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Cook SL, Al Amin M, Bari S, Poonnen PJ, Khasraw M, Johnson MO. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Geriatric Oncology. Curr Oncol Rep 2024; 26:562-572. [PMID: 38587598 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-024-01528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This manuscript will update prior reviews of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in light of basic science, translational, and clinical discoveries in the field of cancer immunology and aging. RECENT FINDINGS ICIs have led to significant advancements in the treatment of cancer. Landmark trials of ICIs have cited the efficacy and toxicity experienced by older patients, but most trials are not specifically designed to address outcomes in older patients. Underlying mechanisms of aging, like cellular senescence, affect the immune system and may ultimately alter the host's response to ICIs. Validated tools are currently used to identify older adults who may be at greater risk of developing complications from their cancer treatment. We review changes in the aging immune system that may alter responses to ICIs, report outcomes and toxicities in older adults from recent ICI clinical trials, and discuss clinical tools specific to older patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Cook
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, 047 Baker House, Trent Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Md Al Amin
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Sher-E-Bangla Medical College, Barisal City, Bangladesh
| | - Shahla Bari
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pradeep J Poonnen
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, National TeleOncology Program, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mustafa Khasraw
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, 047 Baker House, Trent Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Margaret O Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, 047 Baker House, Trent Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, National TeleOncology Program, Durham, NC, USA
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2
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Qin L, Li H, Zheng D, Lin S, Ren X. Glioblastoma patients' survival and its relevant risk factors during the pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 pandemic: real-world cohort study in the USA and China. Int J Surg 2024; 110:2939-2949. [PMID: 38376848 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the COVID-19 pandemic has exerted potential impact on patients with glioblastomas (GBMs), it remains unclear whether the survival and its related risk factors of GBM patients would be altered or not during the period spanning from pre-COVID-19 to post-COVID-19 pandemic era. This study aimed to clarify the important issues above. METHODS Two observational cohorts were utilized, including the nationwide American cohort from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results (SEER) and the Chinese glioblastoma cohort (CGC) at our institution during 2018-2020. Demographics, tumour features, treatment regimens and clinical outcomes were collected. Cox regression model, competing risk model, and subgroup and sensitivity analysis were used to dynamically estimate the survival and its relevant risk factors over different diagnosis years from the pre-COVID-19 (2018 and 2019) to post-COVID-19 (2020) pandemic. Causal mediation analysis was further adopted to explore the potential relationship between risk factors and mortality. RESULTS This study included 11321 GBM cases in SEER and 226 GBM patients in CGC, respectively. Instead of the diagnostic years of 2018-2020, the prognostic risk factors, such as advanced age, bilateral tumour and absence of comprehensive therapy (surgery combined with chemoradiotherapy), were identified to persistently affect GBM survival independently during the period from 2018 to 2020 in the SEER cohort (all P < 0.05). In CGC, lack of comprehensive therapy for GBM patients were restated as survival risk factors during the same timeframe. Causal mediation analysis showed that the effect of comprehensive therapy on all-cause mortality played a determinant role (direct effect value -0.227, 95% CI -0.248 to -0.207), which was partially mediated by age (9.11%) rather than tumour laterality. CONCLUSIONS As the timeframe shifted from pre-COVID-19 to post-COVID-19 pandemic, survival of GBM patients remained stable, yet advanced age, bilateral tumours, and passive treatment continuingly impacted GBM survival. It is necessary to optimize the comprehensive treatment for GBM patients even in the post-pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Haoyi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dao Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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3
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Zhang W, Zhang K, Shi J, Qiu H, Kan C, Ma Y, Hou N, Han F, Sun X. The impact of the senescent microenvironment on tumorigenesis: Insights for cancer therapy. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14182. [PMID: 38650467 PMCID: PMC11113271 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing global burden of cancer, especially among people aged 60 years and over, has become a key public health issue. This trend suggests the need for a deeper understanding of the various cancer types in order to develop universally effective treatments. A prospective area of research involves elucidating the interplay between the senescent microenvironment and tumor genesis. Currently, most oncology research focuses on adulthood and tends to ignore the potential role of senescent individuals on tumor progression. Senescent cells produce a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that has a dual role in the tumor microenvironment (TME). While SASP components can remodel the TME and thus hinder tumor cell proliferation, they can also promote tumorigenesis and progression via pro-inflammatory and pro-proliferative mechanisms. To address this gap, our review seeks to investigate the influence of senescent microenvironment changes on tumor development and their potential implications for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Discipline of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical UniversityWeifangChina
