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Lootens T, Roman BI, Stevens CV, De Wever O, Raedt R. Glioblastoma-Associated Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Partners in Crime? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2285. [PMID: 38396962 PMCID: PMC10889514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (TA-MSCs) have been recognized as attractive therapeutic targets in several cancer types, due to their ability to enhance tumor growth and angiogenesis and their contribution to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In glioblastoma (GB), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seem to be recruited to the tumor site, where they differentiate into glioblastoma-associated mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (GA-MSCs) under the influence of tumor cells and the TME. GA-MSCs are reported to exert important protumoral functions, such as promoting tumor growth and invasion, increasing angiogenesis, stimulating glioblastoma stem cell (GSC) proliferation and stemness, mediating resistance to therapy and contributing to an immunosuppressive TME. Moreover, they could act as precursor cells for cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which have recently been identified in GB. In this review, we provide an overview of the different functions exerted by GA-MSCs and CAFs and the current knowledge on the relationship between these cell types. Increasing our understanding of the interactions and signaling pathways in relevant models might contribute to future regimens targeting GA-MSCs and GB-associated CAFs to inhibit tumor growth and render the TME less immunosuppressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Lootens
- 4Brain, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.I.R.); (C.V.S.)
| | - Bart I. Roman
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.I.R.); (C.V.S.)
- SynBioC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.I.R.); (C.V.S.)
- SynBioC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.I.R.); (C.V.S.)
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- 4Brain, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.I.R.); (C.V.S.)
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2
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Mamola JA, Chen CY, Currier MA, Cassady K, Lee DA, Cripe TP. Opportunities and challenges of combining adoptive cellular therapy with oncolytic virotherapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 29:118-124. [PMID: 37250971 PMCID: PMC10209482 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of oncolytic viruses (OVs) and adoptive cell therapies (ACT) have independently emerged as promising approaches for cancer immunotherapy. More recently, the combination of such agents to obtain a synergistic anticancer effect has gained attention, particularly in solid tumors, where immune-suppressive barriers of the microenvironment remain a challenge for desirable therapeutic efficacy. While adoptive cell monotherapies may be restricted by an immunologically cold or suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), OVs can serve to prime the TME by eliciting a wave of cancer-specific immunogenic cell death and inducing enhanced antitumor immunity. While OV/ACT synergy is an attractive approach, immune-suppressive barriers remain, and methods should be considered to optimize approaches for such combination therapy. In this review, we summarize current approaches that aim to overcome these barriers to enable optimal synergistic antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Mamola
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Mark A. Currier
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Kevin Cassady
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Dean A. Lee
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Timothy P. Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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3
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Jain S, Rick JW, Joshi RS, Beniwal A, Spatz J, Gill S, Chang ACC, Choudhary N, Nguyen AT, Sudhir S, Chalif EJ, Chen JS, Chandra A, Haddad AF, Wadhwa H, Shah SS, Choi S, Hayes JL, Wang L, Yagnik G, Costello JF, Diaz A, Heiland DH, Aghi MK. Single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics reveal cancer-associated fibroblasts in glioblastoma with protumoral effects. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e147087. [PMID: 36856115 PMCID: PMC9974099 DOI: 10.1172/jci147087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were presumed absent in glioblastoma given the lack of brain fibroblasts. Serial trypsinization of glioblastoma specimens yielded cells with CAF morphology and single-cell transcriptomic profiles based on their lack of copy number variations (CNVs) and elevated individual cell CAF probability scores derived from the expression of 9 CAF markers and absence of 5 markers from non-CAF stromal cells sharing features with CAFs. Cells without CNVs and with high CAF probability scores were identified in single-cell RNA-Seq of 12 patient glioblastomas. Pseudotime reconstruction revealed that immature CAFs evolved into subtypes, with mature CAFs expressing actin alpha 2, smooth muscle (ACTA2). Spatial transcriptomics from 16 patient glioblastomas confirmed CAF proximity to mesenchymal glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), endothelial cells, and M2 macrophages. CAFs were chemotactically attracted to GSCs, and CAFs enriched GSCs. We created a resource of inferred crosstalk by mapping expression of receptors to their cognate ligands, identifying PDGF and TGF-β as mediators of GSC effects on CAFs and osteopontin and HGF as mediators of CAF-induced GSC enrichment. CAFs induced M2 macrophage polarization by producing the extra domain A (EDA) fibronectin variant that binds macrophage TLR4. Supplementing GSC-derived xenografts with CAFs enhanced in vivo tumor growth. These findings are among the first to identify glioblastoma CAFs and their GSC interactions, making them an intriguing target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saket Jain
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Rick
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Angad Beniwal
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jordan Spatz
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sabraj Gill
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Nikita Choudhary
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alan T. Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sweta Sudhir
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eric J. Chalif
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jia-Shu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ankush Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Harsh Wadhwa
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sumedh S. Shah
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Serah Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Josie L. Hayes
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Garima Yagnik
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Aaron Diaz
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Manish K. Aghi
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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Nag JK, Malka H, Appasamy P, Sedley S, Bar-Shavit R. GPCR Partners as Cancer Driver Genes: Association with PH-Signal Proteins in a Distinctive Signaling Network. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8985. [PMID: 34445691 PMCID: PMC8396503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential role of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in tumor growth is recognized, yet a GPCR based drug in cancer is rare. Understanding the molecular path of a tumor driver gene may lead to the design and development of an effective drug. For example, in members of protease-activated receptor (PAR) family (e.g., PAR1 and PAR2), a novel PH-binding motif is allocated as critical for tumor growth. Animal models have indicated the generation of large tumors in the presence of PAR1 or PAR2 oncogenes. These tumors showed effective inhibition when the PH-binding motif was either modified or were inhibited by a specific inhibitor targeted to the PH-binding motif. In the second part of the review we discuss several aspects of some cardinal GPCRs in tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rachel Bar-Shavit
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (J.K.N.); (H.M.); (P.A.); (S.S.)
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5
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Alternative Vascularization Mechanisms in Tumor Resistance to Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081912. [PMID: 33921099 PMCID: PMC8071410 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumors rely on blood vessels to grow and metastasize. Malignant tumors can employ different strategies to create a functional vascular network. Tumor cells can use normal processes of vessel formation but can also employ cancer-specific mechanisms, by co-opting normal vessels present in tissues or by turning themselves into vascular cells. These different types of tumor vessels have specific molecular and functional characteristics that profoundly affect tumor behavior and response to therapies, including drugs targeting the tumor vasculature (antiangiogenic therapies). In this review, we discuss how vessels formed by different mechanisms affect the intrinsic sensitivity of tumors to therapy and, on the other hand, how therapies can affect tumor vessel formation, leading to resistance to drugs, cancer recurrence, and treatment failure. Potential strategies to avoid vessel-mediated resistance to antineoplastic therapies will be discussed. Abstract Blood vessels in tumors are formed through a variety of different mechanisms, each generating vessels with peculiar structural, molecular, and functional properties. This heterogeneity has a major impact on tumor response or resistance to antineoplastic therapies and is now emerging as a promising target for strategies to prevent drug resistance and improve the distribution and efficacy of antineoplastic treatments. This review presents evidence of how different mechanisms of tumor vessel formation (vasculogenesis, glomeruloid proliferation, intussusceptive angiogenesis, vasculogenic mimicry, and vessel co-option) affect tumor responses to antiangiogenic and antineoplastic therapies, but also how therapies can promote alternative mechanisms of vessel formation, contributing to tumor recurrence, malignant progression, and acquired drug resistance. We discuss the possibility of tailoring treatment strategies to overcome vasculature-mediated drug resistance or to improve drug distribution and efficacy.
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Cellular Plasticity and Tumor Microenvironment in Gliomas: The Struggle to Hit a Moving Target. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061622. [PMID: 32570988 PMCID: PMC7352204 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors encompass a diverse group of neoplasias arising from different cell lineages. Tumors of glial origin have been the subject of intense research because of their rapid and fatal progression. From a clinical point of view, complete surgical resection of gliomas is highly difficult. Moreover, the remaining tumor cells are resistant to traditional therapies such as radio- or chemotherapy and tumors always recur. Here we have revised the new genetic and epigenetic classification of gliomas and the description of the different transcriptional subtypes. In order to understand the progression of the different gliomas we have focused on the interaction of the plastic tumor cells with their vasculature-rich microenvironment and with their distinct immune system. We believe that a comprehensive characterization of the glioma microenvironment will shed some light into why these tumors behave differently from other cancers. Furthermore, a novel classification of gliomas that could integrate the genetic background and the cellular ecosystems could have profound implications in the efficiency of current therapies as well as in the development of new treatments.
