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Bu L, Ma X, Ji A, Geng K, Feng H, Li L, Zhang A, Cheng Z. Development of a novel 18F-labeled small molecule probe for PET imaging of mesenchymal epithelial transition receptor expression. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 51:656-668. [PMID: 37940685 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The mesenchymal epithelial transition factor (c-Met) is frequently overexpressed in numerous cancers and has served as a validated anticancer target. Inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity of c-Met, however, challenges the use of anti-MET therapies, highlighting an urgent need to develop an alternative tool for visualizing whole-body c-Met expression quantitatively and noninvasively. Here we firstly reported an 18F labeled, small-molecule quinine compound-based PET probe, 1-(4-(5-amino-7-(trifluoromethyl) quinolin-3-yl) piperazin-1-yl)-2-(fluoro-[18F]) propan-1-one, herein referred as [18F]-AZC. METHODS [18F]-AZC was synthesized via a one-step substitution reaction and characterized by radiochemistry methods. [18F]-AZC specificity and affinity toward c-Met were assessed by cell uptake assay, with or without cold compound [19F]-AZC or commercial c-Met inhibitor blocking. MicroPET/CT imaging and biodistribution studies were conducted in subcutaneous murine xenografts of glioma. Additionally, [18F]-AZC was then further evaluated in orthotopic glioma xenografts, by microPET/CT imaging accompanied with MRI and autoradiography for co-registration of the tumor. Immunofluorescence staining was also carried out to qualitatively evaluate the c-Met expression in tumor tissue, co-localizes with H&E staining. RESULTS This probe shows easy radiosynthesis, high stability in vitro and in vivo, high targeting affinity, and favorable lipophilicity and brain transport coefficient. [18F]-AZC demonstrates excellent tumor imaging properties in vivo and can delineate c-Met positive glioma specifically at 1 h after intravenous injection of the probe. Moreover, favorable correlation was observed between the [18F]-AZC accumulation and the amount of c-Met expression in tumor. CONCLUSION This novel imaging probe could be applied as a valuable tool for management of anti-c-Met therapies in patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Bu
- PET-CT/MRI Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- PET-CT Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Aiyan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kaijun Geng
- National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hongyan Feng
- PET-CT/MRI Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Li Li
- PET-CT/MRI Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117, Shandong, China.
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Candido MF, Medeiros M, Veronez LC, Bastos D, Oliveira KL, Pezuk JA, Valera ET, Brassesco MS. Drugging Hijacked Kinase Pathways in Pediatric Oncology: Opportunities and Current Scenario. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020664. [PMID: 36839989 PMCID: PMC9966033 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood cancer is considered rare, corresponding to ~3% of all malignant neoplasms in the human population. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports a universal occurrence of more than 15 cases per 100,000 inhabitants around the globe, and despite improvements in diagnosis, treatment and supportive care, one child dies of cancer every 3 min. Consequently, more efficient, selective and affordable therapeutics are still needed in order to improve outcomes and avoid long-term sequelae. Alterations in kinases' functionality is a trademark of cancer and the concept of exploiting them as drug targets has burgeoned in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry of the 21st century. Consequently, an increasing plethora of inhibitors has emerged. In the present study, the expression patterns of a selected group of kinases (including tyrosine receptors, members of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways, coordinators of cell cycle progression, and chromosome segregation) and their correlation with clinical outcomes in pediatric solid tumors were accessed through the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform and by a thorough search of published literature. To further illustrate the importance of kinase dysregulation in the pathophysiology of pediatric cancer, we analyzed the vulnerability of different cancer cell lines against their inhibition through the Cancer Dependency Map portal, and performed a search for kinase-targeted compounds with approval and clinical applicability through the CanSAR knowledgebase. Finally, we provide a detailed literature review of a considerable set of small molecules that mitigate kinase activity under experimental testing and clinical trials for the treatment of pediatric tumors, while discuss critical challenges that must be overcome before translation into clinical options, including the absence of compounds designed specifically for childhood tumors which often show differential mutational burdens, intrinsic and acquired resistance, lack of selectivity and adverse effects on a growing organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ferreira Candido
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Medeiros
- Regional Blood Center, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Chain Veronez
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - David Bastos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla Laissa Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Alejandra Pezuk
- Departament of Biotechnology and Innovation, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, São Paulo 04119-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Elvis Terci Valera
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - María Sol Brassesco
- Departament of Biotechnology and Innovation, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, São Paulo 04119-001, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3315-9144; Fax: +55-16-3315-4886
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Rilotumumab Resistance Acquired by Intracrine Hepatocyte Growth Factor Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020460. [PMID: 36672409 PMCID: PMC9857108 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a long-standing impediment to effective systemic cancer therapy and acquired drug resistance is a growing problem for molecularly-targeted therapeutics that otherwise have shown unprecedented successes in disease control. The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/Met receptor pathway signaling is frequently involved in cancer and has been a subject of targeted drug development for nearly 30 years. To anticipate and study specific resistance mechanisms associated with targeting this pathway, we engineered resistance to the HGF-neutralizing antibody rilotumumab in glioblastoma cells harboring autocrine HGF/Met signaling, a frequent abnormality of this brain cancer in humans. We found that rilotumumab resistance was acquired through an unusual mechanism comprising dramatic HGF overproduction and misfolding, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-response signaling and redirected vesicular trafficking that effectively sequestered rilotumumab and misfolded HGF from native HGF and activated Met. Amplification of MET and HGF genes, with evidence of rapidly acquired intron-less, reverse-transcribed copies in DNA, was also observed. These changes enabled persistent Met pathway activation and improved cell survival under stress conditions. Point mutations in the HGF pathway or other complementary or downstream growth regulatory cascades that are frequently associated with targeted drug resistance in other prevalent cancer types were not observed. Although resistant cells were significantly more malignant, they retained sensitivity to Met kinase inhibition and acquired sensitivity to inhibition of ER stress signaling and cholesterol biosynthesis. Defining this mechanism reveals details of a rapidly acquired yet highly-orchestrated multisystem route of resistance to a selective molecularly-targeted agent and suggests strategies for early detection and effective intervention.
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Saker Z, Rizk M, Bahmad HF, Nabha SM. Targeting Angiogenic Factors for the Treatment of Medulloblastoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:864-886. [PMID: 35412196 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-00981-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most frequent pediatric brain tumor. Despite conventional therapy, MB patients have high mortality and morbidity rates mainly due to the incomplete understanding of the molecular and cellular processes involved in development of this cancer. Similar to other solid tumors, MB demonstrated high endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenic activity, wherein new blood vessels arise from the pre-existing vasculature, a process named angiogenesis. MB angiogenesis is considered a hallmark for MB development, progression, and metastasis emphasizing its potential target for antitumor therapy. However, angiogenesis is tightly regulated by a set of angiogenic factors making it a complex process to be targeted. Although agents targeting these factors and their receptors are early in development, the potential for their targeting may translate into improvement in the clinical care for MB patients. In this review, we focus on the most potent angiogenic factors and their corresponding receptors, highlighting their basic properties and expression in MB. We describe their contribution to MB tumorigenesis and angiogenesis and the potential therapeutic targeting of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Saker
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mahdi Rizk
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hisham F Bahmad
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 4300 Alton Rd, Miami Beach, FL, 33140, USA.
