1
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Wu K, El Zowalaty AE, Sayin VI, Papagiannakopoulos T. The pleiotropic functions of reactive oxygen species in cancer. NATURE CANCER 2024; 5:384-399. [PMID: 38531982 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-024-00738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Cellular redox homeostasis is an essential, dynamic process that ensures the balance between reducing and oxidizing reactions within cells and thus has implications across all areas of biology. Changes in levels of reactive oxygen species can disrupt redox homeostasis, leading to oxidative or reductive stress that contributes to the pathogenesis of many malignancies, including cancer. From transformation and tumor initiation to metastatic dissemination, increasing reactive oxygen species in cancer cells can paradoxically promote or suppress the tumorigenic process, depending on the extent of redox stress, its spatiotemporal characteristics and the tumor microenvironment. Here we review how redox regulation influences tumorigenesis, highlighting therapeutic opportunities enabled by redox-related alterations in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Wu
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ahmed Ezat El Zowalaty
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Volkan I Sayin
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Thales Papagiannakopoulos
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Zhang W, Dai J, Hou G, Liu H, Zheng S, Wang X, Lin Q, Zhang Y, Lu M, Gong Y, Xiang Z, Yu Y, Hu Y. SMURF2 predisposes cancer cell toward ferroptosis in GPX4-independent manners by promoting GSTP1 degradation. Mol Cell 2023; 83:4352-4369.e8. [PMID: 38016474 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of regulated cell death. Glutathione (GSH) peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and GSH-independent ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1) have been identified as major defenses. Here, we uncover a protective mechanism mediated by GSH S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) by monitoring proteinomic dynamics during ferroptosis. Dramatic downregulation of GSTP1 is caused by SMURF2-mediated GSTP1 ubiquitination and degradation at early stages of ferroptosis. Intriguingly, GSTP1 acts in GPX4- and FSP1-independent manners by catalyzing GSH conjugation of 4-hydroxynonenal and detoxifying lipid hydroperoxides via selenium-independent GSH peroxidase activity. Genetic modulation of the SMURF2/GSTP1 axis or the pharmacological inhibition of GSTP1's catalytic activity sensitized tumor responses to Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved ferroptosis-inducing drugs both in vitro and in vivo. GSTP1 expression also confers resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors by blunting ferroptosis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a GPX4/FSP1-independent cellular defense mechanism against ferroptosis and suggest that targeting SMURF2/GSTP1 to sensitize cancer cells to ferroptosis has potential as an anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China; Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, HIT Zhengzhou Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Junren Dai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | | | - Hao Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Shanliang Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xingwen Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Qingyu Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Minqiao Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yafan Gong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Ying Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China; Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, HIT Zhengzhou Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
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3
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Korkmaz IN, Güller U, Kalın R, Özdemir H, Küfrevioğlu Öİ. Structure-Activity Relationship of Methyl 4-Aminobenzoate Derivatives as Being Drug Candidate Targeting Glutathione Related Enzymes: in Vitro and in Silico Approaches. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201220. [PMID: 37043708 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
A thiol compound, glutathione, is essential for healthy cell defence against xenobiotics and oxidative stress. Glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) are two glutathione-related enzymes that function in the antioxidant and the detoxification systems. In this study, potential inhibitory effects of methyl 4-aminobenzoate derivatives on GR and GST were examined in vitro. GR and GST were isolated from human erythrocytes with 7.63 EU/mg protein and 5.66 EU/mg protein specific activity, respectively. It was found that compound 1 (methyl 4-amino-3-bromo-5-fluorobenzoate with Ki value of 0.325±0.012 μM) and compound 5 (methyl 4-amino-2-nitrobenzoate with Ki value of 92.41±22.26 μM) inhibited GR and GST stronger than other derivatives. Furthermore, a computer-aided method was used to predict the binding affinities of derivatives, ADME characteristics, and toxicities. Derivatives 4 (methyl 4-amino-2-bromobenzoate) and 6 (methyl 4-amino-2-chlorobenzoate) were estimated to have the lowest binding energies into GR and GST receptors, respectively according to results of in silico studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Işıl Nihan Korkmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Türkiye
| | - Uğur Güller
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iğdır University, Iğdır, 76100, Türkiye
| | - Ramazan Kalın
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, 25700, Türkiye
| | - Hasan Özdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Türkiye
| | - Ömer İrfan Küfrevioğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Türkiye
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4
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Fujikawa Y, Mori M, Tsukada M, Miyahara S, Sato-Fukushima H, Watanabe E, Murakami-Tonami Y, Inoue H. Pi-class Glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1)-selective fluorescent probes for multicolour imaging with various cancer-associated enzymes. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200443. [PMID: 36062403 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pi-class glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1) is highly expressed in a wide variety of human cancer tissues compared to the corresponding normal counterpart. Therefore, GSTP1 is a potential target enzyme for overcoming resistance to chemotherapeutic agents or visualizing specific lesions such as cancer. Here, we present orange and red fluorescence-emitting probes selective for GSTP1. Carbofluorescein and TokyoMagenta fluorophores were modified with a previously described GSTP1-selective chromogenic compound to generate orange and red fluorescence probes, respectively. Of these probes, Ps-CF , the orange fluorescence-emitting probe, was confirmed to be highly specific for detecting GSTP1 exogenously or endogenously expressed in various cancer cells. Additionally, it was demonstrated that Ps-CF is applicable for the simultaneous detection of GSTP1 and another cancer-associated enzymes by using a green fluorescence emitting γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) probe. In conclusion, the fluorescent probes developed in this study enable the simultaneous detection of multiple tumour markers such as GSTP1 with other cancer-associated enzymes by the concurrent use of spectrally distinguished fluorescent probes, potentially broadening the scope of cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuta Fujikawa
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, 192-0392, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - Masaya Mori
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science: Tokyo Yakka Daigaku, School of Life Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Minami Tsukada
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science: Tokyo Yakka Daigaku, School of Life Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Seiya Miyahara
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science: Tokyo Yakka Daigaku, School of Life Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Honoka Sato-Fukushima
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science: Tokyo Yakka Daigaku, School of Life Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Eita Watanabe
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science: Tokyo Yakka Daigaku, School of Life Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Yuko Murakami-Tonami
- Tokyo University of Technology: Tokyo Koka Daigaku, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, JAPAN
| | - Hideshi Inoue
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science: Tokyo Yakka Daigaku, School of Life Sciences, JAPAN
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5
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Zhang Z, Xu L, Huang L, Li T, Wang JY, Ma C, Bian X, Ren X, Li H, Wang X. Glutathione S-Transferase Alpha 4 Promotes Proliferation and Chemoresistance in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:887127. [PMID: 35936694 PMCID: PMC9346510 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.887127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase alpha 4 (GSTA4) is a phase II detoxifying enzyme that is overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) and regulated by the oncogenic transcription factor AP-1. However, the role of GSTA4 in these CRC cells remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the roles of GSTA4 in the CRC cells by inactivating GSTA4 in HCT116 human CRC cells (Defined as HCT116ΔGSTA4) using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Cell proliferation, clonogenicity, and susceptibility to chemotherapeutic drugs were analyzed in vitro and in a xenograft model. The results showed that loss of GSTA4 significantly decreased cell proliferation and clonogenicity, whereas it increased intracellular reactive oxygen species and cell susceptibility to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin. Additionally, exposure of HCT116ΔGSTA4 cells to 5-FU increased the expression of γH2AX, a hallmark of double-stranded DNA breaks. In contrast, no remarkably increased γH2AX was noted in oxaliplatin-treated HCT116ΔGSTA4 cells compared with HCT116 cells. Moreover, loss of GSTA4 blocked the AKT and p38 MAPK pathways, leading to proliferative suppression. Finally, the xenograft model showed decreased tumor size for HCT116ΔGSTA4 cells compared with HCT116 cells, confirming in vitro findings. These findings suggest that GSTA4 is capable of promoting proliferation, tumorigenesis, and chemoresistance and is a potential target for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhu Zhang
- Institute of Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Institute of Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tianqi Li
- Institute of Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jane Y. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Chunhua Ma
- Institute of Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoyun Bian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ren
