A. bernardii, A. bresadolanus and A. cupreobrunneus) belonging to the Agaricus genus and to perform the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk assessment of toxic elements such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) in mushrooms.

RESULTS

The highest antioxidant activity (12.85 mg/mL), TPC (993.04 mg GAE/100 g), and LPO inhibition effect (2.50 mg/mL) were detected in A. bresadolanus mushroom. The lowest content of bioactive compounds was measured in A. cupreobrunneus mushroom. The range of Cd, Pb, As, and Hg levels detected in the three mushroom species were 1775.54-7521.61 µg/kg, 1176.87-2377.37 µg/kg, 15201.26-3092.53 µg/kg and 147.86-576.53 µg/kg, respectively. The THQ value of As in A. bresadolanus was found to be higher than 1. The HI values of A. bernardii, A. cupreobrunneus and A. bresadolanu were 1.29, 0.98 and 5.57, respectively. The CR values of Cd, As, and Hg were found to be around 10- 4 in A. bernardii, A. cupreobrunneus, and A. bresadolanus. Meanwhile, the CR levels of Pb were found to be around 10- 6 in the three mushrooms. The HI value for non-carcinogenic risk assessment was higher than 1, and the CR for carcinogenic effect was around 10- 4, indicating that consumption of these mushrooms poses a risk to human health.

CONCLUSIONS

It is thought that the elemental impurity levels in the analysed edible mushroom species were found to be at a risk potential level, and despite their antioxidant properties, uncontrolled consumption of wild edible mushrooms may cause serious risks. In order to minimize these risks, metal risk assessment studies should be continued in addition to the antioxidant effects and health-beneficial properties of mushrooms.

Nutritional and Therapeutic Potential of Stropharia rugosoannulata and Macrolepiota procera: From Composition to Health-Promoting Effect

Stropharia rugosoannulata and Macrolepiota procera have garnered considerable attention due to their distinctive flavor profile, culinary versatility, and potential nutritional and therapeutic benefits. They are a rich source of high-quality protein, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals, contributing to daily nutritional requirements and promoting overall well-being. Furthermore, they contain a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and triterpenoids, which have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties in previous studies. However, comprehensive reviews focusing on these two species remain limited. Therefore, this review summarizes the types of nutrients and bioactive compounds found in Stropharia rugosoannulata and Macrolepiota procera, along with their respective extraction methods. Moreover, the bioactivities of these compounds were discussed, aiming to provide a theoretical framework for the development of novel functional foods and nutraceuticals derived from Stropharia rugosoannulata and Macrolepiota procera.

The Potential of Cultivated Mushrooms as Salt Substitutes in Meat Products

This study reviews the feasibility of using cultivated mushrooms in the development of salt-reduced meat products. For this purpose, it is important to know the role of salt in meat products in order to develop viable strategies for its substitution. In addition, mushroom types and properties (composition, nutritional value, umami content, etc.) and examples of successful application as salt substitutes in meat products are addressed. Salt has important roles in meat product processing, mainly affecting its technological, antimicrobial, and sensory properties. Therefore, the different strategies that have been studied (meat product reformulation and technological advances) with the aim of reducing its content have to address these effects. The application of mushrooms as a salt substitute shows several advantages mainly related to the fact that mushrooms are a natural ingredient with a very healthy nutritional composition (rich in protein and dietary fiber but low in fat and sodium) and, from an economic and sustainable cultivation perspective, aligns well with current trends in food production and consumption. Salt substitutions of 50% have been achieved, mainly in fresh meat products (hamburgers) and heat-treated meat products (sausages, pâté, roast meat, etc.), with minimal physicochemical and sensory modifications of the final product. The meat industry could benefit from incorporating cultivated mushrooms as a salt-reducing ingredient, especially in the development of reduced salt meat products with a quality comparable to or superior to traditional products. The optimization of processes for their integration in the formulation of meat products should be the trend to ensure their viability.

Unveiling the anticancer potential and toxicity of Ganoderma applanatum wild mushroom derived bioactive compounds: An in vitro, in vivo and in silico evaluation

This study explores the anticancer potential of methanolic extract from Ganoderma applanatum, focusing on its cytotoxicity across various cancer cell lines and its safety and efficacy in an in vivo hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model, along with molecular docking analysis of its bioactive compounds targeting B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein. The MTT assay revealed significant cytotoxicity of the extract against epidermoid carcinoma (A431), human alveolar carcinoma (A549), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines, with the extract exhibiting the highest potency (IC50 of 95.65 µg/ml) against HepG2 cells. Apoptosis induction and DNA degradation in HepG2 cells were confirmed through mitochondrial membrane potential analysis, ethidium bromide/acridine orange staining, and DNA fragmentation assays. In vivo studies on Wistar albino rats showed that administration of the extract up to 1000 mg/ml did not significantly affect body weight or hematological parameters, suggesting a favorable safety profile. Histopathological examination revealed normal liver architecture at most doses, with mild inflammation observed at the highest dose (1000 mg/ml). The G. applanatum extract were showed reducing liver weight and improving body weight in a Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC model was comparable to cyclophosphamide, indicating its potential as a less toxic alternative or adjunct to conventional chemotherapy. Additionally, the extract reduced elevated serum liver enzymes, demonstrating hepatoprotective effects. Molecular docking of nine bioactive compounds from G. applanatum identified 2h-3,11c-(epoxymethano)phenanthro[10,1-bc]pyran as a promising candidate for further investigation. These findings suggest G. applanatum as a novel anticancer agent with the potential for natural, effective cancer therapy.

Material and mechanical behavior of bracket fungi context as a mechanically versatile structural layer

Bracket fungi sporocarps present promising environmentally friendly alternatives to harmful and wasteful structural applications with their high strength-to-weight ratio mechanical properties. Kingdom Fungi is estimated to have over three million species, yet only 4% of the species have been described by mycologists, and their mechanical behavior has been under-explored. This work aims to characterize the material behavior and mechanical properties of bracket fungi as a whole through micro-mechanical tensile testing combined with microstructural imaging and analysis of two representative species. The context layer from three distinctive fresh bracket sporocarps is used in this study. At the microstructure level, the bracket fungi have a preferred alignment in the hyphal network, which correlates to the radial direction. The bracket fungi exhibit an anisotropic mechanical behavior with higher ultimate tensile strength and elastic modulus in the radial direction, while the strain to failure is higher in the transverse direction. However, the bracket fungi exhibit an isotropic energy absorption, or toughness, behavior, with no statistically significant difference between the radial and transverse directions. The characterization of anisotropic mechanical properties and isotropic energy absorption will inspire the exploration of bracket fungi as a viable alternative to applications in various industries, such as aerospace and agriculture.

A first trial to supplement local hardwood sawdust at the first soaking for the cultivation of Shiitake (Lentinula edodes)

Supplementation of the growing substrate has been reported to enhance the production of cultivated mushrooms; however, supplementation using nano-sized additives is not yet investigated on Shiitake (Lentinula edodes). The study investigated the potential of a nano-supplement (Lithovit®-Amino25) containing an admixture of 25% L-amino acids on shiitake cultivated on sawdust from locally available oak, maple, and apple trees (oak sawdust: OS, maple sawdust: MS, and apple sawdust: AS). Initially, sawdusts were enriched equally with wheat bran (WB) and at the first soaking, Lithovit®-Amino25 was applied at 5 g/L. Treatments were: T1: OS-WB (control), T2: OS-WB+ nano-amino, T3: MS-WB, T4: MS-WB+ nano-amino, T5: AS-WB, and T6: AS-WB+ nano-amino. Among non-supplemented substrates, complete mycelia run, fruiting, and harvest dates were faster in T1 than in T3 and T5. Complete mycelial development was delayed by 7, 5, 9, and 6 d in T3, T4, T5, and T6 compared to T1. The harvest date was delayed by 7.7-8.3 d on maple sawdust and by 10.5-12.7 d on apple sawdust compared to oak sawdust. However, nano-supplementation hastened fruiting and harvest dates (by 9.3 d) in T4 compared to T3. The biological yield of the second harvest was higher on supplemented than on non-supplemented maple and apple sawdusts. Only T1 and T2 showed consistency in production over two consecutive harvests. Nano-supplementation improved the total biological yield in T2, T4, and T6 by 9.8, 21.0, and 22.5%, respectively. Nevertheless, all treatments, except T4, had lower biological efficiencies compared with T1. In T4, results of stepwise regression showed a strong positive correlation (R2 = 0.96) between the total biological yield and mushroom weight at the second harvest. Supplementation caused a slight or significant improvement in pileus diameter and mushroom firmness and a significant improvement in mushroom's crude protein (by 2.9-8.2% compared to T1) and fiber contents (by 1-2.3% compared to T1). In conclusion, supplemented maple sawdust would alternate oak sawdust for shiitake production, though other timings of supplementation might be further investigated to optimize production on this substrate.