- Department of PathologyAffiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Kexin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Discipline of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Discipline of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Hongyan Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Discipline of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Chengxia Kan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Discipline of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Yujie Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Discipline of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Ningning Hou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Discipline of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Discipline of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical UniversityWeifangChina
- Department of PathologyAffiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Discipline of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical UniversityWeifangChina
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Tissue fibroblasts are versatile immune regulators: An evaluation of their impact on the aging process. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 97:102296. [PMID: 38588867 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are abundant stromal cells which not only control the integrity of extracellular matrix (ECM) but also act as immune regulators. It is known that the structural cells within tissues can establish an organ-specific immunity expressing many immune-related genes and closely interact with immune cells. In fact, fibroblasts can modify their immune properties to display both pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities in a context-dependent manner. After acute insults, fibroblasts promote tissue inflammation although they concurrently recruit immunosuppressive cells to enhance the resolution of inflammation. In chronic pathological states, tissue fibroblasts, especially senescent fibroblasts, can display many pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties and stimulate the activities of different immunosuppressive cells. In return, immunosuppressive cells, such as M2 macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), evoke an excessive conversion of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, thus aggravating the severity of tissue fibrosis. Single-cell transcriptome studies on fibroblasts isolated from aged tissues have confirmed that tissue fibroblasts express many genes coding for cytokines, chemokines, and complement factors, whereas they lose some fibrogenic properties. The versatile immune properties of fibroblasts and their close cooperation with immune cells indicate that tissue fibroblasts have a crucial role in the aging process and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland.
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, KYS FI-70029, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
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Maggiorani D, Le O, Lisi V, Landais S, Moquin-Beaudry G, Lavallée VP, Decaluwe H, Beauséjour C. Senescence drives immunotherapy resistance by inducing an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2435. [PMID: 38499573 PMCID: PMC10948808 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46769-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The potential of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) may be limited in situations where immune cell fitness is impaired. Here, we show that the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies is compromised by the accumulation of senescent cells in mice and in the context of therapy-induced senescence (TIS). Resistance to immunotherapy is associated with a decrease in the accumulation and activation of CD8 T cells within tumors. Elimination of senescent cells restores immune homeostasis within the tumor micro-environment (TME) and increases mice survival in response to immunotherapy. Using single-cell transcriptomic analysis, we observe that the injection of ABT263 (Navitoclax) reverses the exacerbated immunosuppressive profile of myeloid cells in the TME. Elimination of these myeloid cells also restores CD8 T cell proliferation in vitro and abrogates immunotherapy resistance in vivo. Overall, our study suggests that the use of senolytic drugs before ICI may constitute a pharmacological approach to improve the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Maggiorani
- Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de pharmacologie et physiologie (Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Oanh Le
- Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Lisi
- Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Vincent Philippe Lavallée
- Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de pédiatrie (Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène Decaluwe
- Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de pédiatrie (Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, immunologie et infectiologie (Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Beauséjour
- Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Département de pharmacologie et physiologie (Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Obrador E, Moreno-Murciano P, Oriol-Caballo M, López-Blanch R, Pineda B, Gutiérrez-Arroyo JL, Loras A, Gonzalez-Bonet LG, Martinez-Cadenas C, Estrela JM, Marqués-Torrejón MÁ. Glioblastoma Therapy: Past, Present and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2529. [PMID: 38473776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) stands out as the most prevalent and lethal form of brain cancer. Although great efforts have been made by clinicians and researchers, no significant improvement in survival has been achieved since the Stupp protocol became the standard of care (SOC) in 2005. Despite multimodality treatments, recurrence is almost universal with survival rates under 2 years after diagnosis. Here, we discuss the recent progress in our understanding of GB pathophysiology, in particular, the importance of glioma stem cells (GSCs), the tumor microenvironment conditions, and epigenetic mechanisms involved in GB growth, aggressiveness and recurrence. The discussion on therapeutic strategies first covers the SOC treatment and targeted therapies that have been shown to interfere with different signaling pathways (pRB/CDK4/RB1/P16ink4, TP53/MDM2/P14arf, PI3k/Akt-PTEN, RAS/RAF/MEK, PARP) involved in GB tumorigenesis, pathophysiology, and treatment resistance acquisition. Below, we analyze several immunotherapeutic approaches (i.e., checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, CAR-modified NK or T cells, oncolytic virotherapy) that have been used in an attempt to enhance the immune response against GB, and thereby avoid recidivism or increase survival of GB patients. Finally, we present treatment attempts made using nanotherapies (nanometric structures having active anti-GB agents such as antibodies, chemotherapeutic/anti-angiogenic drugs or sensitizers, radionuclides, and molecules that target GB cellular receptors or open the blood-brain barrier) and non-ionizing energies (laser interstitial thermal therapy, high/low intensity focused ultrasounds, photodynamic/sonodynamic therapies and electroporation). The aim of this review is to discuss the advances and limitations of the current therapies and to present novel approaches that are under development or following clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Obrador
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - María Oriol-Caballo
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael López-Blanch
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Begoña Pineda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alba Loras
- Department of Medicine, Jaume I University of Castellon, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Luis G Gonzalez-Bonet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Castellon General University Hospital, 12004 Castellon, Spain
| | | | - José M Estrela
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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7
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Ghimire P, Kinnersley B, Karami G, Arumugam P, Houlston R, Ashkan K, Modat M, Booth TC. Radiogenomic biomarkers for immunotherapy in glioblastoma: A systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Neurooncol Adv 2024; 6:vdae055. [PMID: 38680991 PMCID: PMC11046988 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdae055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Immunotherapy is an effective "precision medicine" treatment for several cancers. Imaging signatures of the underlying genome (radiogenomics) in glioblastoma patients may serve as preoperative biomarkers of the tumor-host immune apparatus. Validated biomarkers would have the potential to stratify patients during immunotherapy clinical trials, and if trials are beneficial, facilitate personalized neo-adjuvant treatment. The increased use of whole genome sequencing data, and the advances in bioinformatics and machine learning make such developments plausible. We performed a systematic review to determine the extent of development and validation of immune-related radiogenomic biomarkers for glioblastoma. Methods A systematic review was performed following PRISMA guidelines using the PubMed, Medline, and Embase databases. Qualitative analysis was performed by incorporating the QUADAS 2 tool and CLAIM checklist. PROSPERO registered: CRD42022340968. Extracted data were insufficiently homogenous to perform a meta-analysis. Results Nine studies, all retrospective, were included. Biomarkers extracted from magnetic resonance imaging volumes of interest included apparent diffusion coefficient values, relative cerebral blood volume values, and image-derived features. These biomarkers correlated with genomic markers from tumor cells or immune cells or with patient survival. The majority of studies had a high risk of bias and applicability concerns regarding the index test performed. Conclusions Radiogenomic immune biomarkers have the potential to provide early treatment options to patients with glioblastoma. Targeted immunotherapy, stratified by these biomarkers, has the potential to allow individualized neo-adjuvant precision treatment options in clinical trials. However, there are no prospective studies validating these biomarkers, and interpretation is limited due to study bias with little evidence of generalizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Ghimire
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ben Kinnersley
- Department of Oncology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Richard Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Keyoumars Ashkan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Marc Modat
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas C Booth
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