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xingmin Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Xingmin Wang,
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6
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NIITSU Y, SATO Y, TAKAYAMA T. Implications of glutathione-S transferase P1 in MAPK signaling as a CRAF chaperone: In memory of Dr. Irving Listowsky. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2022; 98:72-86. [PMID: 35153270 PMCID: PMC8890996 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione-S transferase P1 (GSTP1) is one of the glutathione-S transferase isozymes that belong to a family of phase II metabolic isozymes. The unique feature of GSTP1 compared with other GST isozymes is its relatively high expression in malignant tissues. Thus, clinically, GSTP1 serves as a tumor marker and as a refractory factor against certain types of anticancer drugs through its primary function as a detoxifying enzyme. Additionally, recent studies have identified a chaperone activity of GSTP1 involved in the regulation the function of various intracellular proteins, including factors of the growth signaling pathway. In this review, we will first describe the function of GSTP1 and then extend the details onto its role in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway, referring to the results of our recent study that proposed a novel autocrine signal loop formed by the CRAF/GSTP1 complex in mutated KRAS and BRAF cancers. Finally, the possibilities of new therapeutic approaches for these cancers by targeting this complex will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro NIITSU
- Oncology Section, Center of Advanced Medicine, Shonan Kamakura Innovation Park, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
- Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasushi SATO
- Department of Community Medicine for Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuji TAKAYAMA
- Department of Community Medicine for Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
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7
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Guo Z, Wang G, Wu B, Chou WC, Cheng L, Zhou C, Lou J, Wu D, Su L, Zheng J, Ting JPY, Wan YY. DCAF1 regulates Treg senescence via the ROS axis during immunological aging. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:5893-5908. [PMID: 32730228 DOI: 10.1172/jci136466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a hallmark of immunological aging, low-grade, chronic inflammation with accumulation of effector memory T cells contributes to increased susceptibility to many aging-related diseases. While the proinflammatory state of aged T cells indicates a dysregulation of immune homeostasis, whether and how aging drives regulatory T cell (Treg) aging and alters Treg function are not fully understood owing to a lack of specific aging markers. Here, by a combination of cellular, molecular, and bioinformatic approaches, we discovered that Tregs senesce more severely than conventional T (Tconv) cells during aging. We found that Tregs from aged mice were less efficient than young Tregs in suppressing Tconv cell function in an inflammatory bowel disease model and in preventing Tconv cell aging in an irradiation-induced aging model. Furthermore, we revealed that DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 1 (DCAF1) was downregulated in aged Tregs and was critical to restrain Treg aging via reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulated by glutathione-S-transferase P (GSTP1). Importantly, interfering with GSTP1 and ROS pathways reinvigorated the proliferation and function of aged Tregs. Therefore, our studies uncover an important role of the DCAF1/GSTP1/ROS axis in Treg senescence, which leads to uncontrolled inflammation and immunological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengli Guo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wei-Chun Chou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and.,Department of Genetics
| | - Liang Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jitong Lou
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lishan Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Genetics
| | - Yisong Y Wan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Tummala P, Rooke M, Dahlstrom JE, Takahashi S, Casarotto MG, Fernando N, Hughes MM, O'Neill LAJ, Board PG. Glutathione transferase Omega 1 confers protection against azoxymethane-induced colorectal tumour formation. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:853-863. [PMID: 33564842 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by multiple alterations in cytokine expression and is a risk factor for colon cancer. The Omega class glutathione transferase GSTO1-1 regulates the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 18 (IL-18) by deglutathionylating NEK7 in the NLRP3 inflammasome. When treated with azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulphate (AOM/DSS) as a model of IBD, Gsto1-/- mice were highly sensitive to colitis and showed a significant increase in the size and number of colon tumours compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Gsto1-/- mice treated with AOM/DSS had significantly lower serum IL-1β and IL-18 levels as well as significantly decreased interferon (IFN)-γ, decreased pSTAT1 and increased pSTAT3 levels in the distal colon compared with similarly treated WT mice. Histologically, AOM/DSS treated Gsto1-/- mice showed increased active chronic inflammation with macrophage infiltration, epithelial dysplasia and invasive adenocarcinoma compared with AOM/DSS treated WT mice. Thus, this study shows that GSTO1-1 regulates IL-1β and IL-18 activation and protects against colorectal cancer formation in the AOM/DSS model of IBD. The data suggest that while GSTO1-1 is a new target for the regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome-associated cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 by small molecule inhibitors, there is a possibility that anti-inflammatory drugs targeting these cytokines may potentiate colon cancer in some situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja Tummala
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Melissa Rooke
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jane E Dahlstrom
- ACT Pathology, The Canberra Hospital and ANU Medical School, The College of Health and Medicine, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Shuhei Takahashi
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marco G Casarotto
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nilisha Fernando
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Mark M Hughes
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip G Board
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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9
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Caramujo-Balseiro S, Faro C, Carvalho L. Metabolic pathways in sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis: A new proposal. Med Hypotheses 2021; 148:110512. [PMID: 33548761 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the reports made about geographical differences in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) occurrence, suggesting a link between dietary habits, genes and cancer risk, we hypothesise that there are four fundamental metabolic pathways involved in diet-genes interactions, directly implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis: folate metabolism; lipid metabolism; oxidative stress response; and inflammatory response. Supporting this hypothesis are the evidence given by the significant associations between several diet-genes polymorphisms and CRC, namely: MTHFR, MTR, MTRR and TS (involved in folate metabolism); NPY, APOA1, APOB, APOC3, APOE, CETP, LPL and PON1 (involved in lipid metabolism); MNSOD, SOD3, CAT, GSTP1, GSTT1 and GSTM1 (involved in oxidative stress response); and IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β (involved in inflammatory response). We also highlight the association between some foods/nutrients/nutraceuticals that are important in CRC prevention or treatment and the four metabolic pathways proposed, and the recent results of genome-wide association studies, both assisting our hypothesis. Finally, we propose a new line of investigation with larger studies, using accurate dietary biomarkers and investigating the four metabolic pathways genes simultaneously. This line of investigation will be essential to understand the full complexity of the association between nature and nurture in CRC and perhaps in other types of cancers. Only with this in-depth knowledge will it be possible to make personalised nutrition recommendations for disease prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Caramujo-Balseiro
- Institute of Anatomical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine - University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences - University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Faro
- Department of Life Sciences - University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; UC Biotech, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Lina Carvalho
- Institute of Anatomical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine - University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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10
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A CRAF/glutathione-S-transferase P1 complex sustains autocrine growth of cancers with KRAS and BRAF mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19435-19445. [PMID: 32719131 PMCID: PMC7430992 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000361117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A strategy to overcome therapeutic obstacles of mKRAS and mBRAF cancers is devised based on the finding, here, that the RAF/MEK/ERK cascade is by-passed by an autocrine signal loop established by interaction of CRAF with GSTP1. The interaction evokes stabilization of CRAF from proteosomal degradation and facilitation of RAF-dimer formation. Thus, blocking CRAF/GSTP1 interactions should generate additive antiproliferative effects. The Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway is an essential signaling cascade for various refractory cancers, such as those with mutant KRAS (mKRAS) and BRAF (mBRAF). However, there are unsolved ambiguities underlying mechanisms for this growth signaling thereby creating therapeutic complications. This study shows that a vital component of the pathway CRAF is directly impacted by an end product of the cascade, glutathione transferases (GST) P1 (GSTP1), driving a previously unrecognized autocrine cycle that sustains proliferation of mKRAS and mBRAF cancer cells, independent of oncogenic stimuli. The CRAF interaction with GSTP1 occurs at its N-terminal regulatory domain, CR1 motif, resulting in its stabilization, enhanced dimerization, and augmented catalytic activity. Consistent with the autocrine cycle scheme, silencing GSTP1 brought about significant suppression of proliferation of mKRAS and mBRAF cells in vitro and suppressed tumorigenesis of the xenografted mKRAS tumor in vivo. GSTP1 knockout mice showed significantly impaired carcinogenesis of mKRAS colon cancer. Consequently, hindering the autocrine loop by targeting CRAF/GSTP1 interactions should provide innovative therapeutic modalities for these cancers.