Rheological and Gelling Properties of Chicken-Mushroom Hybrid Gel for Flexitarian-Friendly Functional Food Applications

Hybrid gels combining chicken and mushroom offer innovative functional food choices, catering to the growing demand for flexitarian-friendly products. These gels reduce meat content while enhancing dietary fiber, bioactive compounds, and sustainability. This study examined the effects of split gill mushroom (Schizophyllum commune) powder (SGM) substitution (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, w/w) for Ligor chicken meat in hybrid gels, focusing on rheological and gelling properties. The 25% SGM gel demonstrated optimal performance in terms of rheology, texture, microstructure, pH, water-holding capacity, and color. At this level, hybrid gels exhibited superior gelation properties, demonstrating elasticity dominance, as indicated by a higher storage modulus (G') than loss modulus (G″), along with stable cohesiveness and unaffected springiness (p > 0.05). However, hardness, gumminess, and chewiness were significantly lower than the control (p < 0.05). Higher SGM levels (50-75%) markedly weakened the gels, reducing viscoelasticity, increasing porosity and water release, and causing discoloration. These findings highlight 25% SGM as an optimal level for hybrid meat gels, maintaining product quality while promoting sustainability in the meat industry.

A comprehensive review on multifunctional bioactive properties of elm oyster mushroom Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) Redhead (Agaricomycetes): Current research, challenges and future trends

Mushrooms have evolved as a nutritional powerhouse, harnessing a diverse spectrum of bioactive molecules to fortify human health. Hypsizygus ulmarius represents a pioneering species within the oyster mushrooms distinguished by its unique characteristics and potential abilities. It is characterized by its large fruiting bodies, which have a meaty flavor and excellent taste. Additionally, this mushroom has a high yield and biological efficiency. This mushroom also holds significant importance globally and is cultivated in China, Japan and other Asian nations due to its favorable growth conditions, exceptional nutritional value, and medicinal attributes. This review focuses on the nutrition and bioactive molecules present in this mushroom species and their further implications in medicine, agriculture, biotechnology for the development of new anti-bacterial agents and their potential industrial uses for human health. This review aims to provide more recent information on the above aspects. Hypsizygus ulmarius shows great potential as a valuable source of several nutrients and bioactive chemicals that may have therapeutic qualities. The immunomodulatory, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and potential anti-cancer properties of this mushroom provide opportunities for further future research in the creation of beneficial functional foods, dietary supplements and pharmaceutical interventions to enhance human health.

The Importance of Edible Medicinal Mushrooms and Their Potential Use as Therapeutic Agents Against Insulin Resistance

In addition to conventional treatments, there is growing interest in preventive and complementary therapies. Proper nutrition can prevent the manifestation of several chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, and can attenuate the severity of these diseases. Edible mushrooms have been used as nutrition and medicine for thousands of years. The spectrum and quantity of their medicinal compounds made them a widely investigated target both in basic research and clinical trials. The most abundant and medically important components are polysaccharides, terpenoids, phenols, and heterocyclic amines, but bioactive proteins, vitamins, including vitamin D, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and essential minerals are also important ingredients with noteworthy health benefits. Mushroom extracts have anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective, anti-osteoporotic, and anti-tumor effects and are well tolerated, even by cancer patients. In our previous review we detailed the molecular aspects of the development of type 2 diabetes, discussing the role of physical activity and diet, but we did not detail the role of medicinal mushrooms as part of nutrition. In this review, we aimed to summarize the most important medical mushrooms, along with their natural habitats, growing conditions, and components, that are presumably sufficient for the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance.

The Impact of Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) on the Baking Quality of Rye Flour and Nutrition Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Rye Bread

This study aimed to evaluate the use of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) powder (OMP) for producing rye bread. The raw materials were low-extract rye flour and OMP, which were analyzed in terms of their nutritional and health-promoting qualities. Mixtures of rye flour with OMP were prepared, replacing 5, 7.5, and 10% rye flour with OMP. The baking quality of the tested flour samples was assessed based on their water absorption, falling number, and amylograph and swelling curve tests. The laboratory baking test was carried out using the sourdough method, prepared based on LV2 starter cultures, and the bread samples were assessed in terms of their technological, sensory, and nutritional characteristics, as well as the antioxidant potential. The OMP was characterized by a high content of basic nutrition components and a higher antioxidant potential. The addition of OMP increased the nutritional value of the rye flour and its water absorption, significantly prolonged the starch gelatinization time, and increased the xylolytic activity of the flour. The OMP enhanced the bread's dietary fiber, minerals, protein, and phenolic compounds, and boosted its antioxidant potential. Also, the starch present in the bread with OMP was characterized by a higher pro-health value due to a higher share of slowly digestible starch. Incorporating 7.5% OMP into the rye bread formula positively affected the bread's sensory profile in contrast to the bread with a 10% addition of OMP.

Supercritical Extraction and Compound Profiling of Diverse Edible Mushroom Species

Mushrooms are a raw material rich in many nutritional compounds, and that is why a number of them are widely known as functional food. They contain fatty acids, carbohydrates, lycopene, sterols, lovastatin, trace elements, and other valuable compounds that show a wide range of properties, such as hepatoprotective, anticancer, antiviral, etc. For more efficient utilisation of mushrooms' biologically active substances, widespread supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (Sc-CO2) was used as an efficient way to isolate the high-value phytoconstituents from this type of raw material. Using Sc-CO2, the extracts of five types of edible mushrooms-Lycoperdon saccatum, Pleurotus ostreatus, Craterellus cornucopioides, Russula Cyanoxantha and Cantharellus cibarius-were obtained. During the Sc-CO2 process, the extraction time was reduced to 4 h compared to the prolonged process time applied in the typical traditional techniques (6-24 h). The extraction pressure (30 MPa) and temperature (40 °C) were constant. Fatty acids and the compounds of steroid structures were determined in the obtained extracts using GC-MS and GC-FID methods of analysis. The dominant compounds identified in the lipid extracts were fatty acids (linoleic, oleic, palmitic and stearic) and sterols (ergosterol, 7,22-ergostadienone and 7,22-ergostadienol). For complete insight into the process and to obtain the value of the extracts, chemometric analysis is provided. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), as well as k-means clustering, showed that Craterellus cornucopioides was distinguished based on the extraction yield results.

Health Foods Made from Medicinal Mushrooms: Innovative Recipes Created by an Italian Chef

An innovative menu based on the use of fresh and dried medicinal mushrooms, which is energetic, healthy, easy to make, and adaptable to any type of diet, is presented. Three edible mushrooms (Lentinula edodes, Grifola frondosa, and Pleurotus ostreatus), which are known for their nutritional and medicinal properties, are paired with typical Sicilian products and used for the preparation of a menu consisting of an appetizer, a first and second course, pre-dessert, and dessert. The proposed menu meets all our criteria.

