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Funingana IG, Reinius MAV, Petrillo A, Ang JE, Brenton JD. Can integrative biomarker approaches improve prediction of platinum and PARP inhibitor response in ovarian cancer? Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 77:67-82. [PMID: 33607245 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) encompasses distinct histological, molecular and genomic entities that determine intrinsic sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy. Current management of each subtype is determined by factors including tumour grade and stage, but only a small number of biomarkers can predict treatment response. The recent incorporation of PARP inhibitors into routine clinical practice has underscored the need to personalise ovarian cancer treatment based on tumour biology. In this article, we review the strengths and limitations of predictive biomarkers in current clinical practice and highlight integrative strategies that may inform the development of future personalised medicine programs and composite biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionut-Gabriel Funingana
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marika A V Reinius
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angelica Petrillo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, Naples, Italy; University of Study of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Joo Ern Ang
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - James D Brenton
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Yuan P, Shentu J, Xu J, Burke W, Hsu K, Learoyd M, Zhu M, Xu B. Pharmacokinetics and safety of olaparib tablets as monotherapy and in combination with paclitaxel: results of a Phase I study in Chinese patients with advanced solid tumours. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 83:963-974. [PMID: 30887180 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03799-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chinese patients have been enrolled in multiple Phase III trials of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib (Lynparza); however, the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of olaparib has not been investigated in this population. This two-part, open-label Phase I study was, therefore, carried out to determine the PK and safety profile of olaparib (tablet formulation) in Chinese patients with advanced solid tumours as monotherapy and in combination with paclitaxel (NCT02430311). METHODS The PK profile of olaparib 300 mg (twice daily [bid]; Cohort 1) as monotherapy after a single dose and at steady state, and 100 mg (bid; Cohort 2) as monotherapy (single dose and at steady state) and in combination (at steady state) with weekly paclitaxel (80 mg/m2) was assessed during Part A. Patients could continue to receive treatment (monotherapy, Cohort 1; combination therapy, Cohort 2) in Part B, which assessed safety and tolerability. RESULTS Twenty and 16 patients were enrolled into Cohorts 1 and 2, respectively. Steady-state olaparib exposure increased slightly less than proportionally with increasing monotherapy dose and inter-patient variability was high. A statistically significant decrease in olaparib exposure was seen when given in combination with paclitaxel. Discontinuation due to adverse events (AEs) was rare and haematological AEs were more common in patients receiving combination treatment. CONCLUSIONS The PK and safety profile of olaparib monotherapy in Chinese patients is consistent with that seen previously in Western and Japanese patients, and the recommended Phase III monotherapy tablet dose (300 mg bid) is suitable for use in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yuan
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), No. 17 Panjiayuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jianzhong Shentu
- Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, The 307th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Min Zhu
- AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China
| | - Binghe Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), No. 17 Panjiayuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China.
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3
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Ivanisenko NV, Zhechev DA, Ivanisenko VA. Structural modeling of NAD+ binding modes to PARP-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079059717050070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Shu L, Zhang X. Shrimp miR-12 Suppresses White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection by Synchronously Triggering Antiviral Phagocytosis and Apoptosis Pathways. Front Immunol 2017; 8:855. [PMID: 28824612 PMCID: PMC5534442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence has indicated that the innate immune system can be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the mechanism underlying miRNA-mediated simultaneous activation of multiple immune pathways remains unknown. To address this issue, the role of host miR-12 in shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) antiviral immune responses was characterized in the present study. The results indicated that miR-12 participated in virus infection, host phagocytosis, and apoptosis in defense against white spot syndrome virus invasion. miR-12 could simultaneously trigger phagocytosis, apoptosis, and antiviral immunity through the synchronous downregulation of the expression of shrimp genes [PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) and BI-1(transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing 6)] and the viral gene (wsv024). Further analysis showed that miR-12 could synchronously mediate the 5′–3′ exonucleolytic degradation of its target mRNAs, and this degradation terminated in the vicinity of the 3′ untranslated region sequence complementary to the seed sequence of miR-12. Therefore, the present study showed novel aspects of the miRNA-mediated simultaneous regulation of multiple immune pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Shu
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Rajawat J, Shukla N, Mishra DP. Therapeutic Targeting of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP1) in Cancer: Current Developments, Therapeutic Strategies, and Future Opportunities. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1461-1491. [PMID: 28510338 DOI: 10.1002/med.21442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) plays a central role in numerous cellular processes including DNA repair, replication, and transcription. PARP interacts directly, indirectly or via PARylation with various oncogenic proteins and regulates several transcription factors thereby modulating carcinogenesis. Therapeutic inhibition of PARP is therefore perceived as a promising anticancer strategy and a number of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are currently under development and clinical evaluation. PARPi inhibit the DNA repair pathway and thus form the concept of synthetic lethality in cancer therapeutics. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown the potential of PARPi as chemopotentiator, radiosensitizer, or as adjuvant therapeutic agents. Recent studies have shown that PARP-1 could be either oncogenic or tumor suppressive in different cancers. PARP inhibitor resistance is also a growing concern in the clinical setting. Recently, changes in the levels of PARP-1 activity or expression in cancer patients have provided the basis for consideration of PARP-1 regulatory proteins as potential biomarkers. This review focuses on the current developments related to the role of PARP in cancer progression, therapeutic strategies targeting PARP-associated oncogenic signaling, and future opportunities in use of PARPi in anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotika Rajawat
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Nidhi Shukla
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Durga Prasad Mishra
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
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6
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Day TA, Layer JV, Cleary JP, Guha S, Stevenson KE, Tivey T, Kim S, Schinzel AC, Izzo F, Doench J, Root DE, Hahn WC, Price BD, Weinstock DM. PARP3 is a promoter of chromosomal rearrangements and limits G4 DNA. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15110. [PMID: 28447610 PMCID: PMC5414184 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements are essential events in the pathogenesis of both malignant and nonmalignant disorders, yet the factors affecting their formation are incompletely understood. Here we develop a zinc-finger nuclease translocation reporter and screen for factors that modulate rearrangements in human cells. We identify UBC9 and RAD50 as suppressors and 53BP1, DDB1 and poly(ADP)ribose polymerase 3 (PARP3) as promoters of chromosomal rearrangements across human cell types. We focus on PARP3 as it is dispensable for murine viability and has druggable catalytic activity. We find that PARP3 regulates G quadruplex (G4) DNA in response to DNA damage, which suppresses repair by nonhomologous end-joining and homologous recombination. Chemical stabilization of G4 DNA in PARP3-/- cells leads to widespread DNA double-strand breaks and synthetic lethality. We propose a model in which PARP3 suppresses G4 DNA and facilitates DNA repair by multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tovah A. Day