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11
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Fujitani N, Yoneda A, Takahashi M, Takasawa A, Aoyama T, Miyazaki T. Silencing of Glutathione S-Transferase Pi Inhibits Cancer Cell Growth via Oxidative Stress Induced by Mitochondria Dysfunction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14764. [PMID: 31611630 PMCID: PMC6791853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antitumor drug development based on the concept of intervening in the antioxidant system of cancer cells has been gaining increased interest. In this study, we propose a promising strategy for cancer treatment using modulation of oxidative stress by suppression of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), a typical antioxidant enzyme. siRNA which can be applied to the development of nucleic acid drugs, enabling them to eliminate unwanted side effects, increase specificity, and avoid the problem of drug resistance, was employed for GSTP-silencing at the transcriptional level. The silencing of the pi class of GST (GSTP) that displayed the most characteristic expression profile in 13 kinds of cancer cell lines has shown significant impairment in the growth of cancer cells due to oxidative stress caused by excess ROS accumulation. Comparative proteomics between normal cells and GSTP-silenced pancreatic cancer cell PANC-1 suggested that GSTP-silencing facilitated the mitochondrial dysfunction. These findings show promise for the development of strategies toward cancer therapy based on the mechanism that allows genetic silencing of GSTP to promote oxidative stress through mitochondria dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Fujitani
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S1W17, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yoneda
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan.
| | - Motoko Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S1W17, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Akira Takasawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S1W17, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Aoyama
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S1W17, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.,Department of Surgical Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S1W16, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Miyazaki
- Department of Probiotics Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15W7, Sapporo, 001-0015, Japan
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12
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Mori M, Fujikawa Y, Kikkawa M, Shino M, Sawane M, Sato S, Inoue H. A highly selective fluorogenic substrate for imaging glutathione S-transferase P1: development and cellular applicability in epigenetic studies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8122-8125. [PMID: 31237279 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03064f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pi-class glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1) is a molecular marker enzyme whose expression level is altered in various malignant tumour tissues. Herein, we report the first highly selective fluorogenic GSTP1 substrate, Ps-TG, and its membrane-permeable derivative Ps-TAc, for specific visualization of intracellular GSTP1 activity in cancer cells or epigenetically regulated GSTP1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Mori
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
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13
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Fujikawa Y, Terakado K, Nampo T, Mori M, Inoue H. 4-Bromo-1,8-naphthalimide derivatives as fluorogenic substrates for live cell imaging of glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. Talanta 2019; 204:633-640. [PMID: 31357346 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fluorogenic substrates are used to visualize the activity of cancer-associated enzymes and to interpret biological events. Certain types of glutathione S-transferase (GST), such as Pi class GST (referred to as GSTP1), are more highly expressed in a wide variety of human cancer tissues compared to their corresponding normal tissues. Pi class GST is thus a cancer cell molecular marker and potential target for overcoming resistance to chemotherapy. Here, we report that 4-bromo-1,8-naphthalimide (BrNaph) is a practical fluorogenic GST substrate. We have found that HE-BrNaph, an N-hydroxyethyl derivative, shows remarkable fluorescence enhancement upon GST-catalyzed SNAr replacement of the bromo group with a glutathionyl group. This substitution was highly selective and occurred only in the presence of GSH/GSTs; no non-enzymatic reaction was observed. We demonstrated that HE-BrNaph allows visualization of GST activity in living cells and enables to distinguish cancer cells from normal cells. Further, various N-substitutions in BrNaph retain susceptibility to enzymatic activity and isozyme selectivity, suggesting the applicability of BrNaph derivatives. Thus, BrNaph and its derivatives are GST substrates useful for fluorescence imaging and the intracellular detection of GSTP1 activity in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuta Fujikawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Kenta Terakado
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Taiki Nampo
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masaya Mori
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hideshi Inoue
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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14
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Cui Q, Wang JQ, Assaraf YG, Ren L, Gupta P, Wei L, Ashby CR, Yang DH, Chen ZS. Modulating ROS to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2018; 41:1-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Bhat AV, Hora S, Pal A, Jha S, Taneja R. Stressing the (Epi)Genome: Dealing with Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1273-1292. [PMID: 28816066 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Growing evidence indicates cross-talk between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and several key epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNAs in normal physiology and human pathologies including cancer. This review focuses on how ROS-induced oxidative stress, metabolic intermediates, and epigenetic processes influence each other in various cancers. Recent Advances: ROS alter chromatin structure and metabolism that impact the epigenetic landscape in cancer cells. Several site-specific DNA methylation changes have been identified in different cancers and are discussed in the review. We also discuss the interplay of epigenetic enzymes and miRNAs in influencing malignant transformation in an ROS-dependent manner. CRITICAL ISSUES Loss of ROS-mediated signaling mostly by epigenetic regulation may promote tumorigenesis. In contrast, augmented oxidative stress because of high ROS levels may precipitate epigenetic alterations to effect various phases of carcinogenesis. We address both aspects in the review. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Several drugs targeting ROS are under various stages of clinical development. Recent analysis of human cancers has revealed pervasive deregulation of the epigenetic machinery. Thus, a better understanding of the cross-talk between ROS and epigenetic alterations in cancer could lead to the identification of new drug targets and more effective treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay V Bhat
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Shainan Hora
- 2 Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore .,3 Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Ananya Pal
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Sudhakar Jha
- 2 Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore .,3 Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Reshma Taneja
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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16
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Zhang J, Wu Y, Hu X, Wang B, Wang L, Zhang S, Cao J, Wang Z. GSTT1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 genetic variants are associated with survival in previously untreated metastatic breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105905-105914. [PMID: 29285301 PMCID: PMC5739688 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The polymorphisms in genes including GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 have been found to predict development and therapeutic efficacy in various malignancies. Breast cancer is one of most common cancers among women. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic value of three functional polymorphisms of GSTs in patients with previously untreated metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Patients and Methods The genotype of GSTT1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 in 170 patients with previously untreated MBC from one single center were assessed via PCR-based RFLP methods. The prognostic of polymorphisms on overall survival (OS) was examined using the Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazard ratio (HR) regression analyses. Results The null genotypes of GSTT1 and GSTM1 were significantly correlated to poor OS compared with the present genotypes, respectively. After adjusting for clinic-pathologic factors, GSTT1 and GSTM1 genetic variants were still significantly associated with OS (HR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.26-2.91 and HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.05-2.23). GSTT1 and GSTM1 were independent survival predictors and GSTP1 was not associated with overall survival of previous untreated MBC. Conclusion This exploratory analysis suggests that in addition to clinic-pathologic factors, the genetic variants in GSTT1 and GSTM1 might be predictive of survival outcome in patients with previously untreated MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xichun Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Biyun Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Leiping Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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17
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Yang Y, Huycke MM, Herman TS, Wang X. Glutathione S-transferase alpha 4 induction by activator protein 1 in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2016; 35:5795-5806. [PMID: 27065323 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase alpha 4 (GSTA4) is a phase II detoxifying enzyme that metabolizes electrophiles and carcinogens including 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), an endogenous carcinogen that contributes to colorectal carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated GSTA4 expression and regulation in murine primary colonic epithelial cells, microbiome-driven murine colitis and human carcinomas. Exposure of YAMC cells to 4-HNE induced Gsta4 expression. Using an inflammation-associated model of colorectal cancer (CRC), Gsta4 expression increased in vivo in colon macrophages and serum after 2 weeks of colonization of IL-10 deficient (Il10-/-) mice with Enterococcus faecalis. Increased expression was noted after 9 months of colonization in colon macrophages and epithelia in areas of inflammation. In human colon biopsies, immunohistochemistry showed no GSTA4 expression in normal epithelial cells, whereas GSTA4 was strongly expressed in the neoplastic epithelia of invasive carcinomas. For tubular adenomas, increased expression was primarily noted in stromal macrophages. Increased GSTA4 was confirmed in established human CRC cell lines and associated with 4-HNE-protein adducts in human colon adenomas and CRC. Next, we showed that 4-HNE induced activation of c-Jun and Nrf2, two components of the oncogenic transcription factor AP-1. AP-1 inhibitors and gene-specific small interfering RNAs partially suppressed GSTA4 expression. Co-immunoprecipitation confirmed interactions between c-Jun and Nrf2 supporting a role for AP-1 in regulating 4-HNE-induced GSTA4 expression. These findings demonstrate GSTA4 activation during 4-HNE-induced neoplastic transformation in colorectal carcinogenesis. GSTA4 is a potential surrogate biomarker for CRC screening and should provide novel approaches for chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,The Muchmore Laboratories for Infectious Diseases Research, Oklahoma City VA Health Care System, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - M M Huycke
- The Muchmore Laboratories for Infectious Diseases Research, Oklahoma City VA Health Care System, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - T S Herman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - X Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,The Muchmore Laboratories for Infectious Diseases Research, Oklahoma City VA Health Care System, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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18
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Singh V, Gupta D, Arora R. NF-kB as a key player in regulation of cellular radiation responses and identification of radiation countermeasures. Discoveries (Craiova) 2015; 3:e35. [PMID: 32309561 PMCID: PMC7159829 DOI: 10.15190/d.2015.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-κB is a transcription factor that plays significant role in immunity, cellular survival and inhibition of apoptosis, through the induction of genetic networks. Depending on the stimulus and the cell type, the members of NF-κB related family (RelA, c-Rel, RelB, p50, and p52), forms different combinations of homo and hetero-dimers. The activated complexes (Es) translocate into the nucleus and bind to the 10bp κB site of promoter region of target genes in stimulus specific manner. In response to radiation, NF-κB is known to reduce cell death by promoting the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins and activation of cellular antioxidant defense system. Constitutive activation of NF-κB associated genes in tumour cells are known to enhance radiation resistance, whereas deletion in mice results in hypersensitivity to IR-induced GI damage. NF-κB is also known to regulate the production of a wide variety of cytokines and chemokines, which contribute in enhancing cell proliferation and tissue regeneration in various organs, such as the GI crypts stem cells, bone marrow etc., following exposure to IR. Several other cytokines are also known to exert potent pro-inflammatory effects that may contribute to the increase of tissue damage following exposure to ionizing radiation. Till date there are a series of molecules or group of compounds that have been evaluated for their radio-protective potential, and very few have reached clinical trials. The failure or less success of identified agents in humans could be due to their reduced radiation protection efficacy.