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7
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Dao T, Salahuddin S, Charfi C, Sicard AA, Jenabian MA, Annabi B. Pharmacological targeting of neurotensin response by diet-derived EGCG in macrophage-differentiated HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells. PHARMANUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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A comprehensive overview on the molecular biology of human glioma: what the clinician needs to know. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:1909-1922. [PMID: 32222898 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular biology of human glioma is a complex and fast-growing field in which basic research needs to meet clinical expectations in terms of anti-tumor efficacy. Although much effort is being done in molecular biology research, significant contribution to the quality of life and overall survival still lacks. The vastness of molecular biology literature makes it virtually impossible for clinicians to keep up to date in the field. This paper reviews some practical concepts regarding glioma tumorigenesis from the clinician's perspective. Five main aspects are discussed: major intracellular signaling pathways involved in glioma formation; genomic, epigenetic and transcriptomic relevant features of glioma; the prognostic and predictive values of molecular markers according to the new WHO classification of glial tumors; the importance of molecular and cellular heterogeneity in glioblastoma, responsible for its therapy resistance; and the interaction between glioma and the immune system, in view of the novel and promising targeted therapies.
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Wang X, Fang Y, Zhou Y, Guo X, Xu K, Li C, Zhang J, Hong Y. SDF-1α/MicroRNA-134 Axis Regulates Nonfunctioning Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor Growth via Targeting VEGFA. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:566761. [PMID: 33362712 PMCID: PMC7756115 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.566761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonfunctioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (NF-PitNET) is difficult to resect. Except for surgery, there is no effective treatment for NF-PitNET. MicroRNA-134 (miR-134) has been reported to inhibit proliferation and invasion ability of tumor cells. Herein, the mechanism underlying the effect of miR-134 on alleviating NF-PitNET tumor cells growth is explored. METHODS Mouse pituitary αT3-1 cells were transfected with miR-134 mimics and inhibitor, followed by treatment with stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) in vitro. MiR-134 expression level: we used quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to detect the expression of miR-134. Cell behavior level: cell viability and invasion ability were assessed using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay and Transwell invasion assay respectively. Cytomolecular level: tumor cell proliferation was evaluated by Ki-67 staining; propidium iodide (PI) staining analyzed the effect of miR-134 on cell cycle arrest; western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining evaluated tumor migration and invasive ability. Additionally, we collected 27 NF-PitNET tumor specimens and related clinical data. The specimens were subjected to qRT-PCR to obtain the relative miR-134 expression level of each specimen; linear regression analysis was used to analyze the miR-134 expression level in tumor specimens and the age of the NF-PitNET population, gender, tumor invasion, prognosis, and other indicators. RESULTS In vitro experiment, miR-134 was observed to significantly inhibit αT3-1 cells proliferation characterized by inhibited cell viability and expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase (P < 0.01). VEGFA was verified as a target of miR-134. Additionally, miR-134-induced inhibition of αT3-1 cell proliferation and invasion was attenuated by SDF-1α and VEGFA overexpression (P < 0.01). In primary NF-PitNET tumor analysis, miR-134 expression level was negatively correlated with tumor invasion (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION The regulation of the SDF-1α/miR-134/VEGFA axis represents a novel mechanism in the pathogenesis of NF-PitNETs and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of NF-PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoming Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenguang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jianmin Zhang, ; Yuan Hong,
| | - Yuan Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jianmin Zhang, ; Yuan Hong,
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10
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Fukui Y, Miyagawa T, Hirabayashi M, Yamashita T, Saigusa R, Miura S, Nakamura K, Yoshizaki A, Sato S, Asano Y. Possible association of decreased serum CXCL14 levels with digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis. J Dermatol 2019; 46:584-589. [PMID: 31087594 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CXCL14 serves as a chemoattractant for activated macrophages, immature dendritic cells and natural killer cells, as well as an antiangiogenic factor by preventing the migration of endothelial cells. CXCL14 also exerts an inhibitory effect on the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathway, which is involved in the maintenance of T-helper (Th)2 bias, and promotes Th1 immune response under the physiological and pathological conditions. Because CXCL14-mediated biological processes seem to be involved in the development of systemic sclerosis (SSc), which is characterized by Th2/Th17-skewed immune polarization and impaired neovascularization, we investigated the clinical correlation of serum CXCL14 levels in patients with this disease. Serum CXCL14 levels were significantly decreased in SSc patients compared with healthy individuals and in diffuse cutaneous SSc patients relative to limited cutaneous SSc patients. SSc patients with digital ulcers had serum CXCL14 levels significantly lower than those without. Furthermore, i.v. cyclophosphamide pulse significantly increased serum CXCL14 levels as compared with the baseline in SSc patients with interstitial lung disease successfully treated with this therapy. These results indicate that decreased CXCL14 expression may contribute to the maintenance of Th2-skewed immune polarization and dysregulated neovascularization, both of which underlie the developmental process of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fukui
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyagawa
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Hirabayashi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamashita
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Saigusa
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Miura
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yoshizaki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Asano
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Eckert F, Schilbach K, Klumpp L, Bardoscia L, Sezgin EC, Schwab M, Zips D, Huber SM. Potential Role of CXCR4 Targeting in the Context of Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy of Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3018. [PMID: 30622535 PMCID: PMC6308162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has been established as standard of care in different tumor entities. After the first reports on synergistic effects with radiotherapy and the induction of abscopal effects-tumor shrinkage outside the irradiated volume attributed to immunological effects of radiotherapy-several treatment combinations have been evaluated. Different immunotherapy strategies (e.g., immune checkpoint inhibition, vaccination, cytokine based therapies) have been combined with local tumor irradiation in preclinical models. Clinical trials are ongoing in different cancer entities with a broad range of immunotherapeutics and radiation schedules. SDF-1 (CXCL12)/CXCR4 signaling has been described to play a major role in tumor biology, especially in hypoxia adaptation, metastasis and migration. Local tumor irradiation is a known inducer of SDF-1 expression and release. CXCR4 also plays a major role in immunological processes. CXCR4 antagonists have been approved for the use of hematopoietic stem cell mobilization from the bone marrow. In addition, several groups reported an influence of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis on intratumoral immune cell subsets and anti-tumor immune response. The aim of this review is to merge the knowledge on the role of SDF-1/CXCR4 in tumor biology, radiotherapy and immunotherapy of cancer and in combinatorial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Eckert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Karin Schilbach
- Department of General Pediatrics/Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Klumpp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lilia Bardoscia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Efe Cumhur Sezgin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University Hospital and University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Zips
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan M Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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12
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Chen W, Zhang J, Fan HN, Zhu JS. Function and therapeutic advances of chemokine and its receptor in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2018; 11:1756284818815184. [PMID: 30574191 PMCID: PMC6295708 DOI: 10.1177/1756284818815184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of hepatic pathology, ranging from simple accumulation of fat in its most benign form, steatohepatitis, to cirrhosis in its most advanced form. The prevalence of NAFLD is 20-30% in adults, and 10-20% of patients with NAFLD progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which is predicted to be the leading cause of liver transplantation over the next 10 years. Therefore, it is essential to explore effective diagnostic and treatment strategies for NAFLD patients. Chemokines are a family of small and highly conserved proteins (molecular weight ranging from 8 to 12 kDa) involved in regulating the migration and activities of hepatocytes, Kupffer cells (KCs), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), endothelial cells and circulating immune cells. Accumulating data show that chemokine and its receptor act vital roles in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Herein, we summarize the involvement of the chemokine and its receptor in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and explore the novel pharmacotherapeutic avenues for patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Ning Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
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13
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Almiron Bonnin DA, Havrda MC, Israel MA. Glioma Cell Secretion: A Driver of Tumor Progression and a Potential Therapeutic Target. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6031-6039. [PMID: 30333116 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellular secretion is an important mediator of cancer progression. Secreted molecules in glioma are key components of complex autocrine and paracrine pathways that mediate multiple oncogenic pathologies. In this review, we describe tumor cell secretion in high-grade glioma and highlight potential novel therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Res; 78(21); 6031-9. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian A Almiron Bonnin
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Matthew C Havrda
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Mark A Israel
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire. .,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
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14
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Leong ZP, Hikasa Y. Effects of toceranib compared with sorafenib on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension and cardiopulmonary remodeling in rats. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 110:31-41. [PMID: 30071297 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sorafenib reverses pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and cardiopulmonary remodeling (CPR), but the effects of toceranib are unknown. This study investigated anti-remodeling effects and determined optimal doses of toceranib and sorafenib on monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH and CPR in rats. MCT-treated rats were orally treated with a 14-day course of sorafenib (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg), toceranib (1, 3, or 10 mg/kg), or water. Both sorafenib and toceranib significantly reversed the right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy at 10 mg/kg, but only sorafenib significantly improved the RV systolic and mean pressures. Sorafenib significantly normalized the B-type natriuretic peptide mRNA level of the RV and increased the non-muscularized pulmonary artery percentage. However, these effects were only observed at the highest toceranib dose, and neither toceranib dose reduced the fully muscularized pulmonary artery percentage. Further, the inhibition on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling was stronger in sorafenib than in toceranib. Besides the stronger inhibition on mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, the greater reversal ability of sorafenib may be also due to the simultaneous blockade on the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 and autophagy induction. Toceranib insignificantly reversed CPR, and a high-dose therapy did not improve the RV hemodynamic outcomes. Sorafenib significantly reversed CPR, and a low-dose sorafenib therapy may be a suitable therapeutic agent for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Ping Leong
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hikasa
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Japan.
