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Tonelli C, Yordanov GN, Hao Y, Deschênes A, Hinds J, Belleau P, Klingbeil O, Brosnan E, Doshi A, Park Y, Hruban RH, Vakoc CR, Dobin A, Preall J, Tuveson DA. A mucus production programme promotes classical pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Gut 2024; 73:941-954. [PMID: 38262672 PMCID: PMC11088527 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-329839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The optimal therapeutic response in cancer patients is highly dependent upon the differentiation state of their tumours. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a lethal cancer that harbours distinct phenotypic subtypes with preferential sensitivities to standard therapies. This study aimed to investigate intratumour heterogeneity and plasticity of cancer cell states in PDA in order to reveal cell state-specific regulators. DESIGN We analysed single-cell expression profiling of mouse PDAs, revealing intratumour heterogeneity and cell plasticity and identified pathways activated in the different cell states. We performed comparative analysis of murine and human expression states and confirmed their phenotypic diversity in specimens by immunolabeling. We assessed the function of phenotypic regulators using mouse models of PDA, organoids, cell lines and orthotopically grafted tumour models. RESULTS Our expression analysis and immunolabeling analysis show that a mucus production programme regulated by the transcription factor SPDEF is highly active in precancerous lesions and the classical subtype of PDA - the most common differentiation state. SPDEF maintains the classical differentiation and supports PDA transformation in vivo. The SPDEF tumour-promoting function is mediated by its target genes AGR2 and ERN2/IRE1β that regulate mucus production, and inactivation of the SPDEF programme impairs tumour growth and facilitates subtype interconversion from classical towards basal-like differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings expand our understanding of the transcriptional programmes active in precancerous lesions and PDAs of classical differentiation, determine the regulators of mucus production as specific vulnerabilities in these cell states and reveal phenotype switching as a response mechanism to inactivation of differentiation states determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tonelli
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | | | - Yuan Hao
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Astrid Deschênes
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Juliene Hinds
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Pascal Belleau
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Olaf Klingbeil
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Erin Brosnan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Abhishek Doshi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Youngkyu Park
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Alexander Dobin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan Preall
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - David A Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
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2
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Salama EE, Youssef MF, Aboelmagd A, Boraei ATA, Nafie MS, Haukka M, Barakat A, Sarhan AAM. Discovery of Potent Indolyl-Hydrazones as Kinase Inhibitors for Breast Cancer: Synthesis, X-ray Single-Crystal Analysis, and In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Cancer Activity Evaluation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1724. [PMID: 38139850 PMCID: PMC10748079 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
According to data provided by the World Health Organization (WHO), a total of 2.3 million women across the globe received a diagnosis of breast cancer in the year 2020, and among these cases, 685,000 resulted in fatalities. As the incidence of breast cancer statistics continues to rise, it is imperative to explore new avenues in the ongoing battle against this disease. Therefore, a number of new indolyl-hydrazones were synthesized by reacting the ethyl 3-formyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylate 1 with thiosemicarbazide, semicarbazide.HCl, 4-nitrophenyl hydrazine, 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine, and 4-amino-5-(1H-indol-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione to afford the new hit compounds, which were assigned chemical structures as thiosemicarbazone 3, bis(hydrazine derivative) 5, semicarbzone 6, Schiff base 8, and the corresponding hydrazones 10 and 12 by NMR, elemental analysis, and X-ray single-crystal analysis. The MTT assay was employed to investigate the compounds' cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Cytotoxicity results disclosed potent IC50 values against MCF-7, especially compounds 5, 8, and 12, with IC50 values of 2.73 ± 0.14, 4.38 ± 0.23, and 7.03 ± 0.37 μM, respectively, compared to staurosproine (IC50 = 8.32 ± 0.43 μM). Consequently, the activities of compounds 5, 8, and 12 in relation to cell migration were investigated using the wound-healing test. The findings revealed notable wound-healing efficacy, with respective percentages of wound closure measured at 48.8%, 60.7%, and 51.8%. The impact of the hit compounds on cell proliferation was assessed by examining their apoptosis-inducing properties. Intriguingly, compound 5 exhibited a significant enhancement in cell death within MCF-7 cells, registering a notable increase of 39.26% in comparison to the untreated control group, which demonstrated only 1.27% cell death. Furthermore, the mechanism of action of compound 5 was scrutinized through testing against kinase receptors. The results revealed significant kinase inhibition, particularly against PI3K-α, PI3K-β, PI3K-δ, CDK2, AKT-1, and EGFR, showcasing promising activity, compared to standard drugs targeting these receptors. In the conclusive phase, through in vivo assay, compound 5 demonstrated a substantial reduction in tumor volume, decreasing from 106 mm³ in the untreated control to 56.4 mm³. Moreover, it significantly attenuated tumor proliferation by 46.9%. In view of these findings, the identified leads exhibit promises for potential development into future medications for the treatment of breast cancer, as they effectively hinder both cell migration and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eid E. Salama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (M.F.Y.); (A.A.); or (A.T.A.B.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Mohamed F. Youssef
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (M.F.Y.); (A.A.); or (A.T.A.B.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Ahmed Aboelmagd
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (M.F.Y.); (A.A.); or (A.T.A.B.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Ahmed T. A. Boraei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (M.F.Y.); (A.A.); or (A.T.A.B.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Mohamed S. Nafie
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (M.F.Y.); (A.A.); or (A.T.A.B.); (M.S.N.)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Matti Haukka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland;
| | - Assem Barakat
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. M. Sarhan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Arish University, Al-Arish 45511, Egypt; or
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3
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Shaban S, Eltamany EH, Boraei ATA, Nafie MS, Gad EM. Design and Synthesis of Novel Pyridine-Based Compounds as Potential PIM-1 Kinase Inhibitors, Apoptosis, and Autophagy Inducers Targeting MCF-7 Cell Lines: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:46922-46933. [PMID: 38107909 PMCID: PMC10720030 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
2-((3-Cyano-4,6-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)acetohydrazide 1 was used as the precursor for the synthesis of 5-thioxo-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methoxy)nicotinonitrile 2. The latter was alkylated with different alkylating agents to produce the S-alkylated products 3-6. Galactosylation of 5-thioxo-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methoxy)nicotinonitrile 2 produces a mixture of S- and N-galactosides 8 and 9. The hydrazide 1 is converted to azide 10, coupled with glycine methyl ester hydrochloride and a set of amines to produce the target coupled amides 11-15. New compounds were assigned using NMR and elemental analysis. Compound 12 had potent cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 0.5 and 5.27 μM against MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines compared with doxorubicin, which displayed the following IC50: 2.14 and 2.48 μM for the mentioned cell lines, respectively. Regarding the molecular target, compound 12 exhibited potent PIM-1 inhibition activity with 97.5% with an IC50 value of 14.3 nM compared to Staurosporine (96.8%, IC50 = 16.7 nM). Moreover, compound 12 significantly activated apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 cells, increasing the cell population by total apoptosis by 33.43% (23.18% for early apoptosis and 10.25% for late apoptosis) compared to the untreated control group (0.64%), and arresting the cell cycle at S-phase by 36.02% compared to control 29.12%. Besides, compound 12 caused tumor inhibition by 42.1% in solid tumors in the SEC-bearing mice. Results disclosed that compound 12 significantly impeded cell migration and cell proliferation by interfering with PIM-1 enzymatic activity via considerable apoptosis-induction, which made it an attractive lead compound for the development of chemotherapeutics to treat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrouk
M. Shaban
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal
University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Elsayed H. Eltamany
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal
University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ahmed T. A. Boraei
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal
University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Nafie
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal
University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University
of Sharjah, (P.O. Box 27272), Sharjah 27272, United Arab
Emirates
| | - Emad M. Gad
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal
University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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4
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Li J, Wan X, Xie D, Yuan H, Pei Q, Luo Y, Chen Y, Xian J, Ye T. SPDEF enhances cancer stem cell-like properties and tumorigenesis through directly promoting GALNT7 transcription in luminal breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:569. [PMID: 37633945 PMCID: PMC10460425 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Luminal breast cancer (BC) is the predominant subtype of breast cancer with a sustained risk of late recurrence and death. Understanding the molecular mechanisms for the oncogenesis of luminal BC would improve the prognosis for this large subset of patients. SPDEF was reported to be dysregulated in breast cancers. However, the biological functions and underlying molecular mechanism of SPDEF in luminal BC remains largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the potential roles of SPDEF underlying subtype-specific functions in BC, especially in luminal subtypes. METHODS The expressions and clinicopathological characteristics of SPDEF in luminal BC patients were evaluated bioinformatically. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed to investigate the oncogenic function and stemness maintenance of SPDEF in luminal BC. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual luciferase reporter assays were conducted to determine the transcription regulation of GALNT7 by SPDEF. GALNT7 levels in serum from luminal BC patients were further detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS SPDEF is markedly upregulated in luminal BC and positively associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Furthermore, we confirmed that SPDEF enhanced the proliferation, migration, invasion and stemness of luminal BC cells in vitro as well the tumorigenicity in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrated the stimulative effect of SPDEF on the progression and stemness of luminal BC, which is mediated by its directly transcriptional target GALNT7. Clinically, we verified that the GALNT7 can be used as a noninvasive diagnostic marker. Noteworthy, the combined detection of serum GALNT7 and traditional tumor markers can enhance diagnostic accuracy thus is of vital importance in the early diagnosis of luminal BC. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals a novel mechanism by which SPDEF transcriptionally activates GALNT7 via directly binding to its promoter to promote cell proliferation, motility and stemness, and led to luminal BC tumorigenesis and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Heilongjiang, 157011, P. R. China
| | - Qin Pei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, P. R. China
| | - Yiyu Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, P. R. China
| | - Jiawen Xian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, P. R. China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, P. R. China.
