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Liang T, Yang SX, Qian C, Du LD, Qian ZM, Yung WH, Ke Y. HMGB1 Mediates Inflammation-Induced DMT1 Increase and Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in the Early Stage of Parkinsonism. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2006-2020. [PMID: 37833459 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Both neuroinflammation and iron accumulation play roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, whether inflammation induces iron dyshomeostasis in dopaminergic neurons at an early stage of PD, at which no quantifiable dopaminergic neuron loss can be observed, is still unknown. As for the inflammation mediators, although several cytokines have been reported to increase in PD, the functions of these cytokines in the SN are double-edged and controversial. In this study, whether inflammation could induce iron dyshomeostasis in dopaminergic neurons through high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) in the early stage of PD is explored. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toxin that primarily activates glia cells, and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), the neurotoxin that firstly impacts dopaminergic neurons, were utilized to mimic PD in rats. We found a common and exceedingly early over-production of HMGB1, followed by an increase of divalent metal transporter 1 with iron responsive element (DMT1+) in the dopaminergic neurons before quantifiable neuronal loss. HMGB1 neutralizing antibody suppressed inflammation in the SN, DMT1+ elevation in dopaminergic neurons, and dopaminergic neuronal loss in both LPS and 6-OHDA administration- induced PD models. On the contrary, interleukin-1β inhibitor diacerein failed to suppress these outcomes induced by 6-OHDA. Our findings not only demonstrate that inflammation could be one of the causes of DMT1+ increase in dopaminergic neurons, but also highlight HMGB1 as a pivotal early mediator of inflammation-induced iron increase and subsequent neurodegeneration, thereby HMGB1 could serve as a potential target for early-stage PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Christopher Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Li-Da Du
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China.
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2
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Pizarro-Galleguillos BM, Kunert L, Brüggemann N, Prasuhn J. Iron- and Neuromelanin-Weighted Neuroimaging to Study Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213678. [PMID: 36430157 PMCID: PMC9696602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying causes of Parkinson's disease are complex, and besides recent advances in elucidating relevant disease mechanisms, no disease-modifying treatments are currently available. One proposed pathophysiological hallmark is mitochondrial dysfunction, and a plethora of evidence points toward the interconnected nature of mitochondria in neuronal homeostasis. This also extends to iron and neuromelanin metabolism, two biochemical processes highly relevant to individual disease manifestation and progression. Modern neuroimaging methods help to gain in vivo insights into these intertwined pathways and may pave the road to individualized medicine in this debilitating disorder. In this narrative review, we will highlight the biological rationale for studying these pathways, how distinct neuroimaging methods can be applied in patients, their respective limitations, and which challenges need to be overcome for successful implementation in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Matis Pizarro-Galleguillos
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23588 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Liesa Kunert
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23588 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23588 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-451-500-43420; Fax: +49-451-500-43424
| | - Jannik Prasuhn
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23588 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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3
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Chen B, Zhang W, Lin C, Zhang L. A Comprehensive Review on Beneficial Effects of Catechins on Secondary Mitochondrial Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911569. [PMID: 36232871 PMCID: PMC9569714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the main sites for oxidative phosphorylation and synthesis of adenosine triphosphate in cells, and are known as cellular power factories. The phrase "secondary mitochondrial diseases" essentially refers to any abnormal mitochondrial function other than primary mitochondrial diseases, i.e., the process caused by the genes encoding the electron transport chain (ETC) proteins directly or impacting the production of the machinery needed for ETC. Mitochondrial diseases can cause adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis disorder, an increase in oxygen free radicals, and intracellular redox imbalance. It can also induce apoptosis and, eventually, multi-system damage, which leads to neurodegenerative disease. The catechin compounds rich in tea have attracted much attention due to their effective antioxidant activity. Catechins, especially acetylated catechins such as epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), are able to protect mitochondria from reactive oxygen species. This review focuses on the role of catechins in regulating cell homeostasis, in which catechins act as a free radical scavenger and metal ion chelator, their protective mechanism on mitochondria, and the protective effect of catechins on mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This review highlights catechins and their effects on mitochondrial functional metabolic networks: regulating mitochondrial function and biogenesis, improving insulin resistance, regulating intracellular calcium homeostasis, and regulating epigenetic processes. Finally, the indirect beneficial effects of catechins on mitochondrial diseases are also illustrated by the warburg and the apoptosis effect. Some possible mechanisms are shown graphically. In addition, the bioavailability of catechins and peracetylated-catechins, free radical scavenging activity, mitochondrial activation ability of the high-molecular-weight polyphenol, and the mitochondrial activation factor were also discussed.
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4
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Targeting Mitochondria as a Therapeutic Approach for Parkinson's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 43:1499-1518. [PMID: 35951210 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is among the most critical challenges that involve modern societies and annually influences millions of patients worldwide. While the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is complicated, the role of mitochondrial is demonstrated. The in vitro and in vivo models and genome-wide association studies in human cases proved that specific genes, including PINK1, Parkin, DJ-1, SNCA, and LRRK2, linked mitochondrial dysfunction with PD. Also, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of PD. Targeting mitochondria as a therapeutic approach to inhibit or slow down PD formation and progression seems to be an exciting issue. The current review summarized known mutations associated with both mitochondrial dysfunction and PD. The significance of mtDNA in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis and potential PD therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondrial dysfunction was then discussed.
