Cyclin E1 deregulation occurs early in secretory cell transformation to promote formation of fallopian tube-derived high-grade serous ovarian cancers

Enhanced Expression of Mitochondrial Magmas Protein in Ovarian Carcinomas: Magmas Inhibition Facilitates Antitumour Effects, Signifying a Novel Approach for Ovarian Cancer Treatment

Mitochondrial-associated granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (Magmas) is a unique protein located in the inner membrane of mitochondria, with an active role in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cellular systems. Ovarian cancer (OC), one of the deadliest gynaecological cancers, is characterised by genomic instability, affected by ROS production in the tumour microenvironment. This manuscript discusses the role of Magmas and efficacy of its novel small molecule inhibitor BT#9 in OC progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Magmas expression levels were significantly elevated in high-grade human OC compared to benign tumours by immunohistochemistry. The inhibition of Magmas by BT#9 enhanced ROS production and reduced mitochondrial membrane permeability, basal respiration, mitochondrial ATP production, and cellular functions, such as the proliferation and migration of OC cell lines in vitro. Oral administration of BT#9 in vivo significantly reduced tumour growth and spread and enhanced the survival of mice without having any effect on the peritoneal organs. These data suggest that Magmas is functionally important for OC growth and spread by affecting ROS levels and that the inhibition of Magmas activity by BT#9 may provide novel clinical benefits for patients with this malignancy.

Targeting CCNE1 amplified ovarian and endometrial cancers by combined inhibition of PKMYT1 and ATR

Ovarian cancers (OVCAs) and endometrial cancers (EMCAs) with CCNE1-amplification are often resistant to standard treatment and represent an unmet clinical need. Synthetic-lethal screening identified loss of the CDK1 regulator, PKMYT1, as synthetically lethal with CCNE1-amplification. We hypothesize that CCNE1-amplification associated replication stress will be more effectively targeted by combining PKMYT1 inhibitor lunresertib (RP-6306), with ATR inhibitor camonsertib (RP-3500/RG6526). Low dose combination RP-6306 with RP-3500 synergistically increases cytotoxicity more so in CCNE1-amplified compared to non-amplified cells. Combination treatment produces durable antitumor activity, reduces metastasis and increases survival in CCNE1-amplified patient-derived OVCA and EMCA xenografts. Mechanistically, low doses of RP-6306 with RP-3500 increase CDK1 activation more so than monotherapy, triggering rapid and robust induction of premature mitosis, DNA damage, and apoptosis in a CCNE1-dependent manner. These findings suggest that targeting CDK1 activity by combining RP-6306 with RP-3500 is an effective therapeutic approach to treat CCNE1-amplifed OVCAs and EMCAs.

Cyclin-dependent protein kinases and cell cycle regulation in biology and disease

Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs) are closely connected to the regulation of cell cycle progression, having been first identified as the kinases able to drive cell division. In reality, the human genome contains 20 different CDKs, which can be divided in at least three different sub-family with different functions, mechanisms of regulation, expression patterns and subcellular localization. Most of these kinases play fundamental roles the normal physiology of eucaryotic cells; therefore, their deregulation is associated with the onset and/or progression of multiple human disease including but not limited to neoplastic and neurodegenerative conditions. Here, we describe the functions of CDKs, categorized into the three main functional groups in which they are classified, highlighting the most relevant pathways that drive their expression and functions. We then discuss the potential roles and deregulation of CDKs in human pathologies, with a particular focus on cancer, the human disease in which CDKs have been most extensively studied and explored as therapeutic targets. Finally, we discuss how CDKs inhibitors have become standard therapies in selected human cancers and propose novel ways of investigation to export their targeting from cancer to other relevant chronic diseases. We hope that the effort we made in collecting all available information on both the prominent and lesser-known CDK family members will help in identify and develop novel areas of research to improve the lives of patients affected by debilitating chronic diseases.

Cyclin E1/CDK2 activation defines a key vulnerability to WEE1 kinase inhibition in gynecological cancers

Upregulation of Cyclin E1 and subsequent activation of CDK2 accelerates cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase and is a common oncogenic driver in gynecological malignancies. WEE1 kinase counteracts the effects of Cyclin E1/CDK2 activation by regulating multiple cell cycle checkpoints. Here we characterized the relationship between Cyclin E1/CDK2 activation and sensitivity to the selective WEE1 inhibitor azenosertib. We found that ovarian cancer cell lines with high levels of endogenous Cyclin E1 expression or forced overexpression were exquisitely sensitive to azenosertib and these results extended to in vivo models of ovarian and uterine serous carcinoma. Models with high Cyclin E1 expression showed higher baseline levels of replication stress and enhanced cellular responses to azenosertib treatment. We found azenosertib synergized with different classes of chemotherapy and described distinct underlying mechanisms. Finally, we provided early evidence from an ongoing phase I study demonstrating the clinical activity of monotherapy azenosertib in patients with Cyclin E1/CDK2-activated ovarian and uterine serous carcinomas.

A cell atlas of the human fallopian tube throughout the menstrual cycle and menopause

The fallopian tube undergoes extensive molecular changes during the menstrual cycle and menopause. We use single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing to construct a comprehensive cell atlas of healthy human fallopian tubes during the menstrual cycle and menopause. Our scRNA-seq comparison of 85,107 pre- and 46,111 post-menopausal fallopian tube cells reveals substantial shifts in cell type frequencies, gene expression, transcription factor activity, and cell-to-cell communications during menopause and menstrual cycle. Menstrual cycle dependent hormonal changes regulate distinct molecular states in fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells. Postmenopausal fallopian tubes show high chromatin accessibility in transcription factors associated with aging such as Jun, Fos, and BACH1/2, while hormone receptors were generally downregulated, a small proportion of secretory epithelial cells had high expression of ESR2, IGF1R, and LEPR. While a pre-menopausal secretory epithelial gene cluster is enriched in the immunoreactive molecular subtype, a subset of genes expressed in post-menopausal secretory epithelial cells show enrichment in the mesenchymal molecular type of high-grade serous ovarian cancer.

Ovulation sources ROS to confer mutagenic activities on the TP53 gene in the fallopian tube epithelium

INTRODUCTION

Epidemiological studies have implicated ovulation as a risk factor for ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) at the initiation stage. Precancerous lesions of HGSC commonly exhibit TP53 mutations attributed to DNA deamination and are frequently localized in the fallopian tube epithelium (FTE), a site regularly exposed to ovulatory follicular fluid (FF). This study aimed to assess the mutagenic potential of FF and investigate the expression levels and functional role of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) following ovulation, along with the resulting TP53 DNA deamination.

METHODS

The mutagenic activity of FF toward premalignant and malignant FTE cells was determined using the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) mutation assay with or without AID knockdown. The sequential activation of AID, including expressional induction, nuclear localization, DNA binding, and deamination, was determined. AID inducers in FF were identified, and the times of action and signaling pathways were determined.

RESULTS

FF induced AID activation and de novo FTE cell mutagenesis in two waves of activity in accordance with post-ovulation FF exposure. The ERK-mediated early activity started at 2 min and peaked at 45 min, and the NF-κB-mediated late activity started at 6 h and peaked at 8.5 h after exposure. ROS, TNF-α, and estradiol, which are abundant in FF, all induced the two activities, while all activities were abolished by antioxidant cotreatment. AID physically bound to and biochemically deaminated the TP53 gene, regardless of known mutational hotspots. It did not act on other prevalent tumor-suppressor genes of HGSC.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed the ROS-dependent AID-mediated mutagenic activity of the ovulatory FF. The results filled up the missing link between ovulation and the initial TP53 mutation and invited a strategy of antioxidation in prevention of HGSC.