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15
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Targeting Glioma Stem Cell-Derived Pericytes Disrupts the Blood-Tumor Barrier and Improves Chemotherapeutic Efficacy. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 21:591-603.e4. [PMID: 29100012 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The blood-tumor barrier (BTB) is a major obstacle for drug delivery to malignant brain tumors such as glioblastoma (GBM). Disrupting the BTB is therefore highly desirable but complicated by the need to maintain the normal blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here we show that targeting glioma stem cell (GSC)-derived pericytes specifically disrupts the BTB and enhances drug effusion into brain tumors. We found that pericyte coverage of tumor vasculature is inversely correlated with GBM patient survival after chemotherapy. Eliminating GSC-derived pericytes in xenograft models disrupted BTB tight junctions and increased vascular permeability. We identified BMX as an essential factor for maintaining GSC-derived pericytes. Inhibiting BMX with ibrutinib selectively targeted neoplastic pericytes and disrupted the BTB, but not the BBB, thereby increasing drug effusion into established tumors and enhancing the chemotherapeutic efficacy of drugs with poor BTB penetration. These findings highlight the clinical potential of targeting neoplastic pericytes to significantly improve treatment of brain tumors.
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16
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Lee EQ, Duda DG, Muzikansky A, Gerstner ER, Kuhn JG, Reardon DA, Nayak L, Norden AD, Doherty L, LaFrankie D, Stefanik J, Vardam T, Smith KH, McCluskey C, Gaffey S, Batchelor TT, Jain RK, Wen PY. Phase I and Biomarker Study of Plerixafor and Bevacizumab in Recurrent High-Grade Glioma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4643-4649. [PMID: 29941486 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Although antiangiogenic therapy for high-grade glioma (HGG) is promising, responses are not durable. Correlative clinical studies suggest that the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis may mediate resistance to VEGFR inhibition. Preclinical data have demonstrated that plerixafor (a reversible CXCR4 inhibitor) could inhibit glioma progression after anti-VEGF pathway inhibition. We conducted a phase I study to determine the safety of plerixafor and bevacizumab in recurrent HGG.Patients and Methods: Part 1 enrolled 23 patients with a 3 × 3 dose escalation design to a maximum planned dose of plerixafor 320 μg/kg subcutaneously on days 1 to 21 and bevacizumab 10 mg/kg intravenously on days 1 and 15 of each 28-day cycle. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma samples were obtained for pharmacokinetic analyses. Plasma and cellular biomarkers were evaluated before and after treatment. Part 2 enrolled 3 patients and was a surgical study to determine plerixafor's penetration in tumor tissue.Results: In Part 1, no dose-limiting toxicities were seen at the maximum planned dose of plerixafor + bevacizumab. Treatment was well tolerated. After plerixafor 320 μg/kg treatment, the average CSF drug concentration was 26.8 ± 19.6 ng/mL. Plerixafor concentration in resected tumor tissue from patients pretreated with plerixafor was 10 to 12 μg/g. Circulating biomarker data indicated that plerixafor + bevacizumab induces rapid and persistent increases in plasma SDF-1α and placental growth factor. Progression-free survival correlated with pretreatment plasma soluble mesenchymal-epithelial transition receptor and sVEGFR1, and overall survival with the change during treatment in CD34+ progenitor/stem cells and CD8 T cells.Conclusions: Plerixafor + bevacizumab was well tolerated in HGG patients. Plerixafor distributed to both the CSF and brain tumor tissue, and treatment was associated with biomarker changes consistent with VEGF and CXCR4 inhibition. Clin Cancer Res; 24(19); 4643-9. ©2018 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Benzylamines
- Bevacizumab/administration & dosage
- Bevacizumab/pharmacokinetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/cerebrospinal fluid
- Cyclams
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glioma/blood
- Glioma/cerebrospinal fluid
- Glioma/drug therapy
- Glioma/genetics
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor/blood
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor/cerebrospinal fluid
- Heterocyclic Compounds/administration & dosage
- Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacokinetics
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/blood
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/cerebrospinal fluid
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism
- Progression-Free Survival
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/blood
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/cerebrospinal fluid
- Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Eudocia Q Lee
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dan G Duda
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Elizabeth R Gerstner
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - David A Reardon
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lakshmi Nayak
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew D Norden
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa Doherty
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Debra LaFrankie
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Stefanik
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Trupti Vardam
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katrina H Smith
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Sarah Gaffey
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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Knockdown of P4HA1 inhibits neovascularization via targeting glioma stem cell-endothelial cell transdifferentiation and disrupting vascular basement membrane. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35877-35889. [PMID: 28415787 PMCID: PMC5482624 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated transdifferentiation process of glioma stem cells (GSCs) into endothelial cells (ECs) in glioma neovascularization. Herein, we focused on screening for genes that were differentially expressed in the transdifferentiation process using microarray analysis. Bioinformatics analysis revealed differential expression of the prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1 (P4HA1) gene. We determined that P4HA1 expression was correlated with histological grade, the level of Ki67 and microvessel density (MVD) in human glioma specimens. Knockdown of P4HA1 inhibited the proliferation, migration and tube formation of GSCs in vitro. In vivo studies revealed that the downregulation of P4HA1 inhibited intracranial tumor growth, prolonged the overall survival time of xenograft mice and suppressed the neovascularization in brain tumors. Moreover, P4HA1 regulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), especially an anti-angiogenic isoform-VEGF165b. Additionally, knockdown of P4HA1 inhibited the synthesis of collagen IV, and hence disrupted the structures of vascular basement membranes (BMs) in gliomas. Our study indicates that P4HA1 plays a pivotal role in the process of GSC-EC transdifferentiation and the structural formation of vascular BMs.
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18
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19
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De Francesco EM, Sotgia F, Clarke RB, Lisanti MP, Maggiolini M. G Protein-Coupled Receptors at the Crossroad between Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis: Old Paradigms and Emerging Concepts. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122713. [PMID: 29240722 PMCID: PMC5751314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been implicated in transmitting signals across the extra- and intra-cellular compartments, thus allowing environmental stimuli to elicit critical biological responses. As GPCRs can be activated by an extensive range of factors including hormones, neurotransmitters, phospholipids and other stimuli, their involvement in a plethora of physiological functions is not surprising. Aberrant GPCR signaling has been regarded as a major contributor to diverse pathologic conditions, such as inflammatory, cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases. In this regard, solid tumors have been demonstrated to activate an angiogenic program that relies on GPCR action to support cancer growth and metastatic dissemination. Therefore, the manipulation of aberrant GPCR signaling could represent a promising target in anticancer therapy. Here, we highlight the GPCR-mediated angiogenic function focusing on the molecular mechanisms and transduction effectors driving the patho-physiological vasculogenesis. Specifically, we describe evidence for the role of heptahelic receptors and associated G proteins in promoting angiogenic responses in pathologic conditions, especially tumor angiogenesis and progression. Likewise, we discuss opportunities to manipulate aberrant GPCR-mediated angiogenic signaling for therapeutic benefit using innovative GPCR-targeted and patient-tailored pharmacological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernestina M De Francesco
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Calabria via Savinio, 87036 Rende, Italy.
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK.
| | - Federica Sotgia
- Translational Medicine, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Salford, Greater Manchester M5 4WT, UK.
| | - Robert B Clarke
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK.
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- Translational Medicine, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Salford, Greater Manchester M5 4WT, UK.
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Calabria via Savinio, 87036 Rende, Italy.