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5
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Gao XY, Yang T, Gu Y, Sun XH. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: From Mechanistic Insights to Therapy. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:885500. [PMID: 35795234 PMCID: PMC9250984 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.885500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorders worldwide. There are currently no cures or preventative treatments for PD. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction is closely associated with pathogenesis of sporadic and familial PD. Because dopaminergic neurons have high energy demand, cells affected by PD exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction that promotes the disease-defining the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The mitochondrion has a particularly important role as the cellular “powerhouse” of dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, mitochondria have become a promising therapeutic target for PD treatments. This review aims to describe mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathology of PD, outline the genes associated with familial PD and the factors related to sporadic PD, summarize current knowledge on mitochondrial quality control in PD, and give an overview of therapeutic strategies for targeting mitochondria in neuroprotective interventions in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Science Experiment Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tuo Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Science Experiment Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Hong Sun,
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6
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Chang CH, Chang ST, Liao VHC. Potential anti-Parkinsonian's effect of S-(+)-linalool from Cinnamomum osmophloeum ct. linalool leaves are associated with mitochondrial regulation via gas-1, nuo-1, and mev-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3325-3334. [PMID: 35665972 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, and developing new treatments from natural products is of particular interest. Essential oils from Cinnamomum osmophloeum ct. linalool leaves contain high levels (~95%) of S-(+)-linalool. The neuroprotective effects of linalool have been previously described, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the potential anti-Parkinsonian's effect of S-(+)-linalool on mitochondrial regulation and decipher the underlying molecular mechanisms in Caenorhabditis elegans PD model. Essential oils at 20 mg/L and 20 mg/L S-(+)-linalool each significantly attenuated the damaging effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on dopaminergic (DA) neurons and decreased the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt ) to antimycin. RNAi knockdown of mitochondrial complex I (gas-1, nuo-1), and complex II (mev-1) genes prevented the improvement of mitochondrial activity by S-(+)-linalool. The protective effects of S-(+)-linalool on 6-OHDA-induced behavior changes were absent in a DA-specific strain of C. elegans produced by gas-1, nuo-1, and mev-1 RNAi knockdown. These results suggest the potential anti-Parkinsonian's effect of S-(+)-linalool is associated with mitochondrial activity and regulated by gas-1, nuo-1, and mev-1 in C. elegans. Our findings suggest that S-(+)-linalool might be a promising candidate for therapeutic application to inhibit the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Han Chang
- School of Forest and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Tzen Chang
- School of Forest and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vivian Hsiu-Chuan Liao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Martins AC, Virgolini MB, Tinkov AA, Skalny AV, Tirumala RP, Farina M, Santamaria A, Lu R, Aschner M. Iron overload and neurodegenerative diseases: What can we learn from Caenorhabditis elegans? TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2022; 6. [PMID: 35990536 PMCID: PMC9390093 DOI: 10.1177/23978473221091852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential trace element required for several physiological processes. It plays important roles in mitochondrial function, synthesis, and metabolism of the neurotransmitter, as well as oxygen transport. However, excess Fe can cause toxicity. Particularly, Fe overload may result in neurotoxicity, contributing to the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, although the molecular mechanisms underlying Fe-induced neurodegeneration have yet to be entirely understood. Alternative (non-rodent) experimental models have been pointed as important approaches to elucidate molecular and physiological events mediating Fe-induced pathology. Among such alternative strategies, an advantageous experimental worm-model system, Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans), has been used to investigate Fe-induced neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative disorders. Its genome has been fully sequenced, corroborating that it shares significant homology with mammalians, and has approximately 40% of human disease-related genes. As part of this review, we discuss studies using the C. elegans model to study molecular mechanisms such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, disturbed homeostasis, and its potential contribution to the study of metal-induced neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Airton C Martins
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Miriam B Virgolini
- Departamento de Farmacología Otto Orsingher, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Técnicas (IFEC-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Laboratory of Molecular Dietetics, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Anatoly V. Skalny
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Marcelo Farina
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Abel Santamaria
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rongzhu Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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8
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Prasuhn J, Göttlich M, Gerkan F, Kourou S, Ebeling B, Kasten M, Hanssen H, Klein C, Brüggemann N. Relationship between brain iron deposition and mitochondrial dysfunction in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Mol Med 2022; 28:28. [PMID: 35246038 PMCID: PMC8895656 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00426-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The underlying pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease is complex, involving different molecular pathways, including brain iron deposition and mitochondrial dysfunction. At a molecular level, these disease mechanisms are likely interconnected. Therefore, they offer potential strategies for disease-modifying treatments. We aimed to investigate subcortical brain iron deposition as a potential predictor of the bioenergetic status in patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Methods Thirty patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease underwent multimodal MR imaging (T1, susceptibility-weighted imaging, SWI) and 31phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging. SWI contrast-to-noise ratios served as a measure for brain iron deposition in the putamen, caudate, globus pallidus, and thalamus and were used in a multiple linear regression model to predict in-vivo energy metabolite ratios. Results Subcortical brain iron deposition, particularly in the putamen and globus pallidus, was highly predictive of the region-specific amount of high-energy-containing phosphorus metabolites in our subjects. Conclusions Our study suggests that brain iron deposition but not the variability of individual volumetric measurements are highly predictive of mitochondrial impairment in vivo. These findings offer the opportunity, e.g., by using chelating therapies, to improve mitochondrial bioenergetics in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-021-00426-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Prasuhn
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martin Göttlich
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Friederike Gerkan
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sofia Kourou
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Britt Ebeling
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henrike Hanssen
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany. .,Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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9
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Riederer P, Monoranu C, Strobel S, Iordache T, Sian-Hülsmann J. Iron as the concert master in the pathogenic orchestra playing in sporadic Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1577-1598. [PMID: 34636961 PMCID: PMC8507512 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