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5
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Tian F, Huang S, Xu W, Xie G, Gan Y, Huang F, Fan Y, Bao J. Fasudil compensates podocyte injury via CaMK4/Rho GTPases signal and actin cytoskeleton-dependent activation of YAP in MRL/lpr mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110199. [PMID: 37094544 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of immune complexes in the glomerulus leads to irreversible renal damage in lupus nephritis (LN), of which podocyte malfunction arises earlier. Fasudil, the only Rho GTPases inhibitor approved in clinical settings, possesses well-established renoprotective actions; yet, no studies addressed the amelioration derived from fasudil in LN. To clarify, we investigated whether fasudil exerted renal remission in lupus-prone mice. In this study, fasudil (20 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to female MRL/lpr mice for 10 weeks. We report that fasudil administration swept antibodies (anti-dsDNA) and attenuated systemic inflammatory response in MRL/lpr mice, accompanied by preserving podocyte ultrastructure and averting immune complex deposition. Mechanistically, it repressed the expression of CaMK4 in glomerulopathy by preserving nephrin and synaptopodin expression. And fasudil further blocked cytoskeletal breakage in the Rho GTPases-dependent action. Further analyses showed that beneficial actions of fasudil on the podocytes required intra-nuclear YAP activation underlying actin dynamics. In addition, in vitro assays revealed that fasudil normalized the motile imbalance by suppressing intracellular calcium enrichment, thereby contributing to the resistance of apoptosis in podocytes. Altogether, our findings suggest that the precise manners of crosstalks between cytoskeletal assembly and YAP activation underlying the upstream CaMK4/Rho GTPases signal in podocytes is a reliable target for podocytopathies treatment, and fasudil might serve as a promising therapeutic agent to compensate for the podocyte injury in LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Tian
- General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shuo Huang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wangda Xu
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Guanqun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yihong Gan
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Fugang Huang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Jie Bao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China.
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Turner N, Huang-Bartlett C, Kalinsky K, Cristofanilli M, Bianchini G, Chia S, Iwata H, Janni W, Ma CX, Mayer EL, Park YH, Fox S, Liu X, McClain S, Bidard FC. Design of SERENA-6, a phase III switching trial of camizestrant in ESR1-mutant breast cancer during first-line treatment. Future Oncol 2023; 19:559-573. [PMID: 37070653 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ESR1 mutation (ESR1m) is a frequent cause of acquired resistance to aromatase inhibitor (AI) plus cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i), which is a first-line therapy for hormone-receptor-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) advanced breast cancer (ABC). Camizestrant is a next-generation oral selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) that in a phase II study significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) over fulvestrant (also a SERD) in ER+/HER2- ABC. SERENA-6 (NCT04964934) is a randomized, double-blind, phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of switching from an AI to camizestrant, while maintaining the same CDK4/6i, upon detection of ESR1m in circulating tumor DNA before clinical disease progression on first-line therapy for HR+/HER2- ABC. The aim is to treat ESR1m clones and extend the duration of control of ER-driven tumor growth, delaying the need for chemotherapy. The primary end point is PFS; secondary end points include chemotherapy-free survival, time to second progression event (PFS2), overall survival, patient-reported outcomes and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Turner
- Breast Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust & Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JJ, UK
| | | | - Kevin Kalinsky
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Weill Cornell School of Medicine, New York City, NY 10021, USA
| | - Giampaolo Bianchini
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Stephen Chia
- Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Hiroji Iwata
- Department of Breast Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Wolfgang Janni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Cynthia X Ma
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and the Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Erica L Mayer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yeon Hee Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Steven Fox
- Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Sasha McClain
- Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Francois-Clement Bidard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, 92210, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Cloud, 92210, France
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7
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Cytotoxicity and Molecular Alterations Induced by Scorpion Venom Antimicrobial Peptide Smp43 in Breast Cancer Cell Lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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8
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In Silico Identification of Genes Associated with Breast Cancer Progression and Prognosis and Novel Therapeutic Targets. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112995. [PMID: 36428562 PMCID: PMC9687996 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying breast cancer (BC) progression are complex and remain unclear. In this study, we used bioinformatic tools to identify genes associated with tumor progression mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets in BC. We identified genes with stepwise upregulated expression overlapping between the T and N stages during BC progression using LinkedOmics. We compared the expression level of each gene in BC tissues with that in normal breast tissues and evaluated differences in expression in their intrinsic subtypes and their prognostic value using UALCAN and GEPIA2. We also investigated the dependency of BC cell lines on these genes and whether they are potential therapeutic targets using DepMap. SPDEF, TRIM3, ABCB9, HSPB1, RHBG, SPINT1, EPN3, LRFN2, and PRPH were found to be involved in BC progression. High expression of ABCB9 and SPINT1 was associated with a poor prognosis. SPDEF, TRIM3, ABCB9, RHBG, SPINT1, and PRPH were found to be essential for survival in some BC cell lines (gene effect score < −0.5). PRPH was newly discovered to be involved in the progression of BC and the growth and survival of BC cell lines. Hence, SPDEF, TRIM3, ABCB9, RHBG, SPINT1, and PRPH may serve as novel potential therapeutic targets in BC.
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Ye T, Li J, Feng J, Guo J, Wan X, Xie D, Liu J. The subtype-specific molecular function of SPDEF in breast cancer and insights into prognostic significance. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:7307-7320. [PMID: 34191390 PMCID: PMC8335683 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a molecular diverse disease which becomes the most common malignancy among women worldwide. There are four BC subtypes (Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2‐enriched and Basal‐like) robustly established following gene expression pattern‐based characterization, behave significant differences in terms of their incidence, risk factors, prognosis and therapeutic sensitivity. Thus, there is an urgent need to provide mechanism research, treatment strategies and/or prognosis evaluation based on the patient stratification of BC subtypes. The prostate‐derived ETS factor SPDEF was first identified as an activator of prostate specific antigen, and then, the involvements in many aspects of BC have been proposed. However, the subtype‐specific molecular function of SPDEF in BC and insights into prognostic significance have not been clearly elucidated. This study demonstrated for the first time that SPDEF may play a diversity role in the expression levels, clinicopathologic importance, biological function and prognostic evaluation in BC via bioinformatics and experimental evidence, which mainly depends on different BC subtyping. In summary, our findings would help to better understand the possible mechanisms of various BC subtypes and to find possible candidate genes for prognostic and therapeutic usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinglan Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Wan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
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10
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Tian F, Wang X, Ni H, Feng X, Yuan X, Huang Q. The ginsenoside metabolite compound K stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in NCI-H716 cells by regulating the RhoA/ROCKs/YAP signaling pathway and cytoskeleton formation. J Pharmacol Sci 2020; 145:88-96. [PMID: 33357784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 has been shown to have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Its major metabolite, compound K (CK), can stimulate the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1), a gastrointestinal hormone that plays a vital role in regulating glucose metabolism. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of GLP1 secretion by compound K has not been fully explored. This study was designed to investigate whether CK ameliorates incretin impairment by regulating the RhoA/ROCKs/YAP signaling pathway and cytoskeleton formation in NCI-H716 cells. Using NCI-H716 cells as a model cell line for GLP1 secretion, we analyzed the effect of CK on the expression of RhoA/ROCK/YAP pathway components. Our results suggest that the effect of CK on GLP1 secretion depends on the anti-inflammatory effect of CK. We also demonstrated that CK can affect the RhoA/ROCK/YAP pathway, which is downstream of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), by maintaining the capacity of intestinal differentiation. In addition, this effect was mediated by regulating F/G-actin dynamics. These results provide not only the mechanistic insight for the effect of CK on intestinal L cells but also the molecular basis for the further development of CK as a potential therapeutic agent to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Xi Wang
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Haixiang Ni
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Xiaohong Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
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Zhu Y, Meng X, Ruan X, Lu X, Yan F, Wang F. Characterization of Neoantigen Load Subgroups in Gynecologic and Breast Cancers. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:702. [PMID: 32754579 PMCID: PMC7370692 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Although gynecologic and breast (Pan-Gyn) cancers share a variety of similar characteristics, their response to immunotherapy is different. Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is not effective in all patients, while neoantigen load (NAL) may be a predictive biomarker. However, the selection of a NAL cutoff point and its predictive effect remain to be elucidated. Methods We divided 812 Pan-Gyn cancer samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas into three groups based on 60 and 80% of their load percentile. We then correlated the identified NAL subgroups with gene expression, somatic mutation, DNA methylation, and clinicopathological information. We also characterized each subgroup by distinct immune cell enrichment, PD-1 signaling, and cytolytic activity. Finally, we predicted the response of each subgroup to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Results Across Pan-Gyn cancers, we identified three distinct NAL subgroups. These subgroups showed differences in biological function, genetic information, clinical variables, and immune infiltration. Eighty percent was identified as a meaningful cutoff point for NAL. In all patients, a higher NAL (top 20%) was associated with better overall survival as well as high immune infiltration and low intra-tumor heterogeneity. Furthermore, an interesting lncRNA named AC092580.4 was found, which was associated with two significantly different immune genes (CXCL9 and CXCL13). Conclusions Our novel findings provide further insights into the NAL of Pan-Gyn cancers and may open up novel opportunities for their exploitation toward personalized treatment with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinjia Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangrong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Butler C, Sprowls S, Szalai G, Arsiwala T, Saralkar P, Straight B, Hatcher S, Tyree E, Yost M, Kohler WJ, Wolff B, Putnam E, Lockman P, Liu T. Hypomethylating Agent Azacitidine Is Effective in Treating Brain Metastasis Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Through Regulation of DNA Methylation of Keratin 18 Gene. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100775. [PMID: 32408199 PMCID: PMC7225776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer patients presenting with symptomatic brain metastases have poor prognosis, and current chemotherapeutic agents are largely ineffective. In this study, we evaluated the hypomethylating agent azacitidine (AZA) for its potential as a novel therapeutic in preclinical models of brain metastasis of breast cancer. We used the parental triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 (231) cells and their brain colonizing counterpart (231Br) to ascertain phenotypic differences in response to AZA. We observed that 231Br cells have higher metastatic potential compared to 231 cells. With regard to therapeutic value, the AZA IC50 value in 231Br cells is significantly lower than that in parental cells (P < .01). AZA treatment increased apoptosis and inhibited the Wnt signaling transduction pathway, angiogenesis, and cell metastatic capacity to a significantly higher extent in the 231Br line. AZA treatment in mice with experimental brain metastases significantly reduced tumor burden (P = .0112) and increased survival (P = .0026) compared to vehicle. Lastly, we observed a decreased expression of keratin 18 (an epithelial maker) in 231Br cells due to hypermethylation, elucidating a potential mechanism of action of AZA in treating brain metastases from breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Butler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, 400 Lee Street North, Lewisburg, WV
| | - Samuel Sprowls
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Gabor Szalai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, 400 Lee Street North, Lewisburg, WV; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM
| | - Tasneem Arsiwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Pushkar Saralkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Benjamin Straight
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, 400 Lee Street North, Lewisburg, WV
| | - Shea Hatcher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, 400 Lee Street North, Lewisburg, WV
| | - Evan Tyree
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, 400 Lee Street North, Lewisburg, WV
| | - Michael Yost
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, 400 Lee Street North, Lewisburg, WV
| | - William J Kohler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, 400 Lee Street North, Lewisburg, WV
| | - Benjamin Wolff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, 400 Lee Street North, Lewisburg, WV
| | | | - Paul Lockman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Tuoen Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, 400 Lee Street North, Lewisburg, WV.