Nutritional, Nutraceutical, and Medicinal Potential of Cantharellus cibarius Fr.: A Comprehensive Review

Mushrooms are considered as nutraceutical foods that can effectively prevent diseases such as cancer and other serious life-threatening conditions include neurodegeneration, hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. The Cantharellus cibarius, also known as the "Golden chanterelle" or "Golden girolle," is a significant wild edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom. It is renowned for its delicious, apricot-like aroma and is highly valued in various culinary traditions worldwide. It is well known for its nutritional, nutraceutical, and therapeutic properties. The high nutritional value of C. cibarius is attributed to its abundant carbohydrates, proteins, β-glucans, dietary fiber, and low-fat content. It also contains medicinal polysaccharides (β-glucans), proteins (lectins and selenoproteins), important fatty acids (linoleic and omega-6), vitamins, and minerals (N, P, K, Ca, Zn, Ag, Se, etc.). The sporocarp of C. cibarius contains a diverse array of bioactive metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolics, sterols, fatty acids, organic acids, indole groups, carbohydrates, vitamins (tocopherols), amino acids, enzymes, bioelements, carotenoids, and 5'-nucleotides. C. cibarius has a wide array of biological properties, such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, anthelmintic, insecticidal, antihypoxia, antihyperglycemic, wound-healing, cytotoxic, and iron-chelating activity. Thus, the present review gives an overview of C. cibarius, covering its chemical composition, ecological significance, postharvest preservation strategies, and potential applications in dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. It also dives into the etymology, taxonomy, and global distribution of the renowned "Golden Chanterelle." Furthermore, there is a need to valorize waste materials created during production and processing, as well as to acquire a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of action of bioactive compounds in mushrooms.

Amino and Fatty Acids Composition, Volatile Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Medicinal Mushroom Pholiota limonella (Agaricomycetes) from China

Fruiting bodies of mushrooms represent an important functional food owing to various beneficial health enhancing effects. The edible mushroom Pholiota limonella (Strophariaceae, Agaricomycetes) has been found to contain various bioactive components. In this study, the proximate amino and fatty acids, as well as volatile compounds of P. limonella were analyzed to assess its nutritional and aromatic profiles. The in vitro antioxidant activity of P. limonella extract was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical-scavenging assays. The results showed that P. limonella possesses antioxidant activity and provided a good research basis for the comprehensive development of P. limonella as functional food product.

Comparative analysis of multifaceted properties of Agaricus bisporus and Ganoderma lucidum macro-fungi powder: Techno-functional and structural characterization, mineral uptake, and photocatalytic activity

Macro-fungi are recognized for food, medicinal, and environmental applications, therefore, the study focuses on multifaceted nutritional, techno-functional, and bioremediation-related uses of Agaricus bisporus and Ganoderma lucidum powders. Herein, A. bisporus exhibited 11.43 % significantly higher protein content, whereas, G. lucidum exhibited 63.55 % higher fiber content. For both mushrooms, spherical porous and fibrous interconnected structural morphology was observed, which led to distinguishing crystallinity and techno-functional properties. G. lucidum demonstrated 75.89 % higher iron, and 19.22 % higher zinc bioavailability while A. bisporus displayed 45.36 % higher calcium bioavailability. G. lucidum absorbed significantly higher zinc and calcium during cellular uptake, while A. bisporus revealed higher iron uptake. Both macro-fungi enhanced iron storage, with G. lucidum achieving 28.68 ± 0.61 ng ferritin/mg cell protein. A. bisporus degraded 88.69 ± 0.12 % Malachite Green while G. lucidum degraded 90.51 ± 0.19 %, maintaining efficiency in both sunlight and UV light. The research indicates that these matrices may serve as valuable nutritional sources and potential substitutes for additives.

Increasing incidence of mycotoxicosis in South-Eastern Germany: a comprehensive analysis of mushroom poisonings at a University Medical Center

BACKGROUND

Mushrooms, an integral component of human diets, range from esteemed delicacies to potentially lethal toxins. The risk of severe poisoning from misidentified species, poses a significant challenge. For clinicians, recognizing mushroom poisoning amidst nonspecific symptoms and determining the specific mushroom ingested are critical yet complex tasks. Additionally, climate change affects the distribution and proliferation of mushroom species, potentially heightening the risk of exposure to toxic varieties. The identification of mushroom intoxication is critical for appropriate treatment. Poisoning with highly toxic species, such as Amanita phalloides (death cap), can result in acute liver and kidney failure. Considering the limited therapeutic options currently available for acute liver failure, we investigated the application of plasmapheresis, a procedure involving the replacement of the patient's plasma with donor plasma, as a potential intervention to improve clinical outcomes in severe cases of mushroom poisoning.

METHODS

This study aimed to assess the trends and treatment outcomes of mushroom poisoning cases from 2005 to 2022, with a particular focus on the number of incidents and the potential impacts of climate change. We undertook a retrospective monocentric cohort study, evaluating 43 patients with mushroom poisoning. The study focused on identifying the variety of mushrooms involved, including psychotropic, spoiled, inedible, or toxic species, and closely examined patients with elevated transaminases indicative for liver damage. To assess clinical outcomes, we evaluated several aspects, including hepatic encephalopathy and other symptoms. Additionally, we monitored blood analysis results through serial measurements, including transaminases, bilirubin, INR, and creatinine levels. Furthermore, we explored the impact of climate changes on the incidence of mushroom poisoning.

RESULTS

While the incidence of mushroom poisonings remained relatively stable during the first eight years of the study period, it nearly doubled over the past nine years. Nine distinct mushroom types were documented. The study showed no change in season patterns of mushroom poisonings. In cases of severe liver damage accompanied by coagulopathy, plasmapheresis was utilized to replace deficient clotting factors and mitigate the inflammatory response. This intervention proved effective in stabilizing coagulation parameters, such as the international normalized ratio (INR) Plasmapheresis was performed until the INR reached stable levels, preventing the occurrence of severe bleeding complications. In instances where liver failure was deemed irreversible, plasmapheresis functioned as a bridging therapy to manage bleeding risks and to stabilize the patient while awaiting liver transplantation.

CONCLUSION

The findings underscore the need for heightened awareness among healthcare professionals regarding mushroom poisoning and emphasize the importance of considering climate change as a factor that may alter mushroom distribution and toxicity. Additionally, this study highlights the potential of plasmapheresis in managing severe cases.

Contribution of mushroom farming to mitigating food scarcity: Current status, challenges and potential future prospects in Pakistan

Food insecurity, pollution, and malnutrition are some critical issues tackled by the modern world in the recent era. However, edible mushrooms are nutritionally, economically, and biotechnologically valuable groups of macro fungi. Besides being an essential source of edible food, it is also exploited in pharmacological industries as a potential source of anticancer, antioxidant and immunomodulating agents. Mushrooms are not only a rich nutritional source of functional food all over the world, but also have highly significant bioactive compounds that are considered nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and mycotherapeutics across the globe. However, their cultivation is very low compared to their demand. Its cultivation consents the sustainable management of agro-industrial waste and generates decent income using low inputs. Additionally, the mushroom could also be used for the recirculation of forest waste by acting as a natural decomposer that in turn creates great opportunities for the development of economically miserable developing countries, like Pakistan. Mushroom farming is one of the promising approaches to explore such unwanted agro-waste materials from the environment and ensure food security. Mushroom farming is one of the cheapest sources to overcome the deficiency caused by malnutrition. Interestingly, it supports the local economy by offering more and more livelihood opportunities and significant income sources for local and national trade. The current review article emphasizes the prompt mushroom farming industries in Pakistan that can save lives by providing cheaper nutritional food and rich income sources.

Growth and Yield Performance of Pleurotus ostreatus Cultivated on Agricultural Residues

Food insecurity and malnutrition are among the major problems in most developing nations recently. Mushroom cultivation is one of the promising strategies to overcome these challenges. The growth and productivity of mushrooms differ because of their wide range of cultivation substrates. Cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus on suitable substrates is one of the key factors affecting its growth and productivity. This study was, therefore, conducted to investigate the effect of cultivation substrates, namely straws of tef (Trt1), barley (Trt2), and wheat (Trt3), husks of faba bean (Trt4) and field pea (Trt5), and sawdust (Trt6) alone, and their mixture (1:1, w/w) (Trt7) on the growth and yield of P. ostreatus. Mycelial colonization, primordial formation, and days to first harvest were faster (13.00, 19.67, and 22.67 days) for the P. ostreatus cultivated on Trt7 whereas those grown on Trt6 were delayed (18.00, 27.00, and 29.67 days), respectively. Trt7 gave a higher (67.33) fruiting body/bunch and total yield (2001.70 g/bag). Biological efficiency was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher for Trt7 (238.64%). Strong relationships between cap diameter and mushroom yield (r = 0.84***), number of bunches (r = 0.76***), number of fruiting bodies (r = 0.80***), stipe length (r = 0.83***), and total yield (r = 0.84***) were among significant positive correlations observed. In conclusion, cultivating P. ostreatus on the Trt7 (mixed substrate) is recommended rather than using either of the residues alone.