| | - Sanaa M Nabha
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Grundy M, Narendran A. The hepatocyte growth factor/mesenchymal epithelial transition factor axis in high-risk pediatric solid tumors and the anti-tumor activity of targeted therapeutic agents. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:910268. [PMID: 36034555 PMCID: PMC9399617 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.910268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials completed in the last two decades have contributed significantly to the improved overall survival of children with cancer. In spite of these advancements, disease relapse still remains a significant cause of death in this patient population. Often, increasing the intensity of current protocols is not feasible because of cumulative toxicity and development of drug resistance. Therefore, the identification and clinical validation of novel targets in high-risk and refractory childhood malignancies are essential to develop effective new generation treatment protocols. A number of recent studies have shown that the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor Mesenchymal epithelial transition factor (c-MET) influence the growth, survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis of cancer cells. Therefore, the c-MET receptor tyrosine kinase and HGF have been identified as potential targets for cancer therapeutics and recent years have seen a race to synthesize molecules to block their expression and function. In this review we aim to summarize the literature that explores the potential and biological rationale for targeting the HGF/c-MET pathway in common and high-risk pediatric solid tumors. We also discuss selected recent and ongoing clinical trials with these agents in relapsed pediatric tumors that may provide applicable future treatments for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Grundy
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Aru Narendran
- POETIC Laboratory for Preclinical and Drug Discovery Studies, Division of Pediatric Oncology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Yang X, Liao HY, Zhang HH. Roles of MET in human cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 525:69-83. [PMID: 34951962 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The MET proto-oncogene was first identified in osteosarcoma cells exposed to carcinogens. Although expressed in many normal cells, MET is overexpressed in many human cancers. MET is involved in the initiation and development of various human cancers and mediates proliferation, migration and invasion. Accordingly, MET has been successfully used as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis, survival, post-operative recurrence, risk assessment and pathologic grading, as well as a therapeutic target. In addition, recent work indicates that inhibition of MET expression and function has potential clinical benefit. This review summarizes the role, mechanism, and clinical significance of MET in the formation and development of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Yang Liao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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Molinaro C, Martoriati A, Lescuyer A, Fliniaux I, Tulasne D, Cailliau K. 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) mediates crosstalk between Src and Akt pathways in MET receptor signaling. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2655-2664. [PMID: 34551132 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptor MET plays a pivotal role in several facets of cell regulation. Although its mitogenic effect is well documented, some aspects of connection patterns between signaling pathways involved in cell cycle progression remain to be deciphered. We have used a tractable heterologous expression system, the Xenopus oocyte, to detect connections between distinct MET signaling cascades involved in G2/M progression. Our results reveal that Src acts as an adapter via its SH2 domain to recruit 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) to the MET signaling complex leading to Akt phosphorylation. These data define an original crosstalk between Src and Akt signaling pathways that contributes to MET-induced entry into the M phase, and deserves further investigation in pathologies harboring deregulation of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Molinaro
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Alain Martoriati
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Arlette Lescuyer
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Ingrid Fliniaux
- Inserm U1003-PHYCEL-Cellular Physiology, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - David Tulasne
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Katia Cailliau
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
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Park Y, Park J, Ahn JW, Sim JM, Kang SJ, Kim S, Hwang SJ, Han SH, Sung KS, Lim J. Transcriptomic Landscape of Lower Grade Glioma Based on Age-Related Non-Silent Somatic Mutations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:2281-2295. [PMID: 34205437 PMCID: PMC8293196 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28030210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioma accounts for 80% of all malignant brain tumours and is the most common adult primary brain tumour. Age is an important factor affecting the development of cancer, as somatic mutations accumulate with age. Here, we aimed to analyse the significance of age-dependent non-silent somatic mutations in glioma prognosis. Histological tumour grade depends on age at diagnosis in patients with IDH1, TP53, ATRX, and EGFR mutations. Age of patients with wild-type IDH1 and EGFR increased with increase in tumour grade, while the age of patients with IDH1 or EGFR mutation remained constant. However, the age of patients with EGFR mutation was higher than that of patients with IDH1 mutation. The hierarchical clustering of patients was dominantly separated by IDH1 and EGFR mutations. Furthermore, patients with IDH1 mutation were dominantly separated by TP53 and ATRX double mutation and its double wild-type counterpart. The age of patients with ATRX and TP53 mutation was lower than that of patients with wild-type ATRX and TP53. Patients with the double mutation showed poorer prognosis than those with the double wild type genotype. Unlike IDH1 mutant, IDH1 wild-type showed upregulation of expression of epithelial mesenchymal transition associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungJoon Park
- Institute Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (Y.P.); (J.P.); (J.W.A.); (S.J.K.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea; (J.M.S.); (S.K.); (S.J.H.)
| | - JeongMan Park
- Institute Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (Y.P.); (J.P.); (J.W.A.); (S.J.K.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea; (J.M.S.); (S.K.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Ju Won Ahn
- Institute Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (Y.P.); (J.P.); (J.W.A.); (S.J.K.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea; (J.M.S.); (S.K.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Jeong Min Sim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea; (J.M.S.); (S.K.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Su Jung Kang
- Institute Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (Y.P.); (J.P.); (J.W.A.); (S.J.K.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea; (J.M.S.); (S.K.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Suwan Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea; (J.M.S.); (S.K.); (S.J.H.)
| | - So Jung Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea; (J.M.S.); (S.K.); (S.J.H.)
- Global Research Supporting Center, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea
| | - Song-Hee Han
- Department of Pathology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea;
| | - Kyoung Su Sung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
- Correspondence: or (K.S.S.); or (J.L.); Tel.: +82-51-240-5241 (K.S.S.); +82-31-780-5688 (J.L.)
| | - Jaejoon Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea; (J.M.S.); (S.K.); (S.J.H.)
- Correspondence: or (K.S.S.); or (J.L.); Tel.: +82-51-240-5241 (K.S.S.); +82-31-780-5688 (J.L.)
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HGF/c-Met Signalling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1270:31-44. [PMID: 33123991 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-47189-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has become clearer that tumor plasticity increases the chance that cancer cells could acquire new mechanisms to escape immune surveillance, become resistant to conventional drugs, and spread to distant sites.Effectively, tumor plasticity drives adaptive response of cancer cells to hypoxia and nutrient deprivation leading to stimulation of neoangionesis or tumor escape. Therefore, tumor plasticity is believed to be a great contributor in recurrence and metastatic dissemination of cancer cells. Importantly, it could be an Achilles' heel of cancer if we could identify molecular mechanisms dictating this phenotype.The reactivation of stem-like signalling pathways is considered a great determinant of tumor plasticity; in addition, a key role has been also attributed to tumor microenvironment (TME). Indeed, it has been proved that cancer cells interact with different cells in the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Interestingly, well-established communication represents a potential allied in maintenance of a plastic phenotype in cancer cells supporting tumor growth and spread. An important signalling pathway mediating cancer cell-TME crosstalk is represented by the HGF/c-Met signalling.Here, we review the role of the HGF/c-Met signalling in tumor-stroma crosstalk focusing on novel findings underlying its role in tumor plasticity, immune escape, and development of adaptive mechanisms.
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Yuan S, Gong Y, Chen R, Du J, Zhang H, Chen T. Chinese herbal formula QHF inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis via HGF/c-Met signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110867. [PMID: 33075668 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors, and high recurrence and metastasis are the major obstacles to successful treatment of HCC. Traditional Chinese medicine has little known and unique advantages in the treatment of HCC. Previous studies have confirmed that Chinese herbal formula Qingrejiedu (clears away heat and toxins), Huoxuehuayu (promotes blood flow to remove stasis) and Fuzhengguben (strengthens healthy qi and root) (QHF) has a significant effect on patients with advanced HCC, improves the quality of life and prolongs the survival time of patients significantly. In this study, we investigated the effect of QHF on proliferation, migration and invasion of human high metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HCCLM3 and its underlying mechanism. The results from our in vitro experiments showed that QHF has the ability to inhibit the proliferation by inducing G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and induce apoptosis. Moreover, QHF can also inhibit migration and invasion of HCCLM3 cells and the expression of the p-c-Met protein in HCCLM3 cells was down-regulated. c-Met is closely related to the metastasis of HCC, then we constructed a stable transfected cell line HepG2-met with high expression of c-Met by transfection. Further study in vivo revealed that c-Met gene will promote the growth of tumors and lung metastases in nude mice, and QHF intervention can reduce tumor lung metastases by inhibiting the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway. In conclusion, our study reveals that QHF can inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCCLM3, and this effect may be related to inhibiting HGF/c-Met signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenjun Yuan
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China; Department of Pathology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Yuyuan Gong
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China; Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Ruobing Chen
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China; Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Juan Du
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China; Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China; Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China.
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HGF/MET Signaling in Malignant Brain Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207546. [PMID: 33066121 PMCID: PMC7590206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) ligand and its receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) are important regulators of cellular processes such as proliferation, motility, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration. In healthy adult somatic cells, this ligand and receptor pair is expressed at low levels and has little activity except when tissue injuries arise. In cancer cells, HGF/MET are often overexpressed, and this overexpression is found to correlate with tumorigenesis, metastasis, and poorer overall prognosis. This review focuses on the signaling of these molecules in the context of malignant brain tumors. RTK signaling pathways are among the most common and universally dysregulated pathways in gliomas. We focus on the role of HGF/MET in the following primary malignant brain tumors: astrocytomas, glioblastomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, and embryonal central nervous system tumors (including medulloblastomas and others). Brain metastasis, as well as current advances in targeted therapies, are also discussed.