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20
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Achyut BR, Angara K, Jain M, Borin TF, Rashid MH, Iskander ASM, Ara R, Kolhe R, Howard S, Venugopal N, Rodriguez PC, Bradford JW, Arbab AS. Canonical NFκB signaling in myeloid cells is required for the glioblastoma growth. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13754. [PMID: 29062041 PMCID: PMC5653749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor development and therapeutic resistance are linked with tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) and myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) infiltration in tumors via chemokine axis. Chemokine expression, which determines the pro or anti-inflammatory status of myeloid cells, are partly regulated by the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. Here, we identified that conditional deletion of canonical NF-κB signaling (p65) in myeloid cells inhibited syngeneic glioblastoma (GBM) through decreased CD45 infiltration in tumors, as characterized by decreased TAMs (CD206+) and MDSCs (Gr1+ CD11b+), increased dendritic cells (CD86+) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) in the p65 knockout (KO) mice. Proinflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, MCP1, MIP1α, and TNFα) and myeloid differentiation factor (Endoglin) were increased in myeloid cells from p65 KO tumor, which demonstrated an influence on CD8+T cell proliferation. In contrast, p65KO athymic chimeric mice with human GBM, failed to inhibit tumor growth, confirming the contribution of T cells in an immune competent model. The analysis of human datasets and GBM tumors revealed higher expression of p65 in GBM-associated CD68+ macrophages compared to neighboring stroma. Thus, canonical NF-κB signaling has an anti-inflammatory role and is required for macrophage polarization, immune suppression, and GBM growth. Combining an NF-κB inhibitor with standard therapy could improve antitumor immunity in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Achyut
- Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Kartik Angara
- Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Meenu Jain
- Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Thaiz F Borin
- Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohammad H Rashid
- Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - A S M Iskander
- Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Roxan Ara
- Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ravindra Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shelby Howard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Natasha Venugopal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Paulo C Rodriguez
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer W Bradford
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Ali S Arbab
- Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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21
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Turkowski K, Brandenburg S, Mueller A, Kremenetskaia I, Bungert AD, Blank A, Felsenstein M, Vajkoczy P. VEGF as a modulator of the innate immune response in glioblastoma. Glia 2017; 66:161-174. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kati Turkowski
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1; Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Susan Brandenburg
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1; Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Annett Mueller
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1; Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Irina Kremenetskaia
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1; Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Alexander D. Bungert
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1; Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Anne Blank
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1; Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Matthäus Felsenstein
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1; Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1; Berlin 10117 Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1; Berlin 10117 Germany
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22
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Mahase S, Rattenni RN, Wesseling P, Leenders W, Baldotto C, Jain R, Zagzag D. Hypoxia-Mediated Mechanisms Associated with Antiangiogenic Treatment Resistance in Glioblastomas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:940-953. [PMID: 28284719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are malignant tumors characterized by their vascularity and invasive capabilities. Antiangiogenic therapy (AAT) is a treatment option that targets GBM-associated vasculature to mitigate the growth of GBMs. However, AAT demonstrates transient effects because many patients eventually develop resistance to this treatment. Several recent studies attempt to explain the molecular and biochemical basis of resistance to AAT in GBM patients. Experimental investigations suggest that the induction of extensive intratumoral hypoxia plays a key role in GBM escape from AAT. In this review, we examine AAT resistance in GBMs, with an emphasis on six potential hypoxia-mediated mechanisms: enhanced invasion and migration, including increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases and activation of the c-MET tyrosine kinase pathway; shifts in cellular metabolism, including up-regulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α's downstream processes and the Warburg effect; induction of autophagy; augmentation of GBM stem cell self-renewal; possible implications of GBM-endothelial cell transdifferentiation; and vasoformative responses, including vasculogenesis, alternative angiogenic pathways, and vascular mimicry. Juxtaposing recent studies on well-established resistance pathways with that of emerging mechanisms highlights the overall complexity of GBM treatment resistance while also providing direction for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Mahase
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Rachel N Rattenni
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - William Leenders
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Clarissa Baldotto
- Medical Oncology, Instituto Nacionale de Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - David Zagzag
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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23
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Xu J, Liang J, Meng YM, Yan J, Yu XJ, Liu CQ, Xu L, Zhuang SM, Zheng L. Vascular CXCR4 Expression Promotes Vessel Sprouting and Sensitivity to Sorafenib Treatment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4482-4492. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Yang D, Wang J, Xiao M, Zhou T, Shi X. Role of Mir-155 in Controlling HIF-1α Level and Promoting Endothelial Cell Maturation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35316. [PMID: 27731397 PMCID: PMC5059686 DOI: 10.1038/srep35316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem-cell-based therapy for cardiovascular disease, especially ischemic heart disease (IHD), is a promising approach to facilitating neovascularization through the migration of stem cells to the ischemic site and their subsequent differentiation into endothelial cells (ECs). Hypoxia is a chief feature of IHD and the stem cell niche. However, whether hypoxia promotes stem cell differentiation into ECs or causes them to retain their stemness is controversial. Here, the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into endothelial cells (ECs) was induced under hypoxia. Though the angiogenic capability and angiogenesis-related autocrine/paracrine factors of the ECs were improved under hypoxia, the level of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) was nonetheless found to be restricted along with the EC differentiation. The down-regulation of HIF-1α was found to have been caused by VEGF-induced microRNA-155 (miR-155). Moreover, miR-155 was also found to enhance the angiogenic capability of induced ECs by targeting E2F2 transcription factor. Hence, miR-155 not only contributes to controlling HIF-1α expression under hypoxia but also promotes angiogenesis, which is a key feature of mature ECs. Revealing the real role of hypoxia and clarifying the function of miR-155 in EC differentiation may facilitate improvement of angiogenic gene- and stem-cell-based therapies for ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jinhong Wang
- Department of Respiration, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- Department of Nursing, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xu Shi
- Central Laboratory, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130032, China
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25
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Cipriani P, Di Benedetto P, Dietrich H, Ruscitti P, Liakouli V, Carubbi F, Pantano I, Berardicurti O, Sgonc R, Giacomelli R. Searching for a good model for systemic sclerosis: the molecular profile and vascular changes occurring in UCD-200 chickens strongly resemble the early phase of human systemic sclerosis. Arch Med Sci 2016; 12:828-43. [PMID: 27478465 PMCID: PMC4947628 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.60970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular injury and endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis are the earliest events in systemic sclerosis (SSc), before the onset of fibrosis, and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF-BB) represent the key molecules to study the link between vascular injury and fibrosis during SSc. The University of California at Davis line 200 (UCD-200) chickens display the same hallmarks of human SSc: vascular occlusion, perivascular lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis of skin and internal organs. In this study we assessed both cytokines and growth factors involved in the early phases of the UCD-200 chickens' skin lesions, to determine whether these animals might represent an appropriate experimental model to study the pathogenesis of SSc. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunofluorescence analysis was performed on human SSc skin, human healthy control (hHC) skin, UCD-200 combs and HC H.B15 chicken (cHC) combs, using anti-SDF-1, CXCR4, VEGFA, VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1), VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), ET-1, ET receptor A (ETAR), ET receptor B (ETBR), PDGF-BB, and PDGF receptor (PDGFR) antibodies. The plasma concentrations of SDF-1, VEGFA, ET-1 and PDGF-BB were determined by ELISA. RESULTS All the molecules analyzed showed higher levels in SSc patients and UCD-200 chickens than in hHC and cHC. Furthermore, the levels of the assessed molecules paralleled the severity of comb involvement. CONCLUSIONS The molecular similarities between avian and human SSc, observed in this study, suggest that the UCD-200 chickens are an interesting model for translational approaches to SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cipriani
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paola Di Benedetto
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Hermann Dietrich
- Central Laboratory Animal Facilities, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Piero Ruscitti
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vasiliki Liakouli
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Carubbi
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Ilenia Pantano
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Onorina Berardicurti
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Roswitha Sgonc
- Division of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roberto Giacomelli
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Shankar A, Jain M, Lim MJ, Angara K, Zeng P, Arbab SA, Iskander A, Ara R, Arbab AS, Achyut BR. Anti-VEGFR2 driven nuclear translocation of VEGFR2 and acquired malignant hallmarks are mutation dependent in glioblastoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 8:172-178. [PMID: 28149448 DOI: 10.4172/1948-5956.1000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anti-angiogenic therapies (AATs), targeting VEGF-VEGFR pathways, are being used as an adjuvant to normalize glioblastoma (GBM) vasculature. Unexpectedly, clinical trials have witnessed transient therapeutic effect followed by aggressive tumor recurrence. In pre-clinical studies, targeting VEGFR2 with vatalanib, increased GBM growth under hypoxic microenvironment. There is limited understanding of these unanticipated results. Here, we investigated tumor cell associated phenotypes in response to VEGFR2 blockade. METHODS Human U251 cells were orthotopically implanted in mice (day 0) and were treated with vehicle or vatalanib on day 8. Tumor specimens were collected for immunohistochemistry and protein array. Nuclear translocation of VEGFR2 was analyzed through IHC and western blot. In vitro studies were performed in U251 (p53 and EGFR mutated) and U87 (p53 and EGFR wildtype) cells following vehicle or vatalanib treatments under normoxia (21% O2) and hypoxia (1% O2). Proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis assays were done to analyze tumor cell phenotypes after treatments. RESULTS Vatalanib treated animals displayed distinct patterns of VEGFR2 translocation into nuclear compartment of U251 tumor cells. In vitro studies suggest that vatalanib significantly induced nuclear translocation of VEGFR2, characterized in chromatin bound fraction, especially in U251 tumor cells grown under normoxia and hypoxia. Anti-VEGFR2 driven nuclear translocation of VEGFR2 was associated with increased cell cycle and proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and displayed increased invasiveness in U251 compared to U87 cells. CONCLUSIONS Study suggests that AAT- induced molecular and phenotypic alterations in tumor cells are associated with mutation status and are responsible for aggressive tumor growth. Therefore, mutation status of the tumor in GBM patients should be taken in to consideration before applying targeted therapy to overcome unwanted effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Shankar
- Tumor Angiogenesis Lab, Cancer Center, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, CN3124A, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Meenu Jain
- Tumor Angiogenesis Lab, Cancer Center, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, CN3124A, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mei Jing Lim
- Tumor Angiogenesis Lab, Cancer Center, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, CN3124A, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kartik Angara
- Tumor Angiogenesis Lab, Cancer Center, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, CN3124A, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Peng Zeng
- Tumor Angiogenesis Lab, Cancer Center, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, CN3124A, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Syed A Arbab