Role of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex Activator Cdh1 in the Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans is a globally distributed human fungal pathogen that can cause cryptococcal meningitis with high morbidity and mortality. In this study, we identified an anaphase-promoting complex (APC) activator, Cdh1, and examined its impact on the virulence of C. neoformans. Our subcellular localization analysis revealed that Cdh1 is situated in the nucleus of C. neoformans. Disrupting or overexpressing the CDH1 gene caused abnormal capsule formation in C. neoformans. The cdh1Δ mutant displayed slight sensitivity when grown at 37 °C, indicating that Cdh1 plays a role in maintaining the growth of C. neoformans at 37 °C. A fungal virulence assay showed that Cdh1 is closely associated with the virulence of C. neoformans, and both the cdh1Δ mutant and CDH1OE overexpression strains significantly diminished the virulence of C. neoformans. The Cryptococcus-macrophage interaction assay revealed that both the cdh1∆ mutant and the CDH1OE strains had significantly lower proliferation ability inside macrophages. Furthermore, the infection of the cdh1Δ mutant significantly activated neutrophil recruitment, as well as Th2 and Th17 immune responses, in lung tissue. In summary, our findings indicate that Cdh1 is crucial for producing virulence factors and fungal virulence in C. neoformans. The findings of this study can offer valuable insights and form the basis for further study of the regulatory mechanisms governing the pathogenicity of C. neoformans, potentially leading to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Loss of EMI1 compromises chromosome stability and is associated with cellular transformation in colonic epithelial cell contexts

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Thus, identifying the aberrant genes and proteins underlying disease pathogenesis is critical to improve early detection methods and develop novel therapeutic strategies. Chromosome instability (CIN), or ongoing changes in chromosome complements, is a predominant form of genome instability. It is a driver of genetic heterogeneity found in ~85% of CRCs. Although CIN contributes to CRC pathogenesis, the molecular determinants underlying CIN remain poorly understood. Recently, EMI1, an F-box protein, was identified as a candidate CIN gene. In this study, we sought to determine the impact reduced EMI1 expression has on CIN and cellular transformation.

METHODS

Coupling siRNA-based silencing and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout clones with quantitative imaging microscopy we evaluated the impact reduced EMI1 expression has on CIN and cellular transformation in four colonic epithelial cell contexts.

RESULTS

Quantitative imaging microscopy data revealed that reduced EMI1 expression induces increases in CIN phenotypes in both transient (siRNA) and constitutive (CRISPR/Cas9) cell models that are associated with increases in DNA damage and cellular transformation phenotypes in long-term studies.

CONCLUSIONS

This study determined that reduced EMI1 expression induces CIN and promotes cellular transformation, which is consistent with a role in early CRC development.

Multimodal Spatial Profiling Reveals Immune Suppression and Microenvironment Remodeling in Fallopian Tube Precursors to High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma

High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer (HGSOC) originates from fallopian tube (FT) precursors. However, the molecular changes that occur as precancerous lesions progress to HGSOC are not well understood. To address this, we integrated high-plex imaging and spatial transcriptomics to analyze human tissue samples at different stages of HGSOC development, including p53 signatures, serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas (STIC), and invasive HGSOC. Our findings reveal immune modulating mechanisms within precursor epithelium, characterized by chromosomal instability, persistent interferon (IFN) signaling, and dysregulated innate and adaptive immunity. FT precursors display elevated expression of MHC-class I, including HLA-E, and IFN-stimulated genes, typically linked to later-stage tumorigenesis. These molecular alterations coincide with progressive shifts in the tumor microenvironment, transitioning from immune surveillance in early STICs to immune suppression in advanced STICs and cancer. These insights identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HGSOC interception and clarify the molecular transitions from precancer to cancer.

The genomic trajectory of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma can be observed in STIC lesions

Ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) originates in the fallopian tube, with secretory cells carrying a TP53 mutation, known as p53 signatures, identified as potential precursors. p53 signatures evolve into serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) lesions, which in turn progress into invasive HGSC, which readily spreads to the ovary and disseminates around the peritoneal cavity. We recently investigated the genomic landscape of early- and late-stage HGSC and found higher ploidy in late-stage (median 3.1) than early-stage (median 2.0) samples. Here, to explore whether the high ploidy and possible whole-genome duplication (WGD) observed in late-stage disease were determined early in the evolution of HGSC, we analysed archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from five HGSC patients. p53 signatures and STIC lesions were laser-capture microdissected and sequenced using shallow whole-genome sequencing (sWGS), while invasive ovarian/fallopian tube and metastatic carcinoma samples underwent macrodissection and were profiled using both sWGS and targeted next-generation sequencing. Results showed highly similar patterns of global copy number change between STIC lesions and invasive carcinoma samples within each patient. Ploidy changes were evident in STIC lesions, but not p53 signatures, and there was a strong correlation between ploidy in STIC lesions and invasive ovarian/fallopian tube and metastatic samples in each patient. The reconstruction of sample phylogeny for each patient from relative copy number indicated that high ploidy, when present, occurred early in the evolution of HGSC, which was further validated by copy number signatures in ovarian and metastatic tumours. These findings suggest that aberrant ploidy, suggestive of WGD, arises early in HGSC and is detected in STIC lesions, implying that the trajectory of HGSC may be determined at the earliest stages of tumour development. © 2024 The Author(s). The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Copy number signatures and CCNE1 amplification reveal the involvement of replication stress in high-grade endometrial tumors oncogenesis

PURPOSE

Managing high-grade endometrial cancer in Martinique poses significant challenges. The diversity of copy number alterations in high-grade endometrial tumors, often associated with a TP53 mutation, is a key factor complicating treatment. Due to the high incidence of high-grade tumors with poor prognosis, our study aimed to characterize the molecular signature of these tumors within a cohort of 25 high-grade endometrial cases.

METHODS

We conducted a comprehensive pangenomic analysis to categorize the copy number alterations involved in these tumors. Whole-Exome Sequencing (WES) and Homologous Recombination (HR) analysis were performed. The alterations obtained from the WES were classified into various signatures using the Copy Number Signatures tool available in COSMIC.

RESULTS

We identified several signatures that correlated with tumor stage and disctinct prognoses. These signatures all seem to be linked to replication stress, with CCNE1 amplification identified as the primary driver of oncogenesis in over 70% of tumors analyzed.

CONCLUSION

The identification of CCNE1 amplification, which is currently being explored as a therapeutic target in clinical trials, suggests new treatment strategies for high-grade endometrial cancer. This finding holds particular significance for Martinique, where access to care is challenging.

Human peritoneal fluid exerts ovulation- and nonovulation-sourced oncogenic activities on transforming fallopian tube epithelial cells

Secretory cells in the fallopian tube fimbria epithelium (FTE) are regarded as the main cells of origin of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC). Ovulation is the main cause of FTE oncogenesis, which proceeds through a sequence of TP53 mutations, chromosomal instability due to Rb/cyclin E aberration, in situ carcinoma (STIC), and metastasis to the ovary and peritoneum (metastatic HGSC). Previously, we have identified multiple oncogenic activities of the ovulatory follicular fluid (FF), which exerts the full spectrum of transforming activity on FTE cells at different stages of transformation. After ovulation, the FF is transfused into the peritoneal fluid (PF), in which the FTE constantly bathes. We wondered whether PF exerts the same spectrum of oncogenic activities as done by FF and whether these activities are derived from FF. By using a panel of FTE cell lines with p53 mutation (FT282-V), p53/CCNE1 aberrations (FT282-CCNE1), and p53/Rb aberrations plus spontaneous transformation, and peritoneal metastasis (FEXT2), we analyzed the changes of different transformation phenotypes after treating with FF and PF collected before or after ovulation. Similar to effects exhibited by FF, we found that, to a lesser extent, PF promoted anchorage-independent growth (AIG), migration, anoikis resistance, and peritoneal attachment in transforming FTE cells. The more transformed cells were typically more affected. Among the transforming activities exhibited by PF treatment, AIG, Matrigel invasion, and peritoneal attachment growth were higher with luteal-phase PF treatment than with the proliferative-phase PF treatment, suggesting an ovulation source. In contrast, changes in anoikis resistance and migration activities were similar in response to treatment with PF collected before and after ovulation, suggesting an ovulation-independent source. The overall transforming activity of luteal-phase PF was verified in an i.p. co-injection xenograft mouse model. Co-injection of Luc-FEXT2 cells with either FF or luteal-phase PF supported early peritoneal implantation, whereas co-injection with follicular-phase PF did not. This study, for the first time, demonstrates that PF from ovulating women can promote different oncogenic phenotypes in FTE cells at different stages of malignant transformation. Most of these activities, other than anoikis resistance and cell migration, are sourced from ovulation.

Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the aggressive landscape of high-grade serous carcinoma and therapeutic targets in tumor microenvironment

High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is characterized by early abdominal metastasis, leading to a dismal prognosis. In this study, we conducted single-cell RNA sequencing on 109,573 cells from 34 tumor samples of 18 HGSC patients, including both primary tumors and their metastatic sites. Our analysis revealed a distinct S100A9+ tumor cell subtype present in both primary and metastatic sites, strongly associated with poor overall survival. This subtype exhibited high expression of S100A8, S100A9, ADGRF1, CEACAM6, CST6, NDRG2, MUC4, PI3, SDC1, and C15orf48. Individual knockdown of these ten marker genes, validated through in vitro and in vivo models, significantly inhibited ovarian cancer growth and invasion. Around S100A9+ tumor cells, a population of HK2+_CAF was identified, characterized by activated glycolysis metabolism, correlating with shorter overall survival in patients. Notably, similar to CAFs, immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) subtypes underwent glycolipid metabolism reprogramming via PPARgamma regulation, promoting tumor metastasis. These findings shed light on the mechanisms driving the aggressiveness of HGSC, offering crucial insights for the development of novel therapeutic targets against this formidable cancer.

Homologous recombination proficient subtypes of high-grade serous ovarian cancer: treatment options for a poor prognosis group

Approximately 50% of tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSCs) have functional homologous recombination-mediated (HR) DNA repair, so-called HR-proficient tumors, which are often associated with primary platinum resistance (relapse within six months after completion of first-line therapy), minimal benefit from poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, and shorter survival. HR-proficient tumors comprise multiple molecular subtypes including cases with CCNE1 amplification, AKT2 amplification or CDK12 alteration, and are often characterized as "cold" tumors with fewer infiltrating lymphocytes and decreased expression of PD-1/PD-L1. Several new treatment approaches aim to manipulate these negative prognostic features and render HR-proficient tumors more susceptible to treatment. Alterations in multiple different molecules and pathways in the DNA damage response are driving new drug development to target HR-proficient cancer cells, such as inhibitors of the CDK or P13K/AKT pathways, as well as ATR inhibitors. Treatment combinations with chemotherapy or PARP inhibitors and agents targeting DNA replication stress have shown promising preclinical and clinical results. New approaches in immunotherapy are also being explored, including vaccines or antibody drug conjugates. Many approaches are still in the early stages of development and further clinical trials will determine their clinical relevance. There is a need to include HR-proficient tumors in ovarian cancer trials and to analyze them in a more targeted manner to provide further evidence for their specific therapy, as this will be crucial in improving the overall prognosis of HGSC and ovarian cancer in general.

NB compounds are potent and efficacious FOXM1 inhibitors in high-grade serous ovarian cancer cells

BACKGROUND

Genetic studies implicate the oncogenic transcription factor Forkhead Box M1 (FOXM1) as a potential therapeutic target in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). We evaluated the activity of different FOXM1 inhibitors in HGSOC cell models.

RESULTS

We treated HGSOC and fallopian tube epithelial (FTE) cells with a panel of previously reported FOXM1 inhibitors. Based on drug potency, efficacy, and selectivity, determined through cell viability assays, we focused on two compounds, NB-73 and NB-115 (NB compounds), for further investigation. NB compounds potently and selectively inhibited FOXM1 with lesser effects on other FOX family members. NB compounds decreased FOXM1 expression via targeting the FOXM1 protein by promoting its proteasome-mediated degradation, and effectively suppressed FOXM1 gene targets at both the protein and mRNA level. At the cellular level, NB compounds promoted apoptotic cell death. Importantly, while inhibition of apoptosis using a pan-caspase inhibitor rescued HGSOC cells from NB compound-induced cell death, it did not rescue FOXM1 protein degradation, supporting that FOXM1 protein loss from NB compound treatment is specific and not a general consequence of cytotoxicity. Drug washout studies indicated that FOXM1 reduction was retained for at least 72 h post-treatment, suggesting that NB compounds exhibit long-lasting effects in HGSOC cells. NB compounds effectively suppressed both two-dimensional and three-dimensional HGSOC cell colony formation at sub-micromolar concentrations. Finally, NB compounds exhibited synergistic activity with carboplatin in HGSOC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

NB compounds are potent, selective, and efficacious inhibitors of FOXM1 in HGSOC cells and are worthy of further investigation as HGSOC therapeutics.

RAD52-dependent mitotic DNA synthesis is required for genome stability in Cyclin E1-overexpressing cells

Overexpression of Cyclin E1 perturbs DNA replication, resulting in DNA lesions and genomic instability. Consequently, Cyclin E1-overexpressing cancer cells increasingly rely on DNA repair, including RAD52-mediated break-induced replication during interphase. We show that not all DNA lesions induced by Cyclin E1 overexpression are resolved during interphase. While DNA lesions upon Cyclin E1 overexpression are induced in S phase, a significant fraction of these lesions is transmitted into mitosis. Cyclin E1 overexpression triggers mitotic DNA synthesis (MiDAS) in a RAD52-dependent fashion. Chemical or genetic inactivation of MiDAS enhances mitotic aberrations and persistent DNA damage. Mitosis-specific degradation of RAD52 prevents Cyclin E1-induced MiDAS and reduces the viability of Cyclin E1-overexpressing cells, underscoring the relevance of RAD52 during mitosis to maintain genomic integrity. Finally, analysis of breast cancer samples reveals a positive correlation between Cyclin E1 amplification and RAD52 expression. These findings demonstrate the importance of suppressing mitotic defects in Cyclin E1-overexpressing cells through RAD52.

PROTACs: Current and Future Potential as a Precision Medicine Strategy to Combat Cancer

Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTAC) are an emerging precision medicine strategy, which targets key proteins for proteolytic degradation to ultimately induce cancer cell killing. These hetero-bifunctional molecules hijack the ubiquitin proteasome system to selectively add polyubiquitin chains onto a specific protein target to induce proteolytic degradation. Importantly, PROTACs have the capacity to target virtually any intracellular and transmembrane protein for degradation, including oncoproteins previously considered undruggable, which strategically positions PROTACs at the crossroads of multiple cancer research areas. In this review, we present normal functions of the ubiquitin regulation proteins and describe the application of PROTACs to improve the efficacy of current broad-spectrum therapeutics. We subsequently present the potential for PROTACs to exploit specific cancer vulnerabilities through synthetic genetic approaches, which may expedite the development, translation, and utility of novel synthetic genetic therapies in cancer. Finally, we describe the challenges associated with PROTACs and the ongoing efforts to overcome these issues to streamline clinical translation. Ultimately, these efforts may lead to their routine clinical use, which is expected to revolutionize cancer treatment strategies, delay familial cancer onset, and ultimately improve the lives and outcomes of those living with cancer.

Follicular fluid aids cell adhesion, spreading in an age independent manner and shows an age-dependent effect on DNA damage in fallopian tube epithelial cells

Ovarian cancer (OC) is deadly, and likely arises from the fallopian tube epithelium (FTE). Despite the association of OC with ovulation, OC typically presents in post-menopausal women who are no longer ovulating. The goal of this study was to understand how ovulation and aging interact to impact OC progression from the FTE. Follicular fluid released during ovulation induces DNA damage in the FTE, however, the role of aging on FTE exposure to follicular fluid is unexplored. Follicular fluid samples were collected from 14 women and its effects on FTE cells was assessed. Follicular fluid caused DNA damage and lipid oxidation in an age-dependent manner, but instead induced cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, independent of age in FTE cells. Follicular fluid regardless of age disrupted FTE spheroid formation and stimulated attachment and growth on ultra-low attachment plates. Proteomics analysis of the adhesion proteins in the follicular fluid samples identified vitronectin, a glycoprotein responsible for FTE cell attachment and spreading.