In this review we have considered activation of NF-κB as a potential marker in screening of radiation countermeasure agents (RCAs) and cellular radiation responses. Moreover, we have also focused on associated mechanisms of activation of NF-κB signaling and their specified family member activation with respect to stimuli. Furthermore, we have categorized their regulated gene expressions and their function in radiation response or modulation. In addition, we have discussed some recently developed radiation countermeasures in relation to NF-κB activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Singh
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Damodar Gupta
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Arora
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, India
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Beyerle J, Frei E, Stiborova M, Habermann N, Ulrich CM. Biotransformation of xenobiotics in the human colon and rectum and its association with colorectal cancer. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:199-221. [PMID: 25686853 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.996649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the liver is generally considered to be the major organ contributing to drug metabolism, but studies during the last years have suggested an important role of the extra-hepatic drug metabolism. The gastrointestinal tract (GI-tract) is the major path of entry for a wide variety of compounds including food, and orally administered drugs, but also compounds - with neither nutrient nor other functional value - such as carcinogens. These compounds are metabolized by a large number of enzymes, including the cytochrome P450 (CYP), the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family, the uridine 5'-diphospho- glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase - UGT) superfamily, alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, sulfotransferases, etc. These enzymes can either inactivate carcinogens or, in some cases, generate reactive species with higher reactivity compared to the original compound. Most data in this field of research originate from animal or in vitro studies, wherein human studies are limited. Here, we review the human studies, in particular the studies on the phenotypic expression of these enzymes in the colon and rectum to get an impression of the actual enzyme levels in this primary organ of exposure. The aim of this review is to give a summary of currently available data on the relation between the CYP, the GST and the UGT biotransformation system and colorectal cancer obtained from clinical and epidemiological studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolantha Beyerle
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
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20
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Bohanes P, Rankin CJ, Blanke CD, Winder T, Ulrich CM, Smalley SR, Rich TA, Martensen JA, Benson AB, Mayer RJ, Cripps CM, Danenberg K, Makar KW, Zhang W, Benedetti JK, Lenz HJ. Pharmacogenetic Analysis of INT 0144 Trial: Association of Polymorphisms with Survival and Toxicity in Rectal Cancer Patients Treated with 5-FU and Radiation. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:1583-90. [PMID: 25589620 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested whether 18 polymorphisms in 16 genes (GSTP1, COX2, IL10, EGFR, EGF, FGFR4, CCDN1, VEGFR2, VEGF, CXCR2, IL8, MMP3, ICAM1, ERCC1, RAD51, and XRCC3) would predict disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicity in the INT0144 trial, which was designed to investigate different postoperative regimens of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemoradiation (CRT) in locally advanced rectal cancers: Arm 1 consisted of bolus 5-FU followed by 5-FU protracted venous infusion (PVI) with radiotherapy; arm 2 was induction and concomitant PVI 5-FU with radiotherapy and arm 3 was induction and concomitant bolus 5-FU with radiotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DNA from 746 stage II/III rectal patients enrolled in the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) S9304 phase III trial was analyzed. Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue. The polymorphisms were analyzed using direct DNA-sequencing or polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS GSTP1-Ile105Val (rs1695) was significantly associated with DFS and OS and its effect did not vary by treatment arm. The five-year DFS and OS were 53% and 58%, respectively, for G/G, 66% and 72% for G/A, and 57% and 66% for A/A patients. In arm 2, IL8-251A/A genotype (rs4073) was associated with a lower risk of toxicities (P = 0.04). The VEGFR2 H472Q Q/Q genotype (rs1870377) was associated with a higher risk of grade 3-5 proximal upper gastrointestinal tract (PUGIT) mucositis (P = 0.04) in arm 2. However, in arm 1, this genotype was associated with a lower risk of PUGIT mucositis (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION rs1695 may be prognostic in patients with rectal cancer treated with adjuvant CRT. rs4073 and rs1870377 may exhibit different associations with toxicity, according to the 5-FU schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bohanes
- University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Charles D Blanke
- SWOG Group Chair's Office/Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Thomas Winder
- University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; and Division of Preventive Oncology at the National Center of Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Tyvin A Rich
- University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karen W Makar
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wu Zhang
- University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California.
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21
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Foppoli C, De Marco F, Cini C, Perluigi M. Redox control of viral carcinogenesis: The human papillomavirus paradigm. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:1622-32. [PMID: 25534611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the second most common neoplastic disease among women worldwide. The initiating event of such cancer is the infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a very common condition in the general population. However, the majority of HPV infections is subclinical and transitory and is resolved spontaneously. Intriguingly, viral oncogene expression, although necessary, is not per se sufficient to promote cervical cancer and other factors are involved in the progression of infected cells to the full neoplastic phenotype. In this perspective it has been suggested that the redox balance and the oxidative stress (OS) may represent interesting and under-explored candidates as promoting factors in HPV-initiated carcinogenesis. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW The current review discusses the possible interplay between the viral mechanisms modulating cell homeostasis and redox sensitive mechanisms. Experimental data and indirect evidences are presented on the activity of viral dependent functions on i) the regulation of enzymes and compounds involved in OS; ii) the protection from oxidation of detoxifying/antiapoptotic enzymes and redox-sensitive transcription factors; iii) the suppression of apoptosis; and iv) the modulation of host microRNAs regulating genes associated with antioxidant defense. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The resulting tangled scenario suggests that viral hosting cells adapt their metabolisms in order to support their growth and survival in the increasingly oxidant micro-environment associated with HPV tumor initiation and progression. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE HPV can modulate the host cell redox homeostasis in order to favor infection and possibly tumor transformation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesira Foppoli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico De Marco
- Laboratory of Virology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Cini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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22
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van Huis-Tanja L, Kweekel D, Gelderblom H, Koopman M, Punt K, Guchelaar HJ, van der Straaten T. Concordance of genotype for polymorphisms in DNA isolated from peripheral blood and colorectal cancer tumor samples. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 14:2005-12. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & aim: Results from different pharmacogenetic association studies in colorectal cancer are often conflicting. Both peripheral blood and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue are routinely used as DNA source. This could cause bias due to somatic alterations in tumor tissue, such as loss of heterozygosity. We therefore compared genotypes in DNA from peripheral blood and FFPE colorectal tumor samples for SNPs with putative influence on the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy. Materials & methods: Eleven SNPs in nine genes involved in anticancer drug metabolism or efficacy were determined in matched samples from blood and FFPE tissue of colorectal tumors by pyrosequencing and TaqMan® techniques. The κ-statistic was calculated to assess concordance. Results: A total of 149 paired FFPE tissue and EDTA blood DNA samples were available for comparison. Overall, 20 out of 1418 genotypes were discordant (1.4%); in ten cases, loss of heterozygosity could not be ruled out. Only GSTP1 showed significant discordance between FFPE tissue and blood genotype (κ = 0.947; 95% CI: 0.896–0.998). Conclusion: FFPE tissue-derived DNA can be used as a valid proxy for germline DNA for a selection of SNPs in (retrospective) pharmacogenetic association studies in colorectal cancer. However, for future studies, genotyping of blood-derived DNA is preferred. Original submitted 29 May 2013; Revision submitted 23 August 2013
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke van Huis-Tanja
- Department of Clinical Oncology (K-1-P), Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dinemarie Kweekel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Gelderblom
- Department of Clinical Oncology (K-1-P), Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Koopman
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Punt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk-Jan Guchelaar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tahar van der Straaten
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Cantor D, Slapetova I, Kan A, McQuade LR, Baker MS. Overexpression of αvβ6 Integrin Alters the Colorectal Cancer Cell Proteome in Favor of Elevated Proliferation and a Switching in Cellular Adhesion That Increases Invasion. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2477-90. [DOI: 10.1021/pr301099f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Cantor
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and
Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Iveta Slapetova
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and
Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Alison Kan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and
Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Leon R. McQuade
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and
Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Mark S. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and
Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
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24
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Khabaz MN. The GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism is not associated with susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:2949-53. [PMID: 22938488 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.6.2949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The glutathione S transferase (GST) family is a major part of cellular defense mechanisms against endogenous and exogenous substances, many of which have carcinogenic potential. Alteration in the expression level or structure of the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzymes may lead to inadequate detoxification of potential carcinogens and consequently contribute to cancer development. A member of the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) family, GSTP1, is an attractive candidate for involvement in susceptibility to carcinogen-associated colorectal cancer. An A>G transition in exon 5 resulting in an Ile105Val amino acid substitution has been identified which alters catalytic efficiency. The present study investigated the possible impact of Ile105Val GSTP1 polymorphism on susceptibility to colorectal cancer. in Jordan We examined 90 tissue samples previously diagnosed with colorectal carcinoma, and 56 non-cancerous colon tissues. DNA was extracted from paraffin embedded tissues and the status of the GSTP1 polymorphism was determined using a polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. No statistically significant differences were found between colorectal cancer cases and controls for the GSTP1 Ile/Ile, Ile/Val and Val/Val genotypes. The glutathione S-transferase polymorphism was not associated with risk in colorectal cancer cases in Jordan stratified by age, sex, site, grade or tumor stage. In conclusion, the GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism is unlikely to affect the risk of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Nidal Khabaz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University (Rabigh Branch), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Long MJC, Gollapalli DR, Hedstrom L. Inhibitor mediated protein degradation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:629-37. [PMID: 22633414 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of drugs that cause the degradation of their target proteins has been largely serendipitous. Here we report that the tert-butyl carbamate-protected arginine (Boc(3)Arg) moiety provides a general strategy for the design of degradation-inducing inhibitors. The covalent inactivators ethacrynic acid and thiobenzofurazan cause the specific degradation of glutathione-S-transferase when linked to Boc(3)Arg. Similarly, the degradation of dihydrofolate reductase is induced when cells are treated with the noncovalent inhibitor trimethoprim linked to Boc(3)Arg. Degradation is rapid and robust, with 30%-80% of these abundant target proteins consumed within 1.3-5 hr. The proteasome is required for Boc(3)Arg-mediated degradation, but ATP is not necessary and the ubiquitin pathways do not appear to be involved. These results suggest that the Boc(3)Arg moiety may provide a general strategy to construct inhibitors that induce targeted protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J C Long
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
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Choi DS, Choi DY, Hong BS, Jang SC, Kim DK, Lee J, Kim YK, Kim KP, Gho YS. Quantitative proteomics of extracellular vesicles derived from human primary and metastatic colorectal cancer cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2012; 1:18704. [PMID: 24009881 PMCID: PMC3760640 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v1i0.18704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells actively release extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, into surrounding tissues. These EVs play pleiotropic roles in cancer progression and metastasis, including invasion, angiogenesis, and immune modulation. However, the proteomic differences between primary and metastatic cancer cell-derived EVs remain unclear. Here, we conducted comparative proteomic analysis between EVs derived from human primary colorectal cancer cells (SW480) and their metastatic derivatives (SW620). Using label-free quantitation, we identified 803 and 787 proteins in SW480 EVs and SW620 EVs, respectively. Based on comparison between the estimated abundance of EV proteins, we identified 368 SW480 EV-enriched and 359 SW620 EV-enriched proteins. SW480 EV-enriched proteins played a role in cell adhesion, but SW620 EV-enriched proteins were associated with cancer progression and functioned as diagnostic indicators of metastatic cancer; they were overexpressed in metastatic colorectal cancer and played roles in multidrug resistance. As the first proteomic analysis comparing primary and metastatic cancer-derived EVs, this study increases our understanding of the pathological function of EVs in the metastatic process and provides useful biomarkers for cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sic Choi
- Department of Life Science and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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Mojic M, Mijatovic S, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Miljkovic D, Stosic-Grujicic S, Stankovic M, Mangano K, Travali S, Donia M, Fagone P, Zocca MB, Al-Abed Y, McCubrey JA, Nicoletti F. Therapeutic potential of nitric oxide-modified drugs in colon cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:700-10. [PMID: 22798453 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.077842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined the influence of the nitric oxide (NO)-modified anti-inflammatory drug (S,R)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxasole acetic acid (VGX-1027) named GIT-27NO or the NO-modified antiviral drug saquinavir (Saq) named Saq-NO on two colon cancer cell lines, mouse CT26CL25 and human HCT116. The effects of the drugs on cell viability, apoptosis, proliferation, and metastatic potential were analyzed. The release of NO and oxygen and nitrogen species was also determined. The efficacy of the drugs was evaluated in vivo in BALB/c mice injected with CT26CL25 cells. Both agents suppressed the growth of colon cancer cells in vitro and reduced tumor volume in syngeneic BALB/c mice. However, their mechanisms of action were different because GIT-27NO released larger amounts of nitrite than Saq-NO in cell cultures and its antitumor action depended on the intracellular NO release inside the cells. On the contrary, Saq-NO released barely detectable amounts of NO and its antitumor action was NO-independent. In fact, cotreatment with an NO-peroxynitrite scavenger revealed that GIT-27NO but not Saq-NO acts through peroxynitrite-mediated cell destruction. At the cellular level, GIT-27NO prevalently induced proapoptotic signals followed by caspase-dependent apoptosis. In contrast, Saq-NO blocked cell proliferation, changed the adhesive, migratory, and invasive properties of the cells, and decreased metastatic potential in vivo. In conclusion, differences in NO release and oxidative stress generation between GIT-27NO and Saq-NO resulted in different mechanisms that caused cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Mojic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Yang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institutes of Biomedical
Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics
and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials
(IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing
210046, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institutes of Biomedical
Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Fuyou Li
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institutes of Biomedical
Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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Chen J, Liou A, Zhang L, Weng Z, Gao Y, Cao G, Zigmond MJ, Chen J. GST P1, a novel downstream regulator of LRRK2, G2019S-induced neuronal cell death. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012; 4:2365-77. [PMID: 22652643 DOI: 10.2741/e548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The enhanced neurotoxicity of the Parkinson's disease-associated LRRK2 mutant, G2019S, than its wild-type counter-part has recently been reported. Overexpression of LRRK2 (G2019S) in cultured neural cells results in caspase-3-dependent apoptosis via a yet undefined signaling pathway. Elucidation of the mechanism underlying LRRK2 (G2019S) neurotoxicity may offer new insights into the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. In this study, we identified glutathione s-transferase P1 (GSTP1) as a selective target whose expression is negatively regulated at the transcriptional levels via promoter hyper-methylation by LRRK2 (G2019S). Overexpression of LRRK2 (G2019S) in the human neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y markedly suppressed the expression of GSTP1 prior to any manifestation of cell death. Moreover, shRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous GSTP1 expression exacerbated LRRK2 (G2019S) neurotoxicity, whereas overexpression of GSTP1 protected against LRRK2 (G2019S)-induced caspase-3 activation and neuronal apoptosis. In conclusion, the results suggest a previously undefined signaling mechanism underlying the neurotoxic effect of LRRK2 (G2019S), in which LRRK2 (G2019S) triggers oxidative stress in cells and, in turn, results in caspase-dependent apoptosis at least in part by suppressing the expression of GSTP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200032