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Laneve P, Caffarelli E. The Non-coding Side of Medulloblastoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:275. [PMID: 32528946 PMCID: PMC7266940 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common pediatric brain tumor and a primary cause of cancer-related death in children. Until a few years ago, only clinical and histological features were exploited for MB pathological classification and outcome prognosis. In the past decade, the advancement of high-throughput molecular analyses that integrate genetic, epigenetic, and expression data, together with the availability of increasing wealth of patient samples, revealed the existence of four molecularly distinct MB subgroups. Their further classification into 12 subtypes not only reduced the well-characterized intertumoral heterogeneity, but also provided new opportunities for the design of targets for precision oncology. Moreover, the identification of tumorigenic and self-renewing subpopulations of cancer stem cells in MB has increased our knowledge of its biology. Despite these advancements, the origin of MB is still debated, and its molecular bases are poorly characterized. A major goal in the field is to identify the key genes that drive tumor growth and the mechanisms through which they are able to promote tumorigenesis. So far, only protein-coding genes acting as oncogenic drivers have been characterized in each MB subgroup. The contribution of the non-coding side of the genome, which produces a plethora of transcripts that control fundamental biological processes, as the cell choice between proliferation and differentiation, is still unappreciated. This review wants to fill this major gap by summarizing the recent findings on the impact of non-coding RNAs in MB initiation and progression. Furthermore, their potential role as specific MB biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Laneve
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Caffarelli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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13
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Sa JK, Kim SH, Lee JK, Cho HJ, Shin YJ, Shin H, Koo H, Kim D, Lee M, Kang W, Hong SH, Kim JY, Park YW, Song SW, Lee SJ, Joo KM, Nam DH. Identification of genomic and molecular traits that present therapeutic vulnerability to HGF-targeted therapy in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2020; 21:222-233. [PMID: 29939324 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a complex disease with profound genomic alterations and extensive heterogeneity. Recent studies on large-scale genomics have shed light on the impact of core oncogenic pathways, which are frequently dysregulated in a wide spectrum of cancer types. Aberrant activation of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling axis has been associated with promoting various oncogenic programs during tumor initiation, progression, and treatment resistance. As a result, HGF-targeted therapy has emerged as an attractive therapeutic approach. However, recent clinical trials involving HGF-targeted therapies have demonstrated rather disappointing results. Thus, an alternative, in-depth assessment of new patient stratification is necessary to shift the current clinical course. METHODS To address such challenges, we have evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of YYB-101, an HGF-neutralizing antibody, in a series of primary glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we performed genome and transcriptome analysis to determine genetic and molecular traits that exhibit therapeutic susceptibility to HGF-mediated therapy. RESULTS We have identified several differentially expressed genes, including MET, KDR, and SOX3, which are associated with tumor invasiveness, malignancy, and unfavorable prognosis in glioblastoma patients. We also demonstrated the HGF-MET signaling axis as a key molecular determinant in GSC invasion, and we discovered that a significant association in HGF expression existed between mesenchymal phenotype and immune cell recruitment. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of MET and mesenchymal cellular state are essential in generating HGF-mediated therapeutic responses. Our results provide an important framework for evaluating HGF-targeted therapy in future clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Sa
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Heon Kim
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ku Lee
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cho
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jae Shin
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemi Shin
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Harim Koo
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donggeon Kim
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijeong Lee
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyoung Kang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sung Hee Hong
- Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,National OncoVenture, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yong Kim
- National OncoVenture, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Whan Park
- National OncoVenture, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Won Song
- Yooyoung Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Guro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Jae Lee
- Yooyoung Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Guro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeung Min Joo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Xu Q, Hu C, Zhu Y, Wang K, Lal B, Li L, Tang J, Wei S, Huang G, Xia S, Lv S, Laterra J, Jiang Y, Li Y. ShRNA-based POLD2 expression knockdown sensitizes glioblastoma to DNA-Damaging therapeutics. Cancer Lett 2020; 482:126-135. [PMID: 31954770 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) has limited therapeutic options. DNA repair mechanisms contribute GBM cells to escape therapies and re-establish tumor growth. Multiple studies have shown that POLD2 plays a critical role in DNA replication, DNA repair and genomic stability. We demonstrate for the first time that POLD2 is highly expressed in human glioma specimens and that expression correlates with poor patient survival. siRNA or shRNA POLD2 inhibited GBM cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, invasiveness, sensitized GBM cells to chemo/radiation-induced cell death and reversed the cytoprotective effects of EGFR signaling. Conversely, forced POLD2 expression was found to induce GBM cell proliferation, colony formation, invasiveness and chemo/radiation resistance. POLD2 expression associated with stem-like cell subsets (CD133+ and SSEA-1+ cells) and positively correlated with Sox2 expression in clinical specimens. Its expression was induced by Sox2 and inhibited by the forced differentiation of GBM neurospheres. shRNA-POLD2 modestly inhibited GBM neurosphere-derived orthotopic xenografts growth, when combined with radiation, dramatically inhibited xenograft growth in a cooperative fashion. These novel findings identify POLD2 as a new potential therapeutic target for enhancing GBM response to current standard of care therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfu Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, PR China; Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Chengchen Hu
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, PR China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Kimberly Wang
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Bachuchu Lal
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Lichao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Junhai Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Shuang Wei
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Guohao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Shuli Xia
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Shengqing Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - John Laterra
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Yugang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, PR China
| | - Yunqing Li
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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15
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Van Ommeren R, Garzia L, Holgado BL, Ramaswamy V, Taylor MD. The molecular biology of medulloblastoma metastasis. Brain Pathol 2020; 30:691-702. [PMID: 31883407 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor of childhood and a significant contributor to pediatric morbidity and death. While metastatic dissemination is the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality for patients with this disease, most research efforts and clinical trials to date have focused on the primary tumor; this is due mostly to the paucity of metastatic tumor samples and lack of robust mouse models of MB dissemination. Most current insights into the molecular drivers of metastasis have been derived from comparative molecular studies of metastatic and non-metastatic primary tumors. However, small studies on matched primary and metastatic tissues and recently developed mouse models of dissemination have begun to uncover the molecular biology of MB metastasis more directly. With respect to anatomical routes of dissemination, a hematogenous route for MB metastasis has recently been demonstrated, opening new avenues of investigation. The tumor micro-environment of the primary and metastatic niches has also been increasingly scrutinized in recent years, and further investigation of these tumor compartments is likely to result in a better understanding of the molecular mediators of MB colonization and growth in metastatic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Van Ommeren
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Livia Garzia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Borja L Holgado
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Senior Author
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16
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Ethanol Extract of Securidaca longipedunculata Induces Apoptosis in Brain Tumor (U87) Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9826590. [PMID: 30931334 PMCID: PMC6413385 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9826590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Incidence of cancer is estimated to be on the increase and current anticancer drugs are characterized by narrow margin of safety and side effects. There is the need to explore new drugs especially from plants since plants serve as major source of drugs. Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen plant is called the mother of all medicines in northern Nigeria and is used traditionally in the treatment of cancers by most traditional medicine practitioners in the region. This study is aimed at evaluating the anticancer activity of the plant extract using U87 brain tumor cell line. Ethanol extract of its root bark was prepared and fractionated by silica gel column chromatography. In vitro activity of the extract and fractions were assessed on the viability of U87 malignant brain tumor cell line by using hemacytometer, annexin V-PE and 7AAD flow cytometry and western blot detection of Poly-ADP-Ribose-Polymerase (PARP) cleavage. The results showed that the extract significantly (p<0.01) inhibited proliferation of U87 cell line with IC50 of 20.535 μg/ml. Apoptosis was induced by the extract (41.53 ± 10.33%) and the polar fraction (47.3 ± 2.7%) via cleavage of PARP. It was concluded that the ethanol extract of S. longipedunculata root bark inhibited proliferation of U87 cell line and induced apoptosis by cleavage of PARP, thus supporting folkloric use of the plant in the management of cancers.