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Ye T, Feng J, Wan X, Xie D, Liu J. Double Agent: SPDEF Gene with Both Oncogenic and Tumor-Suppressor Functions in Breast Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:3891-3902. [PMID: 32547225 PMCID: PMC7259446 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s243748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dichotomy of cancer-regulatory genes into “oncogenes (OCGs)” and “tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs)” has greatly helped us in learning molecular details of tumor biology. SPDEF, known as the prostate-derived ETS factor, is reported to play a pivotal role in normal cell development and survival, which has also been endowed with dual characteristics in cancers. Breast cancer (BC) is a highly heterogeneous disease which becomes the leading reason for cancer-related fatality among women worldwide. The involvement of SPDEF in many aspects of BC has been postulated, whereas the mechanism governing the regulation of the pro- and anti-oncogenic activities of SPDEF in BC state remains poorly defined. In this review, we summarized SPDEF as the double agent involving in expression profiles, the regulatory mechanism in BC progression, as well as the role in diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of BC. The understanding of SPDEF duality has contributed to gain insight into the tumor biology and also add a new dimension to the new therapy targets for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
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14
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Cao L, Xu C, Xiang G, Liu F, Liu X, Li C, Liu J, Meng Q, Jiao J, Niu Y. AR-PDEF pathway promotes tumour proliferation and upregulates MYC-mediated gene transcription by promoting MAD1 degradation in ER-negative breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:136. [PMID: 30217192 PMCID: PMC6138935 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0883-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in 60%~ 70% oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer (BC) cases and promotes the growth of this cancer subtype. Expression of prostate-derived Ets factor (PDEF), a transcription factor, is highly restricted to epithelial cells in hormone-regulated tissues. MYC and its negative regulator MAD1 play an important role in BC progression. Previously, we found that PDEF expression is strongly correlated with AR expression. However, the relationship between AR and PDEF and the function of PDEF in ER-negative BC proliferation are unclear. Methods AR and PDEF expression in ER-negative BC tissues and cell lines was determined by performing immunohistochemistry or western blotting. Protein expression levels and location were analysed by performing western blotting, RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence staining. Co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to validate the regulation of AR–PDEF–MAD1–MYC axis. Moreover, the effect of AR and PDEF on BC progression was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Results We found that PDEF was overexpressed in ER-negative BC tissues and cell lines and appeared to function as an oncogene. PDEF expression levels were strongly correlated with AR expression in ER-negative BC, and PDEF transcription was positively regulated by AR. PDEF upregulated MYC-mediated gene transcription by promoting MAD1 degradation in ER-negative BC. Finally, we found that compared with the inhibition of AR expression alone, simultaneous inhibition of AR and PDEF expression further suppressed tumour proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions Our data highlight the role of the AR–PDEF–MAD1–MYC axis in BC progression and suggest that PDEF can be used as a new clinical therapeutic target for treating ER-negative BC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-018-0883-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Guomin Xiang
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xiaozhen Liu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Congying Li
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Qingxiang Meng
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yun Niu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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15
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Luk IY, Reehorst CM, Mariadason JM. ELF3, ELF5, EHF and SPDEF Transcription Factors in Tissue Homeostasis and Cancer. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092191. [PMID: 30200227 PMCID: PMC6225137 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium-specific ETS (ESE) transcription factors (ELF3, ELF5, EHF and SPDEF) are defined by their highly conserved ETS DNA binding domain and predominant epithelial-specific expression profile. ESE transcription factors maintain normal cell homeostasis and differentiation of a number of epithelial tissues, and their genetic alteration and deregulated expression has been linked to the progression of several epithelial cancers. Herein we review the normal function of the ESE transcription factors, the mechanisms by which they are dysregulated in cancers, and the current evidence for their role in cancer progression. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies for targeting or reactivating these factors as a novel means of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Y Luk
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
| | - Camilla M Reehorst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
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16
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Cao L, Li C, Xu C, Xiang G, Liu F, Liu X, Jiao J, Lv S, Niu Y. Clinical significance of PDEF factor expression and its relation to androgen receptor in ER - breast cancer. Histopathology 2018; 73:819-831. [PMID: 29969155 DOI: 10.1111/his.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The mechanism of androgen receptor (AR) promoting tumour growth in oestrogen receptor-negative (ER- ) breast cancer (BC) is undetermined. Prostate-derived ETS factor (PDEF) is highly restricted to the hormone-regulated tissues of epithelial cells, such as those in the prostate, breast and other tissues. It has been demonstrated that PDEF expression is associated with AR in prostate cancer. In this research, we aimed to investigate the relationship between PDEF and AR in ER- BC. METHODS AND RESULTS We immunohistochemically evaluated the correlation between PDEF and AR expression in 246 cases of ER- invasive BC, and investigated their relationship in ER- BC cell lines. The expression of PDEF was associated with the positive expression of AR (P < 0.001) and a worse survival rate (P = 0.006). PDEF+ tumours were significantly more often AR+ (P < 0.001). AR and PDEF were more often co-expressed and the series of AR+ PDEF+ (126 of 246, 51.2%) had a poor survival rate (P = 0.046). In Cox models, PDEF expression (P = 0.028) was an independent predictor for overall survival (OS). At the cellular protein and mRNA levels, our experiments also showed a statistically significant positive correlation between PDEF and AR, and that PDEF may be regulated by AR. CONCLUSIONS PDEF is associated with markers of bad prognosis, supporting its role as a growth promoter in ER- BC. Our findings also provide evidence that PDEF is strongly correlated with AR expression in ER- breast cancer; it may be a downstream target gene of AR and a potential prognostic factor in ER- BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Congying Li
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Guomin Xiang
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaozhen Liu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuhua Lv
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yun Niu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
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17
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Sood AK, Geradts J, Young J. Prostate-derived Ets factor, an oncogenic driver in breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317691688. [PMID: 28468594 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317691688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate-derived Ets factor (PDEF), a member of the Ets family of transcription factors, differs from other family members in its restricted expression in normal tissues and its unique DNA-binding motif. These interesting attributes coupled with its aberrant expression in cancer have rendered PDEF a focus of increasing interest by tumor biologists. This review provides a current understanding of the characteristics of PDEF expression and its role in breast cancer. The bulk of the evidence is consistent with PDEF overexpression in most breast tumors and an oncogenic role for this transcription factor in breast cancer. In addition, high PDEF expression in estrogen receptor-positive breast tumors showed significant correlation with poor overall survival in several independent cohorts of breast cancer patients. Together, these findings demonstrate PDEF to be an oncogenic driver of breast cancer and a biomarker of poor prognosis in this cancer. Based on this understanding and the limited expression of PDEF in normal human tissues, the development of PDEF-based therapeutics for prevention and treatment of breast cancer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani K Sood
- 1 Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Geradts
- 2 Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Young
- 3 Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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18
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Sizemore GM, Pitarresi JR, Balakrishnan S, Ostrowski MC. The ETS family of oncogenic transcription factors in solid tumours. Nat Rev Cancer 2017; 17:337-351. [PMID: 28450705 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Findings over the past decade have identified aberrant activation of the ETS transcription factor family throughout all stages of tumorigenesis. Specifically in solid tumours, gene rearrangement and amplification, feed-forward growth factor signalling loops, formation of gain-of-function co-regulatory complexes and novel cis-acting mutations in ETS target gene promoters can result in increased ETS activity. In turn, pro-oncogenic ETS signalling enhances tumorigenesis through a broad mechanistic toolbox that includes lineage specification and self-renewal, DNA damage and genome instability, epigenetics and metabolism. This Review discusses these different mechanisms of ETS activation and subsequent oncogenic implications, as well as the clinical utility of ETS factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Sizemore
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, 598 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jason R Pitarresi
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, 598 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Subhasree Balakrishnan
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, 598 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Michael C Ostrowski
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, 598 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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The Zuo Jin Wan Formula Induces Mitochondrial Apoptosis of Cisplatin-Resistant Gastric Cancer Cells via Cofilin-1. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:8203789. [PMID: 27872653 PMCID: PMC5107242 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8203789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the status of cisplatin (DDP) as a classical chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer, the development of multidrug resistance often leads to a failure of DDP therapy. Here we found that phosphorylated cofilin-1 (p-cofilin-1) was overexpressed in the DDP-resistant human gastric cancer cell lines SGC7901/DDP and BGC823/DDP, relative to the respective parent cell lines (SGC7901 and BGC823), and that DDP induced the dephosphorylation of p-cofilin-1 in both parent lines but not in the DDP-resistant lines. However, we noted that the traditional Chinese medicine formula Zuo Jin Wan (ZJW) could induce the dephosphorylation of p-cofilin-1 and promote cofilin-1 translocation from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria in both SGC7901/DDP and BGC823/DDP cells. This mitochondrial translocation of cofilin-1 was found to induce the conversion of filamentous actin to globular-actin, activate mitochondrial damage and calcium overloading, and induce the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. We further observed that these effects of ZJW on DDP-resistant human gastric cancer cell lines could be reversed via transfection with cofilin-1-specific siRNA, or treatment with a PP1 and PP2A inhibitor. These results suggest that ZJW is an effective drug therapy for patients with DDP-resistant gastric cancer.