About 60 years ago, the discovery of a deficiency of dopamine in the nigro-striatal system led to a variety of symptomatic therapeutic strategies to supplement dopamine and to substantially improve the quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Since these seminal developments, neuropathological, neurochemical, molecular biological and genetic discoveries contributed to elucidate the pathology of PD. Oxidative stress, the consequences of reactive oxidative species, reduced antioxidative capacity including loss of glutathione, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, proteasomal dysfunction, apoptosis, lysosomal dysfunction, autophagy, suggested to be causal for ɑ-synuclein fibril formation and aggregation and contributing to neuroinflammation and neural cell death underlying this devastating disorder. However, there are no final conclusions about the triggered pathological mechanism(s) and the follow-up of pathological dysfunctions. Nevertheless, it is a fact, that iron, a major component of oxidative reactions, as well as neuromelanin, the major intraneuronal chelator of iron, undergo an age-dependent increase. And ageing is a major risk factor for PD. Iron is significantly increased in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of PD. Reasons for this finding include disturbances in iron-related import and export mechanisms across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), localized opening of the BBB at the nigro-striatal tract including brain vessel pathology. Whether this pathology is of primary or secondary importance is not known. We assume that there is a better fit to the top-down hypotheses and pathogens entering the brain via the olfactory system, then to the bottom-up (gut-brain) hypothesis of PD pathology. Triggers for the bottom-up, the dual-hit and the top-down pathologies include chemicals, viruses and bacteria. If so, hepcidin, a regulator of iron absorption and its distribution into tissues, is suggested to play a major role in the pathogenesis of iron dyshomeostasis and risk for initiating and progressing ɑ-synuclein pathology. The role of glial components to the pathology of PD is still unknown. However, the dramatic loss of glutathione (GSH), which is mainly synthesized in glia, suggests dysfunction of this process, or GSH uptake into neurons. Loss of GSH and increase in SNpc iron concentration have been suggested to be early, may be even pre-symptomatic processes in the pathology of PD, despite the fact that they are progression factors. The role of glial ferritin isoforms has not been studied so far in detail in human post-mortem brain tissue and a close insight into their role in PD is called upon. In conclusion, "iron" is a major player in the pathology of PD. Selective chelation of excess iron at the site of the substantia nigra, where a dysfunction of the BBB is suggested, with peripherally acting iron chelators is suggested to contribute to the portfolio and therapeutic armamentarium of anti-Parkinson medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Riederer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - C Monoranu
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - S Strobel
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - T Iordache
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - J Sian-Hülsmann
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
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10
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Dietz JV, Fox JL, Khalimonchuk O. Down the Iron Path: Mitochondrial Iron Homeostasis and Beyond. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092198. [PMID: 34571846 PMCID: PMC8468894 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular iron homeostasis and mitochondrial iron homeostasis are interdependent. Mitochondria must import iron to form iron–sulfur clusters and heme, and to incorporate these cofactors along with iron ions into mitochondrial proteins that support essential functions, including cellular respiration. In turn, mitochondria supply the cell with heme and enable the biogenesis of cytosolic and nuclear proteins containing iron–sulfur clusters. Impairment in cellular or mitochondrial iron homeostasis is deleterious and can result in numerous human diseases. Due to its reactivity, iron is stored and trafficked through the body, intracellularly, and within mitochondria via carefully orchestrated processes. Here, we focus on describing the processes of and components involved in mitochondrial iron trafficking and storage, as well as mitochondrial iron–sulfur cluster biogenesis and heme biosynthesis. Recent findings and the most pressing topics for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan V. Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA;
| | - Jennifer L. Fox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA;
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA;
- Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Glover JC, Aswendt M, Boulland JL, Lojk J, Stamenković S, Andjus P, Fiori F, Hoehn M, Mitrecic D, Pavlin M, Cavalli S, Frati C, Quaini F. In vivo Cell Tracking Using Non-invasive Imaging of Iron Oxide-Based Particles with Particular Relevance for Stem Cell-Based Treatments of Neurological and Cardiac Disease. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:1469-1488. [PMID: 31802361 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapeutics is a rapidly developing field associated with a number of clinical challenges. One such challenge lies in the implementation of methods to track stem cells and stem cell-derived cells in experimental animal models and in the living patient. Here, we provide an overview of cell tracking in the context of cardiac and neurological disease, focusing on the use of iron oxide-based particles (IOPs) visualized in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We discuss the types of IOPs available for such tracking, their advantages and limitations, approaches for labeling cells with IOPs, biological interactions and effects of IOPs at the molecular and cellular levels, and MRI-based and associated approaches for in vivo and histological visualization. We conclude with reviews of the literature on IOP-based cell tracking in cardiac and neurological disease, covering both preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Glover
- Laboratory for Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PB 1105, Blindern, Oslo, Norway. .,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Markus Aswendt
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo-Brandt-Str. 5, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Boulland
- Laboratory for Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PB 1105, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jasna Lojk
- Group for Nano and Biotechnological Applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska cesta 25, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stefan Stamenković
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, PB 52, 10001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pavle Andjus
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, PB 52, 10001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Fabrizio Fiori
- Department of Applied Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche - Di.S.C.O., Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo-Brandt-Str. 5, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dinko Mitrecic
- Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mojca Pavlin
- Group for Nano and Biotechnological Applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska cesta 25, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stefano Cavalli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Caterina Frati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Federico Quaini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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12
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McCarty MF, Lerner A. Perspective: Low Risk of Parkinson's Disease in Quasi-Vegan Cultures May Reflect GCN2-Mediated Upregulation of Parkin. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:355-362. [PMID: 32945884 PMCID: PMC8009740 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) appears to be a key mediating feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), a complex neurodegenerative disorder of still unknown etiology. Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes mitophagy of damaged depolarized mitochondria while also boosting mitochondrial biogenesis-thereby helping to maintain efficient mitochondrial function. Boosting Parkin expression in the SN with viral vectors is protective in multiple rodent models of PD. Conversely, homozygosity for inactivating mutations of Parkin results in early-onset PD. Moderate protein plant-based diets relatively low in certain essential amino acids have the potential to boost Parkin expression by activating the kinase GCN2, which in turn boosts the expression of ATF4, a factor that drives transcription of the Parkin gene. Protein-restricted diets also upregulate the expression of PINK1, a protein that binds to the outer membrane of depolarized mitochondria and then recruits and activates Parkin. This effect of protein restriction is mediated by the downregulation of the kinase activity of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; the latter suppresses PINK1 expression at the transcriptional level. During the 20th century, cultures in East Asia and sub-Sahara Africa consuming quasi-vegan diets were found to be at notably decreased risk of PD compared with the USA or Europe. It is proposed that such diets may provide protection from PD by boosting Parkin and PINK1 expression in the SN. Other measures that might be expected to upregulate protective mitophagy include supplemental N-acetylcysteine (precursor for hydrogen sulfide) and a diet rich in spermidine-a polyamine notably high in corn.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Lerner
- Research Department, Rapaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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13