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17
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Fults DW, Taylor MD, Garzia L. Leptomeningeal dissemination: a sinister pattern of medulloblastoma growth. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2019; 23:613-621. [PMID: 30771762 DOI: 10.3171/2018.11.peds18506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Leptomeningeal dissemination (LMD) is the defining pattern of metastasis for medulloblastoma. Although LMD is responsible for virtually 100% of medulloblastoma deaths, it remains the least well-understood part of medulloblastoma pathogenesis. The fact that medulloblastomas rarely metastasize outside the CNS but rather spread almost exclusively to the spinal and intracranial leptomeninges has fostered the long-held belief that medulloblastoma cells spread directly through the CSF, not the bloodstream. In this paper the authors discuss selected molecules for which experimental evidence explains how the effects of each molecule on cell physiology contribute mechanistically to LMD. A model of medulloblastoma LMD is described, analogous to the invasion-metastasis cascade of hematogenous metastasis of carcinomas. The LMD cascade is based on the molecular themes that 1) transcription factors launch cell programs that mediate cell motility and invasiveness and maintain tumor cells in a stem-like state; 2) disseminating medulloblastoma cells escape multiple death threats by subverting apoptosis; and 3) inflammatory chemokine signaling promotes LMD by creating an oncogenic microenvironment. The authors also review recent experimental evidence that challenges the belief that CSF spread is the sole mechanism of LMD and reveal an alternative scheme in which medulloblastoma cells can enter the bloodstream and subsequently home to the leptomeninges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Fults
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Michael D Taylor
- 2Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Center, and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Livia Garzia
- 3Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center and Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Rashed WM. C-MET as a potential target therapy toward personalized therapy in some pediatric tumors: An overview. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 131:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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19
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Zhan N, Michael AA, Wu K, Zeng G, Bell A, Tao J, Monga SP. The Effect of Selective c-MET Inhibitor on Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the MET-Active, β-Catenin-Mutated Mouse Model. Gene Expr 2018; 18:135-147. [PMID: 29409568 PMCID: PMC5954626 DOI: 10.3727/105221618x15174108894682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous mutations in CTNNB1 and activation of c-MET occur in 9%-12.5% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Coexpression of c-MET-V5 and mutant β-catenin-Myc in mouse liver by sleeping beauty transposon/transposase and hydrodynamic tail vein injection (SB-HTVI) led to the development of HCC with 70% molecular identity to the clinical subset. Using this model, we investigated the effect of EMD1214063, a highly selective c-MET inhibitor. Five weeks after SB-HTVI when tumors were established, EMD1214063 (10 mg/kg) was administered by gastric gavage as a single agent on 5-day-on/3-day-off schedule, compared to vehicle only control. Mice were harvested at 8 or 11 weeks posttreatment. Decreased p-MET, p-AKT, p-STAT3, and p-ERK proved in vivo efficacy of EMD1214063. We observed lower Ki-67, PCNA, V5-tag, and cyclin D1 after EMD1214063 treatment only at 8 weeks. Overall, no significant differences were observed in tumor burden between the groups, although EMD1214063 marginally but significantly improved overall survival by 1.5-2 weeks. Tumors remained α-fetoprotein+, did not show any differences in inflammation, and lacked fibrosis in either group. In conclusion, c-MET inhibition alone had a minor effect on Met-β-catenin HCC at the early stages of HCC development. Thus, a single therapy with the c-MET inhibitor will be insufficient for sustained response in Met-β-catenin HCC requiring assessment of additional combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhan
- *Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- †Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- ‡Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adeola Adebayo Michael
- *Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- ‡Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Wu
- †Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Gang Zeng
- *Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aaron Bell
- *Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- ‡Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Junyan Tao
- *Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- ‡Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- *Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- ‡Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- §Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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20
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Geller JI, Perentesis JP, Liu X, Minard CG, Kudgus RA, Reid JM, Fox E, Blaney SM, Weigel BJ. A phase 1 study of the c-Met inhibitor, tivantinib (ARQ197) in children with relapsed or refractory solid tumors: A Children's Oncology Group study phase 1 and pilot consortium trial (ADVL1111). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64:10.1002/pbc.26565. [PMID: 28449393 PMCID: PMC5657151 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase is dysregulated in many pediatric cancers. Tivantinib is an oral small molecule that inhibits the c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase. A phase 1 and pharmacokinetic (PK) trial evaluating tivantinib was conducted in children with relapsed/refractory solid tumors. METHODS Oral tivantinib capsules were administered twice daily with food, continuously in 28-day cycles. Dose levels 170, 200, and 240 mg/m2 /dose were evaluated using a rolling-six design (Part A). In Part B, subjects received tivantinib powder sprinkled on food at the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) from Part A. PK, CYP2C19 genotyping, and baseline tumor tissue c-Met expression were analyzed. RESULTS Thirty-six patients were enrolled: 20 in Part A, 6 in a PK expansion cohort, and 10 in Part B. Fifteen patients had primary central nervous system tumors and 21 had solid tumors. In Part A, there were no dose-limiting toxicities. One grade 4 intracranial hemorrhage occurred in a patient with a progressive brain tumor in the expanded PK cohort (240 mg/m2 ). PK analysis showed marked interpatient variability (20-fold) in the Cmax and AUC0-8h across all dose levels. Sprinkling tivantinib powder over food did not alter exposure. Membranous and total c-Met expression was moderate (2), low (4), or not detected (26). Two patients had stable disease as the best response. CONCLUSIONS The RP2D of tivantinib given with food in children with refractory solid tumors is 240 mg/m2 /dose. PK of tivantinib in children demonstrated high variability. Objective responses were not observed in this phase 1 trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I. Geller
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - John P. Perentesis
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Charles G. Minard
- Dan L. Duncan Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Fox
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Susan M. Blaney
- Dan L. Duncan Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Brenda J. Weigel
- Masonic Children’s Hospital, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN
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21
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Dai J, Li Q, Bing Z, Zhang Y, Niu L, Yin H, Yuan G, Pan Y. Comprehensive analysis of a microRNA expression profile in pediatric medulloblastoma. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:4109-4115. [PMID: 28440450 PMCID: PMC5436210 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor of the central nervous system among children. Medulloblastoma is an embryonal tumor, of which little is known about the pathogenesis. Several efforts have been made to understand the molecular aspects of its tumorigenic pathways; however, these are poorly understood. microRNA (miRNA), a type of non-coding short RNA, has been proven to be associated with a number of physiological processes and pathological processes of serious diseases, including brain tumors. Differentially expressed miRNAs serve an important role in numerous types of malignancy. The present study aims to define a differentially expressed set of miRNAs in medulloblastoma tumor tissue, compared with normal samples, to improve the understanding of the tumorigenesis. It was identified that 22 miRNAs were upregulated and 26 miRNAs were downregulated in the tumor tissue compared with the normal group. However, when the medulloblastoma tissue was compared with normal cerebellum tissue, 9 miRNAs were identified to be up or downregulated in the tumor samples. The differentially expressed miRNAs in the tumor tissue were identified in order to clarify the networks and pathways of tumorigenesis using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Subsequently, key regulatory genes associated with the development of medulloblastoma were identified, including tumor protein p53, insulin like growth factor 1 receptor, argonaute 2, mitogen-activated protein kinases 1 and 3, sirtuin 1 and Y box binding protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Zhitong Bing
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yinian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Liang Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Yuan
- Institute of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Yawen Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
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22
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Jeon HM, Lee J. MET: roles in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stemness. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:5. [PMID: 28164090 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.12.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In a number of cancers, deregulated MET pathway leads to aberrantly activated proliferative and invasive signaling programs that promote malignant transformation, cell motility and migration, angiogenesis, survival in hypoxia, and invasion. A better understanding of oncogenic MET signaling will help us to discover effective therapeutic approaches and to identify which tumors are likely to respond to MET-targeted cancer therapy. In this review, we will summarize the roles of MET signaling in cancer, with particular focus on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stemness. Then, we will provide update on MET targeting agents and discuss the challenges that should be overcome for the development of an effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Min Jeon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jeongwu Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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23
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Lopez-Bertoni H, Lal B, Michelson N, Guerrero-Cázares H, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Li Y, Laterra J. Epigenetic modulation of a miR-296-5p:HMGA1 axis regulates Sox2 expression and glioblastoma stem cells. Oncogene 2016; 35:4903-13. [PMID: 26898758 PMCID: PMC6151872 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Solid malignancies contain subsets of multipotent cells that grow as spheres and efficiently propagate tumors in xenograft models, reflecting a stem-like, self-renewing and tumor-propagating phenotype. These cancer 'stem cells (SCs)' have been shown to maintain tumor growth, contribute to resistance and drive tumor recurrence. Cancer cell stemness is dynamically influenced by epigenetic mechanisms and differentially regulated coding and noncoding RNAs. How these mechanisms specifically contribute to the generation and/or maintenance of cancer SCs remains unclear. This study identifies a novel epigenetically regulated circuit that integrates microRNA, chromatin remodeling and the reprogramming transcription factor Sox2 to regulate glioblastoma (GBM)-propagating SCs. We show that miR-296-5p expression is repressed in a DNA methylation-dependent manner under conditions that promote GBM cell stemness and that miR-296-5p inhibits GBM cell stemness and their capacity to self-renew as spheres and propagate glioma xenografts in vivo. We show that the chromatin remodeling protein HMGA1 functions as a downstream effector of these biological responses to miR-296-5p and regulates Sox2 expression, a master driver of cell stemness, by modifying chromatin architecture at the Sox2 promoter. These results show for the first time that miR-296-5p inhibits transcriptional mechanisms that support GBM SCs and identify a miR-296-5p:HMGA1:Sox2 axis as a novel regulator of GBM SCs and candidate pathway for targeting therapies directed at depleting tumors of their tumor-propagating stem cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lopez-Bertoni
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - B Lal
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - N Michelson
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H Guerrero-Cázares
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Quiñones-Hinojosa
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Y Li
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Laterra
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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24
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Zomerman WW, Plasschaert SLA, Diks SH, Lourens HJ, Meeuwsen-de Boer T, Hoving EW, den Dunnen WFA, de Bont ESJM. Exogenous HGF Bypasses the Effects of ErbB Inhibition on Tumor Cell Viability in Medulloblastoma Cell Lines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141381. [PMID: 26496080 PMCID: PMC4619778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials investigating receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors showed a limited clinical response in medulloblastoma. The present study investigated the role of micro-environmental growth factors expressed in the brain, such as HGF and EGF, in relation to the effects of hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor family (ErbB1-4) inhibition in medulloblastoma cell lines. Medulloblastoma cell lines were treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors crizotinib or canertinib, targeting MET and ErbB1-4, respectively. Upon treatment, cells were stimulated with VEGF-A, PDGF-AB, HGF, FGF-2 or EGF. Subsequently, we measured cell viability and expression levels of growth factors and downstream signaling proteins. Addition of HGF or EGF phosphorylated MET or EGFR, respectively, and demonstrated phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 as well as increased tumor cell viability. Crizotinib and canertinib both inhibited cell viability and phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2. Specifically targeting MET using shRNA’s resulted in decreased cell viability. Interestingly, addition of HGF to canertinib significantly enhanced cell viability as well as phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2. The HGF-induced bypass of canertinib was reversed by addition of crizotinib. HGF protein was hardly released by medulloblastoma cells itself. Addition of canertinib did not affect RTK cell surface or growth factor expression levels. This manuscript points to the bypassing capacity of exogenous HGF in medulloblastoma cell lines. It might be of great interest to anticipate on these results in developing novel clinical trials with a combination of MET and EGFR inhibitors in medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walderik W. Zomerman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine L. A. Plasschaert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Sander H. Diks
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harm-Jan Lourens
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tiny Meeuwsen-de Boer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco W. Hoving
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F. A. den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline S. J. M. de Bont
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Saunders VC, Lafitte M, Adrados I, Quereda V, Feurstein D, Ling Y, Fallahi M, Rosenberg LH, Duckett DR. Identification of an EGFRvIII-JNK2-HGF/c-Met–Signaling Axis Required for Intercellular Crosstalk and Glioblastoma Multiforme Cell Invasion. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:962-9. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.097774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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26
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and most lethal of all primary brain tumors. Even with the standard therapy, life expectancy is still poor, with an average survival of approximately 14 months following initial diagnosis. Hence, there is an urgent need for novel treatment strategies that inhibit proliferation and angiogenesis in high-grade gliomas. One such strategy consists of inhibiting receptor tyrosine kinases, including MET and/or its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Because of their widespread involvement in human cancer, HGF and MET have emerged as promising therapeutic targets, and some inhibitory agents that target them have already entered clinical trials. In this paper, the authors highlight recent evidence implicating HGF/MET pathway deregulation in glioblastoma multiforme, discuss therapeutic approaches to inhibit HGF/MET signaling, and summarize ongoing clinical trials targeting this pathway.