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20
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Tsui KH, Lin YH, Chung LC, Chuang ST, Feng TH, Chiang KC, Chang PL, Yeh CJ, Juang HH. Prostate-derived ets factor represses tumorigenesis and modulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in bladder carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2016; 375:142-151. [PMID: 26965996 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-derived Ets (E-twenty six) factor (PDEF), an epithelium-specific member of the Ets family of transcription factors, has been shown to play a role in suppressing the development of many epithelium-derived cancers such as prostate and breast cancer. It is not clear, however, whether PDEF is involved in the development or progression of bladder cancer. In a comparison between normal urothelium and bladder tumor tissue, we identified significant decreases of PDEF in the tumor tissue. Further, the immunohistochemistry assays indicated a significantly higher immunostaining of PDEF in low-grade bladder tumors. Additionally, the highly differentiated transitional-cell bladder carcinoma RT-4 cells expressed significantly more PDEF levels than the bladder carcinoma HT1376 and the T24 cells. Ectopic overexpression of PDEF attenuated proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis of bladder carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. PDEF enhanced the expression levels of mammary serine protease inhibitor (MASPIN), N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), KAI1, and B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2). PDEF modulated epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) by upregulating E-cadherin expression and downregulating the expression of N-cadherin, SNAIL, SLUG, and vimentin, leading to lower migration and invasion abilities of bladder carcinoma cells. Filamentous actin (F-actin) polarization and remodeling were observed in PDEF-knockdown RT-4 cells. Our results suggest that PDEF gene expression is associated with the extent of bladder neoplasia and PDEF modulated the expressions of EMT-related genes. The induction of BTG2, NDRG1, MASPIN, and KAI1 gene expressions by PDEF may explain the inhibitory functions of PDEF on the proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis in bladder carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Hung Tsui
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chuan Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Ting Chuang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Hsia Feng
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Chun Chiang
- Zebafish Center, General Surgery Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Phei-Lang Chang
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ju Yeh
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Heng Juang
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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Choi JA, Jung YS, Kim JY, Kim HM, Lim IK. Inhibition of breast cancer invasion by TIS21/BTG2/Pc3-Akt1-Sp1-Nox4 pathway targeting actin nucleators, mDia genes. Oncogene 2016; 35:83-93. [PMID: 25798836 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian homolog of Drosophila diaphanous (mDia), actin nucleator, has been known to participate in the process of invasion and metastasis of cancer cells via regulating a number of actin-related biological processes. We have previously reported that tumor suppressor TIS21(/BTG2/Pc3) (TIS21) inhibits invadopodia formation by downregulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MDA-MB-231 cells. We herein report that TIS21(/BTG2/Pc3) downregulates diaphanous-related formin (DRF) expression via reducing NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4)-derived ROS generation by Akt1 activation and subsequently impairs invasion activity of the highly invasive breast cancer cells. Knockdown of Akt1 by RNA interference recovered the TIS21(/BTG2/Pc3)-inhibited F-actin remodeling and ROS generation by recovering Nox4 expression. Furthermore, Sp1-mediated Nox4 transcription was downregulated by TIS21(/BTG2/Pc3)-Akt1 signals, leading to the inhibition of cancer cell invasion via F-actin remodeling by mDia genes. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to show that TIS21(/BTG2/Pc3)-Akt1 inhibited Sp1-Nox4-ROS cascade, subsequently reducing invasion activity via inhibition of mDia family genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-A Choi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Y S Jung
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - J Y Kim
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - H M Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - I K Lim
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Scheiber MN, Watson PM, Rumboldt T, Stanley C, Wilson RC, Findlay VJ, Anderson PE, Watson DK. FLI1 expression is correlated with breast cancer cellular growth, migration, and invasion and altered gene expression. Neoplasia 2014; 16:801-13. [PMID: 25379017 PMCID: PMC4212256 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ETS factors have been shown to be dysregulated in breast cancer. ETS factors control the expression of genes involved in many biological processes, such as cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. FLI1 is an ETS protein aberrantly expressed in retrovirus-induced hematological tumors, but limited attention has been directed towards elucidating the role of FLI1 in epithelial-derived cancers. Using data mining, we show that loss of FLI1 expression is associated with shorter survival and more aggressive phenotypes of breast cancer. Gain and loss of function cellular studies indicate the inhibitory effect of FLI1 expression on cellular growth, migration, and invasion. Using Fli1 mutant mice and both a transgenic murine breast cancer model and an orthotopic injection of syngeneic tumor cells indicates that reduced Fli1 contributes to accelerated tumor growth. Global expression analysis and RNA-Seq data from an invasive human breast cancer cell line with over expression of either FLI1 and another ETS gene, PDEF, shows changes in several cellular pathways associated with cancer, such as the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. This study demonstrates a novel role for FLI1 in epithelial cells. In addition, these results reveal that FLI1 down-regulation in breast cancer may promote tumor progression.