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Saranya Revathy K, Umasuthan N, Lee Y, Choi CY, Whang I, Lee J. First molluscan theta-class Glutathione S-Transferase: identification, cloning, characterization and transcriptional analysis post immune challenges. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 162:10-23. [PMID: 22390916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional cytosolic isoenzymes, distinctly known as phase II detoxification enzymes. GSTs play a significant role in cellular defense against toxicity and have been identified in nearly all organisms studied to date, from bacteria to mammals. In this study, we have identified a full-length cDNA of the theta class GST from Ruditapes philippinarum (RpGSTθ), an important commercial edible molluscan species. RpGSTθ was cloned and the recombinant protein expressed, in order to study its biochemical characteristics and determine its physiological activities. The cDNA comprised an ORF of 693 bp, encoding 231 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 27 kDa and an isoelectric point of 8.2. Sequence analysis revealed that RpGSTθ possessed characteristic conserved domains of the GST_N family, Class Theta subfamily (PSSM: cd03050) and GST_C_family Super family (PSSM: cl02776). Phylogenetic analysis showed that RpGSTθ evolutionarily linked with other theta class homologues. The recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells and the purified enzyme showed high activity with GST substrates like CDNB and 4-NBC. Glutathione dependent peroxidase activity of GST, investigated with cumene hydroperoxide as substrate affirmed the antioxidant property of rRpGSTθ. By quantitative PCR, RpGSTθ was found to be ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined, with the highest levels occurring in gills, mantle, and hemocytes. Since GSTs may act as detoxification enzymes to mediate immune defense, the effects of pathogen associated molecular pattern, lipopolysaccharide and intact Vibrio tapetis bacteria challenge on RpGSTθ gene transcription were studied. Furthermore, the RpGSTθ expression changes induced by immune challenges were similar to those of the antioxidant defense enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (RpMnSOD). To our knowledge, RpGSTθ is the first molluscan theta class GST reported, and its immune-related role in Manila clam may provide insights into potential therapeutic targets for protecting this important aquaculture species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasthuri Saranya Revathy
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
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Tan KL, Jankova L, Chan C, Fung CLS, Clarke C, Lin BPC, Robertson G, Molloy M, Chapuis PH, Bokey L, Dent OF, Clarke SJ. Clinicopathological correlates and prognostic significance of glutathione S-transferase Pi expression in 468 patients after potentially curative resection of node-positive colonic cancer. Histopathology 2011; 59:1057-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Correlation between TBARS levels and glycolytic enzymes: The importance to the initial evaluation of clinical outcome of colorectal cancer patients. Biomed Pharmacother 2011; 65:395-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Semi-quantitative analyses of metabolic systems of human colon cancer metastatic xenografts in livers of superimmunodeficient NOG mice. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1895-904. [PMID: 21479793 PMCID: PMC3098365 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of energy metabolism in human cancer have been difficult because of rapid turnover of the metabolites and difficulties in reducing time for collecting clinical samples under surgical procedures. Utilization of xenograft transplantation of human-derived colon cancer HCT116 cells in spleens of superimmunodeficient NOD/SCID/IL-2Rγ(null) (NOG) mice led us to establish an experimental model of hepatic micrometastasis of the solid tumor, whereby analyses of the tissue sections collected by snap-frozen procedures through newly developed microscopic imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS) revealed distinct spatial distribution of a variety of metabolites. To perform intergroup comparison of the signal intensities of metabolites among different tissue sections collected from mice in fed states, we combined matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-IMS) and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS), to determine the apparent contents of individual metabolites in serial tissue sections. The results indicated significant elevation of ATP and energy charge in both metastases and the parenchyma of the tumor-bearing livers. To note were significant increases in UDP-N-acetyl hexosamines, and reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione in the metastatic foci versus the liver parenchyma. These findings thus provided a potentially important method for characterizing the properties of metabolic systems of human-derived cancer and the host tissues in vivo.
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Gordon MA, Zhang W, Yang D, Iqbal S, El-Khouiery A, Nagashima F, Lurje G, Labonte M, Wilson P, Sherrod A, Ladner RD, Lenz HJ. Gender-specific genomic profiling in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 12:27-39. [PMID: 21174620 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Survival and response rates in metastatic colorectal cancer remain poor, despite advances in drug development. There is increasing evidence to suggest that gender-specific differences may contribute to poor clinical outcome. We tested the hypothesis that genomic profiling of metastatic colorectal cancer is dependent on gender. MATERIALS & METHODS A total of 152 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who were treated with oxaliplatin and continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil were genotyped for 21 polymorphisms in 13 cancer-related genes by PCR. Classification and regression tree analysis tested for gender-related association of polymorphisms with overall survival, progression-free survival and tumor response. RESULTS Classification and regression tree analysis of all polymorphisms, age and race resulted in gender-specific predictors of overall survival, progression-free survival and tumor response. Polymorphisms in the following genes were associated with gender-specific clinical outcome: estrogen receptor β, EGF receptor, xeroderma pigmentosum group D, voltage-gated sodium channel and phospholipase A2. CONCLUSION Genetic profiling to predict the clinical outcome of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer may depend on gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Gordon
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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MiR-133a induces apoptosis through direct regulation of GSTP1 in bladder cancer cell lines. Urol Oncol 2011; 31:115-23. [PMID: 21396852 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously demonstrated that miR-133a is a tumor-suppressive microRNA (miRNA) and is commonly down-regulated in human bladder cancer (BC). The aim of this study is to determine a novel oncogenic gene targeted by miR-133a in BC. METHODS To identify genes targeted by miR-133a, an oligo-microarray analysis was performed using the miR-133a-transfected BC cell lines. For gain/loss-of-function studies, miR-133a/si-glutathione S-transferase π1 (GSTP1)-transfectants were subjected to XTT assay and flow cytometry to evaluate their cell viability and apoptosis status. The luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the actual binding sites between miR-133a and GSTP1 mRNA. The mRNA and protein expression of GSTP1 in BC cell lines and clinical samples were evaluated by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS MiR-133a transfection induced cell viability inhibition and apoptosis in BC cell lines. We focused on the GSTP1 gene that was the top 7 down-regulated one in the gene profile from the miR-133a-transfectants. MiR-133a transfection repressed expression levels of mRNA and protein levels of GSTP1. A luciferase reporter assay suggested that the actual binding may occur between miR-133a and GSTP1 mRNA. Cell viability inhibition and apoptosis were induced in the si-GSTP1 transfectants compared with the controls (P < 0.005). GSTP1 mRNA expression levels in 43 clinical BCs were significantly higher than those in eight normal bladder epitheliums (P = 0.0277). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that tumor suppressive miR-133a directly regulated oncogenic GSTP1 gene in BC, and that an anti-apoptotic effect mediated by GSTP1 is maintained by miR-133a down-regulation in human BC.
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Abstract
NF-κB proteins are a family of transcription factors that are of central importance in inflammation and immunity. NF-κB also plays important roles in other processes, including development, cell growth and survival, and proliferation, and is involved in many pathological conditions. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are created by a variety of cellular processes as part of cellular signaling events. While certain NF-κB-regulated genes play a major role in regulating the amount of ROS in the cell, ROS have various inhibitory or stimulatory roles in NF-κB signaling. Here we review the regulation of ROS levels by NF-κB targets and various ways in which ROS have been proposed to impact NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Morgan
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 37 Convent Drive, RM1130, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Zhang L, Wang J, Zhao L, Meng Q, Wang Q. Analysis of chemoresistance in lung cancer with a simple microfluidic device. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3763-70. [PMID: 20949633 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Microchip-based systems have been developed rapidly due to their desirable advantages over conventional platforms. Higher level system integration and complex microdevices are emerging to satisfy the demand for high-throughput and large-scale applications. However, most of the devices need to be fabricated with complicated microvalves and micropumps, which, to some extent, limit the use of the novel technique. In this study, a simple microdevice was developed to perform chemotherapy resistance analysis in lung cancer cell line SPCA1. This device includes a PDMS chip for which a simple external small clip served as a microvalve to control the fluid flow so that the parallel control experiment could be carried out simultaneously, and a syringe pump, which supplied the cells with fresh medium mimicking the microenvironment in vivo. Cell culture, detection of drug resistance related protein P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and glutathione S-transferase-π (GST-π) and cell viability after VP-16 treatment on experimental (pretreated with corresponding inhibitors) and control groups were achieved. The results demonstrated that the cells could grow and spread well for at least 3 days. The expression of P-gp and GST-π was obviously downregulated by corresponding inhibitors. The percentage of apoptotic cells for P-gp inhibition group increased 2.9-fold compared with that of control group (23.7 ± 2.6 versus 8.1 ± 3.0%, p<0.05), while for GST-π inhibition, there was no obvious distinction between the experimental and control group. The simple microdevice is capable of integrating parallel operations involving cell culture and functional analysis, offering an easy and flexible platform for a stable long-term cell culture and comparison research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichuan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, PR China
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Wenger JB, Chun SY, Dang DT, Luesch H, Dang LH. Combination therapy targeting cancer metabolism. Med Hypotheses 2010; 76:169-72. [PMID: 20947261 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo significant metabolic adaptation. Cellular transformation enhances both glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration efficiency through the induction of HIF-1α and HIF-2α. In this process, energy production and synthesis of macromolecules are maximized with minimal ROS accumulation. Furthermore, a series of antioxidant enzymes are induced to mitigate the damaging effects of ROS. Examination of these metabolic changes provides rationale for a synergistic approach to combination anti-cancer therapy; targeted inhibition of HIF and inhibition of cellular defenses against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Wenger