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Lovejoy PC, Foley KE, Conti MM, Meadows SM, Bishop C, Fiumera AC. Genetic basis of susceptibility to low-dose paraquat and variation between the sexes in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:2040-2053. [PMID: 33710693 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxicant resistance is a complex trait, affected both by genetics and the environment. Like most complex traits, it can exhibit sexual dimorphism, yet sex is often overlooked as a factor in studies of toxicant resistance. Paraquat, one such toxicant, is a commonly used herbicide and is known to produce mitochondrial oxidative stress, decrease dopaminergic neurons and dopamine (DA) levels, and decrease motor ability. While the main effects of paraquat are well-characterized, less is known about the naturally occurring variation in paraquat susceptibility. The purpose of this study was to map the genes contributing to low-dose paraquat susceptibility in Drosophila melanogaster, and to determine if susceptibility differs between the sexes. One hundred of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) lines were scored for susceptibility via climbing ability and used in a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Variation in seventeen genes in females and thirty-five genes in males associated with paraquat susceptibility. Only two candidate genes overlapped between the sexes despite a significant positive correlation between male and female susceptibilities. Many associated polymorphisms had significant interactions with sex, with most having conditionally neutral effects. Conditional neutrality between the sexes probably stems from sex-biased expression which may result from partial resolution of sexual conflict. Candidate genes were verified with RNAi knockdowns, gene expression analyses, and DA quantification. Several of these genes are novel associations with paraquat susceptibility. This research highlights the importance of assessing both sexes when studying toxicant susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C Lovejoy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.,Department of Biology, St. Joseph's College, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Kate E Foley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Melissa M Conti
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Anthony C Fiumera
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
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14
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IDO-1 inhibition protects against neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in 6-OHDA induced murine model of Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology 2021; 84:184-197. [PMID: 33774066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative motor disorder characterized by striatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and localized neuroinflammation in the midbrain region. Activation of microglia is associated with various inflammatory mediators and Kynurenine pathway (KP) being one of the major regulator of immune response, is involved in the neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic cascade in PD. In the current study, 1-Methyltryptophan (1-MT), an Indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1) inhibitor was tested at different doses (2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) for its effect on behavioral parameters, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurotransmitter levels, biochemical and behavioral alterations in unilateral 6-OHDA (3 μg/μL) murine model of PD. The results showed improved locomotion in open field test and motor coordination in rota-rod, reduced oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory markers (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6), mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis (caspase-3). Also, restoration of neurotransmitter levels (dopamine and homovanillic acid) in the striatum and increased striatal BDNF levels were observed. Overall findings suggest that 1-MT could be a potential candidate for further studies to explore its possibility as an alternative in the pharmacotherapy of PD.
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15
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Prasuhn J, Davis RL, Kumar KR. Targeting Mitochondrial Impairment in Parkinson's Disease: Challenges and Opportunities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:615461. [PMID: 33469539 PMCID: PMC7813753 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.615461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease is complex, but mitochondrial dysfunction has an established and prominent role. This is supported by an already large and rapidly growing body of evidence showing that the role of mitochondrial (dys)function is central and multifaceted. However, there are clear gaps in knowledge, including the dilemma of explaining why inherited mitochondriopathies do not usually present with parkinsonian symptoms. Many aspects of mitochondrial function are potential therapeutic targets, including reactive oxygen species production, mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics and trafficking, mitochondrial metal ion homeostasis, sirtuins, and endoplasmic reticulum links with mitochondria. Potential therapeutic strategies may also incorporate exercise, microRNAs, mitochondrial transplantation, stem cell therapies, and photobiomodulation. Despite multiple studies adopting numerous treatment strategies, clinical trials to date have generally failed to show benefit. To overcome this hurdle, more accurate biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction are required to detect subtle beneficial effects. Furthermore, selecting study participants early in the disease course, studying them for suitable durations, and stratifying them according to genetic and neuroimaging findings may increase the likelihood of successful clinical trials. Moreover, treatments involving combined approaches will likely better address the complexity of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Therefore, selecting the right patients, at the right time, and using targeted combination treatments, may offer the best chance for development of an effective novel therapy targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Prasuhn
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ryan L Davis
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurogenetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kishore R Kumar
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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16
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Liang T, Qian ZM, Mu MD, Yung WH, Ke Y. Brain Hepcidin Suppresses Major Pathologies in Experimental Parkinsonism. iScience 2020; 23:101284. [PMID: 32623334 PMCID: PMC7334576 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive research on Parkinson disease (PD) for decades, this common neurodegenerative disease remains incurable. We hypothesize that abnormal iron accumulation is a common thread underlying the emergence of the hallmarks of PD, namely mitochondrial dysfunction and α-synuclein accumulation. We investigated the powerful action of the main iron regulator hepcidin in the brain. In both the rotenone and 6-hydroxydopamine models of PD, overexpression of hepcidin by means of a virus-based strategy prevented dopamine neuronal loss and suppressed major pathologies of Parkinsonism as well as motor deficits. Hepcidin protected rotenone-induced mitochondrial deficits by reducing cellular and mitochondrial iron accumulation. In addition, hepcidin decreased α-synuclein accumulation and promoted clearance of α-synuclein through decreasing iron content that leads to activation of autophagy. Our results not only pinpoint a critical role of iron-overload in the pathogenesis of PD but also demonstrate that targeting brain iron levels through hepcidin is a promising therapeutic direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ming-Dao Mu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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17
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Nano-imaging trace elements at organelle levels in substantia nigra overexpressing α-synuclein to model Parkinson's disease. Commun Biol 2020; 3:364. [PMID: 32647232 PMCID: PMC7347932 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-cellular trace element quantifications of nano-heterogeneities in brain tissues offer unprecedented ways to explore at elemental level the interplay between cellular compartments in neurodegenerative pathologies. We designed a quasi-correlative method for analytical nanoimaging of the substantia nigra, based on transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence. It combines ultrastructural identifications of cellular compartments and trace element nanoimaging near detection limits, for increased signal-to-noise ratios. Elemental composition of different organelles is compared to cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments in dopaminergic neurons of rat substantia nigra. They exhibit 150–460 ppm of Fe, with P/Zn/Fe-rich nucleoli in a P/S-depleted nuclear matrix and Ca-rich rough endoplasmic reticula. Cytoplasm analysis displays sub-micron Fe/S-rich granules, including lipofuscin. Following AAV-mediated overexpression of α-synuclein protein associated with Parkinson’s disease, these granules shift towards higher Fe concentrations. This effect advocates for metal (Fe) dyshomeostasis in discrete cytoplasmic regions, illustrating the use of this method to explore neuronal dysfunction in brain diseases. Lemelle et al. describe the use of TEM and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence for quasi-correlative nanoimaging and sub-cellular trace element quantification of rat brain tissue. They further observe elemental (iron and sulfur) dyshomeostasis in cytoplasmic granules when overexpressing α-synuclein protein associated with Parkinson’s disease, demonstrating the usefulness of this method to further explore dysfunctions at organelle levels in brain diseases.