The ORFIUS complex regulates ORC2 localization at replication origins

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) is a lethal malignancy with elevated replication stress (RS) levels and defective RS and RS-associated DNA damage responses. Here we demonstrate that the bromodomain-containing protein BRD1 is a RS suppressing protein that forms a replication origin regulatory complex with the histone acetyltransferase HBO1, the BRCA1 tumor suppressor, and BARD1, ORigin FIring Under Stress (ORFIUS). BRD1 and HBO1 promote eventual origin firing by supporting localization of the origin licensing protein ORC2 at origins. In the absence of BRD1 and/or HBO1, both origin firing and nuclei with ORC2 foci are reduced. BRCA1 regulates BRD1, HBO1, and ORC2 localization at replication origins. In the absence of BRCA1, both origin firing and nuclei with BRD1, HBO1, and ORC2 foci are increased. In normal and non-HGSC ovarian cancer cells, the ORFIUS complex responds to ATR and CDC7 origin regulatory signaling and disengages from origins during RS. In BRCA1-mutant and sporadic HGSC cells, BRD1, HBO1, and ORC2 remain associated with replication origins, and unresponsive to RS, DNA damage, or origin regulatory kinase inhibition. ORFIUS complex dysregulation may promote HGSC cell survival by allowing for upregulated origin firing and cell cycle progression despite accumulating DNA damage, and may be a RS target.

Targeting CCNE1 amplified ovarian and endometrial cancers by combined inhibition of PKMYT1 and ATR

Ovarian cancers (OVCAs) and endometrial cancers (EMCAs) with CCNE1-amplification are often resistant to standard of care treatment and represent an unmet clinical need. Previously, synthetic-lethal screening identified loss of the CDK1 regulator, PKMYT1, as synthetically lethal with CCNE1-amplification. We hypothesized that CCNE1-amplification associated replication stress will be more effectively targeted by combining the PKMYT1 inhibitor, lunresertib (RP-6306), with the ATR inhibitor, camonsertib (RP-3500/RG6526). Low dose combination RP-6306 with RP-3500 synergistically increased cytotoxicity more in CCNE1 amplified compared to non-amplified cells. Combination treatment produced durable antitumor activity and increased survival in CCNE1 amplified patient-derived and cell line-derived xenografts. Mechanistically, low doses of RP-6306 with RP-3500 increase CDK1 activation more so than monotherapy, triggering rapid and robust induction of premature mitosis, DNA damage and apoptosis in a CCNE1-dependent manner. These findings suggest that targeting CDK1 activity by combining RP-6306 with RP-3500 is a novel therapeutic approach to treat CCNE1-amplifed OVCAs and EMCAs.

αKG-mediated carnitine synthesis promotes homologous recombination via histone acetylation

Homologous recombination (HR) deficiency enhances sensitivity to DNA damaging agents commonly used to treat cancer. In HR-proficient cancers, metabolic mechanisms driving response or resistance to DNA damaging agents remain unclear. Here we identified that depletion of alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG) sensitizes HR-proficient cells to DNA damaging agents by metabolic regulation of histone acetylation. αKG is required for the activity of αKG-dependent dioxygenases (αKGDDs), and prior work has shown that changes in αKGDD affect demethylases. Using a targeted CRISPR knockout library consisting of 64 αKGDDs, we discovered that Trimethyllysine Hydroxylase Epsilon (TMLHE), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in de novo carnitine synthesis, is necessary for proliferation of HR-proficient cells in the presence of DNA damaging agents. Unexpectedly, αKG-mediated TMLHE-dependent carnitine synthesis was required for histone acetylation, while histone methylation was affected but dispensable. The increase in histone acetylation via αKG-dependent carnitine synthesis promoted HR-mediated DNA repair through site- and substrate-specific histone acetylation. These data demonstrate for the first time that HR-proficiency is mediated through αKG directly influencing histone acetylation via carnitine synthesis and provide a metabolic avenue to induce HR-deficiency and sensitivity to DNA damaging agents.

Aneuploidy Landscape in Precursors of Ovarian Cancer

PURPOSE

Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) is now recognized as the main precursor of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC). Other potential tubal lesions include p53 signatures and tubal intraepithelial lesions. We aimed to investigate the extent and pattern of aneuploidy in these epithelial lesions and HGSC to define the features that characterize stages of tumor initiation and progression.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

We applied RealSeqS to compare genome-wide aneuploidy patterns among the precursors, HGSC (cases, n = 85), and histologically unremarkable fallopian tube epithelium (HU-FTE; control, n = 65). On the basis of a discovery set (n = 67), we developed an aneuploidy-based algorithm, REAL-FAST (Repetitive Element AneupLoidy Sequencing Fallopian Tube Aneuploidy in STIC), to correlate the molecular data with pathology diagnoses. We validated the result in an independent validation set (n = 83) to determine its performance. We correlated the molecularly defined precursor subgroups with proliferative activity and histology.

RESULTS

We found that nearly all p53 signatures lost the entire Chr17, offering a "two-hit" mechanism involving both TP53 and BRCA1 in BRCA1 germline mutation carriers. Proliferatively active STICs harbor gains of 19q12 (CCNE1), 19q13.2, 8q24 (MYC), or 8q arm, whereas proliferatively dormant STICs show 22q loss. REAL-FAST classified HU-FTE and STICs into 5 clusters and identified a STIC subgroup harboring unique aneuploidy that is associated with increased proliferation and discohesive growth. On the basis of a validation set, REAL-FAST showed 95.8% sensitivity and 97.1% specificity in detecting STIC/HGSC.

CONCLUSIONS

Morphologically similar STICs are molecularly distinct. The REAL-FAST assay identifies a potentially "aggressive" STIC subgroup harboring unique DNA aneuploidy that is associated with increased cellular proliferation and discohesive growth. REAL-FAST offers a highly reproducible adjunct technique to assist the diagnosis of STIC lesions.

A Cellular atlas of the human fallopian tube reveals the metamorphosis of secretory epithelial cells during the menstrual cycle and menopause

The fallopian tube, connecting the uterus with the ovary, is a dynamic organ that undergoes cyclical changes and is the site of several diseases, including serous cancer. Here, we use single-cell technologies to construct a comprehensive cell map of healthy pre-menopausal fallopian tubes, capturing the impact of the menstrual cycle and menopause on different fallopian tube cells at the molecular level. The comparative analysis between pre- and post-menopausal fallopian tubes reveals substantial shifts in cellular abundance and gene expression patterns, highlighting the physiological changes associated with menopause. Further investigations into menstrual cycle phases illuminate distinct molecular states in secretory epithelial cells caused by hormonal fluctuations. The markers we identified characterizing secretory epithelial cells provide a valuable tool for classifying ovarian cancer subtypes.

Graphical summary

Graphical summary of results. During the proliferative phase (estrogen high ) of the menstrual cycle, SE2 cells (OVGP1 + ) dominate the fallopian tube (FT) epithelium, while SE1 cells (OVGP1 - ) dominate the epithelium during the secretory phase. Though estrogen levels decrease during menopause, SE post-cells (OVGP1 + , CXCL2 + ) make up most of the FT epithelium.

Assessment of Fallopian Tube Epithelium Features Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells of Both Fallopian Tube and Skin Origins

Fallopian tube epithelial cells (FTECs) play a significant role in the development of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), but their utilization in in vitro experiments presents challenges. To address these limitations, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been employed as a potential solution, driven by the hypothesis that orthologous iPSCs may offer superior differentiation capabilities compared with their non-orthologous counterparts. Our objective was to generate iPSCs from FTECs, referred to as FTEC-iPSCs, and compare their differentiation potential with iPSCs derived from skin keratinocytes (NHEK). By introducing a four-factor Sendai virus transduction system, we successfully derived iPSCs from FTECs. To assess the differentiation capacity of iPSCs, we utilized embryoid body formation, revealing positive immunohistochemical staining for markers representing the three germ layers. In vivo tumorigenesis evaluation further validated the pluripotency of iPSCs, as evidenced by the formation of tumors in immunodeficient mice, with histological analysis confirming the presence of tissues from all three germ layers. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis illuminated a sequential shift in gene expression, encompassing pluripotent, mesodermal, and intermediate mesoderm-related genes, during the iPSC differentiation process into FTECs. Notably, the introduction of WNT3A following intermediate mesoderm differentiation steered the cells toward a FTEC phenotype, supported by the expression of FTEC-related markers and the formation of tubule-like structures. In specific culture conditions, the expression of FTEC-related genes was comparable in FTECs derived from FTEC-iPSCs compared with those derived from NHEK-iPSCs. To conclude, our study successfully generated iPSCs from FTECs, demonstrating their capacity for FTEC differentiation. Furthermore, iPSCs originating from orthologous cell sources exhibited comparable differentiation capabilities. These findings hold promise for using iPSCs in modeling and investigating diseases associated with these specific cell types.