- Tumor Angiogenesis Lab, Cancer Center, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, CN3124A, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Asm Iskander
- Tumor Angiogenesis Lab, Cancer Center, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, CN3124A, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Roxan Ara
- Tumor Angiogenesis Lab, Cancer Center, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, CN3124A, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ali S Arbab
- Tumor Angiogenesis Lab, Cancer Center, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, CN3124A, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Bhagelu R Achyut
- Tumor Angiogenesis Lab, Cancer Center, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, CN3124A, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Rios A, Hsu SH, Blanco A, Buryanek J, Day AL, McGuire MF, Brown RE. Durable response of glioblastoma to adjuvant therapy consisting of temozolomide and a weekly dose of AMD3100 (plerixafor), a CXCR4 inhibitor, together with lapatinib, metformin and niacinamide. Oncoscience 2016; 3:156-63. [PMID: 27489862 PMCID: PMC4965258 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a CNS (central nervous system) malignancy with a low cure rate. Median time to progression after standard treatment is 7 months and median overall survival is 15 months [1]. Post-treatment vasculogenesis promoted by recruitment of bone marrow derived cells (BMDCs, CD11b+ myelomonocytes) is one of main mechanisms of GBM resistance to initial chemoradiotherapy treatment [2]. Local secretion of SDF-1, cognate ligand of BMDCs CXCR4 receptors attracts BMDCs to the post-radiation tumor site.[3]. This SDF-1 hypoxia-dependent effect can be blocked by AMD3100 (plerixafor) [4]. We report a GBM case treated after chemo- radiotherapy with plerixafor and a combination of an mTOR, a Sirt1 and an EGFRvIII inhibitor. After one year temozolomide and the EGFRvIII inhibitor were stopped. Plerixafor, and the MTOR and Sirt-1 inhibitors were continued. He is in clinical and radiologic remission 30 months from the initiation of his adjuvant treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient treated for over two years with a CXCR4 inhibitor (plerixafor), as part of his adjuvant treatment. We believe there is sufficient experimental evidence to consider AMD3100 (plerixafor) part of the adjuvant treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adan Rios
- Division of Oncology at UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sigmund H Hsu
- Department of Neurosurgery at UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Angel Blanco
- Memorial Hermann Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jamie Buryanek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arthur L Day
- Department of Neurosurgery at UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary F McGuire
- Adjunct Faculty, Mathematics & Computer Science at University of St. Thomas-Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert E Brown
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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Vartanian A, Karshieva S, Dombrovsky V, Belyavsky A. Melanoma educates mesenchymal stromal cells towards vasculogenic mimicry. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:4264-4268. [PMID: 27313776 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are recruited to the tumor, and promote tumor development and growth. The present study was performed to investigate the communication between aggressive melanoma and MSCs in vasculogenic mimicry (VM). Normal human MSCs plated on Matrigel were unable to form capillary-like structures (CLSs). By contrast, MSCs co-cultured with aggressive melanoma cell lines, namely, Mel Cher, Mel Kor and Mel P, generated CLSs. Significantly, MSCs co-cultured with poorly aggressive melanoma cells, namely, Mel Me, failed to form CLSs. To identify factors responsible for VM, the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), pro-epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and stromal cell-derived factor 1α on the formation of CLSs by MSCs were tested. VM was induced by the addition of VEGFA, whereas other cytokines were inefficient. To confirm the hypothesis that aggressive tumor cells can increase the vasculogenic ability of MSCs, a standard B16/F10 mouse melanoma test system was used. MSCs isolated from the adipose tissues of C57BL/6 mice with melanoma formed a vascular-like network on Matrigel, whereas MSCs from healthy mice failed to form such structures. This study provides the first direct evidence that melanoma tumors educate MSCs to engage in VM. The education may occur distantly. These findings offer promise for novel therapeutic directions in the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Vartanian
- Department of Experimental Diagnosis and Biotherapy of Tumors, Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Saida Karshieva
- Laboratory of Stem and Progenitor Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladislav Dombrovsky
- Department of Experimental Diagnosis and Biotherapy of Tumors, Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Alexander Belyavsky
- Laboratory of Stem and Progenitor Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Mercurio L, Ajmone-Cat MA, Cecchetti S, Ricci A, Bozzuto G, Molinari A, Manni I, Pollo B, Scala S, Carpinelli G, Minghetti L. Targeting CXCR4 by a selective peptide antagonist modulates tumor microenvironment and microglia reactivity in a human glioblastoma model. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:55. [PMID: 27015814 PMCID: PMC4807593 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway regulates tumor cell proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis and the tumor-microenvironment cross-talk in several solid tumors, including glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and fatal brain cancer. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of peptide R, a new specific CXCR4 antagonist that we recently developed by a ligand-based approach, in an in vitro and in vivo model of GBM. The well-characterized CXCR4 antagonist Plerixafor was also included in the study. METHODS The effects of peptide R on CXCR4 expression, cell survival and migration were assessed on the human glioblastoma cell line U87MG exposed to CXCL12, by immunofluorescence and western blotting, MTT assay, flow cytometry and transwell chamber migration assay. Peptide R was then tested in vivo, by using U87MG intracranial xenografts in CD1 nude mice. Peptide R was administered for 23 days since cell implantation and tumor volume was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 4.7 T. Glioma associated microglia/macrophage (GAMs) polarization (anti-tumor M1 versus pro-tumor M2 phenotypes) and expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD31 were assessed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS We found that peptide R impairs the metabolic activity and cell proliferation of human U87MG cells and stably reduces CXCR4 expression and cell migration in response to CXCL12 in vitro. In the orthotopic U87MG model, peptide R reduced tumor cellularity, promoted M1 features of GAMs and astrogliosis, and hindered intra-tumor vasculature. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that targeting CXCR4 by peptide R might represent a novel therapeutic approach against GBM, and contribute to the rationale to further explore in more complex pre-clinical settings the therapeutic potential of peptide R, alone or in combination with standard therapies of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mercurio
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Serena Cecchetti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ricci
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Bozzuto
- Department of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Molinari
- Department of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Manni
- Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Pollo
- Division of Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Scala
- Molecular Immunology, Functional Genomics, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione G. Pascale" IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giulia Carpinelli
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luisa Minghetti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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30
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Tabouret E, Tchoghandjian A, Denicolai E, Delfino C, Metellus P, Graillon T, Boucard C, Nanni I, Padovani L, Ouafik L, Figarella-Branger D, Chinot O. Recurrence of glioblastoma after radio-chemotherapy is associated with an angiogenic switch to the CXCL12-CXCR4 pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 6:11664-75. [PMID: 25860928 PMCID: PMC4484484 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is one of the key features of glioblastoma (GBM). Our objective was to explore the potential changes of angiogenic factors in GBM between initial diagnosis and recurrence after radiotherapy-temozolomide (RT/TMZ). Paired frozen tumors from both initial and recurrent surgery were available for 29 patients. Screening of genes expressions related to angiogenesis was performed using RT- PCR arrays on 10 first patients. Next, RNA expressions of the selected genes were analyzed on all samples. Protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. The anti-tumor effect of AMD3100 (anti-CXCR4) was tested in GBM explants. In the screening step, the initial-recurrence expression changes contributed to a selection of seven genes (VEGFA, VEGFR2, VEGFR1, CXCL12, CXCR4, uPA HIF1α). By quantitative RT-PCR, RNA expressions of CXCR4 (p = 0.029) and CXCL12 (p = 0.107) were increased while expressions of HIF1α (p = 0.009) and VEGFR2 (p = 0.081) were decreased at recurrence. Similarly, CXCL12 protein expression tended to increase (p = 0.096) while VEGFR2 staining was decreased (p = 0.004) at recurrence. An increase of anti-tumoral effect was observed with the combination of AMD3100 and RT/TMZ versus RT/TMZ alone in GB explants. Recurrence of GB after chemo-radiation could be associated with a switch of angiogenic pattern from VEGFR2-HIF1α to CXCL12-CXCR4 pathway, leading to new perspectives in angiogenic treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Tabouret
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CRO2, UMR 911, Marseille 13284, France.,APHM, Timone Hospital, Department of Neuro-Oncology, Marseille 13005, France
| | | | | | | | - Philippe Metellus
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CRO2, UMR 911, Marseille 13284, France.,APHM, Timone Hospital, Department of Neuro-Surgery, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Thomas Graillon
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CRO2, UMR 911, Marseille 13284, France.,APHM, Timone Hospital, Department of Neuro-Surgery, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Celine Boucard
- APHM, Timone Hospital, Department of Neuro-Oncology, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Isabelle Nanni
- APHM, North Hospital, Transfer Laboratory, Marseille 13015, France
| | - Laetitia Padovani
- APHM, Timone Hospital, Department of Radiotherapy, Marseille 13005, France
| | - L'Houcine Ouafik
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CRO2, UMR 911, Marseille 13284, France.,APHM, North Hospital, Transfer Laboratory, Marseille 13015, France
| | - Dominique Figarella-Branger
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CRO2, UMR 911, Marseille 13284, France.,APHM, Timone Hospital, Department of Anatomopathology, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Olivier Chinot
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CRO2, UMR 911, Marseille 13284, France.,APHM, Timone Hospital, Department of Neuro-Oncology, Marseille 13005, France
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31
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Achyut BR, Shankar A, Iskander ASM, Ara R, Knight RA, Scicli AG, Arbab AS. Chimeric Mouse model to track the migration of bone marrow derived cells in glioblastoma following anti-angiogenic treatments. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:280-90. [PMID: 26797476 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1139243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow derived cells (BMDCs) have been shown to contribute in the tumor development. In vivo animal models to investigate the role of BMDCs in tumor development are poorly explored. We established a novel chimeric mouse model using as low as 5 × 10(6) GFP+ BM cells in athymic nude mice, which resulted in >70% engraftment within 14 d. In addition, chimera was established in NOD-SCID mice, which displayed >70% with in 28 d. Since anti-angiogenic therapies (AAT) were used as an adjuvant against VEGF-VEGFR pathway to normalize blood vessels in glioblastoma (GBM), which resulted into marked hypoxia and recruited BMDCs to the tumor microenvironment (TME). We exploited chimeric mice in athymic nude background to develop orthotopic U251 tumor and tested receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and CXCR4 antagonist against GBM. We were able to track GFP+ BMDCs in the tumor brain using highly sensitive multispectral optical imaging instrument. Increased tumor growth associated with the infiltration of GFP+ BMDCs acquiring suppressive myeloid and endothelial phenotypes was seen in TME following treatments. Immunofluorescence study showed GFP+ cells accumulated at the site of VEGF, SDF1 and PDGF expression, and at the periphery of the tumors following treatments. In conclusion, we developed a preclinical chimeric model of GBM and phenotypes of tumor infiltrated BMDCs were investigated in context of AATs. Chimeric mouse model could be used to study detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms of interaction of BMDCs and TME in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Achyut
- a Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University , Augusta , GA , USA
| | - Adarsh Shankar
- a Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University , Augusta , GA , USA
| | - A S M Iskander
- a Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University , Augusta , GA , USA
| | - Roxan Ara
- a Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University , Augusta , GA , USA
| | | | - Alfonso G Scicli
- c Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Henry Ford Health System , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Ali S Arbab
- a Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University , Augusta , GA , USA
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32
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Ohnishi H, Mizuno S, Mizuno-Horikawa Y, Kato T. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1)-dependent recruitment of bone marrow-derived renal endothelium-like cells in a mouse model of acute kidney injury. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:313-9. [PMID: 25833353 PMCID: PMC4383777 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI) is the most key pathological event for accelerating
progression to chronic kidney disease through vascular endothelial injury or dysfunction.