Biological Properties, Health Benefits and Semisynthetic Derivatives of Edible Astraeus Mushrooms (Diplocystidiaceae): A Comprehensive Review

Edible Astraeus mushrooms are known for their nutritional and culinary benefits and potential therapeutic properties. However, more investigation and discussion are still needed to understand their mechanisms of action regarding observed biological activities and thorough chemical analysis of bioactive compounds. This review provides a comprehensive summary and discussion of the bioactive properties and mode of action of Astraeus extracts and their isolated compounds. It covers their reported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-tuberculosis, antimalarial, antiviral and antileishmanial activities, as well as their potential benefits on metabolic and cardiovascular health and immune function. The review highlights the significance of the biological potential of isolated compounds, such as sugar alcohols, polysaccharides, steroids, and lanostane triterpenoids. Moreover, the review identifies under-researched areas, such as the chemical analysis of Astraeus species, which holds immense research potential. Ultimately, the review aims to inspire further research on the nutraceuticals or therapeutics of these mushrooms.

Research note: Effect of a biotechnologically produced Pleurotus sapidus mycelium on expression of genes involved in protein synthesis and degradation in breast muscle of broilers

Recently, feeding a fungal mycelium from Pleurotus sapidus was found to reduce relative breast muscle weight of broilers. The present study tested the hypothesis that dietary inclusion of P. sapidus mycelium modulates the expression of genes involved in protein anabolic and protein catabolic pathways in breast muscle of broilers. The study included 72 male, 1-day-old Cobb 500 broilers which were randomly assigned to three groups fed three different diets containing either 0 (PSA-0), 25 (PSA-25) and 50 (PSA-50) g/kg diet P. sapidus mycelium in a three-phase feeding system for 35 days. Within the somatropic axis, the mRNA level of GHR was higher and that of IGF1R was lower in group PSA-25 than in group PSA-0 (P < 0.05). Within the mTOR signaling pathway, the mRNA level of S6K1 was higher in group PSA-25 than in group PSA-0 (P < 0.05). Within muscle growth-related genes, the mRNA level of MYOG was lower in groups PSA-25 and PSA-50 than in group PSA-0 (P < 0.05). The relative phosphorylation of proteins involved in protein anabolic pathways (S6K1, RPS6, eIF2a, AKT) did not differ across the three groups. The mRNA of most genes involved in molecular pathways of protein degradation and inhibition of protein synthesis, such as the GCN/eIF2a pathway, the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, showed no differences across the three groups. Only the mRNA level of ATG9A was higher in group PSA-25 compared to group PSA-0 (P < 0.05). These observations suggest that a modulation of these signaling pathways is unlikely to explain the reduced relative breast muscle weight in broilers. Nevertheless, future studies are necessary to exclude an effect of feeding P. sapidus mycelium on other less prominent pathways affecting skeletal muscle mass.

Tiger Milk Mushroom: A Comprehensive Review of Nutritional Composition, Phytochemicals, Health Benefits, and Scientific Advancements with Emphasis on Chemometrics and Multi-Omics

This article presents a comprehensive overview of tiger milk mushroom (TMM), covering its nutritional composition, phytochemicals, health benefits, and related scientific advancements. It describes various potential positive health benefits of TMM, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, respiratory function enhancement, antioxidant, anti-aging, neuroprotective, photoprotective, antidiabetic, wound-healing, and anti-HIV, among others. This article also underlines the importance of further research into the phytochemicals present in TMM for additional discoveries. It underscores the importance of further research into phytochemicals content of TMM for additional discoveries and emphasizes the potential applications of TMM in nutrition, health, and well-being. Sophisticated techniques, such as chemometrics and multi-omics technologies revealed latest scientific advancements of TMM. This comprehensive overview provides a foundation for future research and development in harnessing TMM's potential for human health.

Edible mushrooms as an alternative to animal proteins for having a more sustainable diet: a review

BACKGROUND

High protein sources especially animal protein is being used widely in people's diet. Ensuring a healthy and sustainable diet should be a global priority. Compared to diets rich in animal products, plant-based diets are more sustainable because they have less environmental impact. Aim of this article is to review mushroom's sustainability.

MAIN BODY

Using meat analogues like mushrooms seems to be a good option because their taste and texture are alike meat and they are sustainable healthy foods as they are good environmental choice due to their less water and land footprint but they are not a cost-benefit food.

CONCLUSION

Mushroom is a good nutritional and environmental meat substitute as it has less water and land footprint but not as a cost-benefit meat alternative. Therefore, the governments should make policies to use mushroom as an economical meat alternative and a source of protein for all consumers.

Detection and quantification of Amatoxin in wild mushrooms from North-East India using HPLC-PDA method for food safety purposes

Misidentification and ingestion of poisonous mushrooms pose significant threats to food safety, particularly in Mizoram, India, where over ten fatalities due to mushroom poisoning have been reported in the past decade (2013-2023). This study aimed to address this critical issue by identifying and quantifying the cause of death due to consumption of wild mushroom from Champhai district, Mizoram, India and to test the reliability of HPLC-PDA for detection and quantification of amatoxins. HPLC-PDA confirmed the presence of α-amanitin in Amanita virosa and Amanita bisporigera in the samples. α-amanitin is a water-soluble, heat-stable, and highly toxic cyclic octapeptide present in the genus Amanita, which includes Amanita phalloides, Amanita verna, and Amanita virosa. Amanitin cytotoxicity arises from the inhibition of RNA polymerases, namely RNA polymerase II, which obstructs mRNA production in kidney and liver cells. Validation of the method demonstrated good precision and accuracy, with LOD and LOQ values of 88 ng g-1 and 210 ng g-1, respectively. The method was successfully applied to quantify α-amanitin in ten wild mushroom samples, revealing its presence only in Amanita virosa (1.17 mg g-1) and Amanita bisporigera (1.91 mg g-1) species. These findings underscore the importance of accurate α-amanitin detection methods in ensuring food safety and public health, particularly in regions prone to mushroom poisoning incidents. It is noteworthy that this study marks the initial exploration for detection and quantification of α-amanitin from poisonous mushrooms found in the wild regions of Champhai district in Mizoram, representing the first report of such in the area.

Volvariella volvacea (paddy straw mushroom): A mushroom with exceptional medicinal and nutritional properties

Volvariella volvacea, commonly referred to as paddy straw mushroom, is renowned for its remarkable medicinal and nutritional properties. This mushroom, part of the family Pluteaceae, thrives in tropical and subtropical regions and is highly esteemed for its distinctive flavor and substantial health benefits. The fruiting body of V. volvacea is a rich source of bioactive compounds, including antioxidant enzymes, terpenes, polypeptides, sugars, phenolics, and flavonoids. These compounds exhibit an extensive range of therapeutic activities such as anti-tumor, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-malarial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic effects. Nutritionally, V. volvacea is an excellent source of carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, ascorbic acid, and essential minerals. It also boasts a comprehensive profile of amino acids, including valine, arginine, glutamine, serine, aspartic acid, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, asparagine, lysine, cystine, proline, glycine, tryptophan, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and histidine. This review emphasizes the significant medicinal and nutritional potential of V. volvacea, advocating its inclusion as a functional food to enhance human health and well-being. By highlighting its diverse bioactive compounds and therapeutic benefits, this review aims to foster greater recognition and utilization of paddy straw mushroom in both dietary and medicinal applications.

Dynamic changes in aromas and precursors of edible fungi juice: mixed lactic acid bacteria fermentation enhances flavor characteristics

BACKGROUND

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation technology has been increasingly used in the deep processing of edible fungi. However, the flavor profiles of edible fungi products after mixed LAB fermentation have received less attention and how aromas changes during the mixed LAB fermentation are still open questions. In the present study, fermented Hericium erinaceus and Tremella fuciformis compound juice (FHTJ) was prepared by mixed LAB strains. We aimed to systematically monitor the dynamic changes of aromas and precursors throughout the fermentation process and a data-driven association network analysis was used to tentatively illustrate the mechanisms of formation between aromas and their precursors.