Integrated radiogenomics models predict response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in high grade serous ovarian cancer

High grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is a highly heterogeneous disease that typically presents at an advanced, metastatic state. The multi-scale complexity of HGSOC is a major obstacle to predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and understanding critical determinants of response. Here we present a framework to predict the response of HGSOC patients to NACT integrating baseline clinical, blood-based, and radiomic biomarkers extracted from all primary and metastatic lesions. We use an ensemble machine learning model trained to predict the change in total disease volume using data obtained at diagnosis (n = 72). The model is validated in an internal hold-out cohort (n = 20) and an independent external patient cohort (n = 42). In the external cohort the integrated radiomics model reduces the prediction error by 8% with respect to the clinical model, achieving an AUC of 0.78 for RECIST 1.1 classification compared to 0.47 for the clinical model. Our results emphasize the value of including radiomics data in integrative models of treatment response and provide methods for developing new biomarker-based clinical trials of NACT in HGSOC.

Clinical and translational advances in ovarian cancer therapy

Ovarian cancer is an aggressive disease that is frequently detected at advanced stages and is initially very responsive to platinum-based chemotherapy. However, the majority of patients relapse following initial surgery and chemotherapy, highlighting the urgent need to develop new therapeutic strategies. In this Review, we outline the main therapeutic principles behind the management of newly diagnosed and recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer and discuss the current landscape of targeted and immune-based approaches.

Selection of maintenance therapy during first-line treatment of advanced ovarian cancer based on pharmacologic characteristics

INTRODUCTION

Maintenance therapy with bevacizumab and the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors olaparib and niraparib after first-line treatment of advanced ovarian cancer has been approved. However, it is not clear which one should be used for which patients.

AREAS COVERED

This paper presents a detailed analysis of data from phase 3 trials in ovarian cancer evaluating bevacizumab (ICON7, GOG-0218), olaparib (SOLO1, PAOLA-1), and niraparib (PRIMA, PRIME). We will discuss how the results of these trials relate to the 'rebound effect,' in which the risk of progression increases after discontinuation of bevacizumab in patients receiving bevacizumab, and to the significant difference in tissue permeability between olaparib and niraparib.

EXPERT OPINION

In patients with homologous recombination deficiency and no macroscopic residual disease (R0) after primary debulking surgery (PDS), the combination of bevacizumab plus olaparib seems to be the best regimen. Olaparib monotherapy is suitable for patients with BRCA mutations other than PDS R0. Bevacizumab is most useful in cases with a short duration of the rebound effect, i.e. short survival. Niraparib is useful in others but may be more useful in Asians.

CDK2 regulates collapsed replication fork repair in CCNE1-amplified ovarian cancer cells via homologous recombination

CCNE1 amplification is a common alteration in high-grade serous ovarian cancer and occurs in 15-20% of these tumors. These amplifications are mutually exclusive with homologous recombination deficiency, and, as they have intact homologous recombination, are intrinsically resistant to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors or chemotherapy agents. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that lead to this mutual exclusivity may reveal therapeutic vulnerabilities that could be leveraged in the clinic in this still underserved patient population. Here, we demonstrate that CCNE1-amplified high-grade serous ovarian cancer cells rely on homologous recombination to repair collapsed replication forks. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2, the canonical partner of cyclin E1, uniquely regulates homologous recombination in this genetic context, and as such cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibition synergizes with DNA damaging agents in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that combining a selective cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitor with a DNA damaging agent could be a powerful tool in the clinic for high-grade serous ovarian cancer.

Synthetic lethal interaction between WEE1 and PKMYT1 is a target for multiple low-dose treatment of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma

Ovarian cancer is driven by genetic alterations that necessitate protective DNA damage and replication stress responses through cell cycle control and genome maintenance. This creates specific vulnerabilities that may be exploited therapeutically. WEE1 kinase is a key cell cycle control kinase, and it has emerged as a promising cancer therapy target. However, adverse effects have limited its clinical progress, especially when tested in combination with chemotherapies. A strong genetic interaction between WEE1 and PKMYT1 led us to hypothesize that a multiple low-dose approach utilizing joint WEE1 and PKMYT1 inhibition would allow exploitation of the synthetic lethality. We found that the combination of WEE1 and PKMYT1 inhibition exhibited synergistic effects in eradicating ovarian cancer cells and organoid models at a low dose. The WEE1 and PKMYT1 inhibition synergistically promoted CDK activation. Furthermore, the combined treatment exacerbated DNA replication stress and replication catastrophe, leading to increase of the genomic instability and inflammatory STAT1 signalling activation. These findings suggest a new multiple low-dose approach to harness the potency of WEE1 inhibition through the synthetic lethal interaction with PKMYT1 that may contribute to the development of new treatments for ovarian cancer.

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in follicular fluid cooperatively promote the oncogenesis of high-grade serous carcinoma from fallopian tube epithelial cells: Dissection of the molecular effects

Incessant ovulation is believed to be a potential cause of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Our previous investigations have shown that insulin-like growth factor (IGF2) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in the ovulatory follicular fluid (FF) contributed to the malignant transformation initiated by p53 mutations. Here we examined the individual and synergistic impacts of IGF2 and HGF on enhancing the malignant properties of high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), the most aggressive type of EOC, and its precursor lesion, serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC). In a mouse xenograft co-injection model, we observed that FF co-injection induced tumorigenesis of STIC-mimicking cells, FE25. Co-injection with IGF2 or HGF partially recapitulated the tumorigenic effects of FF, but co-injection with both resulted in a higher tumorigenic rate than FF. We analyzed the different transformation phenotypes influenced by these FF growth signals through receptor inhibition. The IGF signal was necessary for clonogenicity, while the HGF signal played a crucial role in the migration and invasion of STIC and HGSC cells. Both signals were necessary for the malignant phenotype of anchoring-independent growth but had little impact on cell proliferation. The downstream signals responsible for these HGF activities were identified as the tyrosine-protein kinase Met (cMET)/mitogen-activated protein kinase and cMET/AKT pathways. Together with the previous finding that the FF-IGF2 could mediate clonogenicity and stemness activities via the IGF-1R/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin and IGF-1R/AKT/NANOG pathways, respectively, this study demonstrated the cooperation of the FF-sourced IGF and HGF growth signals in the malignant transformation and progression of HGSC through both common and distinct signaling pathways. These findings help develop targeted prevention of HGSC.

Giant Cells of Various Lesions Are Characterised by Different Expression Patterns of HLA-Molecules and Molecules Involved in the Cell Cycle, Bone Metabolism, and Lineage Affiliation: An Immunohistochemical Study with a Review of the Literature

Giant cells (GCs) are thought to originate from the fusion of monocytic lineage cells and arise amid multiple backgrounds. To compare GCs of different origins, we immunohistochemically characterised the GCs of reactive and neoplastic lesions (n = 47). We studied the expression of 15 molecules including HLA class II molecules those relevant to the cell cycle, bone metabolism and lineage affiliation. HLA-DR was detectable in the GCs of sarcoidosis, sarcoid-like lesions, tuberculosis, and foreign body granuloma. Cyclin D1 was expressed by the GCs of neoplastic lesions as well as the GCs of bony callus, fibroid epulis, and brown tumours. While cyclin E was detected in the GCs of all lesions, p16 and p21 showed a heterogeneous expression pattern. RANK was expressed by the GCs of all lesions except sarcoid-like lesions and xanthogranuloma. All GCs were RANK-L-negative, and the GCs of all lesions were osteoprotegerin-positive. Osteonectin was limited to the GCs of chondroblastoma. Osteopontin and TRAP were detected in the GCs of all lesions except xanthogranuloma. RUNX2 was heterogeneously expressed in the reactive and neoplastic cohort. The GCs of all lesions except foreign body granuloma expressed CD68, and all GCs were CD163- and langerin-negative. This profiling points to a functional diversity of GCs despite their similar morphology.