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18
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Song IY, Snyder AM, Kim Y, Neely EB, Wade QW, Connor JR. The Nrf2-mediated defense mechanism associated with HFE genotype limits vulnerability to oxidative stress-induced toxicity. Toxicology 2020; 441:152525. [PMID: 32540480 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in gene and environment interactions in neurodegenerative diseases. The HFE (homeostatic iron regulator) gene variant (H63D) is highly prevalent in the population and has been investigated as a disease modifier in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. We have developed a mouse model to interrogate the impact of this gene variant in a model of paraquat toxicity. Using primary astrocytes, we found that the H67D-Hfe(equivalent of the human H63D variant) astrocytes are less vulnerable than the WT-Hfe astrocytes to paraquat-induced cell death, mitochondrial damage, and cellular senescence. We hypothesized that the Hfe variant-associated protection is a result of the activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant defense system and found a significant increase in Nrf2 levels after paraquat exposure in the H67D-Hfe astrocytes than the WT-Hfe astrocytes. Moreover, decreasing Nrf2 by molecular or pharmaceutical manipulation resulted in increased vulnerability to paraquat in the H67D-Hfe astrocytes. To further elucidate the role of Hfe variant genotype in neuroprotection mediated by astrocytes, we added media from the paraquat-treated astrocytes to differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and found a significantly larger reduction in the viability when treated with WT-Hfe astrocyte media than the H67D-Hfe astrocyte media possibly due to higher secretion of IL-6 observed in the WT-Hfe astrocytes. To further explore the mechanism of Nrf2 protection, we measured NQO1, the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant, in primary astrocytes and found a significantly higher NQO1 level in the H67D-Hfe astrocytes. To consider the translational potential of our findings, we utilized the PPMI (Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative) clinical database and found that, consistent with the mouse study, H63D-HFE carriers had a significantly higher NQO1 level in the CSF than the WT-HFE carriers. Consistent with our previous reports on H63D-HFE in disease, these data further suggest that HFE genotype in the human population impacts the antioxidant defense system and can therefore alter pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insung Y Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, M.S. Hershey Penn State University College of Medicine, M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States.
| | - Amanda M Snyder
- Department of Neurosurgery, M.S. Hershey Penn State University College of Medicine, M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Yunsung Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, M.S. Hershey Penn State University College of Medicine, M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Elizabeth B Neely
- Department of Neurosurgery, M.S. Hershey Penn State University College of Medicine, M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Quinn W Wade
- Department of Neurosurgery, M.S. Hershey Penn State University College of Medicine, M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, M.S. Hershey Penn State University College of Medicine, M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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19
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Sian-Hulsmann J, Riederer P. The role of alpha-synuclein as ferrireductase in neurodegeneration associated with Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:749-754. [PMID: 32318880 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Misfolding of the protein α-synuclein contributes to the formation of the intracellular inclusion, Lewy bodies. Although these structures are not exclusive to Parkinson's disease, nevertheless, their presence in the substantia nigra is mandatory for the pathological diagnosis of the disorder. Therefore, there must be a focus on the pathological mechanisms responsible for Lewy body generation. Recent studies have suggested that α-synuclein has the potential to operate as the enzyme ferrireductase. Perhaps in the early diseased state, overexpression or mutation of alpha-synuclein/ferrireductase invokes the dyshomeostasis of iron (III)/(II) only, while in advanced stages, accumulation of iron in particular areas of the brain follows. Furthermore, the loss of an important iron chelator, neuromelanin (due to dopaminergic neuronal death), may then result in the release and increase in unbound free iron. Iron could generate reactive oxygen species, which could instigate a torrent of cellular deleterious processes. In addition, loss of energy supply may contribute to the alteration in activity of enzymes involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and would, therefore, confer a vulnerability to the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Therefore, the ferrireductase alpha-synuclein may hold the key for major pathology of Parkinson's disease. In conclusion, we hypothesize that environmentally or genetically overexpressed and/or mutated α-synuclein/ferrireductase causes iron dyshomeostasis without increase of free iron concentration in the early phases of PD, while increased iron concentration accompanied by iron dyshomeostasis is a marker for progressed PD stages. It is essential to elucidate these degenerative mechanisms, so as to provide effective therapeutic treatment to halt or delay the progression of the illness already in the early phase of PD. The development of iron chelators seems to be a reasonable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Riederer
- University Hospital Wuerzburg, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy Margarete-Hoeppel-Platz 1, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.,University of Southern Denmark Odense, J.B. Winslows Vey 18, 5000, Odense, Denmark
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20
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Molecular evidence of impaired iron metabolism and its association with Parkinson's disease progression. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:173. [PMID: 32206507 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to investigate the role of ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 7 (ABCB7) in correlation with the progression of Parkinson's disease. Initially, the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was used to develop a mouse model of mild and severe forms of Parkinson's disease. Histology, immunohistology, and Western blotting were used to investigate the role of ABCB7 in disease progression. Mice injected with MPTP, at doses of 18 and 30 mg/kg for 10 and 15 consecutive days, respectively, developed mild and severe forms of Parkinson's disease, respectively. Motor dysfunction is accessed through pole test in which, mild and severe forms of Parkinson's disease developed mice takes 1.7 and 3.3 times more time to reach the floor than the control mice. Similarly, in rotarod test, the progression of Parkinson's disease is evident with the progressive loss of motor stability. Histologically, the progression of Parkinson's disease is evident with formation of cell aggregates in mild form; with the formation of more Lewy body structure and tissue hardening in a severe form of Parkinson's disease. Immunohistochemistry showed gradual upregulation of ABCB7 in the cellular cytoplasm in mild stage Parkinson's disease, while significant overexpression of ABCB7 was observed in the severe forms. Western blotting results confirmed 1.6- and 2.9-fold overexpression of ABCB7 in mild and severe forms of Parkinson's disease, respectively. Collectively, the results showed that ABCB7 was present during Parkinson's disease progression. However, upregulation of ABCB7 increased the cytoplasm level of the iron-sulfur complex, which negatively regulated the iron-dependent protein and can be used to determine the progression of Parkinson's disease.