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Key Words
- Ad-FLI1, Ad-GFP-FLI1
- EMT, Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ER, Estrogen receptor
- FLI1, Friend leukemia virus integration 1
- GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus
- GOBO, Gene expression-based Outcome for Breast cancer Online
- IDC, Invasive ductal carcinoma
- IHC, Immunohistochemistry
- ILC, Invasive lobular carcinoma
- N, Normal Breast Tissue
- PDEF, Prostate-derived ETS factor
- PyVT, FVB/N-Tg(MMTV-PyVT)634Mul/J
- Rb, Retinoblastoma
- T, Tumor
- uPA, Urokinase plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Scheiber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The James E. Clyburn Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Patricia M Watson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The James E. Clyburn Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Tihana Rumboldt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Children's Hospital, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Connor Stanley
- Department of Computer Science, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424
| | - Robert C Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, The James E. Clyburn Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Victoria J Findlay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Walton Research Building, 39 Sabin Street, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Paul E Anderson
- Department of Computer Science, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424
| | - Dennis K Watson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The James E. Clyburn Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425
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Lo Sasso G, Ryu D, Mouchiroud L, Fernando SC, Anderson CL, Katsyuba E, Piersigilli A, Hottiger MO, Schoonjans K, Auwerx J. Loss of Sirt1 function improves intestinal anti-bacterial defense and protects from colitis-induced colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102495. [PMID: 25013930 PMCID: PMC4094521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of Paneth and goblet cells in the intestine contributes to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Here, we report a role for the NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase SIRT1 in the control of anti-bacterial defense. Mice with an intestinal specific Sirt1 deficiency (Sirt1int−/−) have more Paneth and goblet cells with a consequent rearrangement of the gut microbiota. From a mechanistic point of view, the effects on mouse intestinal cell maturation are mediated by SIRT1-dependent changes in the acetylation status of SPDEF, a master regulator of Paneth and goblet cells. Our results suggest that targeting SIRT1 may be of interest in the management of IBD and CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lo Sasso
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Mouchiroud
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samodha C. Fernando
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Anderson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Elena Katsyuba
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael O. Hottiger
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Science, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Kim IJ, Kang TW, Jeong T, Kim YR, Jung C. HOXB13 regulates the prostate-derived Ets factor: implications for prostate cancer cell invasion. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:869-76. [PMID: 24898171 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
HOXB13 has been shown to enhance the invasive potential of breast and endometrial tumors. HOXB13 is also abundant in castration-resistant prostate tumors. To determine the invasive potential of HOXB13 in prostate tumors, highly metastatic PC3 prostate cancer cells were manipulated to express HOXB13 and/or the prostate-derived Ets factor (PDEF). The PDEF is believed to reduce the invasive potential of various tumors, including prostate tumors. To further demonstrate the functional correlation between HOXB13 and PDEF, transwell invasion and gelatin zymography assays were performed. In addition, the western blot analysis was used to demonstrate the expression of PDEF target proteins involved in cancer cell migration and invasion, MMP-9 and survivin. According to the results, HOXB13 promoted PC3 cell migration and invasion. The DNA microarray analysis demonstrated that HOXB13 significantly suppressed the expression of the PDEF. Accordingly, the expression of MMP-9 and survivin was regulated by HOXB13. In addition, HOXB13 promoted the invasive potential of PC3 cells while inhibiting the PDEF. The coexpression of HOXB13 and the PDEF led to moderate retardation of the number of invasive cells, indicating that HOXB13 functionally counteracted cell invasion by reducing PDEF expression. The western blot analysis demonstrated that HOXB13 counteracted the PDEF-mediated inhibition of the expression of PDEF target proteins such as MMP-9 and survivin. The results suggest that the HOXB13-mediated promotion of tumor cell invasion is accomplished mainly through the downregulation of PDEF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Je Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Won Kang
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeoh Jeong
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Rang Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeyong Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
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25
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Findlay VJ, LaRue AC, Turner DP, Watson PM, Watson DK. Understanding the role of ETS-mediated gene regulation in complex biological processes. Adv Cancer Res 2014; 119:1-61. [PMID: 23870508 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407190-2.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ets factors are members of one of the largest families of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors, regulating critical functions in normal cell homeostasis, which when perturbed contribute to tumor progression. The well-documented alterations in ETS factor expression and function during cancer progression result in pleiotropic effects manifested by the downstream effect on their target genes. Multiple ETS factors bind to the same regulatory sites present on target genes, suggesting redundant or competitive functions. The anti- and prometastatic signatures obtained by examining specific ETS regulatory networks will significantly improve our ability to accurately predict tumor progression and advance our understanding of gene regulation in cancer. Coordination of multiple ETS gene functions also mediates interactions between tumor and stromal cells and thus contributes to the cancer phenotype. As such, these new insights may provide a novel view of the ETS gene family as well as a focal point for studying the complex biological control involved in tumor progression. One of the goals of molecular biology is to elucidate the mechanisms that contribute to the development and progression of cancer. Such an understanding of the molecular basis of cancer will provide new possibilities for: (1) earlier detection, as well as better diagnosis and staging of disease; (2) detection of minimal residual disease recurrences and evaluation of response to therapy; (3) prevention; and (4) novel treatment strategies. Increased understanding of ETS-regulated biological pathways will directly impact these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Findlay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Choi JA, Lim IK. TIS21/BTG2 inhibits invadopodia formation by downregulating reactive oxygen species level in MDA-MB-231 cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:1657-65. [PMID: 23907596 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Invasion of cancer cells depends on the proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix regulated by actin-driven membrane protrusions, called invadopodia. However, the mechanisms underlying invadopodia formation in cancer cells remain largely unknown. METHODS By employing adenoviral transduction of breast cancer cells with either β-galactosidase (Ad-LacZ) or TIS21(/BTG2/Pc3) (Ad-TIS21) gene, the regulation of invadopodia formation was investigated. Invasion activity was examined by invadopodia assay and Matrigel assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was monitored by FACS-based analysis. RESULTS Here, we observed that TIS21 suppressed invadopodia formation as well as invasion activity along with F-actin remodeling. The inhibition of TIS21-mediated invadopodia formation was accompanied with attenuation of ROS generation in the TIS21 expressers, indicating that TIS21-mediated inhibition of ROS plays a critical role for invadopodia formation by regulating actin-associated protein remodeling. This was further confirmed in the TIS21(-/-)MEF cells. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report to provide insight into invasion signals regulated by tumor suppressor, TIS21(/BTG2/Pc3) gene, in the intractable breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-A Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Division of Cell Transformation and Restoration, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 443-721, Korea
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27
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Transcriptional control of cancer metastasis. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:603-11. [PMID: 23838335 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is an essential component of tumor progression and metastasis. During cancer progression, dysregulation of oncogenic or tumor-suppressive transcription factors (TFs), as well as master cell fate regulators and tumor microenvironment-induced factors, collectively influence multiple steps of the metastasis cascade, including local invasion, dissemination, and eventual colonization of the tumor to distant organs. Furthermore, epigenetic alterations in tumor cells, including DNA methylation, as well as activation or suppression of histone deacetylases (HDACs), histone acetyltransferases (HATs), and other chromatin-modifying enzymes, can further distort the transcriptional network to influence metastasis. We focus here on recent research advances in transcriptional control of metastasis and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting such transcriptional regulatory networks.
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28
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Buchwalter G, Hickey MM, Cromer A, Selfors LM, Gunawardane RN, Frishman J, Jeselsohn R, Lim E, Chi D, Fu X, Schiff R, Brown M, Brugge JS. PDEF promotes luminal differentiation and acts as a survival factor for ER-positive breast cancer cells. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:753-67. [PMID: 23764000 PMCID: PMC3711136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and can be classified based on gene expression profiles that reflect distinct epithelial subtypes. We identify prostate-derived ETS factor (PDEF) as a mediator of mammary luminal epithelial lineage-specific gene expression and as a factor required for tumorigenesis in a subset of breast cancers. PDEF levels strongly correlate with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive luminal breast cancer, and PDEF transcription is inversely regulated by ER and GATA3. Furthermore, PDEF is essential for luminal breast cancer cell survival and is required in models of endocrine resistance. These results offer insights into the function of this ETS factor that are clinically relevant and may be of therapeutic value for patients with breast cancer treated with endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Buchwalter
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - Michele M. Hickey
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Anne Cromer
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Laura M. Selfors
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Jason Frishman
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - Rinath Jeselsohn
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - Elgene Lim
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - David Chi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - Xiaosong Fu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Rachel Schiff
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
- Correspondence: (J.S.B.), (M.B.)
| | - Joan S. Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Correspondence: (J.S.B.), (M.B.)
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29
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HMGB1: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013; 2013:157103. [PMID: 23766911 PMCID: PMC3666291 DOI: 10.1155/2013/157103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was originally discovered as a chromatin-binding protein several decades ago. It is now increasingly evident that HMGB1 plays a major role in several disease conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, arthritis, sepsis, and cancer. It is intriguing how deregulation of HMGB1 can result in a myriad of disease conditions. Interestingly, HMGB1 is involved in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis during cancer progression. Furthermore, HMGB1 has been demonstrated to exert intracellular and extracellular functions, activating key oncogenic signaling pathways. This paper focuses on the role of HMGB1 in prostate cancer development and highlights the potential of HMGB1 to serve as a key target for prostate cancer treatment.
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Steffan JJ, Koul S, Meacham RB, Koul HK. The transcription factor SPDEF suppresses prostate tumor metastasis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29968-78. [PMID: 22761428 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.379396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF) plays a significant role in tumorigenesis in prostate, breast, colon, and ovarian cancer. However, there are no in vivo studies with respect to the role of SPDEF in tumor metastasis. The present study examined the effects of SPDEF on tumor cell metastasis using prostate tumor cells as a model. Utilizing two experimental metastasis models, we demonstrate that SPDEF inhibits cell migration and invasion in vitro and acts a tumor metastasis suppressor in vivo. Using stable expression of SPDEF in PC3-Luc cells and shRNA-mediated knockdown of SPDEF in LNCaP-Luc cells, we demonstrate for the first time that SPDEF diminished the ability of disseminated tumors cells to survive at secondary sites and establish micrometastases. These effects on tumor metastasis were not a result of the effect of SPDEF on cell growth as SPDEF expression had no effect on cell growth in vitro or subcutaneous tumor xenograft-growth in vivo. Transcriptional analysis of several genes associated with tumor metastasis, invasion, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition demonstrated that SPDEF expression selectively down-regulated MMP9 and MMP13 in prostate cancer cells. Further analysis indicated that forced MMP9 or MMP13 expression rescued the invasive phenotype in SPDEF expressing PC3 cells in vitro, suggesting that the effects of SPDEF on tumor invasion are mediated, in part, through the suppression of MMP9 and MMP13 expression. These results demonstrate for the first time, in any system, that SPDEF functions as a tumor metastasis suppressor in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Steffan