RESULTS

Mixed LAB fermentation could enrich the aroma profile of FHTJ, reducing the unpleasant flavors such as nonanal and 1-octen-3-ol, as well as increasing the floral flavors such as ethyl acetate and α-pinene. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis and relative odor activity values revealed that 11 volatile chemicals were recognized as aroma-active markers. Volcano plot analysis showed that 3-octen-2-one (green flavor) was the key aroma-active marker in each stage, which was down-regulated in fermentation stages I, II and IV, whereas it was up-regulated in stage III. 3-Octen-2-one was significantly negatively correlated with organic acids, particularly pyruvate (r2 = -0.89). Ethyl caprylate (floral flavor) was up-regulated in the late fermentation stage, and showed a negative correlation with sugar alcohols and a positive correlation with organic acids, especially tartaric acid (r2 = 0.96).

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrates the beneficial effect of mixed LAB fermentation on flavor characteristics, providing guidance for fermented edible fungi juice flavor quality monitoring and control. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Simulated human digestion and fermentation of a high-molecular weight polysaccharide from Lentinula edodes mushroom and protective effects on intestinal barrier

Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) is an important edible mushroom and polysaccharides are its major constituents with proven health benefits. The study was to investigate the gut bacterial fermentation and subsequent effects on gut barrier function of a glucan-rich polysaccharide, LePS40 precipitated from the mushroom water extract with 40 % (v/v) ethanol. LePS40 consisted of a β-(1→3)-glucan main chain with substitution in the C-6 position with side chains mainly composed of (1 → 6)-linked β-Glcp residues, (1 → 6)-linked α-Galp residues and terminal residues of β-Glcp. LePS40 was found highly resistant to digestive enzymes and gastric acid in simulated human gastrointestinal tract, but highly fermentable during in vitro human fecal fermentation. The fecal fermentation degradation of LePS40 appeared to selectively break the glucoside linkage in view of the dramatic decrease in the glucose molar ratio (12.68 to 1.07). Compared with the prebiotic reference FOS, LePS40 led to much higher levels of butyric, and propionic acid and a lower level of acetic acid. Moreover, LePS40 enhanced the abundance of some beneficial bacterial populations, but decreased the bacteria possibly linked with fatty-liver disease and colorectal cancer. Furthermore, the fecal fermentation products of LePS40 showed a potential protective effect on intestinal barrier function against inflammatory damage in Caco-2/Raw264.7 co-culture model. These findings suggest the potential of LePS40 for improvement of gut health through modulation of gut microbiota.

Fractionation, characterization, and assessment of nutritional and immunostimulatory protein-rich polysaccharide-protein complexes isolated from Lentinula edodes mushroom

This study aimed to fractionate and characterize the protein-rich polysaccharide-protein (PSP) complexes from a well-known edible mushroom, Lentinula edodes, and assess their nutritional and immunostimulatory properties. Crude PSP isolated from the mushroom water extract was purified by anion exchange chromatography, yielding fractions PSP-F1 and PSP-F2 containing 66.1 % and 74.0 % protein, respectively. Both fractions exhibited primarily β-sheet and random-coil protein structures, though the crude PSP fraction exhibited an additional α-helix structure. On SDS-PAGE, PSP-F1 showed two molecular weight bands, one below 10 kDa and another at 34 kDa, and PSP-F2 showed several bands, one below 10 kDa and others between 34 and 95 kDa. The nutritional value of essential and non-essential amino acid profiles was in the order of PSP-F2 > PSP-F1 > crude PSP; the amino acid ratio coefficient values of the crude PSP, PSP-F1, and PSP-F2 were 63 %, 67 %, and 72 %, respectively. The combination of PS and PSP fractions exhibited stronger immunoactivity than PSP-F1 or PSP-F2 alone. PSP-F2 showed a higher immunostimulatory activity than PSP-F1 in RAW264.7 cell culture. PSP-F2 was also more abundant of easily absorbed high-quality proteins. The results provide useful references for dietary and medicinal uses of PSP fractions in L. edodes and other edible mushrooms.

Fungi as biotechnological allies: Exploring contributions of edible and medicinal mushrooms

Edible and medicinal mushrooms possess excellent nutritional properties due to their incredible versatility in growing on different substrates and producing extracellular enzymes with a wide range of specificity. These features make them excellent candidates for various biotechnological applications. In this context, biotechnological applications using edible and medicinal mushrooms can focus on the bioprocessing of agro-industrial wastes, an economical and environmentally friendly strategy. This review, based on recent original research and scientific reviews, highlights the versatility and potential of mushrooms in terms of sustainability and efficiency. We emphasized the biotechnological applications of edible and medicinal mushrooms and their enzymes including food production with high nutraceutical value by enhancing the quality and flavor of food industry products. Other biotechnological applications addressed in this review were cosmeceutical and biomedical development using mushroom extracts with bioactive compounds; wood pulp pretreatment processes in the pulp and paper industry; bioethanol production; and bioremediation for decontaminating soils and polluted effluents. These applications explain how edible and medicinal mushrooms have gained significance in biotechnology over the years, opening new avenues for innovation. The current tendency to study edible and medicinal mushrooms has gained the attention of researchers because these are still less known organisms becoming an attractive and natural source of novel bioactive compounds that could be integrated into a circular model production.

Impact of Dehydration Techniques on the Nutritional and Microbial Profiles of Dried Mushrooms

The global consumption of dried mushrooms has increased worldwide because of their rich nutritional value and culinary versatility. Dehydration methods such as sun drying, hot air drying, freeze drying, and microwave drying are employed to prolong the shelf life of a food product. These methods can also affect the food product's nutritional value and the final product's microbial profile. Each technique affects the retention of essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds differently. Additionally, these techniques vary in their effectiveness at reducing microbial load, impacting the dried mushrooms' safety and shelf life. This review addresses the gap in understanding how different dehydration methods influence dried mushrooms' nutritional quality and microbial safety, which is crucial for optimizing their processing and consumption. It targets researchers, food processors, and consumers seeking to improve the quality and safety of dried mushrooms. This review comprehensively examines the impact of major dehydration techniques, including sun drying, hot air drying, microwave drying, and freeze drying, on the nutritional and microbial profiles of dried mushrooms. Each method is evaluated for its effectiveness in preserving essential nutrients and reducing microbial load. Current research indicates that freeze drying is particularly effective in preserving nutritional quality, while hot air and microwave drying significantly reduce microbial load. However, more well-designed studies are needed to fully understand the implications of these methods for safety and nutritional benefits. These findings are valuable for optimizing dehydration methods for high-quality dried mushrooms that are suited for culinary and medicinal use.

Biochemical Characterization and Disease Control Efficacy of Pleurotus eryngii-Derived Chitosan-An In Vivo Study against Monilinia laxa, the Causal Agent of Plum Brown Rot

Chitin (Ct) is a crucial biopolymer present in fungi, algae, arthropods, and is usually obtained from crustacean shells. Chitosan (Cs) is a derivative from Ct deacetylation, and possesses numerous uses in various agro-industrial fields. Research on fungal-derived Ct and Cs is mostly focused on pharmaceutical uses, however their uses for plant disease control remain less explored. The main objective of the current study is to evaluate the possibility of using chitosan obtained from mushroom Pleurotus eryngii (Cs-Pe) for controlling some phytopathogens compared to commercial chitosan (C.Cs). This study is focused on the following key areas: (i) extracting Ct from P. eryngii mycelium and converting it to Cs through deacetylation, using both bleaching and non-bleaching methods; (ii) conducting a physico-chemical characterization and in vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the obtained Cs; (iii) performing an in vivo assessment of the phytotoxic and cytotoxic effects of Cs; and (iv) investigating in vivo the impact of the studied chitosan on fruit quality and its biocontrol efficacy against Monilinia laxa infections in plum fruits. Results showed that Cs-Pe, especially the unbleached one, displayed promising in vitro antimicrobial activity against the majority of tested pathogens. Regarding the cytotoxicity, the highest significant increase in cell abnormality percentage was observed in the case of C.Cs compared to Cs-Pe. In the in vivo study, Cs-Pe acted as a protective barrier, lowering and/or preventing moisture loss and firmness of treated plums. The studied Cs-Pe demonstrated notable efficacy against M. laxa which decreased the fruits' percentage decline. These results strongly suggest that Cs derived from P. eryngii is a potential candidate for increasing plums' shelf-life. This research shed light on the promising applications of P. eryngii-derived Cs in the agri-food field.