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27
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Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. It is currently stratified into four molecular variants through the advances in transcriptional profiling. They include: wingless, sonic hedgehog (SHH), Group III, and Group IV. The SHH group is characterized by constitutive activation of the SHH signaling pathway, and genetically characterized by mutations in patched homolog 1 (PTCH1) or other downstream pathway mutations. SHH inhibitors have become of great clinical interest in treating SHH-driven medulloblastoma. Many inhibitors are currently in different stages of development, some already approved for other SHH-driven cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma. In vitro and in vivo medulloblastoma studies have shown efficacy and these findings have been translated into Phase I and II clinical trials. In this review, we present an overview of SHH medulloblastoma, as well as a discussion of currently available SHH inhibitors, and the challenges associated with their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Samkari
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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28
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Blumenthal SS. Evolution of Treatment for Diabetic Nephropathy: Historical Progression from RAAS Inhibition and Onward. Postgrad Med 2015; 123:166-79. [DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2011.11.2506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Camacho CV, Todorova PK, Gillam MC, Tomimatsu N, del Alcazar CRG, Ilcheva M, Mukherjee B, McEllin B, Vemireddy V, Hatanpaa K, Story MD, Habib AA, Murty VV, Bachoo R, Burma S. DNA double-strand breaks cooperate with loss of Ink4 and Arf tumor suppressors to generate glioblastomas with frequent Met amplification. Oncogene 2015; 34:1064-72. [PMID: 24632607 PMCID: PMC4167163 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are highly radioresistant and lethal brain tumors. Ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are a risk factor for the development of GBM. In this study, we systematically examined the contribution of IR-induced DSBs to GBM development using transgenic mouse models harboring brain-targeted deletions of key tumor suppressors frequently lost in GBM, namely Ink4a, Ink4b, Arf and/or PTEN. Using low linear energy transfer (LET) X-rays to generate simple breaks or high LET HZE particles (Fe ions) to generate complex breaks, we found that DSBs induce high-grade gliomas in these mice which, otherwise, do not develop gliomas spontaneously. Loss of Ink4a and Arf was sufficient to trigger IR-induced glioma development but additional loss of Ink4b significantly increased tumor incidence. We analyzed IR-induced tumors for copy number alterations to identify oncogenic changes that were generated and selected for as a consequence of stochastic DSB events. We found Met amplification to be the most significant oncogenic event in these radiation-induced gliomas. Importantly, Met activation resulted in the expression of Sox2, a GBM cancer stem cell marker, and was obligatory for tumor formation. In sum, these results indicate that radiation-induced DSBs cooperate with loss of Ink4 and Arf tumor suppressors to generate high-grade gliomas that are commonly driven by Met amplification and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristel V. Camacho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Pavlina K. Todorova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Molly C. Gillam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Nozomi Tomimatsu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Mariya Ilcheva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Bipasha Mukherjee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Brian McEllin
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Vamsidhara Vemireddy
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kimmo Hatanpaa
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Michael D. Story
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Amyn A. Habib
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX
| | - Vundavalli V. Murty
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Robert Bachoo
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Sandeep Burma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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30
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Anagnostopoulos AK, Papathanassiou C, Karamolegou K, Anastasiadou E, Dimas KS, Kontos H, Koutsopoulos A, Prodromou N, Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou F, Tsangaris GT. Proteomic studies of pediatric medulloblastoma tumors with 17p deletion. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1076-88. [PMID: 25543836 DOI: 10.1021/pr501219f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CNS tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. Medulloblastoma is the commonest pediatric CNS malignancy, wherein, despite multimodal therapy with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, 5 year survival rates merely approach 60%. Until present, gene expression and cytogenetic studies have produced contradicting findings regarding the molecular background of the specific disease. Through integration of genomics, bioinformatics, and proteomics, the current study aims to shed light at the proteomic-related molecular events responsible for MBL pathophysiology, as well as to provide molecular/protein/pathway answers concerning tumor-onset. Experiments were performed on tissues collected at surgery. With 17p loss being the commonest chromosomal aberrance observed in our sample set, array-CGH were employed to first distinguish for 17p-positive cases. 2-DE coupled to mass spectrometry identification exposed the MBL-specific protein profile. Protein profiles of malignant tissues were compared against profiles of normal cerebellar tissues, and quantitative protein differences were determined. Bioinformatics, functional and database analyses, characterization, and subnetwork profiling generated information on MBL protein interactions. Key molecules of the PI3K/mTOR signaling network were identified via the techniques applied herein. Among the findings IGF2, PI3K, Rictor, MAPKAP1, S6K1, 4EBP1, and ELF4A, as part of the IGF network (implicating PI3K/mTOR), were founded to be deregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios K Anagnostopoulos
- Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens , Athens 115 27, Greece
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31
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Santhana Kumar K, Tripolitsioti D, Ma M, Grählert J, Egli KB, Fiaschetti G, Shalaby T, Grotzer MA, Baumgartner M. The Ser/Thr kinase MAP4K4 drives c-Met-induced motility and invasiveness in a cell-based model of SHH medulloblastoma. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:19. [PMID: 25625039 PMCID: PMC4302160 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0784-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) comprises four molecularly and genetically distinct subgroups of embryonal brain tumors that develop in the cerebellum. MB mostly affects infants and children and is difficult to treat because of frequent dissemination of tumor cells within the leptomeningeal space. A potential promoter of cell dissemination is the c-Met proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase, which is aberrantly expressed in many human tumors including MB. Database analysis showed that c-Met is highly expressed in the sonic hedgehog (SHH) subgroup and in a small subset of Group 3 and Group 4 MB tumors. Using a cell-based three-dimensional cell motility assay combined with live-cell imaging, we investigated whether the c-Met ligand HGF could drive dissemination of MB cells expressing high levels of c-Met, and determined downstream effector mechanisms of this process. We detected variable c-Met expression in different established human MB cell lines, and we found that in lines expressing high c-Met levels, HGF promoted cell dissemination and invasiveness. Specifically, HGF-induced c-Met activation enhanced the capability of the individual cells to migrate in a JNK-dependent manner. Additionally, we identified the Ser/Thr kinase MAP4K4 as a novel driver of c-Met-induced invasive cell dissemination. This increased invasive motility was due to MAP4K4 control of F-actin dynamics in structures required for migration and invasion. Thus, MAP4K4 couples growth factor signaling to actin cytoskeleton regulation in tumor cells, suggesting that MAP4K4 could present a promising novel target to be evaluated for treating growth factor-induced dissemination of MB tumors of different subgroups and of other human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthiga Santhana Kumar
- Department of Oncology, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimitra Tripolitsioti
- Department of Oncology, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Min Ma
- Department of Oncology, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Grählert
- Department of Oncology, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,Current address: Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katja B Egli
- Department of Oncology, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Fiaschetti
- Department of Oncology, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tarek Shalaby
- Department of Oncology, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Grotzer
- Department of Oncology, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Baumgartner
- Department of Oncology, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Children's Hospital Zürich, Department of Oncology, Children's Research Center, Neuro-Oncology group, August-Forel Strasse 1, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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32
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Faria CC, Golbourn BJ, Dubuc AM, Remke M, Diaz RJ, Agnihotri S, Luck A, Sabha N, Olsen S, Wu X, Garzia L, Ramaswamy V, Mack SC, Wang X, Leadley M, Reynaud D, Ermini L, Post M, Northcott PA, Pfister SM, Croul SE, Kool M, Korshunov A, Smith CA, Taylor MD, Rutka JT. Foretinib is effective therapy for metastatic sonic hedgehog medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 2014; 75:134-46. [PMID: 25391241 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor, with metastases present at diagnosis conferring a poor prognosis. Mechanisms of dissemination are poorly understood and metastatic lesions are genetically divergent from the matched primary tumor. Effective and less toxic therapies that target both compartments have yet to be identified. Here, we report that the analysis of several large nonoverlapping cohorts of patients with medulloblastoma reveals MET kinase as a marker of sonic hedgehog (SHH)-driven medulloblastoma. Immunohistochemical analysis of phosphorylated, active MET kinase in an independent patient cohort confirmed its correlation with increased tumor relapse and poor survival, suggesting that patients with SHH medulloblastoma may benefit from MET-targeted therapy. In support of this hypothesis, we found that the approved MET inhibitor foretinib could suppress MET activation, decrease tumor cell proliferation, and induce apoptosis in SHH medulloblastomas in vitro and in vivo. Foretinib penetrated the blood-brain barrier and was effective in both the primary and metastatic tumor compartments. In established mouse xenograft or transgenic models of metastatic SHH medulloblastoma, foretinib administration reduced the growth of the primary tumor, decreased the incidence of metastases, and increased host survival. Taken together, our results provide a strong rationale to clinically evaluate foretinib as an effective therapy for patients with SHH-driven medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Faria
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, EPE, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Brian J Golbourn
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adrian M Dubuc
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc Remke
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roberto J Diaz
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sameer Agnihotri
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amanda Luck
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nesrin Sabha
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Samantha Olsen
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xiaochong Wu
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Livia Garzia
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xin Wang
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Leadley