- Program in Urosciences, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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31
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Hollenhorst PC. RAS/ERK pathway transcriptional regulation through ETS/AP-1 binding sites. Small GTPases 2012; 3:154-8. [PMID: 22653334 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.19630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is activated by mutation in many cancers. Neighboring ETS and AP-1 DNA binding sequences can act as response elements for transcriptional activation by this pathway. ERK phosphorylation of an ETS transcription factor is one mechanism of activating the RAS/ERK gene expression program that can promote cancer cell phenotypes such as proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Recent genome-wide mapping of ETS proteins over-expressed by chromosomal rearrangement in prostate cancer reveals a second mechanism for activation of this gene expression program. An oncogenic subset of ETS transcription factors can activate RAS/ERK target genes even in the absence of RAS/ERK pathway activation by binding ETS/AP-1 sequences. Thus, regulation of cancer cell invasion and metastasis via ETS/AP-1 sequence elements depends on which ETS protein is bound, and the status of the RAS/ERK pathway. This commentary will focus on what is known about the selectivity of ETS/AP-1 sequences for different ETS transcription factors and the transcriptional consequences of ETS protein selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Hollenhorst
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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32
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Turner DP, Findlay VJ, Moussa O, Semenchenko VI, Watson PM, LaRue AC, Desouki MM, Fraig M, Watson DK. Mechanisms and functional consequences of PDEF protein expression loss during prostate cancer progression. Prostate 2011; 71:1723-35. [PMID: 21446014 PMCID: PMC3128180 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ets is a large family of transcriptional regulators with functions in most biological processes. While the Ets family gene, prostate-derived epithelial factor (PDEF), is expressed in epithelial tissues, PDEF protein expression has been found to be reduced or lost during cancer progression. The goal of this study was to examine the mechanism for and biologic impact of altered PDEF expression in prostate cancer. METHODS PDEF protein expression of prostate specimens was examined by immunohistochemistry. RNA and protein expression in cell lines were measured by q-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Cellular growth was determined by quantifying viable and apoptotic cells over time. Cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry. Migration and invasion were determined by transwell assays. PDEF promoter occupancy was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). RESULTS While normal prostate epithelium expresses PDEF mRNA and protein, tumors show no or decreased PDEF protein expression. Re-expression of PDEF in prostate cancer cells inhibits cell growth. PDEF expression is inversely correlated with survivin, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and slug expression and ChIP studies identify survivin and uPA as direct transcriptional targets of PDEF. This study also shows that PDEF expression is regulated via a functional microRNA-204 (miR-204) binding site within the 3'UTR. Furthermore, we demonstrate the biologic significance of miR-204 expression and that miR-204 is over-expressed in human prostate cancer specimens. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the reported studies demonstrate that PDEF is a negative regulator of tumor progression and that the miR-204-PDEF regulatory axis contributes to PDEF protein loss and resultant cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Turner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Victoria J Findlay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Omar Moussa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Victor I. Semenchenko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Patricia M. Watson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Amanda C. LaRue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Mohamed M Desouki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Mostafa Fraig
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Dennis K Watson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Hollings Cancer Center, Room H0310, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. Telephone 843-792-3962,
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Findlay VJ, Turner DP, Yordy JS, McCarragher B, Shriver MR, Szalai G, Watson PM, Larue AC, Moussa O, Watson DK. Prostate-Derived ETS Factor Regulates Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition through Both SLUG-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms. Genes Cancer 2011; 2:120-9. [PMID: 21779485 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911410424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 5-year survival rate is very low when breast cancer becomes metastatic. The metastatic process is governed by a network of molecules of which SLUG is known to play a major role as a regulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Prostate-derived ETS factor (PDEF) has been proposed as a tumor suppressor, possibly through inhibition of invasion and metastasis; therefore, understanding the mechanism of PDEF regulation may help to better understand its role in breast cancer progression. This study shows for the first time that the transcription factor SLUG is a direct target of PDEF in breast cancer. We show that the expression of PDEF is able to suppress/dampen EMT through the negative regulation of SLUG. In addition, we show that PDEF is also able to regulate downstream targets of SLUG, namely E-cadherin, in both SLUG-dependent and -independent manners, suggesting a critical role for PDEF in regulating EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Findlay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Steffan JJ, Koul HK. Prostate derived ETS factor (PDEF): A putative tumor metastasis suppressor. Cancer Lett 2011; 310:109-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Tsui KH, Chung LC, Feng TH, Chang PL, Juang HH. Upregulation of prostate-derived Ets factor by luteolin causes inhibition of cell proliferation and cell invasion in prostate carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:2812-23. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ghadersohi A, Sharma S, Zhang S, Azrak RG, Wilding GE, Manjili MH, Li F. Prostate-derived Ets transcription factor (PDEF) is a potential prognostic marker in patients with prostate cancer. Prostate 2011; 71:1178-88. [PMID: 21656828 PMCID: PMC3112264 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced expression of prostate-derived Ets transcription factor (PDEF) leads to morphologic change as well as increased migration and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. However, the clinical relevance of PDEF expression and its relationship to anti-apoptotic protein survivin is yet to be determined. METHODS Tissue microarrays of 73 prostate carcinomas and their adjacent benign prostate tissue, as well as 50 benign prostates were evaluated for PDEF expression by immunohistochemistry. Results were confirmed in available tumor tissues using Western blot and RT-PCR. Expression of survivin in prostate carcinoma and benign tissues were determined using Western blot. Results and correlation with clinical data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Patients' specimens with low Gleason scores (GS < 5) expressed higher levels of PDEF protein and lower levels of survivin protein when compared with moderate-to-high GS tumors (GS > 6). Patients with PDEF-positive tumor survived significantly longer (P < 0.0001) than patients with PDEF-negative tumor, and the 8-year survival rate was 94% and 40%, respectively. PDEF expression was detected at the highest levels in benign tissues and was down-regulated or lost in 30 recently diagnosed prostate carcinomas. Re-expression of PDEF in prostate cancer cells inhibited survivin expression. Treatment of prostate cancer cells with methylseleninic acid resulted in restoration of PDEF expression, down-regulation of survivin, and inhibition of tumor cell growth when compared with untreated controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrated an inverse correlation between PDEF and survivin expression, and that up-regulation of PDEF was associated with a favorable prognosis in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghadersohi
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Thyagarajan B, Blaszczak AG, Chandler KJ, Watts JL, Johnson WE, Graves BJ. ETS-4 is a transcriptional regulator of life span in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1001125. [PMID: 20862312 PMCID: PMC2940738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex phenotype responsive to a plethora of environmental inputs; yet only a limited number of transcriptional regulators are known to influence life span. How the downstream expression programs mediated by these factors (or others) are coordinated into common or distinct set of aging effectors is an addressable question in model organisms, such as C. elegans. Here, we establish the transcription factor ETS-4, an ortholog of vertebrate SPDEF, as a longevity determinant. Adult worms with ets-4 mutations had a significant extension of mean life span. Restoring ETS-4 activity in the intestine, but not neurons, of ets-4 mutant worms rescued life span to wild-type levels. Using RNAi, we demonstrated that ets-4 is required post-developmentally to regulate adult life span; thus uncoupling the role of ETS-4 in aging from potential functions in worm intestinal development. Seventy ETS-4-regulated genes, identified by gene expression profiling of two distinct ets-4 alleles and analyzed by bioinformatics, were enriched for known longevity effectors that function in lipid transport, lipid metabolism, and innate immunity. Putative target genes were enriched for ones that change expression during normal aging, the majority of which are controlled by the GATA factors. Also, some ETS-4-regulated genes function downstream of the FOXO factor, DAF-16 and the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway. However, epistasis and phenotypic analyses indicate that ets-4 functioned in parallel to the insulin/IGF-1 receptor, daf-2 and akt-1/2 kinases. Furthermore, ets-4 required daf-16 to modulate aging, suggesting overlap in function at the level of common targets that affect life span. In conclusion, ETS-4 is a new transcriptional regulator of aging, which shares transcriptional targets with GATA and FOXO factors, suggesting that overlapping pathways direct common sets of lifespan-related genes. Animal life span is regulated in response to developmental and environmental inputs through coordinate changes in gene expression. Thus, longevity determinants include DNA-binding proteins that regulate gene expression by controlling transcription. Here, we explored the physiological role of the transcriptional regulator, ETS-4, in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. Our data showed that worms that lack ETS-4 lived significantly longer, revealing ETS-4′s role in the transcription network that regulates life span. We identified 70 genes whose expression was modulated by ETS-4 that function in lipid transport, lipid metabolism and innate immunity. Some of the ETS-4-regulated genes were also controlled by two other regulators of aging, the FOXO and GATA factors. We concluded that a common set of transcriptional targets orchestrate the network of physiological factors that affect aging. ETS-4 is closely related to the human ETS protein SPDEF that exhibits aberrant expression in breast and prostate tumors. Because the genetic pathways that regulate aging are well conserved in other organisms, including humans, our findings could lead to a better understanding of SPDEF function and longevity regulation in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bargavi Thyagarajan
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Adam G. Blaszczak
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Katherine J. Chandler
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Watts
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - W. Evan Johnson
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Graves