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jacob V. Layer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - J. Patrick Cleary
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Srijoy Guha
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Kristen E. Stevenson
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Trevor Tivey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Sunhee Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Anna C. Schinzel
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Francesca Izzo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - John Doench
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - David E. Root
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - William C. Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Brendan D. Price
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - David M. Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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7
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Vaclová T, Woods NT, Megías D, Gomez-Lopez S, Setién F, García Bueno JM, Macías JA, Barroso A, Urioste M, Esteller M, Monteiro ANA, Benítez J, Osorio A. Germline missense pathogenic variants in the BRCA1 BRCT domain, p.Gly1706Glu and p.Ala1708Glu, increase cellular sensitivity to PARP inhibitor olaparib by a dominant negative effect. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:5287-5299. [PMID: 27742776 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1-deficient cells show defects in DNA repair and rely on other members of the DNA repair machinery, which makes them sensitive to PARP inhibitors (PARPi). Although carrying a germline pathogenic variant in BRCA1/2 is the best determinant of response to PARPi, a significant percentage of the patients do not show sensitivity and/or display increased toxicity to the agent. Considering previously suggested mutation-specific BRCA1 haploinsufficiency, we aimed to investigate whether there are any differences in cellular response to PARPi olaparib depending on the BRCA1 mutation type. Lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from carriers of missense pathogenic variants in the BRCA1 BRCT domain (c.5117G > A, p.Gly1706Glu and c.5123C > A, p.Ala1708Glu) showed higher sensitivity to olaparib than cells with truncating variants or wild types (WT). Response to olaparib depended on a basal PARP enzymatic activity, but did not correlate with PARP1 expression. Interestingly, cellular sensitivity to the agent was associated with the level of BRCA1 recruitment into γH2AX foci, being the lowest in cells with missense variants. Since these variants lead to partially stable protein mutants, we propose a model in which the mutant protein acts in a dominant negative manner on the WT BRCA1, impairing the recruitment of BRCA1 into DNA damage sites and, consequently, increasing cellular sensitivity to PARPi. Taken together, our results indicate that carriers of different BRCA1 mutations could benefit from olaparib in a distinct way and show different toxicities to the agent, which could be especially relevant for a potential future use of PARPi as prophylactic agents in BRCA1 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Vaclová
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicholas T Woods
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Molecular and Biochemical Etiology Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Diego Megías
- Confocal Microscopy Core Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Gomez-Lopez
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Setién
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - José Antonio Macías
- Hereditary Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alicia Barroso
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Urioste
- Familial Cancer Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alvaro N A Monteiro
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, FL, USA
| | - Javier Benítez
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Genotyping Unit (CEGEN), Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Osorio
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Kovac M, Blattmann C, Ribi S, Smida J, Mueller NS, Engert F, Castro-Giner F, Weischenfeldt J, Kovacova M, Krieg A, Andreou D, Tunn PU, Dürr HR, Rechl H, Schaser KD, Melcher I, Burdach S, Kulozik A, Specht K, Heinimann K, Fulda S, Bielack S, Jundt G, Tomlinson I, Korbel JO, Nathrath M, Baumhoer D. Exome sequencing of osteosarcoma reveals mutation signatures reminiscent of BRCA deficiency. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8940. [PMID: 26632267 PMCID: PMC4686819 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcomas are aggressive bone tumours with a high degree of genetic heterogeneity, which has historically complicated driver gene discovery. Here we sequence exomes of 31 tumours and decipher their evolutionary landscape by inferring clonality of the individual mutation events. Exome findings are interpreted in the context of mutation and SNP array data from a replication set of 92 tumours. We identify 14 genes as the main drivers, of which some were formerly unknown in the context of osteosarcoma. None of the drivers is clearly responsible for the majority of tumours and even TP53 mutations are frequently mapped into subclones. However, >80% of osteosarcomas exhibit a specific combination of single-base substitutions, LOH, or large-scale genome instability signatures characteristic of BRCA1/2-deficient tumours. Our findings imply that multiple oncogenic pathways drive chromosomal instability during osteosarcoma evolution and result in the acquisition of BRCA-like traits, which could be therapeutically exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kovac
- Bone Tumour Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Claudia Blattmann
- Pediatrics 5 (Oncology, Hematology, Immunology), Klinikum Stuttgart Olgahospital, Kriegsbergstrasse 62, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology and Pulmology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ribi
- Bone Tumour Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Smida
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Pediatric Oncology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Technische Universität München and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Kölner Platz 1, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Nikola S. Mueller
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Engert
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstrasse 3a, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesc Castro-Giner
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Joachim Weischenfeldt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monika Kovacova
- The Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology, 84248 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andreas Krieg
- Orthopaedic Department, Basel University Childrens Hospital (UKBB), Spitalstrasse 33, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dimosthenis Andreou
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Sarcoma Center Berlin-Brandenburg, HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Schwanebecker Chaussee 50, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Per-Ulf Tunn
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Sarcoma Center Berlin-Brandenburg, HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Schwanebecker Chaussee 50, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Roland Dürr
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Marchionistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Rechl
- Clinic and Policlinic of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Schaser
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ingo Melcher
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Pediatric Oncology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Technische Universität München and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Kölner Platz 1, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Kulozik
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology and Pulmology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Specht
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse 18, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Karl Heinimann
- Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Burgfelderstrasse 101, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstrasse 3a, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bielack
- Pediatrics 5 (Oncology, Hematology, Immunology), Klinikum Stuttgart Olgahospital, Kriegsbergstrasse 62, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gernot Jundt
- Bone Tumour Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jan O. Korbel
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Nathrath
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Pediatric Oncology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Technische Universität München and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Kölner Platz 1, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Klinikum Kassel, Mönchebergstrasse 41-43, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Daniel Baumhoer
- Bone Tumour Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Węsierska-Gądek J, Zulehner N, Ferk F, Składanowski A, Komina O, Maurer M. PARP inhibition potentiates the cytotoxic activity of C-1305, a selective inhibitor of topoisomerase II, in human BRCA1-positive breast cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1318-31. [PMID: 22906755 PMCID: PMC3494830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two cellular proteins encoded by the breast and ovarian cancer type 1 susceptibility (BRCA1 and BRCA2) tumor suppressor genes are essential for DNA integrity and the maintenance of genomic stability. Approximately 5–10% of breast and ovarian cancers result from inherited alterations or mutations in these genes. Remarkably, BRCA1/BRCA2-deficient cells are hypersensitive to selective inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP-1), whose primary functions are related to DNA base excision repair; PARP-1 inhibition significantly potentiates the cytotoxicity of various anti-cancer drugs, including inhibitors of topoisomerase I and II. In the present study, we examined the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of C-1305, a selective inhibitor of topoisomerase II, on human breast cancer cell lines with different BRCA1 and p53 statuses. BRCA1-competent breast cancer cell lines exhibited different responses to topoisomerase II inhibition. BT-20 cells that express high levels of BRCA1 levels were most resistant to C-1305 than other tested cells. Surprisingly, pharmacological interference with PARP-1 activity strongly inhibited their proliferation and potentiated the efficacy of C-1305 treatment. In contrast, PARP-1 inhibition only weakly affected the proliferation of BRCA1-deficient SKBr-3 cells and was not synergistic with the effects of C-1305. Further experiments revealed that the inhibition of PARP-1 in BT-20 cells caused the accumulation of DNA strand breaks and induced caspase-3 dependent apoptosis. These results seem to indicate that PARP-1 inhibition can potentiate the cytotoxicity of anti-cancer drugs in cancer cells with functional BRCA1 and suggest that mutations in other DNA repair proteins may render cancer cells more sensitive to interference with PARP-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Józefa Węsierska-Gądek
- Cell Cycle Regulation Group, Dept. of Medicine I, Div.: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Orlando L, Schiavone P, Fedele P, Calvani N, Nacci A, Cinefra M, D'Amico M, Mazzoni E, Marino A, Sponziello F, Morelli F, Lombardi L, Silvestris N, Cinieri S. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP): rationale, preclinical and clinical evidences of its inhibition as breast cancer treatment. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16 Suppl 2:S83-9. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.648925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Yamamoto N, Nokihara H, Yamada Y, Goto Y, Tanioka M, Shibata T, Yamada K, Asahina H, Kawata T, Shi X, Tamura T. A Phase I, dose-finding and pharmacokinetic study of olaparib (AZD2281) in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:504-9. [PMID: 22145984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Olaparib (AZD2281) is an orally active Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor with favorable antitumor activity in advanced ovarian and breast cancers with BRCA1/2 mutations in Western (USA and European) studies. This Phase I dose-finding study evaluated the tolerability, pharmacokinetics, PARP inhibitory activity, and antitumor activity of olaparib in Japanese patients with solid tumors. Olaparib was administered as a single-dose on day 1, followed by twice-daily dosing for 28 days from 48 h after a single dose. Doses were escalated from 100 mg b.i.d. in successive cohorts, up to a maximum of 400 mg b.i.d. The present study enrolled 12 patients (n = 3, 3, and 6 in 100, 200 and 400-mg b.i.d. levels, respectively). The most common adverse events were nausea, increased blood creatinine, decreased hematocrit, leukopenia and lymphopenia; dose-limiting toxicities were not observed up to and including the 400-mg b.i.d. dose level. Following twice-daily dosing, olaparib showed no marked increase in exposure at steady state over that expected from the single-dose pharmacokinetics. PARP-1 inhibition was observed from the 100-mg b.i.d. dose level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 6 h post-dose on day 1 during the multiple-dosing period. A patient with metastatic breast cancer (100 mg b.i.d.) had a partial response for 13 months and four patients (two each in the 200 and 400-mg b.i.d. levels) had stable disease >8 weeks. Olaparib was well tolerated up to the 400-mg b.i.d. dose in Japanese patients with solid tumors. Preliminary evidence of antitumor activity was observed.
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Abstract
BRCA mutation-associated breast cancer differs from sporadic breast cancer with regard to future cancer risks and sensitivity to systemic therapies. Now that rapid genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations is available at the time of breast cancer diagnosis, BRCA mutation status can be considered when making treatment and prevention decisions for BRCA mutation carriers with breast cancer. This article reviews surgical options for management of affected BRCA mutation carriers with emphasis on the risks of ipsilateral recurrence and contralateral breast cancer. The roles of breast-conserving surgery, prophylactic mastectomy, and oophorectomy are reviewed. In addition, the sensitivity of BRCA mutation-associated breast cancer to endocrine therapy, platinum chemotherapy, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Lisa Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington Cancer Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
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13
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Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in breast cancer and other tumors: advances and challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4155/cli.11.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Poly(ADP-Ribose) Inhibition: Exploring a New Approach to Breast Cancer Prevention in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-011-0049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Simpson PT, Vargas AC, Al-Ejeh F, Khanna KK, Chenevix-Trench G, Lakhani SR. Application of molecular findings to the diagnosis and management of breast disease: recent advances and challenges. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:153-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Mukhopadhyay A, Curtin N, Plummer R, Edmondson RJ. PARP inhibitors and epithelial ovarian cancer: an approach to targeted chemotherapy and personalised medicine. BJOG 2011; 118:429-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Yap TA, Sandhu SK, Carden CP, de Bono JS. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors: Exploiting a synthetic lethal strategy in the clinic. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61:31-49. [PMID: 21205831 DOI: 10.3322/caac.20095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is an attractive antitumor target because of its vital role in DNA repair. The homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathway is critical for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and HR deficiency leads to a dependency on error-prone DNA repair mechanisms, with consequent genomic instability and oncogenesis. Tumor-specific HR defects may be exploited through a synthetic lethal approach for the application of anticancer therapeutics, including PARP inhibitors. This theory proposes that targeting genetically defective tumor cells with a specific molecular therapy that inhibits its synthetic lethal gene partner should result in selective tumor cell killing. The demonstration of single-agent antitumor activity and the wide therapeutic index of PARP inhibitors in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers with advanced cancers provide strong evidence for the clinical application of this approach. Emerging data also indicate that PARP inhibitors may be effective in sporadic cancers bearing HR defects, supporting a substantially wider role for PARP inhibitors. Drugs targeting this enzyme are now in pivotal clinical trials in patients with sporadic cancers. In this article, the evidence supporting this antitumor synthetic lethal strategy with PARP inhibitors is reviewed, evolving resistance mechanisms and potential molecular predictive biomarker assays are discussed, and the future development of these agents is envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Yap