Strategic insights for sustainable growth of mushroom farming industry in Bangladesh: A comprehensive evaluation using SWOT-AHP and TOPSIS frameworks

Mushroom farming using agri-waste as substrates can offer a sustainable solution to the food security challenges of inadequate and imbalanced diets. Developing strategies to exploit the potential of the mushroom industry fully is yet to be explored in Bangladesh. We, thus, conducted this study to investigate the challenges and opportunities associated with mushroom farming, as well as the characteristics of farms and employees engaged in this industry. A directional stepwise multiple regression analysis showed self-motivation, spawn cost, farm size, and training are the key influencing factors driving profitability. Farm surveys identified SWOT factors with 24 sub-factors cross-validated with expert consultations. The sub-factors were categorized as beneficial (strength and opportunities) and cost (weakness and threats) to formulate the SWOT strategies using the Grey-TOPSIS method. Results indicate a favorable scenario exists for the industry in Bangladesh, with significant opportunities (group weight 0.53) and minimal threats (group weight 0.09). We proposed 12 strategic alternatives for the sustainable growth of this industry. This top-ranking strategy is not only to secure funding (relative closeness,C +  = 0.87) but also to provide more accessible loan options envisioning a strategic expansion of business operations in Bangladesh. The evaluation highlighted the significance of collaboration with other mushroom farmers to maximize the gain in marketing that will substantially expand the local demand (C +  = 0.697). Besides, product diversification is also underscored as an important strategy for the growth of the industry. These prioritized SWOT strategies lay the groundwork for policy development, aiding decision-makers in steering the mushroom industry towards sustainable growth for developing countries like Bangladesh. Promoting such an eco-friendly industry will generate ample opportunities for women's employment and appreciable profit while contributing to environmental improvement through recycling agri-waste.

Edible mushrooms trending in food: Nutrigenomics, bibliometric, from bench to valuable applications

The worldwide consumption, health-promoting and nutritional properties of mushrooms have been extensively researched over a decade. Although, wide range of edible mushrooms is still unexplored, which can be a valuable source of bioactive compounds in dietary supplements and biopharma industry. Mushrooms represent as dynamic source of nutrients lacking in food from plant or animal origin thus, considered as vital functional food utilized for prevention of numerous diseases. The unique bioactive compounds in mushroom and their anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour and other health attributes have been discussed. The preventive action of mushroom on maintaining the gut health and their property to act as pro, pre or symbiotic is also elucidated. The direct prebiotic activity of mushroom affects gut haemostasis and enhances the gut microbiota. Recent reports on role in improving the brain health and neurological impact by mushroom are mentioned. The role of bioactive components in mushroom with relation to nutrigenomics have been explored. The nutrigenomics has become a crucial tool to assess individuals' diet according its genetic make-up and thus, cure of several diseases. Undeniably, mushroom in present time is regarded as next-generation wonder food, playing crucial role in sustaining health, thus, an active ingredient of food and nutraceutical industries.

Effects of a biotechnologically produced Pleurotus sapidus mycelium on gut microbiome, liver transcriptome and plasma metabolome of broilers

Submerged cultivation using low-value agro-industrial side streams allows large-scale and efficient production of fungal mycelia, which has a high nutritional value. As the dietary properties of fungal mycelia in poultry are largely unknown, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of feeding a Pleurotus sapidus (PSA) mycelium as a feed supplement on growth performance, composition of the cecal microbiota and several physiological traits including gut integrity, nutrient digestibility, liver lipids, liver transcriptome and plasma metabolome in broilers. 72 males, 1-day-old Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to 3 different groups and fed 3 different adequate diets containing either 0% (PSA-0), 2.5% (PSA-2.5) and 5% (PSA-5.0) P. sapidus mycelium in a 3-phase feeding system for 35 d. Each group consisted of 6 cages (replicates) with 4 broilers/cage. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed:gain ratio and apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein, ether extract and amino acids were not different between groups. Metagenomic analysis of the cecal microbiota revealed no differences between groups, except that one α-diversity metric (Shannon index) and the abundance of 2 low-abundance bacterial taxa (Clostridia UCG 014, Eubacteriales) differed between groups (P < 0.05). Concentrations of total and individual short-chain fatty acids in the cecal digesta and concentrations of plasma lipopolysaccharide and mRNA levels of proinflammatory genes, tight-junction proteins, and mucins in the cecum mucosa did not differ between groups. None of the plasma metabolites analyzed using targeted-metabolomics differed across the groups. Hepatic transcript profiling revealed a total of 144 transcripts to be differentially expressed between group PSA-5.0 and group PSA-0 but none of these genes was regulated greater 2-fold. Considering either the lack of effects or the very weak effects of feeding the P. sapidus mycelium in the broilers it can be concluded that inclusion of a sustainably produced fungal mycelium in broiler diets at the expense of other feed components has no negative consequences on broilers´ performance and metabolism.

Isolation of 2,2'-azoxybisbenzyl alcohol from Agaricus subrutilescens and its inhibitory activity against bacterial biofilm formation

Virulence pathways in pathogenic bacteria are regulated by quorum sensing mechanisms, particularly biofilm formation through autoinducer (AI) production and sensing. In this study, the culture filtrate extracted from an edible mushroom, Agaricus subrutilescens, was fractionated to isolate a compound that inhibits biofilm formation. Four gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterobacter cloacae) and two gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus) were used for the bioassay. The bioassay-guided chromatographic separations of the culture filtrate extract resulted in the isolation of the compound. Further, spectroscopic analyses revealed the identity of the compound as 2,2'-azoxybisbenzyl alcohol (ABA). The minimum inhibitory and sub-inhibitory concentrations of the compound were also determined. Azoxybisbenzyl alcohol was significantly effective in inhibiting biofilm formation in all tested bacteria, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of 3-11 µg/mL. Additionally, the bioactivity of ABA was confirmed through the bioassays for the inhibition of exopolysaccharide matrixes and AI activities.

Could Mushrooms' Secondary Metabolites Ameliorate Alzheimer Disease? A Computational Flexible Docking Investigation

Herein, we highlight the significance of molecular modeling approaches prior to in vitro and in vivo studies; particularly, in diseases with no recognized treatments such as neurological abnormalities. Alzheimer disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes irreversible cognitive decline. Toxicity and ADMET studies were conducted using the Qikprop platform in Maestro software and Discovery Studio 2.0, respectively, to select the promising skeletons from more than 45 reviewed compounds isolated from mushrooms in the last decade. Using rigid and flexible molecular docking approaches such as induced fit docking (IFD) in the binding sites of β-secretase (BACE1) and acetylcholine esterase (ACHE), promising structures were screened through high precision molecular docking compared with standard drugs donepezil and (2E)-2-imino-3-methyl-5,5-diphenylimidazolidin-4-one (OKK) using Maestro and Cresset Flare platforms. Molecular interactions, binding distances, and RMSD values were measured to reveal key interactions at the binding sites of the two neurodegenerative enzymes. Analysis of IFD results revealed consistent bindings of dictyoquinazol A and gensetin I in the pocket of 4ey7 while inonophenol A, ganomycin, and fornicin fit quite well in 4dju demonstrating binding poses very close to native ligands at ACHE and BACE1. Respective key amino acid contacts manifested the least steric problems according to their Gibbs free binding energies, Glide XP scores, RMSD values, and molecular orientation respect to the key amino acids. Molecular dynamics simulations further confirmed our findings and prospected these compounds to show significant in vitro results in their future pharmacological studies.

Recent Advances in the Application of Natural Products for Postharvest Edible Mushroom Quality Preservation

Edible mushrooms are favored by consumers for their excellent nutritional value and pharmacological properties. However, fresh mushrooms are highly perishable and undergo rapid quality deterioration induced by a series of intrinsic and extrinsic factors during postharvest storage. In recent years, the application of natural products derived from plants, animals, microorganisms, and other sources in mushroom quality preservation has drawn increasing attention. Compared to chemical preservatives, natural products show similar or higher biological activity and have few side effects on human health. This review summarizes the recent advances in the application of natural products used for quality maintenance of postharvest mushrooms. These natural substances mainly include essential oils, polyphenols, polysaccharides, bacteriocins, and other extracts. They have the potential to inhibit mushroom weight loss, softening, and browning, reduce the count of pathogenic microorganisms, and retain nutrients and flavor, effectively improving the quality of mushrooms and extending their shelf-life. The preservation techniques for natural products and their preservation mechanisms are also discussed here. Overall, this review provides current knowledge about natural products in edible mushroom preservation and aims to inspire more in-depth theoretical research and promote further practical application.