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0278, United States
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Oliveira AL, Rodrigues FFO, Santos RE, Aoki T, Rocha MN, Longui CA, Melo MB. GSTT1, GSTM1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms and chemotherapy response in locally advanced breast cancer. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2010; 9:1045-53. [PMID: 20568049 DOI: 10.4238/vol9-2gmr726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferase (GST) family consists of phase II detoxification enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of toxic substances, such as chemotherapeutic agents, to glutathione. We examined whether GSTT1/GSTT1"null", GSTM1/GSTM1"null" and GSTP1Ile105Ile/GSTP1Ile105Val polymorphisms are associated with different response rates to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of stage II and III breast cancer. Forty Brazilian women with invasive ductal adenocarcinoma of the breast submitted to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, using 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide, were genotyped for the GSTT1, GSTM1 and GSTP1 genes. Clinical response was assessed by RECIST criteria. Comparisons were made for the three genes alone and in pairs, as polymorphic and as wild-type combinations and polymorphic/wild-type combinations. We analyzed all possible combinations and their response rate. Patients with the GSTT1/GSTP1105Ile combination were found to have a significantly better response than GSTT1"null"/GSTP1105Val (P = 0.0209) and GSTT1/GSTM1 (P = 0.0376) combinations. Analysis of all possible combinations showed the GSTM1"null" polymorphic genotype to be present in four, and the wild-type GSTP1105Ile in six of the combinations associated with the largest number of responding patients. We found that patients with the GSTT1/GSTP1105Ile wild-type combination had a significantly higher response rate to chemotherapy than patients with the respective polymorphic GSTT1"null"/GSTP1105Val combination or patients with the wild-type GSTT1/GSTM1. The six gene combinations associated with the largest number of responding patients were found to contain the wild-type GSTP1105Ile and the polymorphic-type GSTM1"null". These specific combinations were virtually absent in the combinations with few responding patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Oliveira
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Mileo AM, Abbruzzese C, Mattarocci S, Bellacchio E, Pisano P, Federico A, Maresca V, Picardo M, Giorgi A, Maras B, Schininà ME, Paggi MG. Human papillomavirus-16 E7 interacts with glutathione S-transferase P1 and enhances its role in cell survival. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7254. [PMID: 19826491 PMCID: PMC2758704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-16 is a paradigm for “high-risk” HPVs, the causative agents of virtually all cervical carcinomas. HPV E6 and E7 viral genes are usually expressed in these tumors, suggesting key roles for their gene products, the E6 and E7 oncoproteins, in inducing malignant transformation. Methodology/Principal Findings By protein-protein interaction analysis, using mass spectrometry, we identified glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GSTP1) as a novel cellular partner of the HPV-16 E7 oncoprotein. Following mapping of the region in the HPV-16 E7 sequence that is involved in the interaction, we generated a three-dimensional molecular model of the complex between HPV-16 E7 and GSTP1, and used this to engineer a mutant molecule of HPV-16 E7 with strongly reduced affinity for GSTP1.When expressed in HaCaT human keratinocytes, HPV-16 E7 modified the equilibrium between the oxidized and reduced forms of GSTP1, thereby inhibiting JNK phosphorylation and its ability to induce apoptosis. Using GSTP1-deficient MCF-7 cancer cells and siRNA interference targeting GSTP1 in HaCaT keratinocytes expressing either wild-type or mutant HPV-16 E7, we uncovered a pivotal role for GSTP1 in the pro-survival program elicited by its binding with HPV-16 E7. Conclusions/Significance This study provides further evidence of the transforming abilities of this oncoprotein, setting the groundwork for devising unique molecular tools that can both interfere with the interaction between HPV-16 E7 and GSTP1 and minimize the survival of HPV-16 E7-expressing cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Mileo
- Department of Development of Therapeutic Programs, CRS, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Abbruzzese
- Department of Development of Therapeutic Programs, CRS, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Mattarocci
- Department of Development of Therapeutic Programs, CRS, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Pisano
- Department of Development of Therapeutic Programs, CRS, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Federico
- Department of Development of Therapeutic Programs, CRS, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandra Giorgi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Maras
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Eugenia Schininà
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco G. Paggi
- Department of Development of Therapeutic Programs, CRS, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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GSTP1 determines cis-platinum cytotoxicity in gastric adenocarcinoma MGC803 cells: regulation by promoter methylation and extracellular regulated kinase signaling. Anticancer Drugs 2009; 20:208-14. [PMID: 19396019 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328322fbaa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Detoxification mechanisms can play a pivotal role in determining tumor cell responses to platinum-based chemotherapy. Glutathione S-transferase-pi (GSTP1) belongs to a supergene family of detoxifying enzymes involved in the prevention of DNA damage and subsequent platinum resistance in numerous cancers. The role of GSTP1 in gastric cancer sensitivity to chemotherapy is, however, not known. In this study, we found that the human gastric cancer cell line MGC803 was significantly more sensitive to cis-platinum (CDDP) than the other gastric cancer lines examined (BGC823 and SGC7901). To explore the potential role of GSTP1 in drug resistance, we measured GSTP1 expression in these cells. GSTP1 mRNA and protein were not detectable in MGC803 cells; both were present in BGC823 and SGC7901 cells. GSTP1 CpG island DNA methylation was examined. We report that promoter hypermethylation was associated with the absence of GSTP1 expression in MGC803 cells. Treatment of these cells with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, restored GSTP1 expression and suppressed sensitivity to CDDP. The selective mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway inhibitor PD98059 decreased GSTP1 expression in 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine-treated cells. A similar decrease was observed in the BGC823 and SGC7901 cell lines, suggesting that mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK signaling stimulates GSTP1 expression. CDDP sensitivity was also enhanced by PD98059. These observations indicate that somatic promoter hypermethylation and impaired ERK signaling are associated with decreased GSTP1 expression and CDDP sensitivity in gastric cancer cell lines. Evaluation of promoter methylation and ERK activity may be useful for predicting tumor sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapeutics.
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Fujikawa Y, Urano Y, Komatsu T, Hanaoka K, Kojima H, Terai T, Inoue H, Nagano T. Design and Synthesis of Highly Sensitive Fluorogenic Substrates for Glutathione S-Transferase and Application for Activity Imaging in Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:14533-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ja802423n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuta Fujikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan, and School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Urano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan, and School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Toru Komatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan, and School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Hanaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan, and School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hirotatsu Kojima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan, and School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Takuya Terai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan, and School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hideshi Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan, and School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nagano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan, and School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Shibata T, Kokubu A, Gotoh M, Ojima H, Ohta T, Yamamoto M, Hirohashi S. Genetic alteration of Keap1 confers constitutive Nrf2 activation and resistance to chemotherapy in gallbladder cancer. Gastroenterology 2008; 135:1358-1368, 1368.e1-4. [PMID: 18692501 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is a highly malignant tumor, and identification of effective therapeutic targets to improve prognosis is urgently required. Oncogenic activation of survival genes is important for cancer cells to overcome oxidative stresses induced by their microenvironments that include chronic inflammation or exposure to anticancer drugs. We attempted to examine whether deregulation of Nrf2, a master transcriptional factor of various cytoprotective genes against oxidative stress, plays a role in the carcinogenesis of BTC. METHODS We screened genetic alteration of Keap1, a negative regulator of Nrf2, in BTC including tumors originated from gallbladder and extra- and intrahepatic bile ducts. Functional analysis of cancer-related mutant Keap1 in Nrf2 repression and the association between Nrf2 activation and resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were investigated. RESULTS Recurrent (in 1/11 cell lines and 6/53 primary tumors) Keap1 gene alterations were observed in BTC and were especially frequent (4/13, 30.7%) in gallbladder cancer (GBC). These alterations led to a considerable loss of Nrf2 repression activity, caused constitutive activation of Nrf2, and promoted cell proliferation. Down-regulation of Nrf2 activity by either Keap1 complementation or Nrf2 short interference RNA increased sensitivity to 5-FU in Keap1-altered BTC cells. CONCLUSIONS Keap1 mutation occurs frequently in GBC. Aberrant Nrf2 activation provoked by Keap1 alteration is one of the molecular mechanisms for chemotherapeutic resistance in GBC and will be a novel therapeutic target