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
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19
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Mangerich A, Bürkle A. How to kill tumor cells with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:251-65. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Amir E, Seruga B, Serrano R, Ocana A. Targeting DNA repair in breast cancer: A clinical and translational update. Cancer Treat Rev 2010; 36:557-65. [PMID: 20385443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Amir
- Medical Oncology Department, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph H Hruban
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 401 North Broadway, Weinberg 2242, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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22
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Audeh MW, Carmichael J, Penson RT, Friedlander M, Powell B, Bell-McGuinn KM, Scott C, Weitzel JN, Oaknin A, Loman N, Lu K, Schmutzler RK, Matulonis U, Wickens M, Tutt A. Oral poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor olaparib in patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations and recurrent ovarian cancer: a proof-of-concept trial. Lancet 2010; 376:245-51. [PMID: 20609468 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1040] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olaparib is a novel, orally active poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor that induces synthetic lethality in homozygous BRCA-deficient cells. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of olaparib for treatment of advanced ovarian cancer in patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. METHODS In this international, multicentre, phase 2 study, we enrolled two sequential cohorts of women (aged >or=18 years) with confirmed genetic BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, and recurrent, measurable disease. The study was undertaken in 12 centres in Australia, Germany, Spain, Sweden, and the USA. The first cohort (n=33) was given continuous oral olaparib at the maximum tolerated dose of 400 mg twice daily, and the second cohort (n=24) was given continuous oral olaparib at 100 mg twice daily. The primary efficacy endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00494442. FINDINGS Patients had been given a median of three (range 1-16) previous chemotherapy regimens. ORR was 11 (33%) of 33 patients (95% CI 20-51) in the cohort assigned to olaparib 400 mg twice daily, and three (13%) of 24 (4-31) in the cohort assigned to 100 mg twice daily. In patients given olaparib 400 mg twice daily, the most frequent causally related adverse events were nausea (grade 1 or 2, 14 [42%]; grade 3 or 4, two [6%]), fatigue (grade 1 or 2, ten [30%]; grade 3 or 4, one [3%]), and anaemia (grade 1 or two, five [15%]; grade 3 or 4, one [3%]). The most frequent causally related adverse events in the cohort given 100 mg twice daily were nausea (grade 1 or 2, seven [29%]; grade 3 or 4, two [8%]) and fatigue (grade 1 or 2, nine [38%]; none grade 3 or 4). INTERPRETATION Findings from this phase 2 study provide positive proof of concept of the efficacy and tolerability of genetically targeted treatment with olaparib in BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer. FUNDING AstraZeneca.
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Affiliation(s)
- M William Audeh
- Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Sandhu SK, Yap TA, de Bono JS. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in cancer treatment: a clinical perspective. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:9-20. [PMID: 19926276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inbuilt mechanisms of DNA surveillance and repair are integral to the maintenance of genomic stability. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a nuclear enzyme that plays a critical role in DNA damage response processes. PARP inhibition has been successfully employed as a novel therapeutic strategy to enhance the cytotoxic effects of DNA-damaging agents. We have shown that PARP inhibition has substantial single agent antitumour activity with a wide therapeutic index in homologous DNA repair-defective tumours such as those arising in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. This is the first successful clinical application of a synthetic lethal approach to targeting cancer. Exploitation of defects in DNA repair pathways through targeted inhibition of salvage repair pathways is an exciting anticancer approach, with potentially broad clinical applicability. Several PARP inhibitors are now in clinical development. This review outlines the biological function and rationale of targeting PARP, details pre-clinical and clinical data and discusses the promises and challenges involved in developing these antitumour agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahneen K Sandhu
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, United Kingdom
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24
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Dean E, El-Helw L, Hasan J. Targeted therapies in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:88-113. [PMID: 24281034 PMCID: PMC3827593 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecularly targeted therapy is relatively new to ovarian cancer despite the unquestionable success with these agents in other solid tumours such as breast and colorectal cancer. Advanced ovarian cancer is chemosensitive and patients can survive several years on treatment. However chemotherapy diminishes in efficacy over time whilst toxicities persist. Newer biological agents that target explicit molecular pathways and lack specific chemotherapy toxicities such as myelosuppression offer the advantage of long-term therapy with a manageable toxicity profile enabling patients to enjoy a good quality of life. In this review we appraise the emerging data on novel targeted therapies in ovarian cancer. We discuss the role of these compounds in the front-line treatment of ovarian cancer and in relapsed disease; and describe how the development of predictive clinical, molecular and imaging biomarkers will define the role of biological agents in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Dean
- Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust / Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom.
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25
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Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase down-regulates BRCA1 and RAD51 in a pathway mediated by E2F4 and p130. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:2201-6. [PMID: 20133863 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904783107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are in clinical trials for cancer therapy, on the basis of the role of PARP in recruitment of base excision repair (BER) factors to sites of DNA damage. Here we show that PARP inhibition to block BER is toxic to hypoxic cancer cells, in which homology-dependent repair (HDR) is known to be down-regulated. However, we also report the unexpected finding that disruption of PARP, itself, either via chemical PARP inhibitors or siRNAs targeted to PARP-1, can inhibit HDR by suppressing expression of BRCA1 and RAD51, key factors in HDR of DNA breaks. Mechanistically, PARP inhibition was found to cause increased occupancy of the BRCA1 and RAD51 promoters by repressive E2F4/p130 complexes, a pathway prevented by expression of HPV E7, which disrupts p130 activity, or by siRNAs to knock down p130 expression. Functionally, disruption of p130 by E7 expression or by siRNA knockdown also reverses the cytotoxicity and radiosensitivity associated with PARP inhibition, suggesting that the down-regulation of BRCA1 and RAD51 is central to these effects. Direct measurement of HDR using a GFP-based assay demonstrates reduced HDR in cells treated with PARP inhibitors. This work identifies a mechanism by which PARP regulates DNA repair and suggests new strategies for combination cancer therapies.