Thus, it is critical to elucidate the molecular mechanism of endothelial protection and
regeneration. Emerging evidence indicates that bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) contribute
to tissue reconstitution in several types of organs post-injury, but little is known
whether and how BMCs contribute to renal endothelial reconstitution, especially in an
early-stage of AKI. Using a mouse model of ischemic AKI, we provide evidence that
incorporation of BMCs in vascular components (such as endothelial and smooth muscle cells)
becomes evident within four days after renal ischemia and reperfusion, associated with an
increase in stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1) in endothelium and that in
CXCR4/SDF1-receptor in BMCs. Notably, anti-CXCR4 antibody decreased the numbers of
infiltrated BMCs and BMC-derived endothelium-like cells, but not of BMC-derived smooth
muscle cell-like cells. These results suggest that reconstitution of renal endothelium
post-ischemia partially depends on a paracrine loop of SDF1-CXCR4 between resident
endothelium and BMCs. Such a chemokine ligand-receptor system may be attributable for
selecting a cellular lineage (s), required for renal vascular protection, repair and
homeostasis, even in an earlier phase of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ohnishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2–2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565–0871; 2. Kinjo Gakuin University College of Pharmacy, 2-1723 Oomori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
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33
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Chen Y, Gou X, Kong DK, Wang X, Wang J, Chen Z, Huang C, Zhou J. EMMPRIN regulates tumor growth and metastasis by recruiting bone marrow-derived cells through paracrine signaling of SDF-1 and VEGF. Oncotarget 2015; 6:32575-85. [PMID: 26416452 PMCID: PMC4741713 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
EMMPRIN, a cell adhesion molecule highly expressed in a variety of tumors, is associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. Mechanistically, EMMPRIN has been characterized to contribute to tumor development and progression by controlling the expression of MMPs and VEGF. In the present study, by using fluorescently labeled bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs), we found that the down-regulation of EMMPRIN expression in cancer cells reduces tumor growth and metastasis, and is associated with the reduced recruitment of BMDCs. Further protein profiling studies suggest that EMMPRIN controls BMDC recruitment through regulating the secretion of soluble factors, notably, VEGF and SDF-1. We demonstrate that the expression and secretion of SDF-1 in tumor cells are regulated by EMMPRIN. This study reveals a novel mechanism by which EMMPRIN promotes tumor growth and metastasis by recruitment of BMDCs through controlling secretion and paracrine signaling of SDF-1 and VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanke Chen
- Experiment Center of Biomedical Research School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Xingchun Gou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Derek Kai Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Experiment Center of Biomedical Research School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Zeming Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Chen Huang
- Experiment Center of Biomedical Research School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Jiangbing Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Achyut BR, Shankar A, Iskander ASM, Ara R, Angara K, Zeng P, Knight RA, Scicli AG, Arbab AS. Bone marrow derived myeloid cells orchestrate antiangiogenic resistance in glioblastoma through coordinated molecular networks. Cancer Lett 2015; 369:416-26. [PMID: 26404753 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a hypervascular and malignant form of brain tumors. Anti-angiogenic therapies (AAT) were used as an adjuvant against VEGF-VEGFR pathway to normalize blood vessels in clinical and preclinical studies, which resulted into marked hypoxia and recruited bone marrow derived cells (BMDCs) to the tumor microenvironment (TME). In vivo animal models to track BMDCs and investigate molecular mechanisms in AAT resistance are rare. We exploited recently established chimeric mouse to develop orthotopic U251 tumor, which uses as low as 5 × 10(6) GFP+ BM cells in athymic nude mice and engrafted >70% GFP+ cells within 14 days. Our unpublished data and published studies have indicated the involvement of immunosuppressive myeloid cells in therapeutic resistance in glioma. Similarly, in the present study, vatalanib significantly increased CD68+ myeloid cells, and CD133+, CD34+ and Tie2+ endothelial cell signatures. Therefore, we tested inhibition of CSF1R+ myeloid cells using GW2580 that reduced tumor growth by decreasing myeloid (Gr1+ CD11b+ and F4/80+) and angiogenic (CD202b+ and VEGFR2+) cell signatures in TME. CSF1R blockade significantly decreased inflammatory, proangiogenic and immunosuppressive molecular signatures compared to vehicle, vatalanib or combination. TCK1 or CXCL7, a potent chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils, was observed as most significantly decreased cytokine in CSF1R blockade. ERK MAPK pathway was involved in cytokine network regulation. In conclusion, present study confirmed the contribution of myeloid cells in GBM development and therapeutic resistance using chimeric mouse model. We identified novel molecular networks including CXCL7 chemokine as a promising target for future studies. Nonetheless, survival studies are required to assess the beneficial effect of CSF1R blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Achyut
- Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Adarsh Shankar
- Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - A S M Iskander
- Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Roxan Ara
- Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kartik Angara
- Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Peng Zeng
- Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Alfonso G Scicli
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ali S Arbab
- Tumor Angiogenesis Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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35
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Flanigan PM, Aghi MK. Adaptation to antiangiogenic therapy in neurological tumors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3069-82. [PMID: 25943307 PMCID: PMC4506875 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Because tumors require a vascular supply for their survival and growth, angiogenesis is considered an important therapeutic target in most human cancers including cancer of the central nervous system. Antiangiogenic therapy has focused on inhibitors of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway. VEGF pathway-targeted drugs have shown therapeutic efficacy in several CNS tumors and have been tried most frequently in glioblastoma. These therapies, however, have been less effective than anticipated as some patients do not respond to therapy and some receive only modest benefit. Underlying this suboptimal response are multiple mechanisms of drug resistance involving changes in both tumor cells and their microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the multiple proposed mechanisms by which neurological tumors evolve to become resistant to antiangiogenic therapies. A better understanding of these mechanisms, their context, and their interplay will likely facilitate improvements in pharmacological strategies for the targeted treatment of neurological tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manish K. Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, California Center for Pituitary Disorders, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Jain R, Griffith B, Alotaibi F, Zagzag D, Fine H, Golfinos J, Schultz L. Glioma Angiogenesis and Perfusion Imaging: Understanding the Relationship between Tumor Blood Volume and Leakiness with Increasing Glioma Grade. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015. [PMID: 26206809 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate imaging correlates to the changes occurring during angiogenesis in gliomas. This was accomplished through in vivo assessment of vascular parameters (relative CBV and permeability surface-area product) and their changing relationship with increasing glioma grade. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-six patients with gliomas underwent preoperative perfusion CT and assessment of relative CBV and permeability surface-area product. Regression analyses were performed to assess the rate of change between relative CBV and permeability surface-area product and to test whether these differed for distinct glioma grades. The ratio of relative CBV to permeability surface-area product was also computed and compared among glioma grades by using analysis of variance methods. RESULTS The rate of change in relative CBV with respect to permeability surface-area product was highest for grade II gliomas followed by grade III and then grade IV (1.64 versus 0.91 versus 0.27, respectively). The difference in the rate of change was significant between grade III and IV (P = .003) and showed a trend for grades II and IV (P = .098). Relative CBV/permeability surface-area product ratios were the highest for grade II and lowest for grade IV. The pair-wise difference among all 3 groups was significant (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS There is an increase in relative CBV more than permeability surface-area product in lower grade gliomas, whereas in grade III and especially grade IV gliomas, permeability surface-area product increases much more than relative CBV. The rate of change of relative CBV with respect to permeability surface-area product and relative CBV/permeability surface-area product ratio can serve as an imaging correlate to changes occurring at the tumor microvasculature level.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jain
- From the Departments of Radiology (R.J.)