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21
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Zheng J, Xie Y, Li F, Zhou Y, Qi L, Liu L, Chen Z. Lactoferrin improves cognitive function and attenuates brain senescence in aged mice. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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22
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Ammal Kaidery N, Ahuja M, Thomas B. Crosstalk between Nrf2 signaling and mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 101:103413. [PMID: 31644952 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Search for a definitive cure for neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease (PD) has met with little success. Mitochondrial dysfunction and elevated oxidative stress precede characteristic loss of dopamine-producing neurons from the midbrain in PD. The majority of PD cases are classified as sporadic (sPD) with an unknown etiology, whereas mutations in a handful of genes cause monogenic form called familial (fPD). Both sPD and fPD is characterized by proteinopathy and mitochondrial dysfunction leading to increased oxidative stress. These pathophysiological mechanisms create a vicious cycle feeding into each other, ultimately tipping the neurons to its demise. Effect of iron accumulation and dopamine oxidation adds an additional dimension to mitochondrial oxidative stress and apoptotic pathways affected. Nrf2 is a redox-sensitive transcription factor which regulates basal as well as inducible expression of antioxidant enzymes and proteins involved in xenobiotic detoxification. Recent advances, however, shows a multifaceted role for Nrf2 in the regulation of genes connected with inflammatory response, metabolic pathways, protein homeostasis, iron management, and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Here we review the role of mitochondria and oxidative stress in the PD etiology and the potential crosstalk between Nrf2 signaling and mitochondrial function in PD. We also make a case for the development of therapeutics that safely activates Nrf2 pathway in halting the progression of neurodegeneration in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Ammal Kaidery
- Darby Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America
| | - Manuj Ahuja
- Darby Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Darby Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America; Department of Drug Discovery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America.
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23
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Chen P, Totten M, Zhang Z, Bucinca H, Erikson K, Santamaría A, Bowma AB, Aschner M. Iron and manganese-related CNS toxicity: mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:243-260. [PMID: 30759034 PMCID: PMC6422746 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1581608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are essential nutrients for humans. They act as cofactors for a variety of enzymes. In the central nervous system (CNS), these two metals are involved in diverse neurological activities. Dyshomeostasis may interfere with the critical enzymatic activities, hence altering the neurophysiological status and resulting in neurological diseases. Areas covered: In this review, the authors cover the molecular mechanisms of Fe/Mn-induced toxicity and neurological diseases, as well as the diagnosis and potential treatment. Given that both Fe and Mn are abundant in the earth crust, nutritional deficiency is rare. In this review the authors focus on the neurological disorders associated with Mn and Fe overload. Expert commentary: Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are the primary molecular mechanism that mediates Fe/Mn-induced neurotoxicity. Although increased Fe or Mn concentrations have been found in brain of patients, it remains controversial whether the elevated metal amounts are the primary cause or secondary consequence of neurological diseases. Currently, treatments are far from satisfactory, although chelation therapy can significantly decrease brain Fe and Mn levels. Studies to determine the primary cause and establish the molecular mechanism of toxicity may help to adapt more comprehensive and satisfactory treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Totten
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hana Bucinca
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Keith Erikson
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Laboratory of Excitatory Amino Acids, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aaron B. Bowma
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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24
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Núñez MT, Hidalgo C. Noxious Iron-Calcium Connections in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:48. [PMID: 30809110 PMCID: PMC6379295 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron and calcium share the common feature of being essential for normal neuronal function. Iron is required for mitochondrial function, synaptic plasticity, and the development of cognitive functions whereas cellular calcium signals mediate neurotransmitter exocytosis, axonal growth and synaptic plasticity, and control the expression of genes involved in learning and memory processes. Recent studies have revealed that cellular iron stimulates calcium signaling, leading to downstream activation of kinase cascades engaged in synaptic plasticity. The relationship between calcium and iron is Janus-faced, however. While under physiological conditions iron-mediated reactive oxygen species generation boosts normal calcium-dependent signaling pathways, excessive iron levels promote oxidative stress leading to the upsurge of unrestrained calcium signals that damage mitochondrial function, among other downstream targets. Similarly, increases in mitochondrial calcium to non-physiological levels result in mitochondrial dysfunction and a predicted loss of iron homeostasis. Hence, if uncontrolled, the iron/calcium self-feeding cycle becomes deleterious to neuronal function, leading eventually to neuronal death. Here, we review the multiple cell-damaging responses generated by the unregulated iron/calcium self-feeding cycle, such as excitotoxicity, free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation, and the oxidative modification of crucial components of iron and calcium homeostasis/signaling: the iron transporter DMT1, plasma membrane, and intracellular calcium channels and pumps. We discuss also how iron-induced dysregulation of mitochondrial calcium contributes to the generation of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tulio Núñez
- Iron and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Hidalgo
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, CEMC, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Kausar S, Wang F, Cui H. The Role of Mitochondria in Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Its Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120274. [PMID: 30563029 PMCID: PMC6316843 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic cellular organelles that consistently migrate, fuse, and divide to modulate their number, size, and shape. In addition, they produce ATP, reactive oxygen species, and also have a biological role in antioxidant activities and Ca2+ buffering. Mitochondria are thought to play a crucial biological role in most neurodegenerative disorders. Neurons, being high-energy-demanding cells, are closely related to the maintenance, dynamics, and functions of mitochondria. Thus, impairment of mitochondrial activities is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, pointing to the significance of mitochondrial functions in normal cell physiology. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in our knowledge of mitochondrial functions, which has raised interest in defining the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we summarize the existing knowledge of the mitochondrial function in reactive oxygen species generation and its involvement in the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Kausar