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26
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Targeted therapies in epithelial ovarian cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:314326. [PMID: 20111741 PMCID: PMC2810474 DOI: 10.1155/2010/314326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer remains a major women's health problem due to its high lethality. Despite great efforts to develop effective prevention and early detection strategies, most patients are still diagnosed at advanced stages of disease. This pattern of late presentation has resulted in significant challenges in terms of designing effective therapies to achieve long-term cure. One potential promising strategy is the application of targeted therapeutics that exploit a myriad of critical pathways involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis. This review examines three of the most provocative targeted therapies with current or future applicability in epithelial ovarian cancer.
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The Emerging Role of PARP Inhibitors in the Treatment of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2009; 2010:151750. [PMID: 20049345 PMCID: PMC2798102 DOI: 10.1155/2010/151750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is an important novel target in cancer therapy. This enzyme is essential in the repair of single-stranded breaks in DNA via the base excision repair pathway. Drugs which inhibit PARP are emerging as a promising new class of anticancer agents particularly effective against tumors which have lost homologous recombination (HR) through loss of functional BRCA1 and BRCA2. PARP inhibitors potentially represent a major breakthrough for patients with hereditary BRCA-associated cancers. Furthermore their role in sporadic epithelial ovarian cancer is emerging with identification of additional subpopulations of women who may benefit a priority. This paper will summarize the mechanism of action of PARP inhibition and its role in the treatment of BRCA1- and 2-associated cancers. We will then expand on the broader relevance and future directions for PARP inhibition in the clinical setting.
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28
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The DNA-damage response: new molecular insights and new approaches to cancer therapy. Biochem Soc Trans 2009; 37:483-94. [PMID: 19442242 DOI: 10.1042/bst0370483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The DNA of all cells is continually under assault from a wide range of DNA-damaging agents. To counter this threat to their genetic integrity, cells possess systems, collectively known as the DDR (DNA-damage response), to detect DNA damage, signal its presence and mediate its repair. In the present article, I provide an overview of the DDR and then describe how work in my laboratory and elsewhere has identified some of the key protein players that mediate cellular responses to the most cytotoxic form of DNA damage: the DNA DSB (double-strand break). I also discuss some of my laboratory's recent work, which has revealed that the way cells respond to DSBs is modulated in a cell-cycle-dependent manner to ensure that the cell uses the DSB repair system that is most suited to its cell-cycle stage. Finally, I explain how our increasing knowledge of the DDR is suggesting new avenues for treating cancer and provide an example of a DDR-inhibitory drug that is showing promise in clinical trials.
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Peralta-Leal A, Rodríguez-Vargas JM, Aguilar-Quesada R, Rodríguez MI, Linares JL, de Almodóvar MR, Oliver FJ. PARP inhibitors: new partners in the therapy of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:13-26. [PMID: 19362586 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are defined as cell signaling enzymes that catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose units from NAD(+) to a number of acceptor proteins. PARP-1, the best characterized member of the PARP family, which currently comprises 18 members, is an abundant nuclear enzyme implicated in cellular responses to DNA injury provoked by genotoxic stress. PARP is involved in DNA repair and transcriptional regulation and is now recognized as a key regulator of cell survival and cell death as well as a master component of a number of transcription factors involved in tumor development and inflammation. PARP-1 is essential to the repair of DNA single-strand breaks via the base excision repair pathway. Inhibitors of PARP-1 have been shown to enhance the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation and DNA-damaging chemotherapy agents, such as the methylating agents and topoisomerase I inhibitors. There are currently at least five PARP inhibitors in clinical trial development. Recent in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that PARP inhibitors could be used not only as chemo/radiotherapy sensitizers, but also as single agents to selectively kill cancers defective in DNA repair, specifically cancers with mutations in the breast cancer-associated genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2). PARP becomes activated in response to oxidative DNA damage and depletes cellular energy pools, thus leading to cellular dysfunction in various tissues. The activation of PARP may also induce various cell death processes and promotes an inflammatory response associated with multiple organ failure. Inhibition of PARP activity is protective in a wide range of inflammatory and ischemia-reperfusion-associated diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, endotoxic shock, and stroke. The aim of this review is to overview the emerging data in the literature showing the role of PARP in the pathogenesis of cancer and inflammatory diseases and unravel the solid body of literature that supports the view that PARP is an important target for therapeutic intervention in critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreína Peralta-Leal
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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30
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Hay T, Matthews JR, Pietzka L, Lau A, Cranston A, Nygren AOH, Douglas-Jones A, Smith GCM, Martin NMB, O'Connor M, Clarke AR. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibitor treatment regresses autochthonous Brca2/p53-mutant mammary tumors in vivo and delays tumor relapse in combination with carboplatin. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3850-5. [PMID: 19383921 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Germ-line heterozygosity of the BRCA2 gene in women predisposes to breast and ovarian cancers. Successful therapies targeted specifically at these neoplasms have thus far remained elusive. Recent studies in mice have shown that inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) targets cells lacking Brca2 and xenografts derived from BRCA2-deficient ES cells or Chinese hamster ovary cells. We set out to develop a more relevant preclinical model that will inform and accelerate translation into the clinic. As such, we conditionally deleted Brca2 and p53 within murine mammary epithelium and treated the resulting tumors in situ with a highly potent PARP-1 inhibitor (AZD2281) alone or in combination with carboplatin. Daily exposure to AZD2281 for 28 days caused significant regression or growth inhibition in 46 of 52 tumors. This response was shown to be specific to tumors lacking both Brca2and p53. AZD2281/carboplatin combination therapy for 28 days showed no advantage over carboplatin monotherapy. However, if PARP inhibitor treatment was continued, this significantly increased the time to tumor relapse and death in these mice. This preclinical study is the first to show in vivo hypersensitivity of spontaneously arising Brca2-deficient mammary tumors to PARP-1 inhibition monotherapy or combination therapy. As such, our data add substantial weight to the argument for the use of PARP inhibitors as therapeutic agents against human breast cancers in which BRCA2 is mutated. Moreover, the specificity that we have shown further suggests that PARP inhibitors will be generally effective against tumors caused by dysregulation of components of the homologous recombination pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Hay