- Program in Physiology & Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Denis Reynaud
- Program in Physiology & Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Leonardo Ermini
- Program in Physiology & Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Martin Post
- Program in Physiology & Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology and Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology and Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sidney E Croul
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcel Kool
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology and Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Department of Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian A Smith
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - James T Rutka
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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33
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D'Asti E, Kool M, Pfister SM, Rak J. Coagulation and angiogenic gene expression profiles are defined by molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: evidence for growth factor-thrombin cross-talk. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:1838-49. [PMID: 25163932 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coagulation system becomes activated during progression and therapy of high-grade brain tumors. Triggering tissue factor (F3/TF) and thrombin receptors (F2R/PAR-1) may influence the vascular tumor microenvironment and angiogenesis irrespective of clinically apparent thrombosis. These processes are poorly understood in medulloblastoma (MB), in which diverse oncogenic pathways define at least four molecular disease subtypes (WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4). We asked whether there is a link between molecular subtype and the network of vascular regulators expressed in MB. METHODS Using R2 microarray analysis and visualization platform, we mined MB datasets for differential expression of vascular (coagulation and angiogenesis)-related genes, and explored their link to known oncogenic drivers. We evaluated the functional significance of this link in DAOY cells in vitro following growth factor and thrombin stimulation. RESULTS The coagulome and angiome differ across MB subtypes. F3/TF and F2R/PAR-1 mRNA expression are upregulated in SHH tumors and correlate with higher levels of hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET). Cultured DAOY (MB) cells exhibit an up-regulation of F3/TF and F2R/PAR-1 following combined SHH and MET ligand (HGF) treatment. These factors cooperate with thrombin, impacting the profile of vascular regulators, including interleukin 1β (IL1B) and chondromodulin 1 (LECT1). CONCLUSIONS Coagulation pathway sensors (F3/TF, F2R/PAR-1) are expressed in MB in a subtype-specific manner, and may be functionally linked to SHH and MET circuitry. Thus coagulation system perturbations may elicit subtype/context-specific changes in vascular and cellular responses in MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D'Asti
- Cancer and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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34
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Lopez-Bertoni H, Lal B, Li A, Caplan M, Guerrero-Cázares H, Eberhart CG, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Glas M, Scheffler B, Laterra J, Li Y. DNMT-dependent suppression of microRNA regulates the induction of GBM tumor-propagating phenotype by Oct4 and Sox2. Oncogene 2014; 34:3994-4004. [PMID: 25328136 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells represent poorly differentiated multipotent tumor-propagating cells that contribute disproportionately to therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence. Transcriptional mechanisms that control the phenotypic conversion of tumor cells lacking tumor-propagating potential to tumor-propagating stem-like cells remain obscure. Here we show that the reprogramming transcription factors Oct4 and Sox2 induce glioblastoma cells to become stem-like and tumor-propagating via a mechanism involving direct DNA methyl transferase (DNMT) promoter transactivation, resulting in global DNA methylation- and DNMT-dependent downregulation of multiple microRNAs (miRNAs). We show that one such downregulated miRNA, miRNA-148a, inhibits glioblastoma cell stem-like properties and tumor-propagating potential. This study identifies a novel and targetable molecular circuit by which glioma cell stemness and tumor-propagating capacity are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lopez-Bertoni
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - B Lal
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Li
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Caplan
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H Guerrero-Cázares
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C G Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Quiñones-Hinojosa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Glas
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, MediClin Robert Janker Klinik and University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurology, MediClin Robert Janker Klinik and University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, MediClin Robert Janker Klinik and University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - B Scheffler
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, MediClin Robert Janker Klinik and University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - J Laterra
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Y Li
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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The clinical value of serum hepatocyte growth factor levels in patients undergoing primary radiotherapy for glioma: effect on progression-free survival. Med Oncol 2014; 31:122. [PMID: 25064731 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to be overexpressed in gliomas, and high-grade gliomas (glioblastoma multiforme) express more HGF than lower-grade astrocytoma, and HGF enhances their resistance to radiotherapy. To examine the effect of serum HGF levels on the likelihood of response to radiotherapy and the disease-free survival in patients with glioma, the blood samples of the patients were collected before commencing treatment and serum HGF was measured by quantitative ELISA in 48 patients with glioma grade I-IV, and all patients underwent primary conventionally fractionated radiotherapy. For statistical analysis, SPSS Version 13.0 software was used. Thirty-eight of the 48 patients had a response to treatment, and ten patients had persistent disease at 3 months. Overall, the median serum HGF level was 1,219.5 pg/ml (range 650.4-2,264.7 pg/ml). Eight patients with local failure had HGF levels >1,219.5 pg/ml, and 28 patients with response had serum HGF level of ≤ 1,219.5 pg/ml (P = 0.01). The median time to progression was 6 months in patients with HGF level of >1,219.5 pg/ml compared with 17 months in patients with HGF level of ≤ 1,219.5 pg/ml (log-rank, P = 0.041). In multivariate analysis, serum HGF, the KPS, tumour size and pathological grade, but not the patient's age, gender and oligodendroglial component influenced the progression-free survival. Elevated pre-therapeutic serum HGF levels are associated with poor response and a shorter time to progression in patients with glioma undergoing primary radiotherapy.
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Zhang Y, Schiff D, Park D, Abounader R. MicroRNA-608 and microRNA-34a regulate chordoma malignancy by targeting EGFR, Bcl-xL and MET. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91546. [PMID: 24621885 PMCID: PMC3951453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordomas are rare malignant tumors that originate from the notochord remnants and occur in the skull base, spine and sacrum. Due to a very limited understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of chordoma, there are no adjuvant and molecular therapies besides surgical resection and radiation therapy. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding regulatory RNA molecules with critical roles in cancer. The role of miRNAs in chordomas is mostly unknown. We uncover microRNA-608 (miR-608) and microRNA-34a (miR-34a) as novel tumor suppressive microRNAs that regulate malignancy in chordoma. We find that miR-608 and miR-34a expressions are downregulated in human chordoma cell lines and primary cells at least partially via alteration of their genes' copy numbers. We identify the commonly deregulated oncogenes EGFR and Bcl-xL as direct targets of miR-608 and the receptor tyrosine kinase MET as direct target of miR-34a. We show that EGFR and MET activations promote chordoma cell proliferation and invasion and that pharmacological inhibition of EGFR and MET inhibits chordoma cell proliferation and survival. We demonstrate that restoration of miR-608 and miR-34a inhibits cell proliferation and invasion and induces apoptosis in chordoma cells. We find that miR-34a inversely correlates with MET expression and miR-608 inversely correlates with EGFR expression in chordoma cells. These findings demonstrate for the first time that miR-608 and miR-34a regulate chordoma malignancy by regulating EGFR, MET and Bcl-xL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YZ); (RA)
| | - David Schiff
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Deric Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Roger Abounader
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YZ); (RA)
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Kim J, Zhang Y, Skalski M, Hayes J, Kefas B, Schiff D, Purow B, Parsons S, Lawler S, Abounader R. microRNA-148a is a prognostic oncomiR that targets MIG6 and BIM to regulate EGFR and apoptosis in glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1541-53. [PMID: 24425048 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Great interest persists in useful prognostic and therapeutic targets in glioblastoma. In this study, we report the definition of miRNA (miR)-148a as a novel prognostic oncomiR in glioblastoma. miR-148a expression was elevated in human glioblastoma specimens, cell lines, and stem cells (GSC) compared with normal human brain and astrocytes. High levels were a risk indicator for glioblastoma patient survival. Functionally, miR-148a expression increased cell growth, survival, migration, and invasion in glioblastoma cells and GSCs and promoted GSC neurosphere formation. Two direct targets of miR-148a were identified, the EGF receptor (EGFR) regulator MIG6 and the apoptosis regulator BIM, which rescue experiments showed were essential to mediate the oncogenic activity of miR-148a. By inhibiting MIG6 expression, miR-148a reduced EGFR trafficking to Rab7-expressing compartments, which includes late endosomes and lysosomes. This process coincided with reduced degradation and elevated expression and activation of EGFR. Finally, inhibition of miR-148a strongly suppressed GSC and glioblastoma xenograft growth in vivo. Taken together, our findings provide a comprehensive analysis of the prognostic value and oncogenic function of miR-148a in glioblastoma, further defining it as a potential target for glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungeun Kim
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, Neurology, and Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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MacDonald TJ, Aguilera D, Castellino RC. The rationale for targeted therapies in medulloblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2013; 16:9-20. [PMID: 24305711 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most frequent malignant brain tumor in children. Patients with MB who are classified as having high-risk disease or those with recurrent disease respond poorly to current therapies and have an increased risk of MB-related mortality. Preclinical studies and molecular profiling of MB tumors have revealed upregulation or activation of several key signaling pathways such as the sonic hedgehog and WNT pathways. Although the exact mechanisms underlying MB tumorigenesis remain poorly understood, inhibiting these key pathways with molecularly targeted therapies represents an important approach to improving MB outcomes. Several molecularly targeted therapies are already under clinical investigation in MB patients. We discuss current preclinical and clinical data, as well as data from clinical trials of targeted therapies that are either ongoing or in development for MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobey J MacDonald
- Corresponding author: Robert C. Castellino, MD, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Health Sciences Research Building, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Room E394, Atlanta, GA 30322.