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Abstract
Mitochondria are an iconic distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria encompass an active organellar network that fuses, divides, and directs a myriad of vital biological functions, including energy metabolism, cell death regulation, and innate immune signaling in different tissues. Another crucial and often underappreciated function of these dynamic organelles is their central role in the metabolism of the most abundant and biologically versatile transition metals in mammalian cells, iron. In recent years, cellular and animal models of mitochondrial iron dysfunction have provided vital information in identifying new proteins that have elucidated the pathways involved in mitochondrial homeostasis and iron metabolism. Specific signatures of mitochondrial iron dysregulation that are associated with disease pathogenesis and/or progression are becoming increasingly important. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating mitochondrial iron pathways will help better define the role of this important metal in mitochondrial function and in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Ward
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Suzanne M Cloonan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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Nuñez MT, Chana-Cuevas P. New Perspectives in Iron Chelation Therapy for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040109. [PMID: 30347635 PMCID: PMC6316457 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron chelation has been introduced as a new therapeutic concept for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases with features of iron overload. At difference with iron chelators used in systemic diseases, effective chelators for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases must cross the blood–brain barrier. Given the promissory but still inconclusive results obtained in clinical trials of iron chelation therapy, it is reasonable to postulate that new compounds with properties that extend beyond chelation should significantly improve these results. Desirable properties of a new generation of chelators include mitochondrial destination, the center of iron-reactive oxygen species interaction, and the ability to quench free radicals produced by the Fenton reaction. In addition, these chelators should have moderate iron binding affinity, sufficient to chelate excessive increments of the labile iron pool, estimated in the micromolar range, but not high enough to disrupt physiological iron homeostasis. Moreover, candidate chelators should have selectivity for the targeted neuronal type, to lessen unwanted secondary effects during long-term treatment. Here, on the basis of a number of clinical trials, we discuss critically the current situation of iron chelation therapy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases with an iron accumulation component. The list includes Parkinson’s disease, Friedreich’s ataxia, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, Huntington disease and Alzheimer’s disease. We also review the upsurge of new multifunctional iron chelators that in the future may replace the conventional types as therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco T Nuñez
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800024, Chile.
| | - Pedro Chana-Cuevas
- Center for the Treatment of Movement Disorders, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Belisario Prat 1597, Santiago 83800000, Chile.
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28
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Park JS, Davis RL, Sue CM. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: New Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2018; 18:21. [PMID: 29616350 PMCID: PMC5882770 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-018-0829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder, the aetiology of which is still largely unknown. Overwhelming evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction is a central factor in PD pathophysiology. Here we review recent developments around mitochondrial dysfunction in familial and sporadic PD, with a brief overview of emerging therapies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent Findings Increasing evidence supports the critical role for mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of sporadic PD, while the involvement of familial PD-related genes in the regulation of mitochondrial biology has been expanded by the discovery of new mitochondria-associated disease loci and the identification of their novel functions. Summary Recent research has expanded knowledge on the mechanistic details underlying mitochondrial dysfunction in PD, with the discovery of new therapeutic targets providing invaluable insights into the essential role of mitochondria in PD pathogenesis and unique opportunities for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School-Northern, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Ryan L Davis
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School-Northern, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School-Northern, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia. .,Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.
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29
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Neuroimmune Tau Mechanisms: Their Role in the Progression of Neuronal Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040956. [PMID: 29570615 PMCID: PMC5979395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive neurodegenerative pathologies in aged populations are an issue of major concern worldwide. The microtubule-associated protein tau is able to self-aggregate to form abnormal supramolecular structures that include small oligomers up to complex polymers. Tauopathies correspond to a group of diseases that share tau pathology as a common etiological agent. Since microglial cells play a preponderant role in innate immunity and are the main source of proinflammatory factors in the central nervous system (CNS), the alterations in the cross-talks between microglia and neuronal cells are the main focus of studies concerning the origins of tauopathies. According to evidence from a series of studies, these changes generate a feedback mechanism reactivating microglia and provoking constant cellular damage. Thus, the previously summarized mechanisms could explain the onset and progression of different tauopathies and their functional/behavioral effects, opening the window towards an understanding of the molecular basis of anomalous tau interactions. Despite clinical and pathological differences, increasing experimental evidence indicates an overlap between tauopathies and synucleinopathies, considering that neuroinflammatory events are involved and the existence of protein misfolding. Neurofibrillary tangles of pathological tau (NFT) and Lewy bodies appear to coexist in certain brain areas. Thus, the co-occurrence of synucleinopathies with tauopathies is evidenced by several investigations, in which NFT were found in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson’s disease, suggesting that the pathologies share some common features at the level of neuroinflammatory events.