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Oleinik NV, Krupenko NI, Krupenko SA. ALDH1L1 inhibits cell motility via dephosphorylation of cofilin by PP1 and PP2A. Oncogene 2010; 29:6233-44. [PMID: 20729910 PMCID: PMC2992098 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Here we report that ALDH1L1 (FDH, a folate enzyme with tumor suppressor-like properties) inhibits cell motility. The underlying mechanism involves F-actin stabilization, re-distribution of cytoplasmic actin towards strong preponderance of filamentous actin, and formation of actin stress fibers. A549 cells expressing FDH demonstrated a much slower recovery of GFP-actin fluorescence in a FRAP assay, as well as an increase in G-actin polymerization and a decrease in F-actin depolymerization rates in pyren-actin fluorescence assays indicating the inhibition of actin dynamics. These effects were associated with robust dephosphorylation of the actin depolymerizing factor cofilin by PP1 and PP2A serine/threonine protein phosphatases but not the cofilin-specific phosphatases slingshot and chronophin. In fact, the PP1/PP2A inhibitor calyculin prevented cofilin dephosphorylation and restored motility. Inhibition of FDH-induced apoptosis by the JNK inhibitor SP600125 or the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk did not restore motility or levels of phospho-cofilin, indicating that the observed effects are independent from FDH function in apoptosis. Interestingly, cofilin siRNA or expression of phosphorylation-deficient S3A cofilin mutant resulted in a decrease of G-actin and the actin stress fiber formation, the effects seen upon FDH expression. In contrast, the expression of S3D mutant, mimicking constitutive phosphorylation, prevented these effects further supporting the cofilin-dependent mechanism. Dephosphorylation of cofilin and inhibition of motility in response to FDH can be also prevented by the increased folate in media. Furthermore, folate depletion itself, in the absence of FDH, resulted in cofilin dephosphorylation and inhibition of motility in several cell lines. Our experiments showed that these effects were folate-specific and not a general response to nutrient starvation. Overall, this study demonstrates the presence of distinct intracellular signaling pathways regulating motility in response to folate status and points toward mechanisms involving folates in promoting a malignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Oleinik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Johnson TR, Koul S, Kumar B, Khandrika L, Venezia S, Maroni PD, Meacham RB, Koul HK. Loss of PDEF, a prostate-derived Ets factor is associated with aggressive phenotype of prostate cancer: regulation of MMP 9 by PDEF. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:148. [PMID: 20550708 PMCID: PMC2904725 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-derived Ets factor (PDEF) is expressed in tissues of high epithelial content including prostate, although its precise function has not been fully established. Conventional therapies produce a high rate of cure for patients with localized prostate cancer, but there is, at present, no effective treatment for intervention in metastatic prostate cancer. These facts underline the need to develop new approaches for early diagnosis of aggressive prostate cancer patients, and mechanism based anti-metastasis therapies that will improve the outlook for hormone-refractory prostate cancer. In this study we evaluated role of prostate-derived Ets factor (PDEF) in prostate cancer. RESULTS We observed decreased PDEF expression in prostate cancer cell lines correlated with increased aggressive phenotype, and complete loss of PDEF protein in metastatic prostate cancer cell lines. Loss of PDEF expression was confirmed in high Gleason Grade prostate cancer samples by immuno-histochemical methods. Reintroduction of PDEF profoundly affected cell behavior leading to less invasive phenotypes in three dimensional cultures. In addition, PDEF expressing cells had altered cell morphology, decreased FAK phosphorylation and decreased colony formation, cell migration, and cellular invasiveness. In contrast PDEF knockdown resulted in increased migration and invasion as well as clonogenic activity. Our results also demonstrated that PDEF downregulated MMP9 promoter activity, suppressed MMP9 mRNA expression, and resulted in loss of MMP9 activity in prostate cancer cells. These results suggested that loss of PDEF might be associated with increased MMP9 expression and activity in aggressive prostate cancer. To confirm results we investigated MMP9 expression in clinical samples of prostate cancer. Results of these studies show increased MMP9 expression correlated with advanced Gleason grade. Taken together our results demonstrate decreased PDEF expression and increased MMP9 expression during the transition to aggressive prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate for the first time negative regulation of MMP9 expression by PDEF, and that PDEF expression was lost in aggressive prostate cancer and was inversely associated with MMP9 expression in clinical samples of prostate cancer. Based on these exciting results, we propose that loss of PDEF along with increased MMP9 expression should serve as novel markers for early detection of aggressive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Johnson
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver Veterans Administrative Medical Center, and University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Moussa O, Turner DP, Feldman RJ, Sementchenko VI, McCarragher BD, Desouki MM, Fraig M, Watson DK. PDEF is a negative regulator of colon cancer cell growth and migration. J Cell Biochem 2010; 108:1389-98. [PMID: 19830706 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ETS is a family of transcriptional regulators with functions in most biological processes. Dysregulated ETS factor function leads to altered expression of multiple genes that play critical roles in many of the processes required for cancer progression. While the Ets family gene, prostate-derived ETS factor (PDEF), is expressed in epithelial tissues including prostate, breast, and colon, PDEF protein expression has been found to be reduced or lost during prostate and breast cancer progression. The goal of this study was to examine the expression and biologic impact of altered PDEF expression in colon cancer. PDEF mRNA and protein are not detectable in several colon-cancer-derived cell lines. Re-expression of PDEF in colon cancer cells inhibits growth and migration. Growth affects are due to altered cellular proliferation, indicated by increased altered cell population in G(1) and S phases of the cell cycle, as well as increased apoptosis. Relevant to its modulation of growth and migration phenotypes, PDEF expression resulted in altered expression of genes with established roles in cell cycle, motility, and invasion. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation studies show that p21 and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) are direct PDEF transcriptional targets. While non-tumor colon epithelium expresses PDEF mRNA and protein, the majority of tumors showed decreased mRNA and/or protein expression. In human tumor tissue samples, PDEF expression was inversely correlated with the expression levels of uPA. Collectively, the data support the model that PDEF is a negative regulator of tumor progression by modulating the expression of growth and migration promoting genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Moussa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Schaefer JS, Sabherwal Y, Shi HY, Sriraman V, Richards J, Minella A, Turner DP, Watson DK, Zhang M. Transcriptional regulation of p21/CIP1 cell cycle inhibitor by PDEF controls cell proliferation and mammary tumor progression. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:11258-69. [PMID: 20139077 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.073932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ets family of transcription factors control a myriad of cellular processes and contribute to the underlying genetic loss of cellular homeostasis resulting in cancer. PDEF (prostate-derived Ets factor) has been under investigation for its role in tumor development and progression. However, the role of PDEF in cancer development has been controversial. Some reports link PDEF to tumor promoter, and others show tumor-suppressing functions in various systems under different conditions. So far, there has been no conclusive evidence from in vivo experiments to prove the role of PDEF. We have used both in vitro and in vivo systems to provide a conclusive role of PDEF in the progression process. PDEF-expressing cells block the cell growth rate, and this retardation was reversible when PDEF expression was silenced with PDEF-specific small interfering RNA. When these PDEF-expressing cells were orthotopically implanted into the mouse mammary gland, tumor incidence and growth rate were significantly retarded. Cell cycle analysis revealed that PDEF expression partially blocked cell cycle progression at G(1)/S without an effect on apoptosis. PDEF overexpression resulted in an increase in p21/CIP1 at both the mRNA and protein levels, resulting in decreased Cdk2 activity. Promoter deletion analysis, electrophoresis mobility shift assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies identified the functional Ets DNA binding site at -2118 bp of the p21/CIP1 gene promoter. This site is capable of binding and responding to PDEF. Furthermore, we silenced p21/CIP1 expression in PDEF-overexpressing cells by small interfering RNA. p21-silenced PDEF cells exhibited significantly increased cell growth in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating the p21 regulation by PDEF as a key player. These experiments identified PDEF as a new transcription factor that directly regulates p21/CIP1 expression under non-stressed conditions. This study conclusively proves that PDEF is a breast tumor suppressor for the first time using both in vitro and in vivo systems. PDEF can be further developed as a target for designing therapeutic intervention of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Schaefer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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42
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Chatterjee A, Dutta S, Mukherjee S, Mukherjee N, Chandra S, Mukherjee A, Sinha S, Panda CK, Chaudhuri K, Mukhopadyay K. Differential allelic distribution of V-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog2 (ETS2) functional polymorphisms in different group of patients. Gene Expr 2010; 15:61-73. [PMID: 21526717 PMCID: PMC6043833 DOI: 10.3727/105221611x12973615737541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
V-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog2 (ETS2), located at chromosome 21 and overexpressed in Down's syndrome (DS), has known cancer regulatory functions. Because leukemia is of common occurrence in DS subjects while solid tumors are rare, we have explored the role of ETS2 functional genetic polymorphisms in this differential oncological development. In silico methods were used for identifying deleterious SNPs, tagged SNPs, and linkage disequilibrium followed by genotyping of 14 SNPs in Indo-Caucasoid individuals (N=668). Significantly different allelic frequencies for rs457705, rs1051420, and rs1051425 were observed in Indian controls (N=149) compared to other ethnic groups. A heterozygous "T" insertion, between chromosomal contig positions 40195541 and 40195542, was observed in DS subjects and their parents. rs461155 showed significant allelic and genotypic association in breast and oral cancer patients. Significantly higher occurrence of G-C haplotype (rs461155-rs1051425) was also observed in these patients compared to DS and leukemic patients. This is the first report on this type of allelic discrimination pattern of ETS2 under different disease conditions. From the data obtained it may be proposed that allelic discrimination of deleterious SNPs in ETS2 may play a regulatory role in the differential development of malignancy in DS subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Chatterjee
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, MRIH, Kolkata, India
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Srinivasan R, Zabuawala T, Huang H, Zhang J, Gulati P, Fernandez S, Karlo JC, Landreth GE, Leone G, Ostrowski MC. Erk1 and Erk2 regulate endothelial cell proliferation and migration during mouse embryonic angiogenesis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8283. [PMID: 20011539 PMCID: PMC2789384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a complex process orchestrated by both growth factors and cell adhesion and is initiated by focal degradation of the vascular basement membrane with subsequent migration and proliferation of endothelial cells. The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is required for EC function during angiogenesis. Although in vitro studies implicate ERK1 and ERK2 in endothelial cell survival, their precise role in angiogenesis in vivo remains poorly defined. Cre/loxP technology was used to inactivate Erk1 and Erk2 in endothelial cells during murine development, resulting in embryonic lethality due to severely reduced angiogenesis. Deletion of Erk1 and Erk2 in primary endothelial cells resulted in decreased cell proliferation and migration, but not in increased apoptosis. Expression of key cell cycle regulators was diminished in the double knockout cells, and decreased DNA synthesis could be observed in endothelial cells during embryogenesis. Interestingly, both Paxillin and Focal Adhesion Kinase were expressed at lower levels in endothelial cells lacking Erk1 and Erk2 both in vivo and in vitro, leading to defects in the organization of the cytoskeleton and in cell motility. The regulation of Paxillin and Focal Adhesion Kinase expression occurred post-transcriptionally. These results demonstrate that ERK1 and ERK2 coordinate endothelial cell proliferation and migration during angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Srinivasan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tahera Zabuawala
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hong Huang
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Parul Gulati
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Soledad Fernandez
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - J. Colleen Karlo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gary E. Landreth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, and Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Ostrowski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gregorieff A, Stange DE, Kujala P, Begthel H, van den Born M, Korving J, Peters PJ, Clevers H. The ets-domain transcription factor Spdef promotes maturation of goblet and paneth cells in the intestinal epithelium. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:1333-45.e1-3. [PMID: 19549527 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Stem cells within the intestinal epithelium generate daughter cells that undergo lineage commitment and maturation through the combined action of the Wnt and Notch signaling cascades. Both pathways, in turn, regulate transcription factor networks that further define differentiation toward either enterocytes or 1 of 3 secretory cell lineages (Paneth, goblet, or enteroendocrine cells). In this study, we investigated the role of the Wnt-responsive, Ets-domain transcription factor Spdef in the differentiation of goblet and Paneth cells. METHODS The in vivo function of Spdef was examined by disrupting the Spdef gene in mice (Spdef(-/-) mice) and analyzing the intestinal phenotype using a range of histologic techniques and DNA microarray profiling. RESULTS In accordance with expression data, we found that loss of Spdef severely impaired the maturation of goblet and Paneth cells and, conversely, led to an accumulation of immature secretory progenitors. Spdef appears to positively and negatively regulate a specific subset of goblet and Paneth cell genes, including Cryptdins, Mmp7, Ang4, Kallikreins, and Muc2. CONCLUSIONS Spdef acts downstream of Math1 to promote terminal differentiation of a secretory progenitor pool into Paneth and goblet cells.