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Yue D, Fan Q, Chen X, Li F, Wang L, Huang L, Dong W, Chen X, Zhang Z, Liu J, Wang F, Wang M, Zhang B, Zhang Y. Epigenetic inactivation of SPINT2 is associated with tumor suppressive function in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2013; 322:149-58. [PMID: 24269829 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 2 (SPINT2), a Kunitz-type serine proteinase inhibitor, has been identified as a putative tumor suppressor gene silenced by promoter methylation. We aimed to investigate whether SPINT2 might act as an esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tumor suppressor gene. Four ESCC cell lines, Fifty-two ESCC tissues and twenty-nine neighboring non-cancerous tissues were included in this study. The expression of SPINT2 was monitored by real time PCR. Bisulfite genomic sequencing and methylation-specific PCR were used to analyze methylation status. The effect of SPINT2 on cell proliferation and apoptosis in EC109 and EC9706 cells was observed by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometric analysis. We found that silencing of SPINT2 was associated with promoter methylation in ESCC cell lines. The densely methylated SPINT2 promoter region was confirmed by bisulfite genomic sequencing. Ectopic expression of SPINT2 inhibited cell proliferation through inducing cell apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, methylation-specific PCR analysis revealed that SPINT2 promoter methylation was prominent in carcinoma tissues (52.08%) compared with neighboring non-cancerous tissues (22.58%). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with SPINT2 hypermethylation had shorter survival time. The tumor suppressor gene of SPINT2 is commonly silenced by promoter hypermethylation in human ESCC and SPINT2 hypermethylation is correlated with poor overall survival, implicating SPINT2 is an underlying prognostic marker for human ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Yue
- The Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Qingxia Fan
- The Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xinfeng Chen
- The Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Feng Li
- The Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Liping Wang
- The Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Lan Huang
- The Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Wenjie Dong
- The Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoqi Chen
- The Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- The Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jinyan Liu
- The Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Fei Wang
- The Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Meng Wang
- The Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- The Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The Department of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- The Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The institute of Clinical-Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
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Abstract
Angiogenesis, recruitment of new blood vessels, is an essential component of the metastatic pathway. These vessels provide the principal route by which tumor cells exit the primary tumor site and enter the circulation. For many tumors, the vascular density can provide a prognostic indicator of metastatic potential, with the highly vascular primary tumors having a higher incidence of metastasis than poorly vascular tumors. The discovery and characterization of tumor-derived angiogenesis modulators greatly contributed to our understanding of how tumors regulate angiogenesis. However, although angiogenesis appears to be a rate-limiting event in tumor growth and metastatic dissemination, a direct connection between the induction of angiogenesis and the progression to tumor malignancy is less well understood. In this review, we discuss the observations concerning the modulation of angiogenesis and their implications in various neurological disorders, as well as their potential impact on cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göksemin Acar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
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In Vivo c-Met Pathway Inhibition Depletes Human Glioma Xenografts of Tumor-Propagating Stem-Like Cells. Transl Oncol 2013; 6:104-11. [PMID: 23556031 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid malignancies contain sphere-forming stem-like cells that are particularly efficient in propagating tumors. Identifying agents that target these cells will advance the development of more effective therapies. Recent converging evidence shows that c-Met expression marks tumor-initiating stem-like cells and that c-Met signaling drives human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell stemness in vitro. However, the degree to which tumor-propagating stem-like cells depend on c-Met signaling in histologically complex cancers remains unknown. We examined the effects of in vivo c-Met pathway inhibitor therapy on tumor-propagating stem-like cells in human GBM xenografts. Animals bearing pre-established tumor xenografts expressing activated c-Met were treated with either neutralizing anti- hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) monoclonal antibody L2G7 or with the c-Met kinase inhibitor PF2341066 (Crizotinib). c-Met pathway inhibition inhibited tumor growth, depleted tumors of sphere-forming cells, and inhibited tumor expression of stem cell markers CD133, Sox2, Nanog, and Musashi. Withdrawing c-Met pathway inhibitor therapy resulted in a substantial rebound in stem cell marker expression concurrent with tumor recurrence. Cells derived from xenografts treated with anti-HGF in vivo were depleted of tumor-propagating potential as determined by in vivo serial dilution tumor-propagating assay. Furthermore, daughter xenografts that did form were 12-fold smaller than controls. These findings show that stem-like tumor-initiating cells are dynamically regulated by c-Met signaling in vivo and that c-Met pathway inhibitors can deplete tumors of their tumor-propagating stem-like cells.
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Zhang Y, Farenholtz KE, Yang Y, Guessous F, Dipierro CG, Calvert VS, Deng J, Schiff D, Xin W, Lee JK, Purow B, Christensen J, Petricoin E, Abounader R. Hepatocyte growth factor sensitizes brain tumors to c-MET kinase inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:1433-44. [PMID: 23386689 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) c-MET and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are deregulated and promote malignancy in cancer and brain tumors. Consequently, clinically applicable c-MET inhibitors have been developed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the not-well-known molecular determinants that predict responsiveness to c-MET inhibitors and to explore new strategies for improving inhibitor efficacy in brain tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We investigated the molecular factors and pathway activation signatures that determine sensitivity to c-MET inhibitors in a panel of glioblastoma and medulloblastoma cells, glioblastoma stem cells, and established cell line-derived xenografts using functional assays, reverse protein microarrays, and in vivo tumor volume measurements, but validation with animal survival analyses remains to be done. We also explored new approaches for improving the efficacy of the inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We found that HGF coexpression is a key predictor of response to c-MET inhibition among the examined factors and identified an ERK/JAK/p53 pathway activation signature that differentiates c-MET inhibition in responsive and nonresponsive cells. Surprisingly, we also found that short pretreatment of cells and tumors with exogenous HGF moderately but statistically significantly enhanced the antitumor effects of c-MET inhibition. We observed a similar ligand-induced sensitization effect to an EGF receptor small-molecule kinase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS These findings allow the identification of a subset of patients that will be responsive to c-MET inhibition and propose ligand pretreatment as a potential new strategy for improving the anticancer efficacy of RTK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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Lau J, Schmidt C, Markant SL, Taylor MD, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Weiss WA. Matching mice to malignancy: molecular subgroups and models of medulloblastoma. Childs Nerv Syst 2012; 28:521-32. [PMID: 22315164 PMCID: PMC3515664 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-012-1704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medulloblastoma, the largest group of embryonal brain tumors, has historically been classified into five variants based on histopathology. More recently, epigenetic and transcriptional analyses of primary tumors have subclassified medulloblastoma into four to six subgroups, most of which are incongruous with histopathological classification. DISCUSSION Improved stratification is required for prognosis and development of targeted treatment strategies, to maximize cure and minimize adverse effects. Several mouse models of medulloblastoma have contributed both to an improved understanding of progression and to developmental therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the classification of human medulloblastoma subtypes based on histopathology and molecular features. We describe existing genetically engineered mouse models, compare these to human disease, and discuss the utility of mouse models for developmental therapeutics. Just as accurate knowledge of the correct molecular subtype of medulloblastoma is critical to the development of targeted therapy in patients, we propose that accurate modeling of each subtype of medulloblastoma in mice will be necessary for preclinical evaluation and optimization of those targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Lau
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christin Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shirley L. Markant
- Tumor Development Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael D. Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert J. Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Development Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William A. Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Onvani S, Terakawa Y, Smith C, Northcott P, Taylor M, Rutka J. Molecular genetic analysis of the hepatocyte growth factor/MET signaling pathway in pediatric medulloblastoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2012; 51:675-88. [PMID: 22447520 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.21954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/MET pathway plays a critical role in the development of the nervous system and has been implicated in medulloblastoma pathogenesis. Recent studies have shown a role for gene amplification of activators of this pathway, as well as silencing of its inhibitors in medulloblastoma pathogenesis. We analyzed exon array data from a cohort of 103 primary medulloblastomas to show that HGF/MET pathway elements are dysregulated in tumors compared to normal cerebellum. To determine if mutation of HGF/MET pathway genes is a mechanism for pathway dysregulation, we conducted a mutational analysis by exon resequencing of three key components of this pathway, including serine protease inhibitor Kunitz-type 1 (SPINT1), serine protease inhibitor Kunitz-type 2 (SPINT2), and MET, in 32 primary human medulloblastoma specimens. From this analysis, we identified multiple coding synonymous and nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in these genes among the 32 tumor samples. Interestingly, we also discovered two unreported sequence variants in SPINT1 and SPINT2 in two tumors that resulted in Arginine to Histidine amino acid substitutions at codons 418 and 233, respectively. However, conservation assessment and functional assays of these two variants indicate that they involve nonconserved residues and that they do not affect the function of SPINT1 and SPINT2 as tumor suppressor genes. In conclusion, our data suggest that mutation alone plays a minor role in causing aberrancies of the HGF/MET pathway in medulloblastoma in comparison with other malignancies such as breast, hepatocellular, renal, and lung carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Onvani