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Teran Pumar OY, Lathia JD, Watson DC, Bayik D. 'Slicing' glioblastoma drivers with the Swiss cheese model. Trends Cancer 2024; 10:15-27. [PMID: 37625928 PMCID: PMC10840711 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The Swiss cheese model is used to assess risks and explain accidents in a variety of industries. This model can be applied to dissect the homeostatic mechanisms whose cumulative dysregulation contributes to disease states, including cancer. Using glioblastoma (GBM) as an exemplar, we discuss how specific protumorigenic mechanisms collectively drive disease by affecting genomic integrity, epigenetic regulation, metabolic homeostasis, and antitumor immunity. We further highlight how host factors, such as hormonal differences and aging, impact this process, and the interplay between these 'system failures' that enable tumor progression and foster therapeutic resistance. Finally, we examine therapies that consider the interactions between these elements, which may comprise more effective approaches given the multifaceted protumorigenic mechanisms that drive GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Y Teran Pumar
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Dionysios C Watson
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Medical Oncology Division, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Defne Bayik
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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9
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Johnson M, Bell A, Lauing KL, Ladomersky E, Zhai L, Penco-Campillo M, Shah Y, Mauer E, Xiu J, Nicolaides T, Drumm M, McCortney K, Elemento O, Kim M, Bommi P, Low JT, Memon R, Wu J, Zhao J, Mi X, Glantz MJ, Sengupta S, Castro B, Yamini B, Horbinski C, Baker DJ, Walunas TL, Schiltz GE, Lukas RV, Wainwright DA. Advanced Age in Humans and Mouse Models of Glioblastoma Show Decreased Survival from Extratumoral Influence. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:4973-4989. [PMID: 37725593 PMCID: PMC10690140 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common aggressive primary malignant brain tumor in adults with a median age of onset of 68 to 70 years old. Although advanced age is often associated with poorer GBM patient survival, the predominant source(s) of maladaptive aging effects remains to be established. Here, we studied intratumoral and extratumoral relationships between adult patients with GBM and mice with brain tumors across the lifespan. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Electronic health records at Northwestern Medicine and the NCI SEER databases were evaluated for GBM patient age and overall survival. The commercial Tempus and Caris databases, as well as The Cancer Genome Atlas were profiled for gene expression, DNA methylation, and mutational changes with varying GBM patient age. In addition, gene expression analysis was performed on the extratumoral brain of younger and older adult mice with or without a brain tumor. The survival of young and old wild-type or transgenic (INK-ATTAC) mice with a brain tumor was evaluated after treatment with or without senolytics and/or immunotherapy. RESULTS Human patients with GBM ≥65 years of age had a significantly decreased survival compared with their younger counterparts. While the intra-GBM molecular profiles were similar between younger and older patients with GBM, non-tumor brain tissue had a significantly different gene expression profile between young and old mice with a brain tumor and the eradication of senescent cells improved immunotherapy-dependent survival of old but not young mice. CONCLUSIONS This work suggests a potential benefit for combining senolytics with immunotherapy in older patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - April Bell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Kristen L. Lauing
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
- Department of Neurological Surgery at Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | | | - Lijie Zhai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
- Department of Neurological Surgery at Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Manon Penco-Campillo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
- Department of Neurological Surgery at Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Yajas Shah
- Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Michael Drumm
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathleen McCortney
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Miri Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery at Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Prashant Bommi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
- Department of Neurological Surgery at Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Justin T. Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ruba Memon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Jennifer Wu
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Junfei Zhao
- Department of Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Xinlei Mi
- Department of Preventive Medicine-Division of Biostatistics at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael J. Glantz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Soma Sengupta
- Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and the Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Brandyn Castro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bakhtiar Yamini
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Darren J. Baker
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Theresa L. Walunas
- Department of Medicine-Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gary E. Schiltz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Rimas V. Lukas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Derek A. Wainwright
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
- Department of Neurological Surgery at Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
- Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
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10