Advanced Fungal Biotechnologies in Accomplishing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): What Do We Know and What Comes Next?

The present era has witnessed an unprecedented scenario with extreme climate changes, depleting natural resources and rising global food demands and its widespread societal impact. From providing bio-based resources to fulfilling socio-economic necessities, tackling environmental challenges, and ecosystem restoration, microbes exist as integral members of the ecosystem and influence human lives. Microbes demonstrate remarkable potential to adapt and thrive in climatic variations and extreme niches and promote environmental sustainability. It is important to mention that advances in fungal biotechnologies have opened new avenues and significantly contributed to improving human lives through addressing socio-economic challenges. Microbe-based sustainable innovations would likely contribute to the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs) by providing affordable energy (use of agro-industrial waste by microbial conversions), reducing economic burdens/affordable living conditions (new opportunities by the creation of bio-based industries for a sustainable living), tackling climatic changes (use of sustainable alternative fuels for reducing carbon footprints), conserving marine life (production of microbe-based bioplastics for safer marine life) and poverty reduction (microbial products), among other microbe-mediated approaches. The article highlights the emerging trends and future directions into how fungal biotechnologies can provide feasible and sustainable solutions to achieve SDGs and address global issues.

Antioxidant capacity of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm influenced by growth substrates

Functional constituents are the main concern in food production and consumption. Because foods rich in functional constituents have antioxidant capacity and are important in keeping consumers healthy. Pleurotus ostreatus is among foods rich in functional constituents. However, its functional constituents are affected by various factors. This study compared the antioxidant capacity of P. ostreatus grown on different substrates: straws of tef (Trt1), barley (Trt2), and wheat (Trt3), husks of faba bean (Trt4), and field pea (Trt5), sawdust (Trt6), and the mixture of the above with 1:1 w/w (Trt7). Trt7 had significantly higher radical scavenging activity (RSA) (73.27%), vitamin C (10.61 mg/100 g), and vitamin D (4.92 mg/100 g) compared to other treatments. Whereas the lowest values of RSA (44.24%), vitamin C (5.39 mg/100 g), and vitamin D (1.21 mg/100 g) were found in Trt2. The results indicated that mixed substrate may be a good growth substrate for functionally beneficial P. ostreatus and could be a promising source of natural antioxidants.

Submerged cultivation and phytochemical analysis of medicinal mushrooms (Trametes sp.)

Mushrooms are widely available around the world and have various nutritional as well as therapeutic values. Many Asian cultures believe that medicinal mushrooms can prolong life and improve vitality. This study aims to characterize the phytochemical and polysaccharide content, mainly β-glucan content, of mycelial biomass and fruiting bodies collected from the Himalayan region, particularly Uttarakhand. Through molecular analysis of the LSU F/R-rDNA fragment sequence and phylogenetic analysis, the strain was identified as Trametes sp. We performed screening of phytochemicals and polysaccharides in mushroom and biomass extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a PC-based UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The macrofungal biomass was found to be high in saponin, anthraquinone, total phenolic, flavonoid, and β-glucan content. In biomass extract, we observed a high level of saponin (70.6µg/mL), anthraquinone (14.5µg/mL), total phenolic (12.45 µg/mL), and flavonoid (9.500 µg/mL) content. Furthermore, we examined the contents of alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and sterols in the biomass and mushroom extracts; the concentration of these compounds in the ethanol extract tested was minimal. We also looked for antioxidant activity, which is determined in terms of the IC50 value. Trametes sp. mushroom extract exhibits higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (62.9% at 0.5 mg/mL) than biomass extract (59.19% at 0.5 mg/mL). We also analyzed β-glucan in Trametes sp. from both mushroom and biomass extracts. The biomass extract showed a higher β-glucan content of 1.713 mg/mL than the mushroom extract, which is 1.671 mg/mL. Furthermore, β-glucan analysis was confirmed by the Megazyme β-glucan assay kit from both biomass and mushroom extract of Trametes sp. β-glucans have a promising future in cancer treatment as adjuncts to conventional medicines. Producing pure β-glucans for the market is challenging because 90-95% of β glucan sold nowadays is thought to be manipulated or counterfeit. The present study supports the recommendation of Trametes sp. as rich in β-glucan, protein, phytochemicals, and antioxidant activities that help individuals with cancer, diabetes, obesity, etc.

Mushroom as Prebiotics: a Sustainable Approach for Healthcare

Mushrooms are considered as sustainable foods as they require less effort and can be cultivated on different agro-industrial wastes. Besides, these possess many nutraceuticals for providing health benefits along with supplementing nutrition. The mushrooms are also used as prebiotics for their ability to support beneficial microbes in the gut and inhibit the growth of pathogens. Furthermore, these remain undigested in the upper gut and reach the intestine to replenish the gut microbiota. The mushrooms boost health by inhibiting the binding of pathogenic bacteria, by promoting the growth of specific gut microbiota, producing short chain fatty acids, and regulating lipid metabolism and cancer. Research has been initiated in the commercial formulation of various products such as yogurt and symbiotic capsules. This paper sheds light on health-promoting effect, disease controlling, and regulating effect of mushroom prebiotics. This paper also presented a glimpse of commercialization of mushroom prebiotics. In the future, proper standardization of mushroom-based prebiotic formulations will be available to boost human health.

Impacts of preparation technologies on biological activities of edible mushroom polysaccharides - novel insights for personalized nutrition achievement

Edible mushroom polysaccharides (EMPs) as a natural macromolecular carbohydrate have a very complex structure and composition. EMPs are considered ideal candidates for developing healthy products and functional foods and have received significant research attention due to their unique physiological activities such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor/cancer, gut microbiota regulation, metabolism improvement, and nervous system protection. The structure and monosaccharide composition of edible mushroom polysaccharides have an unknown relationship with their functional activity, which has not been widely studied. Therefore, we summarized the preparation techniques of EMPs and discussed the association between functional activity, preparation methods, structure and composition of EMPs, laying a theoretical foundation for the personalized nutritional achievements of EMP. We also establish the foundation for the further investigation and application of EMPs as novel functional foods and healthy products.

Novel Post-Harvest Preservation Techniques for Edible Fungi: A Review

Edible fungi are well known for their rich nutrition and unique flavor. However, their post-harvest shelf-life is relatively short, and effective post-harvest preservation techniques are crucial for maintaining their quality. In recent years, many new technologies have been used for the preservation of edible fungi. These technologies include cold plasma treatment, electrostatic field treatment, active packaging, edible coatings, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, and genetic editing, among others. This paper reviews the new methods for post-harvest preservation of mainstream edible fungi. By comprehensively evaluating the relative advantages and limitations of these new technologies, their potential and challenges in practical applications are inferred. The paper also proposes directions and suggestions for the future development of edible fungi preservation, aiming to provide reference and guidance for improving the quality of edible fungi products and extending their shelf-life.

Factors affecting composition of fatty acids in wild-growing forest mushrooms

The importance of mushrooms as a food source is continually increasing. To investigate how environmental factors affect the nutritional value of mushrooms, we harvested them in eastern Poland, south-central Germany, and northwestern Belgium in plots with similar environmental conditions but varying in tree species composition and richness. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyze the fatty acid (FA) content of the mushrooms. Fungal species identity explained the largest part (40%) of the total variation in FA concentration and composition. Environmental factors accounted for 1-12% of variation. The concentration of FA, especially saturated fatty acids, decreased with increasing understory cover and increasing nitrogen concentration in the topsoil. The effect of tree species richness or tree species identity was negligible. Our results suggest that the nutritional value of mushrooms depends mainly on the species identity of fungi, but that their FA content is slightly higher in forests with less undergrowth and in nitrogen-poor soils.