Amplified therapeutic targets in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma - a review of the literature with quantitative appraisal

High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma is a unique cancer characterised by universal TP53 mutations and widespread copy number alterations. These copy number alterations include deletion of tumour suppressors and amplification of driver oncogenes. Given their key oncogenic roles, amplified driver genes are often proposed as therapeutic targets. For example, development of anti-HER2 agents has been clinically successful in treatment of ERBB2-amplified tumours. A wide scope of preclinical work has since investigated numerous amplified genes as potential therapeutic targets in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. However, variable experimental procedures (e.g., choice of cell lines), ambiguous phenotypes or lack of validation hinders further clinical translation of many targets. In this review, we collate the genes proposed to be amplified therapeutic targets in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma, and quantitatively appraise the evidence in support of each candidate gene. Forty-four genes are found to have evidence as amplified therapeutic targets; the five highest scoring genes are CCNE1, PAX8, URI1, PRKCI and FAL1. This review generates an up-to-date list of amplified therapeutic target candidates for further development and proposes comprehensive criteria to assist amplified therapeutic target discovery in the future.

BLM overexpression as a predictive biomarker for CHK1 inhibitor response in PARP inhibitor-resistant BRCA-mutant ovarian cancer

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) have changed the treatment paradigm in breast cancer gene (BRCA)-mutant high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC). However, most patients eventually develop resistance to PARPis, highlighting an unmet need for improved therapeutic strategies. Using high-throughput drug screens, we identified ataxia telangiectasia and rad3-related protein/checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) pathway inhibitors as cytotoxic and further validated the activity of the CHK1 inhibitor (CHK1i) prexasertib in PARPi-sensitive and -resistant BRCA-mutant HGSC cells and xenograft mouse models. CHK1i monotherapy induced DNA damage, apoptosis, and tumor size reduction. We then conducted a phase 2 study (NCT02203513) of prexasertib in patients with BRCA-mutant HGSC. The treatment was well tolerated but yielded an objective response rate of 6% (1 of 17; one partial response) in patients with previous PARPi treatment. Exploratory biomarker analyses revealed that replication stress and fork stabilization were associated with clinical benefit to CHK1i. In particular, overexpression of Bloom syndrome RecQ helicase (BLM) and cyclin E1 (CCNE1) overexpression or copy number gain/amplification were seen in patients who derived durable benefit from CHK1i. BRCA reversion mutation in previously PARPi-treated BRCA-mutant patients was not associated with resistance to CHK1i. Our findings suggest that replication fork-related genes should be further evaluated as biomarkers for CHK1i sensitivity in patients with BRCA-mutant HGSC.

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases: from biology to tumorigenesis and therapeutic opportunities

The discussion on cell proliferation cannot be continued without taking a look at the cell cycle regulatory machinery. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), cyclins, and CDK inhibitors (CKIs) are valuable members of this system and their equilibrium guarantees the proper progression of the cell cycle. As expected, any dysregulation in the expression or function of these components can provide a platform for excessive cell proliferation leading to tumorigenesis. The high frequency of CDK abnormalities in human cancers, together with their druggable structure has raised the possibility that perhaps designing a series of inhibitors targeting CDKs might be advantageous for restricting the survival of tumor cells; however, their application has faced a serious concern, since these groups of serine-threonine kinases possess non-canonical functions as well. In the present review, we aimed to take a look at the biology of CDKs and then magnify their contribution to tumorigenesis. Then, by arguing the bright and dark aspects of CDK inhibition in the treatment of human cancers, we intend to reach a consensus on the application of these inhibitors in clinical settings.

Prostate Cancer: Advances in Genetic Testing and Clinical Implications

The demand for genetic testing (GT) for prostate cancer (PCa) is expanding, but there is limited knowledge about the genetic counseling (GC) needs of men. A strong-to-moderate inherited genetic predisposition causes approximately 5–20% of prostate cancer (PCa). In men with prostate cancer, germline testing may benefit the patient by informing treatment options, and if a mutation is noticed, it may also guide screening for other cancers and have family implications for cascade genetic testing (testing of close relatives for the same germline mutation). Relatives with the same germline mutations may be eligible for early cancer detection strategies and preventive measures. Cascade family testing can be favorable for family members, but it is currently unutilized, and strategies to overcome obstacles like knowledge deficiency, family communication, lack of access to genetic services, and testing expenses are needed. In this review, we will look at the genetic factors that have been linked to prostate cancer, as well as the role of genetic counseling and testing in the early detection of advanced prostate cancer.

CCNE1 is a potential target of Metformin for tumor suppression of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most common and malignant type of ovarian cancer, accounting for 70%-80% of mortality. However, the treatment of HGSOC has improved little in the past few decades. Metformin is the first-line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and has now gained more attention in cancer treatment. In this study, we sought to identify potential hub genes that metformin could target in the treatment of HGSOC. We downloaded GSE69428 and GSE69429 in the Gene Expression Omnibus database and performed the bioinformatics analysis. Subsequently, we analyzed the effect of Metformin in HGSOC through biological experiments. Molecular simulation docking was used to predict the interaction of Metformin and CCNE1. We chose CCNE1 for the study based on bioinformatics analysis, literature studies, and preliminary data. We evaluated that CCNE1 is overexpressed in HGSOC tissues and found that HGSOC cells with high CCNE1 expression increase sensitivity to Metformin treatment in the analysis of cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth. Metformin could inhibit the expression of CCNE1, which is associated with the anti-proliferative effect of tumor cells. Moreover, Metformin could ameliorate the tumor growth in syngeneic orthotopic transplantation mouse models and xenograft tumorigenesis models. Furthermore, molecular simulation docking showed that Metformin may bind to CCNE1 protein, suggesting that CCNE1 could be a potential target for Metformin. Our data revealed that Metformin has antitumor effects on ovarian cancer and CCNE1 could be a potential target for Metformin.

CK2-Mediated Phosphorylation Upregulates the Stability of USP13 and Promotes Ovarian Cancer Cell Proliferation

Ubiquitin-specific Peptidase 13 (USP13) is a deubiquitinating enzyme that regulates the stability or function of its substrate. USP13 is highly amplified in human ovarian cancer, and elevated expression of USP13 promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis of ovarian cancer. However, there is little known about USP13 post-translational modifications and their role in ovarian cancer. Here, we found that USP13 is phosphorylated at Thr122 in ovarian cancer cells. Phosphorylated Thr122 (pT122) on endogenous USP13 was observed in most human ovarian cancer cells, and the abundance of this phosphorylation was correlated to the total level of USP13. We further demonstrated that Casein kinase 2 (CK2) directly interacts with and phosphorylates USP13 at Thr122, which promotes the stability of USP13 protein. Finally, we showed that Threonine 122 is important for cell proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Our findings may reveal a novel regulatory mechanism for USP13, which may lead to novel therapeutic targeting of USP13 in ovarian cancer.

L1CAM is required for early dissemination of fallopian tube carcinoma precursors to the ovary

Most ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSC) arise from Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma (STIC) lesions in the distal end of the fallopian tube (FT). Formation of STIC lesions from FT secretory cells leads to seeding of the ovarian surface, with rapid tumor dissemination to other abdominal structures thereafter. It remains unclear how nascent malignant cells leave the FT to colonize the ovary. This report provides evidence that the L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) contributes to the ability of transformed FT secretory cells (FTSEC) to detach from the tube, survive under anchorage-independent conditions, and seed the ovarian surface. L1CAM was highly expressed on the apical cells of STIC lesions and contributed to ovarian colonization by upregulating integrins and fibronectin in malignant cells and activating the AKT and ERK pathways. These changes increased cell survival under ultra-low attachment conditions that mimic transit from the FT to the ovary. To study dissemination to the ovary, we developed a tumor-ovary co-culture model. We showed that L1CAM expression was important for FT cells to invade the ovary as a cohesive group. Our results indicate that in the early stages of HGSC development, transformed FTSECs disseminate from the FT to the ovary in a L1CAM-dependent manner.