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30
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Nano-carrier enabled drug delivery systems for nose to brain targeting for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wachnowsky C, Fidai I, Cowan JA. Iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis and trafficking - impact on human disease conditions. Metallomics 2018; 10:9-29. [PMID: 29019354 PMCID: PMC5783746 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur clusters (Fe-S) are one of the most ancient, ubiquitous and versatile classes of metal cofactors found in nature. Proteins that contain Fe-S clusters constitute one of the largest families of proteins, with varied functions that include electron transport, regulation of gene expression, substrate binding and activation, radical generation, and, more recently discovered, DNA repair. Research during the past two decades has shown that mitochondria are central to the biogenesis of Fe-S clusters in eukaryotic cells via a conserved cluster assembly machinery (ISC assembly machinery) that also controls the synthesis of Fe-S clusters of cytosolic and nuclear proteins. Several key steps for synthesis and trafficking have been determined for mitochondrial Fe-S clusters, as well as the cytosol (CIA - cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly), but detailed mechanisms of cluster biosynthesis, transport, and exchange are not well established. Genetic mutations and the instability of certain steps in the biosynthesis and maturation of mitochondrial, cytosolic and nuclear Fe-S cluster proteins affects overall cellular iron homeostasis and can lead to severe metabolic, systemic, neurological and hematological diseases, often resulting in fatality. In this review we briefly summarize the current molecular understanding of both mitochondrial ISC and CIA assembly machineries, and present a comprehensive overview of various associated inborn human disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wachnowsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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32
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García-Beltrán O, Mena NP, Aguirre P, Barriga-González G, Galdámez A, Nagles E, Adasme T, Hidalgo C, Núñez MT. Development of an iron-selective antioxidant probe with protective effects on neuronal function. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189043. [PMID: 29228015 PMCID: PMC5724820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulation, oxidative stress and calcium signaling dysregulation are common pathognomonic signs of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson´s and Alzheimer’s diseases, Friedreich ataxia and Huntington’s disease. Given their therapeutic potential, the identification of multifunctional compounds that suppress these damaging features is highly desirable. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of N-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl)-2-(7-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-yl)acetamide, named CT51, which exhibited potent free radical neutralizing activity both in vitro and in cells. CT51 bound Fe2+ with high selectivity and Fe3+ with somewhat lower affinity. Cyclic voltammetric analysis revealed irreversible binding of Fe3+ to CT51, an important finding since stopping Fe2+/Fe3+ cycling in cells should prevent hydroxyl radical production resulting from the Fenton-Haber-Weiss cycle. When added to human neuroblastoma cells, CT51 freely permeated the cell membrane and distributed to both mitochondria and cytoplasm. Intracellularly, CT51 bound iron reversibly and protected against lipid peroxidation. Treatment of primary hippocampal neurons with CT51 reduced the sustained calcium release induced by an agonist of ryanodine receptor-calcium channels. These protective properties of CT51 on cellular function highlight its possible therapeutic use in diseases with significant oxidative, iron and calcium dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpo García-Beltrán
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia P. Mena
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pabla Aguirre
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Germán Barriga-González
- Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Química, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Galdámez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edgar Nagles
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad de Ibagué, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Tatiana Adasme
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Integrative Center for Applied Biology and Chemistry (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Hidalgo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neuroscience, CEMC and ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (CH); (MTN)
| | - Marco T. Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (CH); (MTN)
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The Central Role of Biometals Maintains Oxidative Balance in the Context of Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8210734. [PMID: 28751933 PMCID: PMC5511683 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8210734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, oxidative stress as a biological aspect is defined as an imbalance between the free radical generation and antioxidant capacity of living systems. The intracellular imbalance of ions, disturbance in membrane dynamics, hypoxic conditions, and dysregulation of gene expression are all molecular pathogenic mechanisms closely associated with oxidative stress and underpin systemic changes in the body. These also include aspects such as chronic immune system activation, the impairment of cellular structure renewal, and alterations in the character of the endocrine secretion of diverse tissues. All of these mentioned features are crucial for the correct function of the various tissue types in the body. In the present review, we summarize current knowledge about the common roots of metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders induced by oxidative stress. We discuss these common roots with regard to the way that (1) the respective metal ions are involved in the maintenance of oxidative balance and (2) the metabolic and signaling disturbances of the most important biometals, such as Mg2+, Zn2+, Se2+, Fe2+, or Cu2+, can be considered as the central connection point between the pathogenesis of both types of disorders and oxidative stress.
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34
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α-Synuclein aggregation modulation: an emerging approach for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Future Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28632413 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial progressive neurological disorder. Pathological hallmarks of PD are characterized by the presence of α-synuclein (αSyn) aggregates known as Lewy bodies. αSyn aggregation is one of the leading causes for the neuronal dysfunction and death in PD. It is also associated with neurotransmitter and calcium release. Current therapies of PD are limited to only symptomatic relief without addressing the underlying pathogenic factors of the disease process such as aggregation of αSyn. Consequently, the progression of the disease continues with the current therapies. Therefore, the modulation of αSyn aggregation is an emerging approach as a novel therapeutic target to treat PD. There are two major aspects that might be targeted therapeutically: first, protein is prone to aggregation, therefore, anti-aggregative or compounds that can break the pre-existing aggregates should be helpful. Second, there are number of molecular events that may be targeted to combat the disease.
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Xu H, Jiang H, Xie J. New Insights into the Crosstalk between NMDARs and Iron: Implications for Understanding Pathology of Neurological Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:71. [PMID: 28360837 PMCID: PMC5352910 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Both iron dyshomeostasis and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs)-mediated neurotoxicity have been shown to have an important role in neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Evidence proved that activation of NMDARs could promote iron overload and iron-induced neurotoxicity by enhancing iron importer divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1)-mediated iron uptake and iron releasing from lysosome. Also, iron overload could regulate NMDARs-mediated synaptic transmission. This indicates that there might be a possible relationship between iron and activation of NMDARs in neurological diseases. Understanding this interaction between iron and activation of NMDARs may provide new therapeutic avenues for a more targeted neurotherapeutic strategy for these diseases. Therefore, in this review article, we will describe the dysfunction of iron metabolism and NMDARs in neurological diseases including PD and AD, and summarize the new insight into the mechanisms underlying the interaction between iron and activation of NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao UniversityQingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao UniversityQingdao, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao UniversityQingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao UniversityQingdao, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao UniversityQingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao UniversityQingdao, China
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