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Brosque A, Friedmann-Morvinski D. Drivers of heterogeneity in the glioblastoma immune microenvironment. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 85:102279. [PMID: 37984008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, characterized by a highly complex and heterogeneous tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). In this review, we discuss the impact of tumor-intrinsic and tumor-extrinsic drivers that contribute to heterogeneity in the adult glioblastoma TIME, focusing on four main factors: genetic drivers, sex, age, and standard of care therapy. We describe recent insights into how each of these factors affects key aspects ranging from TIME composition to therapy response, with an emphasis on the cross-talk between tumor and immune cells. Deciphering these local interactions is fundamental to understanding therapy resistance and identifying novel immunomodulatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Brosque
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. https://twitter.com/alibrosque
| | - Dinorah Friedmann-Morvinski
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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11
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Ontiveros CO, Murray CE, Crossland G, Curiel TJ. Considerations and Approaches for Cancer Immunotherapy in the Aging Host. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:1449-1461. [PMID: 37769157 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Advances in cancer immunotherapy are improving treatment successes in many distinct cancer types. Nonetheless, most tumors fail to respond. Age is the biggest risk for most cancers, and the median population age is rising worldwide. Advancing age is associated with manifold alterations in immune cell types, abundance, and functions, rather than simple declines in these metrics, the consequences of which remain incompletely defined. Our understanding of the effects of host age on immunotherapy mechanisms, efficacy, and adverse events remains incomplete. A deeper understanding of age effects in all these areas is required. Most cancer immunotherapy preclinical studies examine young subjects and fail to assess age contributions, a remarkable deficit given the known importance of age effects on immune cells and factors mediating cancer immune surveillance and immunotherapy efficacy. Notably, some cancer immunotherapies are more effective in aged versus young hosts, while others fail despite efficacy in the young. Here, we review our current understanding of age effects on immunity and associated nonimmune cells, the tumor microenvironment, cancer immunotherapy, and related adverse effects. We highlight important knowledge gaps and suggest areas for deeper enquiries, including in cancer immune surveillance, treatment response, adverse event outcomes, and their mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos O Ontiveros
- UT Health San Antonio Long School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Clare E Murray
- UT Health San Antonio Long School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Grace Crossland
- Graduate School of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
- The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- UT Health San Antonio Long School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas
- Graduate School of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
- The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Dartmouth Health and Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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12
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Xue C, Li G, Zheng Q, Gu X, Shi Q, Su Y, Chu Q, Yuan X, Bao Z, Lu J, Li L. Tryptophan metabolism in health and disease. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1304-1326. [PMID: 37352864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism primarily involves the kynurenine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and indole pathways. A variety of bioactive compounds produced via Trp metabolism can regulate various physiological functions, including inflammation, metabolism, immune responses, and neurological function. Emerging evidence supports an intimate relationship between Trp metabolism disorder and diseases. The levels or ratios of Trp metabolites are significantly associated with many clinical features. Additionally, studies have shown that disease progression can be controlled by modulating Trp metabolism. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, Trp-2,3-dioxygenase, kynurenine-3-monooxygenase, and Trp hydroxylase are the rate-limiting enzymes that are critical for Trp metabolism. These key regulatory enzymes can be targeted for treating several diseases, including tumors. These findings provide novel insights into the treatment of diseases. In this review, we have summarized the recent research progress on the role of Trp metabolites in health and disease along with their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ganglei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qiuxian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qingmiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yuanshuai Su
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qingfei Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhengyi Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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13