Complete mitochondrial genomes of edible mushrooms: features, evolution, and phylogeny

Edible mushrooms are an important food source with high nutritional and medicinal value. They are a useful source for studying phylogenetic evolution and species divergence. The exploration of the evolutionary relationships among these species conventionally involves analyzing sequence variations within their complete mitochondrial genomes, which range from 31,854 bp (Cordyceps militaris) to 197,486 bp (Grifolia frondosa). The study of the complete mitochondrial genomes of edible mushrooms has emerged as a critical field of research, providing important insights into fungal genetic makeup, evolution, and phylogenetic relationships. This review explores the mitochondrial genome structures of various edible mushroom species, highlighting their unique features and evolutionary adaptations. By analyzing these genomes, robust phylogenetic frameworks are constructed to elucidate mushrooms lineage relationships. Furthermore, the exploration of different variations of mitochondrial DNA presents novel opportunities for enhancing mushroom cultivation biotechnology and medicinal applications. The mitochondrial genomic features are essential for improving agricultural practices and ensuring food security through improved crop productivity, disease resistance, and nutritional qualities. The current knowledge about the mitochondrial genomes of edible mushrooms is summarized in this review, emphasising their significance in both scientific research and practical applications in bioinformatics and medicine.

Levels and Health Risk Assessment of Inorganic Arsenic, Methylmercury, and Heavy Metals in Edible Mushrooms Collected from Online Supermarket in China

Chromium (Cr), total arsenic (As), inorganic arsenic (iAs), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), methylmercury (MeHg), and lead (Pb) were analyzed in in Agaricus blazei, Tricholoma matsutake, Pholiota nameko, agrocybe aegirit, Boletus edulis, Auricularia auricula, and Lentinus edodes collected from online supermarket in China from 2015 to 2017. The order of mean concentrations for the five heavy metals in edible mushrooms was As > Cd > Cr > Pb > Hg. No positive correlation was found between total As and iAs, nor between total Hg and MeHg. The contents of iAs were at a low level except for A. blazei samples. The contents of MeHg were at a low level in all test mushroom samples. And Cr, Cd, and Pb pollution were common problems in the test mushroom samples. The comprehensive factor pollution index was between 0.569 (A. auricula) and 3.056 (B. edulis). The THQ values for the five heavy metals from P. nameko, A. auricula, A. aegirit, and L. edodes samples were less than 1. The hazard index (HI) values of A. blazei, T. matsutake, and B. edulis samples for adults and children were greater than 1, indicating significant health hazard to the adults and children consumers. The cancer risk (CR) values for iAs ranged from 3.82 × 10- 6 (T. matsutake) to 8.61 × 10- 5 (A. blazei), indicating no potential carcinogenic risk to the consumers. The order for carcinogenic risk of each edible mushroom species was A. blazei > L. edodes > P. nameko > A. aegirit > A. auricula > B. edulis > T. matsutake.

Recent advances and role of melatonin in post-harvest quality preservation of shiitake (Lentinula edodes)

Shiitake mushrooms are renowned for their popularity and robust nutritional value, are susceptible to spoilage due to their inherent biodegradability. Nevertheless, because of their lack of protection, these mushrooms have a short shelf life. Throughout the post-harvest phase, mushrooms experience a persistent decline in quality. This is evidenced by changes such as discoloration, reduced moisture content, texture changes, an increase in microbial count, and the depletion of nutrients and flavor. Ensuring postharvest quality preservation and prolonging mushroom shelf life necessitates the utilization of post-harvest preservation techniques, including physical, chemical, and thermal processes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the deterioration processes affecting mushroom quality, covering elements such as moisture loss, discoloration, texture alterations, increased microbial count, and the depletion of nutrients and flavor. It also explores the key factors influencing these processes, such as temperature, relative humidity, water activity, and respiration rate. Furthermore, the review delves into recent progress in preserving mushrooms through techniques such as drying, cooling, packaging, irradiation, washing, and coating.

Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical profiling of butanol extract of L. edodes with in- silico virtual screening

L. edodes (L. edodes) is the most consumed mushroom in the world and has been well known for its therapeutic potential as an edible and medicinal candidate, it contains dietary fibers, vitamins, proteins, minerals, and carbohydrates. In the current study butanolic extract of mushroom was used to form semisolid butanol extract. The current study aimed to explore biometabolites that might have biological activities in n-butanol extract of L. edodes using FT-IR and GC-MS and LC-MS. The synergistic properties of bioactive compounds were futher assessed by performing different biological assays such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic. FTIR spectra showed different functional groups including amide N-H group, Alkane (C-H stretching), and (C = C stretching) groups at different spectrum peaks in the range of 500 cm-1 to 5000 cm-1 respectively. GC-MS profiling of n-butanol extract depicted 34 potent biomolecules among those dimethyl; Morphine, 2TMS derivative; Benzoic acid, methyl ester 1-(2-methoxy-1-methylethoxy)-2-propanol were spotted at highest range. Results indicate that L. edodes n-butanol extract showed a maximum anti-inflammatory potential 91.4% at 300 mg/mL. Antioxidant activity was observed by measuring free radical scavenging activity which is 64.6% at optimized concentration along with good antidiabetic activity. In-silico study executed the biopotential of active ingredient morphine which proved the best docking score (- 7.0 kJ/mol) against aldose reductase. The in-silico drug design analysis was performed on biometabolites detected through GC-MS that might be a potential target for sulfatase-2 to treat ruminated arthritis. Morphine binds more strongly (- 7.9 kJ/mol) than other bioactive constituents indicated. QSAR and ADMET analysis shown that morphine is a good candidates against ruminated arthritis. The current study showed that L. edodes might be used as potent drug molecules to cure multiple ailments. As mushrooms have high bioactivity, they can be used against different diseases and to develop antibacterial drugs based on the current situation in the world in which drug resistance is going to increase due to misuse of antibiotics so new and noval biological active compounds are needed to overcome the situation.

Neuroprotective Mushrooms

Alternative medicines commonly supplement or, at times, replace standard medical treatment. One area of increasing attention is disease-modifying medicines for neurodegenerative diseases. However, few such alternatives have been investigated thoroughly with an eye toward understanding mechanisms of action for clinical use. Medicinal mushrooms have important health benefits and pharmacological activities with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, immunomodulatory, digestive, cytoprotective, homeostatic, and neuroprotective activities. Edible mushrooms are known to play roles in preventing age-related diseases. Several studies have revealed that polysaccharides, terpenes, and phenolic compounds are chemical components derived from mushrooms with pharmacological activities. Due to limited effective protocols for mushroom protein extraction for proteomic studies, information about these medicinally related proteins and their biological functions remains enigmatic. Herein, we have performed proteomic studies of two mushroom species Laricifomes officinalis (agarikon) and Grifola frondosa (maitake). These studies serve to uncover a foundation for putative proteome-associated neuroprotective processes. The recovered proteins from both species show multiple cell-specific signaling pathways including unfolded protein response, and mitochondrial protein import as well as those linked to BAG2, ubiquitination, apoptosis, microautophagy, glycolysis, SNARE, and immunogenic cell signaling pathways. This study uncovered mushroom proteome-associated proteins which serve to better understand the structural and functional properties of mushrooms used as alternative medicines for broad potential health benefits.

Optimization of cultural and nutritional conditions to enhance mycelial biomass of Cordyceps militaris using statistical approach

Cordyceps militaris is a fungus with numerous therapeutic properties that has gained worldwide popularity due to its potential health benefits. The fruiting body of this mushroom is highly expensive and takes a longer time to produce, making mycelial a sustainable and cost-effective alternative. The study investigates and optimizes cultural and nutritional conditions to maximize mycelial biomass. The initial optimization was done by the conventional single-factor approach, followed by Plackett-Burman design to screen the most significant variables, with yeast extract, temperature, and glucose being the most significant, contributing 11.58%, 49.74%, and 27.98%, respectively, in mycelial biomass production. These variables were then optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). The study observed that temperature and glucose had the highest impact on mycelial biomass, with p-values of 0.0128 and 0.0191, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, temperature 20 °C, glucose 2.5% (w/v), and yeast extract 0.8% (w/v), the maximal yield of mycelial biomass reached 547 ± 2.09 mg/100 mL, which was 1.95-fold higher than the yield in the basal medium. These findings suggest that optimizing the cultural and nutritional conditions can enhance mycelial biomass production of Cordyceps militaris, offering a sustainable and cost-effective source of this valuable fungus.