- Department of Genetics, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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31
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Klein AP, Borges M, Griffith M, Brune K, Hong SM, Omura N, Hruban RH, Goggins M. Absence of deleterious palladin mutations in patients with familial pancreatic cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1328-30. [PMID: 19336541 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that germline mutations in the palladin gene (PALLD) cause the familial aggregation of pancreatic cancer, but the evidence is weak and controversial. We sequenced the coding regions of PALLD in 48 individuals with familial pancreatic cancer. We did not find any deleterious mutations and find no evidence to implicate mutations in PALLD as a cause of familial pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison P Klein
- Department of Pathology, The John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Pastwa E, Somiari RI, Malinowski M, Somiari SB, Winters TA. In vitro non-homologous DNA end joining assays--the 20th anniversary. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 41:1254-60. [PMID: 19110069 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most serious forms of DNA damage in cells. Unrepaired or misrepaired DSBs account for some of the genetic instabilities that lead to mutations or cell death, and consequently, to cancer predisposition. In human cells non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) is the main repair mechanism of these breaks. Systems for DNA end joining study have been developing during the last 20 years. New assays have some advantages over earlier in vitro DSBs repair assays because they are less time-consuming, allow the use of clinical material and examination of the joining DNA ends produced physiologically in mammalian cells. Proteins involved in NHEJ repair pathway can serve as biomarkers or molecular targets for anticancer drugs. Results of studies on NHEJ in cancer could help to select potent repair inhibitors that may selectively sensitize tumor cells to ionizing radiation (IR) and chemotherapy. Here, we review the principles and practice of in vitro NHEJ assays and provide some insights into the future prospects of this assay in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Pastwa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
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Philip S, Swaminathan S, Kuznetsov SG, Kanugula S, Biswas K, Chang S, Loktionova NA, Haines DC, Kaldis P, Pegg AE, Sharan SK. Degradation of BRCA2 in alkyltransferase-mediated DNA repair and its clinical implications. Cancer Res 2008; 68:9973-81. [PMID: 19047179 PMCID: PMC2729200 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Germ-line mutations in BRCA2 have been linked to early-onset familial breast cancer. BRCA2 is known to play a key role in repairing double-strand breaks. Here, we describe the involvement of BRCA2 in O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (AGT)-mediated repair of O6-methylguanine adducts. We show that BRCA2 physically associates and undergoes repair-mediated degradation with AGT. In contrast, BRCA2 with a 29-amino-acid deletion in an evolutionarily conserved domain does not bind to alkylated AGT; the two proteins are not degraded; and mouse embryonic fibroblasts are specifically sensitive to alkylating agents that result in O6-methylguanine adducts. We show that O6-benzylguanine (O6BG), a nontoxic inhibitor of AGT, can also induce BRCA2 degradation. BRCA2 is a viable target for cancer therapy because BRCA2-deficient cells are hypersensitive to chemotherapeutic DNA-damaging agents. We show a marked effect of O6BG pretreatment on cell sensitivity to cisplatin. We also show the efficacy of this approach on a wide range of human tumor cell lines, which suggests that chemosensitization of tumors by targeted degradation of BRCA2 may be an important consideration when devising cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Philip
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, and Pathology Histotechnology Laboratory, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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34
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Tutt A, Ashworth A. Can genetic testing guide treatment in breast cancer? Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:2774-80. [PMID: 19027287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last 15 years, our understanding of genes that predispose to breast cancer has increased enormously. Germline alleles have been identified that have a modest effect on the risk of breast cancer, but there remain only a handful of genes in which mutation substantially elevates the risk of breast cancer. These include BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53 and PTEN. Whilst breast cancer occurring in patients in Li-Fraumeni and Cowden's syndrome families is of great importance, the more frequent scenario is that of women, or indeed of men, presenting with breast cancer with an underlying germline mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. Should these individuals be treated differently because they have had a breast cancer or are at risk of the disease because of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation? In this review, we consider whether BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation influences the choice of breast screening and breast cancer prevention strategies. Furthermore, for women with an established breast cancer whether their mutation directly influences (1) baseline prognosis, (2) the results of local surgical and radiation therapy, (3) the benefits from adjuvant systemic therapy and finally (4) whether selection or avoidance of particular systemic agents is guided by the presence of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline mutation?
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tutt
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing Guy's Hospital Campus, Kings College London, London, UK.
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35
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Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in carcinogenesis: potential role of PARP inhibitors in cancer treatment. Clin Transl Oncol 2008; 10:318-23. [PMID: 18558578 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-008-0207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear, zinc-finger, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-binding protein that detects specifically DNA strand breaks generated by different genotoxic agents. Whereas activation of PARP-1 by mild genotoxic stimuli facilitates DNA repair and cell survival, severe DNA damage triggers different pathways of cell death, including PARP-mediated cell death through the translocation of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) from the mitochondria to the nucleus. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of PARP-1 results in a clear benefit in cancer treatment by different mechanisms, including selective killing of homologous recombinationdeficient tumor cells, downregulation of tumor-related gene expression, and decrease in the apoptotic threshold in the cotreatment with chemo- and radiotherapy. We summarize in this review the findings and concepts for the role of PARP-1 and poly(ADP-ribosylation) in the regulation of carcinogenesis and some of the preclinical and clinical data available for these agents, together with the challenges facing the clinical development of these agents.