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Department of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
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Muto J, Imai T, Ogawa D, Nishimoto Y, Okada Y, Mabuchi Y, Kawase T, Iwanami A, Mischel PS, Saya H, Yoshida K, Matsuzaki Y, Okano H. RNA-binding protein Musashi1 modulates glioma cell growth through the post-transcriptional regulation of Notch and PI3 kinase/Akt signaling pathways. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33431. [PMID: 22428049 PMCID: PMC3299785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Musashi1 (MSI1) is an RNA-binding protein that plays critical roles in nervous-system development and stem-cell self-renewal. Here, we examined its role in the progression of glioma. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-based MSI1-knock down (KD) in glioblastoma and medulloblastoma cells resulted in a significantly lower number of self renewing colony on day 30 (a 65% reduction), compared with non-silencing shRNA-treated control cells, indicative of an inhibitory effect of MSI1-KD on tumor cell growth and survival. Immunocytochemical staining of the MSI1-KD glioblastoma cells indicated that they ectopically expressed metaphase markers. In addition, a 2.2-fold increase in the number of MSI1-KD cells in the G2/M phase was observed. Thus, MSI1-KD caused the prolongation of mitosis and reduced the cell survival, although the expression of activated Caspase-3 was unaltered. We further showed that MSI1-KD glioblastoma cells xenografted into the brains of NOD/SCID mice formed tumors that were 96.6% smaller, as measured by a bioluminescence imaging system (BLI), than non-KD cells, and the host survival was longer (49.3±6.1 days vs. 33.6±3.6 days; P<0.01). These findings and other cell biological analyses suggested that the reduction of MSI1 in glioma cells prolonged the cell cycle by inducing the accumulation of Cyclin B1. Furthermore, MSI1-KD reduced the activities of the Notch and PI3 kinase-Akt signaling pathways, through the up-regulation of Numb and PTEN, respectively. Exposure of glioma cells to chemical inhibitors of these pathways reduced the number of spheres and living cells, as did MSI1-KD. These results suggest that MSI1 increases the growth and/or survival of certain types of glioma cells by promoting the activation of both Notch and PI3 kinase/Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Muto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Imai
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ogawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nishimoto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yo Mabuchi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawase
- Division of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Iwanami
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Mischel
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Division of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Matsuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Guessous F, Yang Y, Johnson E, Marcinkiewicz L, Smith M, Zhang Y, Kofman A, Schiff D, Christensen J, Abounader R. Cooperation between c-Met and focal adhesion kinase family members in medulloblastoma and implications for therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 11:288-97. [PMID: 22188814 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed the involvement of the tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met in medulloblastoma malignancy. The nonreceptor tyrosine kinases focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Pyk2 are key players in the progression of different cancers. However, their role in medulloblastoma malignancy is not well understood. In this study, using a protein array approach, we found that c-Met induces FAK and Pyk2 phosphorylation in medulloblastoma cells. We therefore studied the interactions between c-Met and FAK/Pyk2 and their implications for medulloblastoma therapy. We found that c-Met activates FAK and Pyk2 in several medulloblastoma cell lines. We also found that FAK and Pyk2 mediate the malignant effects of c-Met on medulloblastoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that combined c-Met and FAK inhibitions would have additive effects on the inhibition of medulloblastoma malignancy. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the effects on medulloblastoma malignancy parameters of single or combined treatments of medulloblastoma cells with c-Met and FAK small-molecule kinase inhibitors. We found a significant increase in the inhibitory effect of both inhibitors on medulloblastoma cell migration and cell invasion as compared with single inhibitions (P < 0.05). In addition, oral gavage treatment with c-Met inhibitor of mice bearing medulloblastoma xenografts significantly reduced in vivo tumor growth. Therefore, combining c-Met inhibitors with FAK inhibitors constitutes a new potential strategy for medulloblastoma therapy. Altogether, our study describes a role for FAK and Pyk2 in medulloblastoma malignancy, uncovers new interactions between c-Met and FAK/Pyk2, and proposes for the first time combining anti-c-Met and anti-FAK inhibitors as a new strategy for medulloblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadila Guessous
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Soleymaninejadian E, Pramanik K, Samadian E. Immunomodulatory Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Cytokines and Factors. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 67:1-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Faria CMC, Rutka JT, Smith C, Kongkham P. Epigenetic mechanisms regulating neural development and pediatric brain tumor formation. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2011; 8:119-32. [PMID: 21806352 DOI: 10.3171/2011.5.peds1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children, and among them, embryonal tumors represent the largest group with an associated poor prognosis and long-term morbidity for survivors. The field of cancer epigenetics has emerged recently as an important area of investigation and causation of a variety of neoplasms, and is defined as alterations in gene expression without changes in DNA sequence. The best studied epigenetic modifications are DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA-based mechanisms. These modifications play an important role in normal development and differentiation but their dysregulation can lead to altered gene function and cancer. In this review the authors describe the mechanisms of normal epigenetic regulation, how they interplay in neuroembryogenesis, and how these can cause brain tumors in children when dysregulated. The potential use of epigenetic markers to design more effective treatment strategies for children with malignant brain tumors is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M C Faria
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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c-Met signaling induces a reprogramming network and supports the glioblastoma stem-like phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:9951-6. [PMID: 21628563 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1016912108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase c-Met promotes the formation and malignant progression of multiple cancers. It is well known that c-Met hyperactivation increases tumorigenicity and tumor cell resistance to DNA damaging agents, properties associated with tumor-initiating stem cells. However, a link between c-Met signaling and the formation and/or maintenance of neoplastic stem cells has not been previously identified. Here, we show that c-Met is activated and functional in glioblastoma (GBM) neurospheres enriched for glioblastoma tumor-initiating stem cells and that c-Met expression/function correlates with stem cell marker expression and the neoplastic stem cell phenotype in glioblastoma neurospheres and clinical glioblastoma specimens. c-Met activation was found to induce the expression of reprogramming transcription factors (RFs) known to support embryonic stem cells and induce differentiated cells to form pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and c-Met activation counteracted the effects of forced differentiation in glioblastoma neurospheres. Expression of the reprogramming transcription factor Nanog by glioblastoma cells is shown to mediate the ability of c-Met to induce the stem cell characteristics of neurosphere formation and neurosphere cell self-renewal. These findings show that c-Met enhances the population of glioblastoma stem cells (GBM SCs) via a mechanism requiring Nanog and potentially other c-Met-responsive reprogramming transcription factors.
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Inhibition of the MET Receptor Tyrosine Kinase as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy in Medulloblastoma. Transl Oncol 2010; 3:336-43. [PMID: 21151472 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.10121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common pediatric posterior fossa malignancy, with a 5-year overall survival of only 60% and many survivors experiencing treatment-related morbidity secondary to current therapeutic regimens. With an improved understanding of the molecular basis for this disease, the opportunity to develop novel treatments with more tolerable toxicity profiles that target key molecular pathways, now exists. Recently, the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/MET signaling pathway has been implicated in medulloblastoma pathogenesis. Several therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway exist, including small molecule inhibitor therapy against the MET receptor tyrosine kinase. We examined the in vitro efficacy of targeting the MET receptor using the highly specific small molecule inhibitor PHA665752 as a novel treatment strategy in medulloblastoma. MET inhibition using PHA665752 was effective at reducing the proliferative capacity of the D283, ONS76, and MED8A medulloblastoma cell lines as assessed by MTS assay. Furthermore, PHA665752 treatment reduced D283 and ONS76 cell motility and impaired the growth of D283 cells in soft agar. Pretreatment of D283, ONS76, and MED8A cells with PHA665752 blocked exogenous recombinant human HGF-induced up-regulation of the downstream RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in D283, ONS76 and MED8A cell lines. Similarly, PHA665752 prevented HGF-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT signaling in ONS76 and MED8A cells. These results highlight the efficacy of targeting the MET receptor tyrosine kinase therapeutically in medulloblastoma and provide support for further preclinical testing of small molecule inhibitors targeting the MET receptor in medulloblastoma.
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