Reduced SKP2 Expression Adversely Impacts Genome Stability and Promotes Cellular Transformation in Colonic Epithelial Cells

Despite the high morbidity and mortality rates associated with colorectal cancer (CRC), the underlying molecular mechanisms driving CRC development remain largely uncharacterized. Chromosome instability (CIN), or ongoing changes in chromosome complements, occurs in ~85% of CRCs and is a proposed driver of cancer development, as the genomic changes imparted by CIN enable the acquisition of karyotypes that are favorable for cellular transformation and the classic hallmarks of cancer. Despite these associations, the aberrant genes and proteins driving CIN remain elusive. SKP2 encodes an F-box protein, a variable subunit of the SKP1-CUL1-F-box (SCF) complex that selectively targets proteins for polyubiquitylation and degradation. Recent data have identified the core SCF complex components (SKP1, CUL1, and RBX1) as CIN genes; however, the impact reduced SKP2 expression has on CIN, cellular transformation, and oncogenesis remains unknown. Using both short- small interfering RNA (siRNA) and long-term (CRISPR/Cas9) approaches, we demonstrate that diminished SKP2 expression induces CIN in both malignant and non-malignant colonic epithelial cell contexts. Moreover, temporal assays reveal that reduced SKP2 expression promotes cellular transformation, as demonstrated by enhanced anchorage-independent growth. Collectively, these data identify SKP2 as a novel CIN gene in clinically relevant models and highlight its potential pathogenic role in CRC development.

Spontaneous Transformation of a p53 and Rb-Defective Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cell Line after Long Passage with Features of High-Grade Serous Carcinoma

Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynecological cancers, and 80% are high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSOC). Despite advances in chemotherapy and the development of targeted therapies, the survival rate of HGSOC has only moderately improved. Therefore, a cell model that reflects the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of this disease is urgently needed. We previously developed a human fallopian tube epithelial cell line (FE25) with p53 and Rb deficiencies. After long-term culture in vitro, cells at high-passage numbers showed spontaneous transformation (FE25L). This study aimed to compare FE25 cells cultured in vitro for low (passage 16-31) and high passages (passage 116-139) to determine whether these cells can serve as an ideal cell model of HGSOC. Compared to the cells at low passage, FE25L cells showed increased cell proliferation, clonogenicity, polyploidy, aneuploidy, cell migration, and invasion. They also showed more resistance to chemotherapy and the ability to grow tumors in xenografts. RNA-seq data also showed upregulation of hypoxia, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the NF-κB pathway in FE25L compared to FE25 cells. qRT-PCR confirmed the upregulation of EMT, cytokines, NF-κB, c-Myc, and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Cross-platform comparability found that FE25L cells could be grouped with the other most likely HGSOC lines, such as TYKNU and COV362. In conclusion, FE25L cells showed more aggressive malignant behavior than FE25 cells and hence might serve as a more suitable model for HGSOC research.

A Phase 2 study of prexasertib (LY2606368) in platinum resistant or refractory recurrent ovarian cancer

OBJECTIVE

High-grade serous ovarian cancer, the most frequent type of ovarian cancer, has a poor prognosis and novel treatments are needed for patients with platinum resistant/refractory disease. New therapeutic strategies targeting cell cycle checkpoints, including CHK1 inhibition with prexasertib, may help improve clinical response and overcome resistance.

METHODS

Patients with ovarian cancer (N = 169) were assigned to 4 cohorts as part of the Phase 2 multicenter trial (NCT03414047): Cohort 1: platinum resistant, BRCA-wildtype with ≥3 lines prior therapy; Cohort 2: platinum resistant BRCA-wildtype with <3 lines prior therapy; Cohort 3: platinum resistant, BRCA-mutated with prior PARP inhibitor therapy; Cohort 4: platinum refractory, BRCA-mutated, or BRCA-wildtype with any number of prior therapy lines. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) and secondary endpoints included disease control rate (DCR), and safety. DNA from tumor biopsies was sequenced to identify biomarkers.

RESULTS

The ORR in platinum resistant patients (Cohorts 1--3) was 12.1%, and 6.9% in platinum refractory patients. In platinum resistant patients, DCR was 37.1%, and consistent across cohorts. In platinum refractory patients, DCR was 31.0%. Consistent with the prexasertib mechanism of action, the most common treatment related adverse events of all grades included thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, fatigue, nausea, and anemia.

CONCLUSIONS

Prexasertib demonstrated durable single agent activity in a subset of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer regardless of clinical characteristics, BRCA status, or prior therapies, including PARPi. There was no obvious correlation with genomic alterations in responders vs non-responders, emphasizing the need for alternative biomarker approaches for responder identification.

Preclinical assessment of synergistic efficacy of MELK and CDK inhibitors in adrenocortical cancer

BACKGROUND

Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare and aggressive cancer with dismal 5-year survival due to a lack of effective treatments. We aimed to identify a new effective combination of drugs and investigated their synergistic efficacy in ACC preclinical models.

METHODS

A quantitative high-throughput drug screening of 4,991 compounds was performed on two ACC cell lines, SW13 and NCI-H295R, based on antiproliferative effect and caspase-3/7 activity. The top candidate drugs were pairwise combined to identify the most potent combinations. The synergistic efficacy of the selected inhibitors was tested on tumorigenic phenotypes, such as cell proliferation, migration, invasion, spheroid formation, and clonogenicity, with appropriate mechanistic validation by cell cycle and apoptotic assays and protein expression of the involved molecules. We tested the efficacy of the drug combination in mice with luciferase-tagged human ACC xenografts. To study the mRNA expression of target molecules in ACC and their clinical correlations, we analyzed the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas.

RESULTS

We chose the maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) inhibitor (OTS167) and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor (RGB-286638) because of their potent synergy from the pairwise drug combination matrices derived from the top 30 single drugs. Multiple publicly available databases demonstrated overexpression of MELK, CDK1/2, and partnering cyclins mRNA in ACC, which were independently associated with mortality and other adverse clinical features. The drug combination demonstrated a synergistic antiproliferative effect on ACC cells. Compared to the single-agent treatment groups, the combination treatment increased G2/M arrest, caspase-dependent apoptosis, reduced cyclins A2, B1, B2, and E2 expression, and decreased cell migration and invasion with reduced vimentin. Moreover, the combination effectively decreased Foxhead Box M1, Axin2, glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta, and β-catenin. A reduction in p-stathmin from the combination treatment destabilized microtubule assembly by tubulin depolymerization. The drug combination treatment in mice with human ACC xenografts resulted in a significantly lower tumor burden than those treated with single-agents and vehicle control groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Our preclinical study revealed a novel synergistic combination of OTS167 and RGB-286638 in ACC that effectively targets multiple molecules associated with ACC aggressiveness. A phase Ib/II clinical trial in patients with advanced ACC is therefore warranted.

Targeting Therapeutic Resistance and Multinucleate Giant Cells in CCNE1-Amplified HR-Proficient Ovarian Cancer

Approximately 20% of high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOC) have CCNE1 amplification. CCNE1-amplified tumors are homologous recombination (HR) proficient and resistant to standard therapies. Therapy resistance is associated with increased numbers of polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCC). We sought to identify new therapeutic approaches for patients with CCNE1-amplified tumors. Using TCGA data, we find that the mTOR, HR, and DNA checkpoint pathways are enriched in CCNE1-amplified ovarian cancers. Furthermore, Interactome Mapping Analysis linked the mTOR activity with upregulation of HR and DNA checkpoint pathways. Indeed, we find that mTOR inhibitors (mTORi) downregulate HR/checkpoint genes in CCNE1-amplified tumors. As CCNE1-amplified tumors are dependent on the HR pathway for viability, mTORi proved selectively effective in CCNE1-amplified tumors. Similarly, via downregulation of HR genes, mTORi increased CCNE1-amplifed HGSOC response to PARPi. In contrast, overexpression of HR/checkpoint proteins (RAD51 or ATR), induced resistance to mTORi. In vivo, mTORi alone potently reduced CCNE1-amplified tumor growth and the combination of mTORi and PARPi increased response and tumor eradication. Tumors treated with mTORi demonstrated a significant reduction in ALDH+ PGCCs. Finally, as a proof of principle, we identified three patients with CCNE1 amplified tumors who were treated with an mTORi. All three obtained clinical benefits from the therapy. Our studies and clinical experience indicate mTORi are a potential therapeutic approach for patients with CCNE1-amplified tumors.

Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma: What Do We Really Know at this Point?

Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) is the earliest morphologically recognizable step in the development of invasive high-grade serous carcinoma of the fallopian tube. Lesions occurring prior to STIC within the carcinogenic sequence for the pathogenesis of invasive high-grade serous carcinoma include the p53 signature and secretory cell outgrowth (SCOUT). Variable histologic criteria have been used for diagnosing STIC, but a combination of morphology and immunohistochemistry for p53/Ki-67 improves interobserver agreement. Half of all carcinomas identified in risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy specimens are in the form of STIC; however, STIC also may be incidentally found on occasion in specimens from women at low or average risk of ovarian/tubal/peritoneal carcinoma. TP53 mutation is the earliest known DNA sequence alteration in STIC and almost all invasive high-grade serous carcinomas of the ovary and peritoneum. Data on the clinical behavior of STIC are limited. While the short-term follow-up in the prior literature suggests a low risk of malignant progression, a more recent meta-analysis indicates a 10-year risk of 28%. STIC probably should be best regarded as a lesion with uncertain malignant potential at present, and future molecular analysis will help classify those with higher risk of dissemination. This review article provides an update on the current knowledge of STIC and related issues.

High cyclin E1 protein, but not gene amplification, is prognostic for basal-like breast cancer

Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) has a greater overlap in molecular features with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) than with other breast cancer subtypes. Similarities include BRCA1 mutation, high frequency of TP53 mutation, and amplification of CCNE1 (encoding the cyclin E1 protein) in 6-34% of cases, and these features can be used to group patients for targeted therapies in clinical trials. In HGSOC, we previously reported two subsets with high levels of cyclin E1: those in which CCNE1 is amplified, have intact homologous recombination (HR), and very poor prognosis; and a CCNE1 non-amplified subset, with more prevalent HR defects. Here, we investigate whether similar subsets are identifiable in BLBC that may allow alignment of patient grouping in clinical trials of agents targeting cyclin E1 overexpression. We examined cyclin E1 protein and CCNE1 amplification in a cohort of 76 BLBCs and validated the findings in additional breast cancer datasets. Compared to HGSOC, CCNE1 amplified BLBC had a lower level of amplification (3.5 versus 5.2 copies) and lower relative cyclin E1 protein, a lack of correlation of amplification with expression, and no association with polyploidy. BLBC with elevated cyclin E1 protein also had prevalent HR defects, and high-level expression of the cyclin E1 deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific protease 28 (USP28). Using a meta-analysis across multiple studies, we determined that cyclin E1 protein overexpression but not amplification is prognostic in BLBC, while both cyclin E1 overexpression and amplification are prognostic in HGSOC. Overall CCNE1 gene amplification is not equivalent between BLBC and HGSOC. However, high cyclin E1 protein expression can co-occur with HR defects in both BLBC and HGSOC, and is associated with poor prognosis in BLBC.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of phase I cancer patients with CCNE1 amplification: MD Anderson experiences

Cyclin E is frequently encoded by CCNE1 gene amplification in various malignancies. We reviewed the medical records of patients with solid tumors displaying CCNE1 amplification to determine the effect of this amplification for future therapeutic development. We reviewed the medical records of patients with advanced solid tumors harboring CCNE1 amplification who were seen at the phase I clinic between September 1, 2012, and December 31, 2019. Among 79 patients with solid tumors harboring CCNE1 amplification, 56 (71%) received phase 1 clinical trial therapy, 39 (49%) had 3 or more concurrent genomic aberrances, and 52 (66%) had a concurrent TP53 mutation. The median overall survival (OS) after patients’ initial phase I visit was 8.9 months and after their initial metastasis diagnosis was 41.4 months. We identified four factors associated with poor risk: age < 45 years, body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m², presence of the TP53 mutation, and elevated LDH > upper limit of normal. In patients treated with gene aberration-related therapy, anti-angiogenic therapy led to significantly longer OS after their initial phase I trial therapy than those who did not: 26 months versus 7.4 months, respectively (P = 0.04). This study provided preliminary evidence that CCNE1 amplification was associated with frequent TP53 mutation and aggressive clinical outcomes. Survival benefit was observed in patients who received antiangiogenic therapy and gene aberration-related treatment, supporting the future development of a personalized approach to combine gene aberration-related therapy with antiangiogenesis for the treatment of advanced malignancies harboring CCNE1 amplification.

CCNE1 amplification is synthetic lethal with PKMYT1 kinase inhibition

Amplification of the CCNE1 locus on chromosome 19q12 is prevalent in multiple tumour types, particularly in high-grade serous ovarian cancer, uterine tumours and gastro-oesophageal cancers, where high cyclin E levels are associated with genome instability, whole-genome doubling and resistance to cytotoxic and targeted therapies1-4. To uncover therapeutic targets for tumours with CCNE1 amplification, we undertook genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9-based synthetic lethality screens in cellular models of CCNE1 amplification. Here we report that increasing CCNE1 dosage engenders a vulnerability to the inhibition of the PKMYT1 kinase, a negative regulator of CDK1. To inhibit PKMYT1, we developed RP-6306, an orally bioavailable and selective inhibitor that shows single-agent activity and durable tumour regressions when combined with gemcitabine in models of CCNE1 amplification. RP-6306 treatment causes unscheduled activation of CDK1 selectively in CCNE1-overexpressing cells, promoting early mitosis in cells undergoing DNA synthesis. CCNE1 overexpression disrupts CDK1 homeostasis at least in part through an early activation of the MMB-FOXM1 mitotic transcriptional program. We conclude that PKMYT1 inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy for CCNE1-amplified cancers.

A Comprehensive Assessment of Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations Identifies Frequent Variations Impacting Six Prototypic SCF Complex Members

The SKP1, CUL1, F-box protein (SCF) complex represents a family of 69 E3 ubiquitin ligases that poly-ubiquitinate protein substrates marking them for proteolytic degradation via the 26S proteasome. Established SCF complex targets include transcription factors, oncoproteins and tumor suppressors that modulate cell cycle activity and mitotic fidelity. Accordingly, genetic and epigenetic alterations involving SCF complex member genes are expected to adversely impact target regulation and contribute to disease etiology. To gain novel insight into cancer pathogenesis, we determined the prevalence of genetic and epigenetic alterations in six prototypic SCF complex member genes (SKP1, CUL1, RBX1, SKP2, FBXW7 and FBXO5) from patient datasets extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Collectively, ~45% of observed SCF complex member mutations are predicted to impact complex structure and/or function in 10 solid tumor types. In addition, the distribution of encoded alterations suggest SCF complex members may exhibit either tumor suppressor or oncogenic mutational profiles in a cancer type dependent manner. Further bioinformatic analyses reveal the potential functional implications of encoded alterations arising from missense mutations by examining predicted deleterious mutations with available crystal structures. The SCF complex also exhibits frequent copy number alterations in a variety of cancer types that generally correspond with mRNA expression levels. Finally, we note that SCF complex member genes are differentially methylated across cancer types, which may effectively phenocopy gene copy number alterations. Collectively, these data show that SCF complex member genes are frequently altered at the genetic and epigenetic levels in many cancer types, which will adversely impact the normal targeting and timely destruction of protein substrates, which may contribute to the development and progression of an extensive array of cancer types.

Ovulation sources coagulation protease cascade and hepatocyte growth factor to support physiological growth and malignant transformation

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Ovulatory follicular fluid exerts a long-lasting transformation activity covering throughout the ovulation cycle.

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The ovulation injury-coagulation proteases-hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) cascade is responsible for the sustained activity.

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Ovulation sources HGF into the peritoneal cavity, then into the blood circulation.

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This coagulation-HGF cascade promotes the transformation of fallopian tube epithelial cells and ovarian cancer cells.

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Physiologically, it promotes the growth of the corpus luteum and injured epithelium after ovulation.

The fallopian tube fimbrial epithelium, which is exposed to the follicular fluid (FF) contents of ovulation, is regarded as the main origin of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma. Previously, we found that growth factors in FF, such as IGF2, are responsible for the malignant transformation of fallopian tube epithelium. However, ovulation is a monthly transient event, whereas carcinogenesis requires continuous, long-term exposure. Here, we found the transformation activity of FF sustained for more than 30 days after drainage into the peritoneal fluid (PF). Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), activated through the ovulation injury-tissue factor–thrombin–HGF activator (HGFA)–HGF cleavage cascade confers a sustained transformation activity to fallopian tube epithelium, high-grade serous carcinoma. Physiologically, the high reserve of the coagulation-HGF cascade sources a sustained level of HGF in PF, then to the blood circulation. This HGF axis promotes the growth of the corpus luteum and repair of tissue injury after ovulation.