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36
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Yang JL, Qu XJ, Yu Y, Kohn EC, Friedlander ML. Selective sensitivity to carboxyamidotriazole by human tumor cell lines with DNA mismatch repair deficiency. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:258-263. [PMID: 18464258 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that high-dose nifedipine had a selective antiproliferative effect on colon cancer cell lines deficient in DNA mismatch repair (MMR). We hypothesized that carboxyamidotriazole (CAI), a calcium channel blocker, would also have a selective inhibitory effect on colon cancer cell lines with DNA MMR deficiency. In addition, we speculated that this effect may also be seen in cell lines deficient in DNA MMR derived from other tumor types. Fourteen human cancer cell lines with and without DNA MMR derived from carcinomas of the colon, bladder, ovary and prostate were treated with CAI, vehicle or control drugs (nifedipine and 5-flurouracil). The effect of treatment on growth inhibition, invasion, apoptosis and cell cycle progression was assessed. Selective sensitivity to CAI was observed in all cancer cell lines deficient in MMR. Compared with the MMR-proficient cells, the matched deficient cells were significantly more sensitive to the growth inhibitory effect of CAI and nifedipine, but less sensitive to 5-flurouracil. CAI significantly inhibited the invasive ability of MMR-deficient cancer cells compared to 5-flurouracil. CAI induced more apoptosis but similar level of G(2)/M arrest in MMR (hMLH1- or hMSH6-)-deficient colon cancer cells than MMR-proficient counterparts. CAI selectively inhibits proliferation and invasion in MMR-deficient human cancer cell lines. The antitumor effect is at least partly explained by G2/M cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. These findings may have clinical implications directing clinical trials in selectively targeted patients with DNA MMR tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Yang
- Surgical Oncology Research Group, Oncology Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xian-Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yu
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elise C Kohn
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael L Friedlander
- Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales,Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hay T, Matthews J, Pietzka L, Lau A, Cranston A, Boulter R, Nygren A, Douglas-Jones A, Smith G, Martin N, O'Connor M, Clarke A. PARP-1 inhibitor monotherapy and combination therapy in a preclinical mouse model of Brca2 mutant breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2008. [PMCID: PMC3300798 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Martin SA, Lord CJ, Ashworth A. DNA repair deficiency as a therapeutic target in cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2008; 18:80-6. [PMID: 18343102 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of DNA repair proteins have been used in cancer therapy, mostly to potentiate the effects of cytotoxic agents. However, tumor cells frequently exhibit deficiencies in the signalling or repair of DNA damage. These deficiencies probably contribute to pathogenesis of the disease, but they also present an opportunity to target the tumor. Recently, inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) have been shown to be highly selective for tumor cells with defects in the repair of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination, particularly in the context of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. It seems likely that other DNA repair processes can be targeted in a similar manner. These synthetic lethal approaches highlight how an understanding of DNA repair processes can be used in the development of novel cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Martin
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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Lafon-Hughes L, Di Tomaso MV, Méndez-Acuña L, Martínez-López W. Chromatin-remodelling mechanisms in cancer. Mutat Res 2008; 658:191-214. [PMID: 18403253 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin-remodelling mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone-tail acetylation, poly-ADP-ribosylation, and ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling processes. Some epigenetic modifications among others have been observed in cancer cells, namely (1) local DNA hypermethylation and global hypomethylation, (2) alteration in histone acetylation/deacetylation balance, (3) increased or decreased poly-ADP-ribosylation, and (4) failures in ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling mechanisms. Moreover, these alterations can influence the response to classical anti-tumour treatments. Drugs targeting epigenetic alterations are under development. Currently, DNA methylation and histone deacetylase inhibitors are in use in cancer therapy, and poly-ADP-ribosylation inhibitors are undergoing clinical trials. Epigenetic therapy is gaining in importance in pharmacology as a new tool to improve anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lafon-Hughes
- Genetic Toxicology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Clarke AR, Meniel V. The intestinal stem cell niche studied through conditional transgenesis. ERNST SCHERING FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS 2007:99-108. [PMID: 17939297 DOI: 10.1007/2789_2007_046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite a wealth of experimental data, the precise mechanisms governing the maintenance and regeneration of the intestine remain relatively poorly elucidated. After physical or genetic injury, stem cells from the intestinal crypt are killed and the subsequent repopulation process recruits new stem cells from sources currently unknown. Understanding the genetic elements that determine stem cell fate and the basis by which repopulation occurs will greatly aid our understanding of both stem cell plasticity and the contribution made by the stem cell compartment to malignant disease. It would also provide a better platform to develop therapies to regenerate damaged intestinal epithelia as seen after radiation injuries or inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease. In this review we discuss some of the basic mechanisms that regulate intestinal stem cell viability and maintenance, and also summarise recent data from our laboratory on the requirement for the Wnt pathway in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Clarke
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales CF10 3US Cardiff, UK.
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42
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Roukos DH, Briasoulis E. Individualized preventive and therapeutic management of hereditary breast ovarian cancer syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 4:578-90. [PMID: 17898808 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc0930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Life-saving, risk-reducing medical interventions are required for women with a BRCA1/2 mutation. Interventions comprise a four-stage approach that involves risk assessment, genetic counseling, gene-mutation analysis and medical intervention strategies. Genetic counseling should be offered at specialized familial breast-cancer clinics and gene-mutation analysis should be recommended on the basis of personal and family-history-based risk criteria. Prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy appears to offer the optimal benefit-risk ratio compared with prophylactic bilateral mastectomy, chemoprevention, or intensified surveillance. Tamoxifen is an alternative approach only for BRCA2 mutation carriers. The comprehensive, clinical decision-making Ioannina algorithm provided here can facilitate the complex preventive strategic approach. Newly diagnosed BRCA1/2 carriers might benefit from extensive surgery and a specific pharmacological treatment, but data to support this strategy are limited. Microarray gene-expression studies show that breast tumors from BRCA1 carriers are predominantly of basal subtype (i.e. triple negative) and BRCA2 carriers are of luminal subtype (i.e. estrogen-receptor-positive). Although optimum management of women with familial susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer has not yet been prospectively validated, data indicate substantial benefits when an individualized evidence-based prevention strategy is provided by an experienced team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios H Roukos
- Department of Surgery, Ioannina University School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.
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Ratnam K, Low JA. Current development of clinical inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in oncology. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1383-8. [PMID: 17332279 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a nuclear enzyme that signals the presence of DNA damage by catalyzing the addition of ADP-ribose units to DNA, histones, and various DNA repair enzymes and by facilitating DNA repair. PARP has been gaining increasing interest as a therapeutic target for many diseases and especially for cancer. Inhibition of PARP potentiates the activity of DNA-damaging agents, such as alkylators, platinums, topoisomerase inhibitors, and radiation in in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, tumors with DNA repair defects, such as those arising from patients with BRCA mutations, may be more sensitive to PARP inhibition. At least five different companies have now initiated oncology clinical trials with PARP inhibitors, ranging in stage from phase 0 to phase 2. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical data currently available for these agents and some of the challenges facing the clinical development of these agents.