| | | | | | - D Zagzag
- Pathology (F.A., D.Z.) Neurosurgery (D.Z., J.G.)
| | - H Fine
- Medicine (H.F.), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - L Schultz
- Public Health Sciences (L.S.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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Womeldorff M, Gillespie D, Jensen RL. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and associated upstream and downstream proteins in the pathophysiology and management of glioblastoma. Neurosurg Focus 2015; 37:E8. [PMID: 25581937 DOI: 10.3171/2014.9.focus14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor with an exceptionally poor patient outcome despite aggressive therapy including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. This aggressive phenotype may be associated with intratumoral hypoxia, which probably plays a key role in GBM tumor growth, development, and angiogenesis. A key regulator of cellular response to hypoxia is the protein hypoxia-inducible factor–1 (HIF-1). An examination of upstream hypoxic and nonhypoxic regulation of HIF-1 as well as a review of the downstream HIF-1– regulated proteins may provide further insight into the role of this transcription factor in GBM pathophysiology. Recent insights into upstream regulators that intimately interact with HIF-1 could provide potential therapeutic targets for treatment of this tumor. The same is potentially true for HIF-1–mediated pathways of glycolysis-, angiogenesis-, and invasion-promoting proteins. Thus, an understanding of the relationship between HIF-1, its upstream protein regulators, and its downstream transcribed genes in GBM pathogenesis could provide future treatment options for the care of patients with these tumors.
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38
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Lu KV, Bergers G. Mechanisms of evasive resistance to anti-VEGF therapy in glioblastoma. CNS Oncol 2015; 2:49-65. [PMID: 23750318 DOI: 10.2217/cns.12.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis inhibitors targeting the VEGF signaling pathway have been US FDA approved for various cancers including glioblastoma (GBM), one of the most lethal and angiogenic tumors. This has led to the routine use of the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab in recurrent GBM, conveying substantial improvements in radiographic response, progression-free survival and quality of life. Despite these encouraging beneficial effects, patients inevitably develop resistance and frequently fail to demonstrate significantly better overall survival. Unlike chemotherapies, to which tumors exhibit resistance due to genetic mutation of drug targets, emerging evidence suggests that tumors bypass antiangiogenic therapy while VEGF signaling remains inhibited through a variety of mechanisms that are just beginning to be recognized. Because of the indirect nature of resistance to VEGF inhibitors there is promise that strategies combining angiogenesis inhibitors with drugs targeting such evasive resistance pathways will lead to more durable antiangiogenic efficacy and improved patient outcomes. Further identifying and understanding of evasive resistance mechanisms and their clinical importance in GBM relapse is therefore a timely and critical issue.
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Zins K, Sioud M, Aharinejad S, Lucas T, Abraham D. Modulating the tumor microenvironment with RNA interference as a cancer treatment strategy. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1218:143-61. [PMID: 25319650 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1538-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is composed of accessory cells and immune cells in addition to extracellular matrix (ECM) components. The stromal compartment interacts with cancer cells in a complex crosstalk to support tumor development. Growth factors and cytokines produced by stromal cells support the growth of tumor cells and promote interaction with the vasculature to enhance tumor progression and invasion. The activation of autocrine and paracrine oncogenic signaling pathways by growth factors, cytokines, and proteases derived from both tumor cells and the stromal compartment is thought to play a major role in assisting tumor cells during metastasis. Consequently, targeting tumor-stroma interactions by RNA interference (RNAi)-based approaches is a promising strategy in the search for novel treatment modalities in human cancer. Recent advances in packaging technology including the use of polymers, peptides, liposomes, and nanoparticles to deliver small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) into target cells may overcome limitations associated with potential RNAi-based therapeutics. Newly developed nonviral gene delivery approaches have shown improved anticancer efficacy suggesting that RNAi-based therapeutics provide novel opportunities to elicit significant gene silencing and induce regression of tumor growth. This chapter summarizes our current understanding of the tumor microenvironment and highlights some potential targets for therapeutic intervention with RNAi-based cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Zins
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Han Y, Tao J, Gomer A, Ramirez-Bergeron DL. Loss of endothelial-ARNT in adult mice contributes to dampened circulating proangiogenic cells and delayed wound healing. Vasc Med 2014; 19:429-41. [PMID: 25398385 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x14559588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recruitment and homing of circulating bone marrow-derived cells include endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) that are critical to neovascularization and tissue regeneration of various vascular pathologies. We report here that conditional inactivation of hypoxia-inducible factor's (HIF) transcriptional activity in the endothelium of adult mice (Arnt(ΔiEC) mice) results in a disturbance of infiltrating cells, a hallmark of neoangiogenesis, during the early phases of wound healing. Cutaneous biopsy punches show distinct migration of CD31(+) cells into wounds of control mice by 36 hours. However, a significant decline in numbers of infiltrating cells with immature vascular markers, as well as decreased transcript levels of genes associated with their expression and recruitment, were identified in wounds of Arnt(ΔiEC) mice. Matrigel plug assays further confirmed neoangiogenic deficiencies alongside a reduction in numbers of proangiogenic progenitor cells from bone marrow and peripheral blood samples of recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor-treated Arnt(ΔiEC) mice. In addition to HIF's autocrine requirements in endothelial cells, our data implicate that extrinsic microenvironmental cues provided by endothelial HIF are pivotal for early migration of proangiogenic cells, including those involved in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute and University Hospitals Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jiayi Tao
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute and University Hospitals Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alla Gomer
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute and University Hospitals Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Diana L Ramirez-Bergeron
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute and University Hospitals Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Trautmann F, Cojoc M, Kurth I, Melin N, Bouchez LC, Dubrovska A, Peitzsch C. CXCR4 as biomarker for radioresistant cancer stem cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:687-99. [PMID: 24650104 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.906766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radioresistance of cancer cells remains a fundamental barrier for maximum efficient radiotherapy. Tumor heterogeneity and the existence of distinct cell subpopulations exhibiting different genotypes and biological behaviors raise difficulties to eradicate all tumorigenic cells. Recent evidence indicates that a distinct population of tumor cells, called cancer stem cells (CSC), is involved in tumor initiation and recurrence and is a putative cause of tumor radioresistance. There is an urgent need to identify the intrinsic molecular mechanisms regulating the generation and maintenance of resistance to radiotherapy, especially within the CSC subset. The chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been found to be a prognostic marker in various types of cancer, being involved in chemotaxis, stemness and drug resistance. The interaction of CXCR4 with its ligand, the chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 12 (CXCL12), plays an important role in modulating the tumor microenvironment, angiogenesis and CSC niche. Moreover, the therapeutic inhibition of the CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling pathway is sensitizing the malignant cells to conventional anti-cancer therapy. CONTENT Within this review we are summarizing the role of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in the modulation of CSC properties, the regulation of the tumor microenvironment in response to irradiation, therapy resistance and tumor relapse. CONCLUSION In light of recent findings, the inhibition of the CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling pathway is a promising therapeutic option to refine radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Trautmann
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität and Helmholtz Zentrum Rossendorf , Dresden
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Castro BA, Aghi MK. Getting more out of radiation therapy in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:4-6. [PMID: 24366974 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brandyn A Castro
- Corresponding author: Manish K. Aghi, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), Brain Tumor Research Center, 1450 Third Street HD 279, Box 0520, San Francisco, CA 94158.