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Noah TK, Kazanjian A, Whitsett J, Shroyer NF. SAM pointed domain ETS factor (SPDEF) regulates terminal differentiation and maturation of intestinal goblet cells. Exp Cell Res 2009; 316:452-65. [PMID: 19786015 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS SPDEF (also termed PDEF or PSE) is an ETS family transcription factor that regulates gene expression in the prostate and goblet cell hyperplasia in the lung. Spdef has been reported to be expressed in the intestine. In this paper, we identify an important role for Spdef in regulating intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis and differentiation. METHODS SPDEF expression was inhibited in colon cancer cells to determine its ability to control goblet cell gene activation. The effects of transgenic expression of Spdef on intestinal differentiation and homeostasis were determined. RESULTS In LS174T colon cancer cells treated with Notch/gamma-secretase inhibitor to activate goblet cell gene expression, shRNAs that inhibited SPDEF also repressed expression of goblet cell genes AGR2, MUC2, RETLNB, and SPINK4. Transgenic expression of Spdef caused the expansion of intestinal goblet cells and corresponding reduction in Paneth, enteroendocrine, and absorptive enterocytes. Spdef inhibited proliferation of intestinal crypt cells without induction of apoptosis. Prolonged expression of the Spdef transgene caused a progressive reduction in the number of crypts that expressed Spdef, consistent with its inhibitory effects on cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Spdef was sufficient to inhibit proliferation of intestinal progenitors and induce differentiation into goblet cells; SPDEF was required for activation of goblet cell associated genes in vitro. These data support a model in which Spdef promotes terminal differentiation into goblet cells of a common goblet/Paneth progenitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko K Noah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Sood AK, Wang J, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Jana B, Liang P, Geradts J. Sam-pointed domain containing Ets transcription factor in luminal breast cancer pathogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1899-903. [PMID: 19505923 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously described frequent overexpression of Sam-pointed domain containing Ets transcription factor (SPDEF), also known as PDEF, in human breast cancer, and suggested a role for this transcription factor in breast tumor progression. To seek evidence in support of this hypothesis, the MCF-12A breast epithelial cell line was transfected with an SPDEF expression plasmid or with control vector plasmid and the transfected cells tested for their tumorigenic growth in vivo. The data showed that SPDEF expression in MCF-12A cells induced accelerated tumor growth in severe combined immune deficient mice compared with vector-transfected MCF-12A cells. Furthermore, Gene Expression Omnibus and Oncomine databases were mined to determine any correlation between SPDEF expression levels and clinical outcome. High SPDEF expression correlated with poor overall survival of patients with estrogen receptor+ breast cancer, in three independent data sets. In contrast, little correlation was observed between SPDEF expression and cancer relapse or remote metastases. SPDEF expression was further found to be restricted to tumors arising in the luminal epithelial lineage including estrogen receptor+ luminal subtype breast tumors, Her2/neu-positive tumors, and apocrine carcinomas. In contrast, little SPDEF expression was found in the basal subtype of breast tumors. Based on these results, we hypothesize that SPDEF has a function in the specification of the progenitor cells of the luminal epithelial lineage that become targets of oncogenesis in luminal breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani K Sood
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Jedlicka P, Gutierrez-Hartmann A. Ets transcription factors in intestinal morphogenesis, homeostasis and disease. Histol Histopathol 2008; 23:1417-24. [PMID: 18785124 DOI: 10.14670/hh-23.1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ets transcription factors comprise a large family of sequence-specific regulators of gene expression with important and diverse roles in development and disease. Most Ets family members are expressed in the developing and/or mature intestine, frequently in a compartment-specific and temporally dynamic manner. However, with the exception of the highly expressed Elf3, involved in embryonic epithelial differentiation, little is known about Ets functions in intestinal development and homeostasis. Ets factors show altered expression in colon cancer, where they regulate pathways relevant to tumor progression. Ets factors also likely act as important modifiers of non-neoplastic intestinal disease by regulating pathways relevant to tissue injury and repair. Despite a large body of published work on Ets biology, much remains to be learned about the precise functions of this large and diverse gene family in intestinal morphogenesis, homeostasis, and both neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jedlicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora CO 80045, USA.
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Findlay VJ, Turner DP, Moussa O, Watson DK. MicroRNA-mediated inhibition of prostate-derived Ets factor messenger RNA translation affects prostate-derived Ets factor regulatory networks in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8499-506. [PMID: 18922924 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-derived Ets factor (PDEF) is an ETS transcription factor expressed in normal tissues with high epithelial cell content and noninvasive breast cancer cells. A putative tumor suppressor PDEF protein expression is often lost during progression to a more invasive phenotype. Interestingly, PDEF mRNA has been found to be retained or even overexpressed in the absence of protein; however, the mechanisms for this remain to be elucidated. This study identifies two microRNAs (miRNA) that directly act on and repress PDEF mRNA translation, leading to the loss of PDEF protein expression and the gain of phenotypes associated with invasive cells. In addition, we show that these miRNAs are elevated in human breast tumor samples. Together, these data describe a mechanism of regulation that explains, for the first time, the lack of correlation between PDEF mRNA and protein levels, providing insight into the underexplored role of posttranscriptional regulation and how this contributes to dysregulated protein expression in cancer. These observations have critical implications for therapeutically targeting miRNAs that contribute to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Findlay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Ghadersohi A, Odunsi K, Zhang S, Azrak RG, Bundy BN, Manjili MH, Li F. Prostate-derived Ets transcription factor as a favorable prognostic marker in ovarian cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1376-84. [PMID: 18567002 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that ovarian tumors express prostate-derived Ets transcription factor (PDEF). However, the precise role of PDEF in the prognosis of ovarian cancer is unknown. In our study, we report for the first time that expression of PDEF in tumor lesions of patients with ovarian cancer is associated with favorable prognosis. Evaluation of samples from 40 patients with ovarian cancer showed that early stage (IA) and borderline (IIB, III) ovarian tumors expressed higher levels of PDEF mRNA and protein and lower levels of survivin compared to late stage ovarian tumors (IIIC and IV, p < 0.05). Normal ovarian tissues expressed the highest levels of PDEF mRNA and protein when compared to tumor tissues (p < 0.05). A Log-Rank test showed that overall survival of patients with PDEF-positive and survivin-negative ovarian tumors was significantly longer than those with PDEF-negative and survivin-positive tumors (p < 0.01). Forced expression of PDEF in PDEF-negative ovarian tumor cells inhibited tumor cell growth, induced apoptosis, downregulated survivin expression and its promoter activity. Furthermore, treatment of ovarian cancer cells with vitamin D or a selenium compound resulted in re-expression of PDEF, downregulation of survivin, induction of apoptosis and inhibition of tumor cell growth when compared to untreated controls (p < 0.05). Together, these observations showed an inverse correlation between PDEF and survivin expression and suggested that increased PDEF expression along with reduced survivin was associated with prolonged survival of patients with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghadersohi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Hu Q, Nelson WJ, Spiliotis ET. Forchlorfenuron alters mammalian septin assembly, organization, and dynamics. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:29563-71. [PMID: 18713753 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804962200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Septins are filamentous GTPases that associate with cell membranes and the cytoskeleton and play essential roles in cell division and cellular morphogenesis. Septins are implicated in many human diseases including cancer and neuropathies. Small molecules that reversibly perturb septin organization and function would be valuable tools for dissecting septin functions and could be used for therapeutic treatment of septin-related diseases. Forchlorfenuron (FCF) is a plant cytokinin previously shown to disrupt septin localization in budding yeast. However, it is unknown whether FCF directly targets septins and whether it affects septin organization and functions in mammalian cells. Here, we show that FCF alters septin assembly in vitro without affecting either actin or tubulin polymerization. In live mammalian cells, FCF dampens septin dynamics and induces the assembly of abnormally large septin structures. FCF has a low level of cytotoxicity, and these effects are reversed upon FCF washout. Significantly, FCF treatment induces mitotic and cell migration defects that phenocopy the effects of septin depletion by small interfering RNA. We conclude that FCF is a promising tool to study mammalian septin organization and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicong Hu
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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