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Evers B, Jonkers J. Mouse models of BRCA1 and BRCA2 deficiency: past lessons, current understanding and future prospects. Oncogene 2006; 25:5885-97. [PMID: 16998503 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are responsible for a large proportion of hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. Soon after the identification of both genes in the mid-1990s, investigators set out to develop mouse models for the associated disease. Whereas conventional Brca1 and Brca2 mouse mutants did not reveal a strong phenotype in a heterozygous setting, most homozygous mutations caused embryonic lethality. Consequently, development of mouse models for BRCA-associated tumorigenesis required the generation of tissue-specific conditional knockout animals. In this review, we give an overview of the conventional and the conditional mouse models of BRCA1 and BRCA2 deficiency generated over the last decade, as well as the contribution of these models to our understanding of the biological and molecular functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2. The most advanced mouse models for BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated tumorigenesis mimic human disease to the extent that they can be used in studies addressing clinically relevant questions. These models will help to resolve yet unanswered questions and to translate our increasing knowledge of BRCA1 and BRCA2 biology into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Evers
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Schreiber V, Dantzer F, Ame JC, de Murcia G. Poly(ADP-ribose): novel functions for an old molecule. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006; 7:517-28. [PMID: 16829982 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1458] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The addition to proteins of the negatively charged polymer of ADP-ribose (PAR), which is synthesized by PAR polymerases (PARPs) from NAD(+), is a unique post-translational modification. It regulates not only cell survival and cell-death programmes, but also an increasing number of other biological functions with which novel members of the PARP family have been associated. These functions include transcriptional regulation, telomere cohesion and mitotic spindle formation during cell division, intracellular trafficking and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Schreiber
- Département Intégrité du Génome de l'UMR 7175, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard S. Brant, BP 10413, F-67412 Illkirch Cedex, France.
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Lord CJ, Garrett MD, Ashworth A. Targeting the Double-Strand DNA Break Repair Pathway as a Therapeutic Strategy: Fig. 1. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:4463-8. [PMID: 16899589 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair pathways are crucial for the maintenance of genome integrity. The pathway that repairs DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) has components involved in both signaling and repairing DNA damage. Impairing DSB repair using specific inhibitors of signaling or repair might, in principle, sensitize tumor cells to particular DNA-damaging agents. Moreover, the existence of specific defects in DNA repair pathways in tumors provides the rationale for the use of "synthetic lethal" approaches targeting this cellular "Achilles' heel." Here, we discuss the mechanisms involved in DSB repair and detail potential therapeutic approaches based on targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Lord
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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47
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De Soto JA, Deng CX. PARP-1 inhibitors: are they the long-sought genetically specific drugs for BRCA1/2-associated breast cancers? Int J Med Sci 2006; 3:117-23. [PMID: 16906222 PMCID: PMC1525219 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that PARP-1 [poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1] inhibitors kill breast cancer associated gene-1 and -2 (BRCA1/2) deficient cells with extremely high efficiency while BRCA+/- and BRCA+/+ cells are relatively non-responsive to the treatment. It was therefore proposed that PARP-1 inhibitors might be the long-sought genetically specific drugs that are both safe and effective for treating BRCA1/2-associated breast cancers. However, a report published in a recent issue of the International Journal of Biological Sciences revealed that PARP-1 inhibitors, although able to kill naïve BRCA1 mutant cells with high specificity both in vitro and in vivo, exhibit minimal specificity in inhibiting the growth of mouse mammary tumor cells irrespective of their BRCA1 status in allograft nude mice. Non-specific inhibition in human BRCA1+/+, BRCA1+/-, and BRCA1-/- breast cancer cells by PARP-1 inhibitors was also observed. Additional mutations occurring during cancer progression may be a culprit, although the exact cause for the resistance of BRCA1-/- breast cancer cells to PARP-1 inhibitors remains elusive. These findings suggest that PARP inhibition may serve as an approach for the prevention of BRCA related breast cancer and may be useful in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A De Soto
- Genetics of Development and Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10/9N105, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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De Soto JA, Wang X, Tominaga Y, Wang RH, Cao L, Qiao W, Li C, Xu X, Skoumbourdis AP, Prindiville SA, Thomas CJ, Deng CX. The inhibition and treatment of breast cancer with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) inhibitors. Int J Biol Sci 2006; 2:179-85. [PMID: 16810332 PMCID: PMC1483123 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are responsible for most familial breast carcinomas. Recent reports carried out in non-cancerous mouse BRCA1- or BRCA2-deficient embryonic stem (ES) cells, and hamster BRCA2-deficient cells have demonstrated that the targeted inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) kills BRCA mutant cells with high specificity. Although these studies bring hope for BRCA mutation carriers, the effectiveness of PARP-1 inhibitors for breast cancer remains elusive. Here we present the first in vivo demonstration of PARP-1 activity in BRCA1-deficient mammary tumors and describe the effects of PARP-1 inhibitors (AG14361, NU1025, and 3-aminobenzamide) on BRCA1-deficient ES cells, mouse and human breast cancer cells. AG14361 was highly selective for BRCA1-/- ES cells; however, NU1025 and 3-aminobenzamide were relatively non-selective. In allografts of naïve ES BRCA1-/- cells there was either partial or complete remission of tumors. However, in allografts of mouse, BRCA1-/- mammary tumors, there was no tumor regression or remission although a partial inhibition of tumor growth was observed in both the BRCA1-/- and BRCA1+/+ allografts. In human tumor cells, PARP-1 inhibitors showed no difference in vitro in limiting the growth of mammary tumors irrespective of their BRCA1 status. These results suggest that PARP-1 inhibitors may non-specifically inhibit the growth of mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. De Soto
- 1. Genetics of Development and Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Xianyan Wang
- 1. Genetics of Development and Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Yohei Tominaga
- 1. Genetics of Development and Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Rui-Hong Wang
- 1. Genetics of Development and Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Liu Cao
- 1. Genetics of Development and Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Wenhui Qiao
- 1. Genetics of Development and Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Cuiling Li
- 1. Genetics of Development and Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- 1. Genetics of Development and Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Amanda P. Skoumbourdis
- 2. Chemical Biology Core Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Sheila A. Prindiville
- 3. Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10/9N105, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- 2. Chemical Biology Core Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- 1. Genetics of Development and Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
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Brca2 Deficiency Sensitizes Cells to PARP Inhibition. Cancer Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-66-1-cor] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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