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Cherry AE, Stella N. G protein-coupled receptors as oncogenic signals in glioma: emerging therapeutic avenues. Neuroscience 2014; 278:222-36. [PMID: 25158675 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common malignant intracranial tumors. Newly developed targeted therapies for these cancers aim to inhibit oncogenic signals, many of which emanate from receptor tyrosine kinases, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). Unfortunately, the first-generation treatments targeting these oncogenic signals provide little survival benefit in both mouse xenograft models and human patients. The search for new treatment options has uncovered several G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) candidates and generated a growing interest in this class of proteins as alternative therapeutic targets for the treatment of various cancers, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GPCRs constitute a large family of membrane receptors that influence oncogenic pathways through canonical and non-canonical signaling. Accordingly, evidence indicates that GPCRs display a unique ability to crosstalk with receptor tyrosine kinases, making them important molecular components controlling tumorigenesis. This review summarizes the current research on GPCR functionality in gliomas and explores the potential of modulating these receptors to treat this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Cherry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, BB1538, Health Sciences Building, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
| | - N Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, BB1538, Health Sciences Building, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, BB1538, Health Sciences Building, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
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Liu Y, Carson-Walter E, Walter KA. Chemokine receptor CXCR7 is a functional receptor for CXCL12 in brain endothelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103938. [PMID: 25084358 PMCID: PMC4118981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 regulates multiple cell functions through its receptor, CXCR4. However, recent studies have shown that CXCL12 also binds a second receptor, CXCR7, to potentiate signal transduction and cell activity. In contrast to CXCL12/CXCR4, few studies have focused on the role of CXCR7 in vascular biology and its role in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) remains unclear. In this report, we used complementary methods, including immunocytofluorescence, Western blot, and flow cytometry analyses, to demonstrate that CXCR7 was expressed on HBMECs. We then employed short hairpin RNA (shRNA) technology to knockdown CXCR7 in HBMECs. Knockdown of CXCR7 in HBMECs resulted in significantly reduced HBMEC proliferation, tube formation, and migration, as well as adhesion to matrigel and tumor cells. Blocking CXCR7 with a specific antibody or small molecule antagonist similarly disrupted HBMEC binding to matrigel or tumor cells. We found that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induced CXCR7 in a time and dose-response manner and that this increase preceded an increase in vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Knockdown of CXCR7 resulted in suppression of VCAM-1, suggesting that the reduced binding of CXCR7-knockdown HBMECs may result from suppression of VCAM-1. Collectively, CXCR7 acted as a functional receptor for CXCL12 in brain endothelial cells. Targeting CXCR7 in tumor vasculature may provide novel opportunities for improving brain tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YL); (KAW)
| | - Eleanor Carson-Walter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin A. Walter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YL); (KAW)
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Abstract
Low oxygen tension, hypoxia, is a characteristic of many tumors and associated with the poor prognosis. Hypoxia invites bone marrow derived cells (BMDCs) from bone marrow to the site of tumor. These recruited CXCR4+ BMDCs provide favorable environment for the tumor growth by acquiring pro-angiogenic phenotype such as CD45+VEGFR2+ Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC), or CD45+Tie2+ myeloid cells. CD11b+CD13+ myeloid population of the BMDCs modulate tumor progression. These myeloid populations retain immunosuppressive characteristics, for example, myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulates immune- suppression by inhibiting cytotoxic T cell function. In addition, MDSCs were observed at the premetastatic niche of the distant organs in other tumors. Protumorigenic and prometastatic role of the myeloid cells provides a basis for therapeutic targeting of immunosuppression and thus inhibiting tumor development and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Achyut
- Tumor Angiogenesis Lab, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, USA
| | - Ali S Arbab
- Tumor Angiogenesis Lab, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, USA
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Yu CF, Lin CM, Wang SC, Chen FH, Hong JH, Tsai CS, Yang YC, Chiang CS. Effects of pre-irradiation and SDF-1 suppression on the progression of murine astrocytoma cells grown in different stromal beds. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:1162-8. [PMID: 24937369 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.930539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine whether brain tumors grown in pre-irradiated (PreIR) thigh have a similar tumor bed effect (TBE) as in PreIR brain tissue. MATERIAL AND METHODS Tumor growth delay and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CD31, an endothelial surface marker, and PIMO, a hypoxia marker, were used to study the TBE of a murine astrocytoma, ALTS1C1, or a stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) gene-silenced astrocytoma, ALTS1C1-SDFkd, growing in different PreIR stroma beds. RESULTS ALTS1C1 tumors growing in both PreIR brain and PreIR thigh had reduced microvascular density (MVD) and more chronic hypoxia, but tumor growth delay was only seen in PreIR brain tissue. In contrast, ALTS1C1-SDFkd tumors showed tumor growth delay in PreIR thigh, with little effect in PreIR brain tissue. CONCLUSIONS This study cautions that both the tumor and the nature of the PreIR stromal bed are important when using pre-irradiation as a model of recurrent brain tumors after radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University , Hsinchu , Taiwan
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Boer JC, Walenkamp AME, den Dunnen WFA. Recruitment of bone marrow derived cells during anti-angiogenic therapy in GBM: the potential of combination strategies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 92:38-48. [PMID: 24933160 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly vascular tumor characterized by rapid and invasive tumor growth, followed by oxygen depletion, hypoxia and neovascularization, which generate a network of disorganized, tortuous and permeable vessels. Recruitment of bone marrow derived cells (BMDC) is crucial for vasculogenesis. These cells may act as vascular progenitors by integrating into the newly formed blood vessels or as vascular modulators by releasing pro-angiogenic factors. In patients with recurrent GBM, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy has been evaluated in combination with chemotherapy, yielding improvements in progression-free survival (PFS). However, benefits are temporary as vascular tumors acquire angiogenic pathways independently of VEGF. Specifically, acute hypoxia following prolonged VEGF depletion induces the recruitment of certain myeloid cell subpopulations, which highly contribute to treatment refractoriness. Here we review the molecular mechanisms of neovascularization in relation to bevacizumab therapy with special emphasis on the recruitment of BMDCs and possible combination therapies for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Boer
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek M E Walenkamp
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F A den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Martin BJ. Inhibiting vasculogenesis after radiation: a new paradigm to improve local control by radiotherapy. Semin Radiat Oncol 2014; 23:281-7. [PMID: 24012342 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumors are supported by blood vessels, and it has long been debated whether their response to irradiation is affected by radiation damage to the vasculature. We have shown in preclinical models that, indeed, radiation is damaging to the tumor vasculature and strongly inhibits tumor angiogenesis. However, the vasculature can recover by colonization from circulating cells, primarily proangiogenenic CD11b+ monocytes or macrophages from the bone marrow. This secondary pathway of blood vessel formation, known as vasculogenesis, thus acts to restore the tumor vasculature and allows the tumor to recur following radiation. The stimulus for the influx of these CD11b+ cells into tumors following irradiation is the increased levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in the tumor due to induced tumor hypoxia secondary to blood vessel loss. This increases tumor levels of the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1, which has chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 on monocytes and endothelial cells thereby capturing these cells in the tumors. The increase in CD11b+ monocytes in tumors following irradiation can be prevented using antibodies or small molecules that inhibit hypoxia-inducible factor-1 or the interaction of stromal cell-derived factor-1 with its receptors. We show that the effect of inhibiting these chemokine-chemokine receptor interactions is a marked increase in the radiation response of transplanted or chemically induced tumors in mice and rats. This strategy of inhibiting vasculogenesis following tumor irradiation is a new paradigm in radiotherapy and suggests that higher levels of local control of tumors in several sites would be achievable with this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brown J Martin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
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Liu SC, Alomran R, Chernikova SB, Lartey F, Stafford J, Jang T, Merchant M, Zboralski D, Zöllner S, Kruschinski A, Klussmann S, Recht L, Brown JM. Blockade of SDF-1 after irradiation inhibits tumor recurrences of autochthonous brain tumors in rats. Neuro Oncol 2013; 16:21-8. [PMID: 24335554 PMCID: PMC3870826 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor irradiation blocks local angiogenesis, forcing any recurrent tumor to form new vessels from circulating cells. We have previously demonstrated that the post-irradiation recurrence of human glioblastomas in the brains of nude mice can be delayed or prevented by inhibiting circulating blood vessel–forming cells by blocking the interaction of CXCR4 with its ligand stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)–1 (CXCL12). In the present study we test this strategy by directly neutralizing SDF-1 in a clinically relevant model using autochthonous brain tumors in immune competent hosts. Methods We used NOX-A12, an l-enantiomeric RNA oligonucleotide that binds and inhibits SDF-1 with high affinity. We tested the effect of this inhibitor on the response to irradiation of brain tumors in rat induced by n-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Results Rats treated in utero with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea began to die of brain tumors from approximately 120 days of age. We delivered a single dose of whole brain irradiation (20 Gy) on day 115 of age, began treatment with NOX-A12 immediately following irradiation, and continued with either 5 or 20 mg/kg for 4 or 8 weeks, doses and times equivalent to well-tolerated human exposures. We found a marked prolongation of rat life span that was dependent on both drug dose and duration of treatment. In addition we treated tumors only when they were visible by MRI and demonstrated complete regression of the tumors that was not achieved by irradiation alone or with the addition of temozolomide. Conclusions Inhibition of SDF-1 following tumor irradiation is a powerful way of improving tumor response of glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shie-Chau Liu
- Corresponding author: J. Martin Brown, PhD, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, A246, 1050A Arastradero Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1334.
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Gatti M, Pattarozzi A, Bajetto A, Würth R, Daga A, Fiaschi P, Zona G, Florio T, Barbieri F. Inhibition of CXCL12/CXCR4 autocrine/paracrine loop reduces viability of human glioblastoma stem-like cells affecting self-renewal activity. Toxicology 2013; 314:209-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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