as an enhancer of sensitivity to 5-FU-based regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Cancer Genomics Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hokaiwado N, Takeshita F, Naiki-Ito A, Asamoto M, Ochiya T, Shirai T. Glutathione S-transferase Pi mediates proliferation of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:1134-8. [PMID: 18413363 PMCID: PMC2443274 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancers generally acquire an androgen-independent growth capacity with progression, resulting in resistance to antiandrogen therapy. Therefore, identification of the genes regulated through this process may be important for understanding the mechanisms of prostate carcinogenesis. We here utilized androgen-dependent/independent transplantable tumors, newly established with the 'transgenic rat adenocarcinoma in prostate' (TRAP) model, to analyze their gene expression using microarrays. Among the overexpressed genes in androgen-independent prostate cancers compared with the androgen-dependent tumors, glutathione S-transferase pi (GST-pi) was included. In line with this, human prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and DU145 (androgen independent) had higher expression of GST-pi compared with LNCaP (androgen dependent) as determined by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. To investigate the roles of GST-pi expression in androgen-independent human prostate cancers, GST-pi was knocked down by a small interfering RNA (siRNA), resulting in significant decrease of the proliferation rate in the androgen-independent PC3 cell line. In vivo, administration of GST-pi siRNA-atelocollagen complex decreased GST-pi protein expression, resulting in enhanced numbers of TdT mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labering (TUNEL)-positive apoptotic cells. These findings suggest that GST-pi might play important roles in proliferation of androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Hokaiwado
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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Wu CC, Chen HC, Chen SJ, Liu HP, Hsieh YY, Yu CJ, Tang R, Hsieh LL, Yu JS, Chang YS. Identification of collapsin response mediator protein-2 as a potential marker of colorectal carcinoma by comparative analysis of cancer cell secretomes. Proteomics 2008; 8:316-32. [PMID: 18203259 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cancer cell secretome may contain many potentially useful biomarkers. We therefore sought to identify proteins in the conditioned media of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cell lines but not in those from other cancer cell lines. The secretomes of 21 cancer cell lines derived from 12 cancer types were analyzed by SDS-PAGE combined with MALDI-TOF MS. Among the 325 proteins identified, collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2) was chosen for evaluation as a potential CRC biomarker, since it was selectively detected in the CRC cell line secretome and has never been reported as a cancer biomarker. Immunohistochemical analysis of 169 CRC specimens showed that CRMP-2 was positively detected in 58.6% of the tumors, but weakly or not detected in >90% of the adjacent nontumor epithelial cells. Moreover, the CRMP-2-positive rate was significantly increased in earlier stage tumors and lymph node metastasis. Plasma CRMP-2 levels were significantly higher in CRC patients (N = 201) versus healthy controls (N = 201) (61.3 +/- 34.6 vs. 40.2 +/- 24.3 ng/mL, p = 0.001). Our results indicate that comparative analysis of cancer cell secretome is a feasible strategy for identifying potential cancer biomarkers, and that CRMP-2 may be a novel CRC biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ching Wu
- Proteomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Ahn YH, Ji ES, Kwon KH, Lee JY, Cho K, Kim JY, Kang HJ, Kim HG, Yoo JS. Protein phosphorylation analysis by site-specific arginine-mimic labeling in gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2007; 370:77-86. [PMID: 17659250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although recent advances in gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry have greatly facilitated separation, purification, and identification of proteins, significant challenges remain in relation to phosphoprotein analysis. Here we introduce a powerful method for analysis of protein phosphorylation in which phosphorylation sites are labeled with guanidinoethanethiol (GET) by beta-elimination/Michael addition prior to proteolysis and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. This technique is especially useful in conjunction with gel-based technology in that all of the processes involved, including GET labeling, washing, and phosphospecific enzymatic hydrolysis, can be carried out in excised gel slices, thereby minimizing sample loss and contamination. The novel GET tag, which has a highly basic guanidine group, increases the peak intensities for the GET-labeled tryptic peptides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS. In addition, phosphospecific proteolytic cleavage occurs at guanidinoethylcysteine (Gec) residue, which is arginine-mimic formed by GET tagging of phosphorylated serine residues. Thus, GET tagging is especially useful in analysis of long tryptic phosphopeptides. To illustrate the utility of the in-gel GET tagging and digestion approach, we used it to precisely analyze the phosphorylation sites of human glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), an enzyme involved in phase II metabolism of many carcinogens and anticancer drugs. The in-gel GET tagging/digestion technique significantly enhances the analytical potential of gel electrophoresis/MS in studies of proteome phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Hee Ahn
- Division of Instrument Development, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
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Wang K, Li J, Zhen C, Zhou J, Xiao D, Liu J, Liu Y, Jiang H, Chen C, Wen J. Enhanced invasive and metastatic potential induced by transforming growth factor-beta1 might be correlated with glutathione-S-transferase-pi, cofilin and heat shock protein 27 in SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2007; 39:520-6. [PMID: 17622471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2007.00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we found that the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 enhanced the metastatic and invasive potential of gastric cancer cells. Proteomics was employed in this study to further illustrate the underlying molecular mechanisms. After two-dimensional electrophoresis, image analysis, spot identification, protein identification and database analysis, three proteins, namely, glutathione-S-transferase-pi (GST-pi), cofilin and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), were found to be up-regulated in TGF-beta1 treated SGC-7901 cells. The findings were further confirmed by Western blot analysis. These results suggested that GST-pi, cofilin and HSP27 might participate in enhanced invasive potential induced by TGF-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuansong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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Dang LH, Chen F, Knock SA, Huang EH, Feng J, Appelman HD, Dang DT. CDX2 does not suppress tumorigenicity in the human gastric cancer cell line MKN45. Oncogene 2006; 25:2048-59. [PMID: 16331267 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CDX2 is a Drosophila caudal-related homeobox transcription factor that is expressed specifically in the intestine. In mice, ectopic expression of CDX2 in the gastric mucosa gives rise to intestinal metaplasia and in one model, gastric carcinoma. In humans, increased CDX2 expression is associated with gastric intestinal metaplasia and tubular adenocarcinomas. These patterns of expression have shown that CDX2 is important for the initiation of intestinal metaplasia in the gastric mucosa, but the role of CDX2 in established gastric cancer remains unclear. We sought to determine whether CDX2 contributes to tumorigenic potential in established gastric cancer. The CDX2 gene in MKN45 gastric carcinoma cells was disrupted using targeted homologous recombination. The resulting CDX2-/- cells are essentially identical to their parental cells, with the exception of CDX2 ablation. We found no significant differences in the proliferation of CDX2-/- cells compared to CDX2+/+ cells, in vitro or in vivo. Molecular analyses show that loss of CDX2 predominantly altered the expression of genes involved in intestinal glandular differentiation and adhesion. However, there were no microscopic differences in tumor differentiation. We conclude that disruption of CDX2 in MKN45 cells does not significantly affect their tumorigenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Dang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0682, USA
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Shi HC, Shi WP, Shu YC, Lu SC, Wang K, Gu XW, Tian XC. Expression of P-glycoprotein, glutathione S-transferase-π, topoisomerase Ⅱ and lung resistance protein in cardiac carcinoma and their clinical significances. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:1587-1591. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i16.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of multidrug resistant proteins and their clinical significances in cardiac carcinoma tissues.
METHODS: The expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), glutathione S-transferase-p (GST-π), topoisomerase Ⅱ (Topo-Ⅱ) and lung resistance protein (LRP) in 69 patients with cardiac carcinoma were determined by SP immunohistochemistry,and the results were studied in correlation with clinicopathological data.
RESULTS: The positive rates of P-gp, GST-π, Topo-Ⅱ and LRP expression in cardiac carcinoma (49.2%, 75.4%, 68.1% and 58%, respectively) were all higher than those in the normal tissues (0, 30%, 20% and 0, respectively, all P < 0.01). The expression of P-gp was correlated with clinical staging (Ⅰ, Ⅱ vs Ⅲ, Ⅳ: 28.6% vs 58.3%, P < 0.05) and lymphatic metastasis (metastasis vs non-metastasis: 67.5% vs 24.1%, P < 0.01). A significant correlation was found between GST-π and differentiated degree (40%, 75.8% and 88.5% for high, moderate, and low differentiation, respectively, P < 0.05), clinical staging (Ⅰ, Ⅱ vs Ⅲ, Ⅳ: 57.1% vs 83.2%, P < 0.05) and lymphatic metastasis (metastasis vs non-metastasis: 87.5% vs 58.6%, P< 0.05). The level of Topo-Ⅱexpression was associated with differentiated degree (33.3%, 69.7%, and 80.7%, for high, moderate, and low differentiation, respectively, P < 0.01), but not with the clinical staging (P > 0.05) and lymphatic metastasis (P > 0.05). LRP expression was in correlation with the clinical staging (Ⅰ, Ⅱ vs Ⅲ, Ⅳ: 38% vs 66.6%, P < 0.05), and lymphatic metastasis (metastasis vs non-metastasis: 70.0% vs 41.4%, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Primary multidrug resistance coexists in cardiac carcinoma. Combined determination of P-gp, GST-π, Topo-Ⅱand LRP is useful for predicting the chemosensitivities and optimizing the chemotherapy strategies.
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