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Shireman JM, Gonugunta N, Zhao L, Pattnaik A, Distler E, Her S, Wang X, Das R, Galipeau J, Dey M. GM-CSF and IL-7 fusion cytokine engineered tumor vaccine generates long-term Th-17 memory cells and increases overall survival in aged syngeneic mouse models of glioblastoma. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13864. [PMID: 37165998 PMCID: PMC10352573 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related immune dysfunctions, such as decreased T-cell output, are closely related to pathologies like cancers and lack of vaccine efficacy among the elderly. Engineered fusokine, GIFT-7, a fusion of interleukin 7 (IL-7) and GM-CSF, can reverse aging-related lymphoid organ atrophy. We generated a GIFT-7 fusokine tumor vaccine and employed it in aged syngeneic mouse models of glioblastoma and found that peripheral vaccination with GIFT-7TVax resulted in thymic regeneration and generated durable long-term antitumor immunity specifically in aged mice. Global cytokine analysis showed increased pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β in the vaccinated group that resulted in hyperactivation of dendritic cells. In addition, GIFT-7 vaccination resulted in increased T-cell trafficking to the brain and robust Th-17 long-term effector memory T-cell formation. TCR-seq analysis showed increased productive frequency among detected rearrangements within the vaccinated group. Overall, our data demonstrate that aging immune system can be therapeutically augmented to generate lasting antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack M. Shireman
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, UW Carbone Cancer Center,MadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Nikita Gonugunta
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, UW Carbone Cancer Center,MadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, UW Carbone Cancer Center,MadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Akshita Pattnaik
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, UW Carbone Cancer Center,MadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Emily Distler
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, UW Carbone Cancer Center,MadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Skyler Her
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, UW Carbone Cancer Center,MadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, UW Carbone Cancer Center,MadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Rahul Das
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and OncologyUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, UW Carbone Cancer Center,MadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Jaques Galipeau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and OncologyUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, UW Carbone Cancer Center,MadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Mahua Dey
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, UW Carbone Cancer Center,MadisonWisconsinUSA
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14
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Anwar F, Al-Abbasi FA, Naqvi S, Sheikh RA, Alhayyani S, Asseri AH, Asar TO, Kumar V. Therapeutic Potential of Nanomedicine in Management of Alzheimer's Disease and Glioma. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:2737-2756. [PMID: 37250469 PMCID: PMC10211371 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s405454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoplasm (Glioblastoma) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) comprise two of the most chronic psychological ailments. Glioblastoma is one of the aggressive and prevalent malignant diseases characterized by rapid growth and invasion resulting from cell migration and degradation of extracellular matrix. While the latter is characterized by extracellular plaques of amyloid and intracellular tangles of tau proteins. Both possess a high degree of resistance to treatment owing to the restricted transport of corresponding drugs to the brain protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Development of optimized therapies using advanced technologies is a great need of today. One such approach is the designing of nanoparticles (NPs) to facilitate the drug delivery at the target site. The present article elaborates the advances in nanomedicines in treatment of both AD as well as Gliomas. The intention of this review is to provide an overview of different types of NPs with their physical properties emphasizing their importance in traversing the BBB and hitting the target site. Further, we discuss the therapeutic applications of these NPs along with their specific targets. Multiple overlapping factors with a common pathway in development of AD and Glioblastoma are discussed in details that will assist the readers in developing the conceptual approach to target the NP for an aging population in the given circumstances with limitations of currently designed NPs, and the challenges to meet and the future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salma Naqvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ryan Adnan Sheikh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alhayyani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences & Arts, Rabigh King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer H Asseri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turky Omar Asar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Natural Product Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences, SHUATS, Prayagraj, India
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15
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Zdioruk M, Jimenez-Macias JL, Nowicki MO, Manz KE, Pennell KD, Koch MS, Finkelberg T, Wu B, Boucher P, Takeda Y, Li W, Piranlioglu R, Ling AL, Chiocca EA, Lawler SE. PPRX-1701, a nanoparticle formulation of 6'-bromoindirubin acetoxime, improves delivery and shows efficacy in preclinical GBM models. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101019. [PMID: 37060903 PMCID: PMC10213750 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Derivatives of the Chinese traditional medicine indirubin have shown potential for the treatment of cancer through a range of mechanisms. This study investigates the impact of 6'-bromoindirubin-3'-acetoxime (BiA) on immunosuppressive mechanisms in glioblastoma (GBM) and evaluates the efficacy of a BiA nanoparticle formulation, PPRX-1701, in immunocompetent mouse GBM models. Transcriptomic studies reveal that BiA downregulates immune-related genes, including indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a critical enzyme in the tryptophan-kynurenine-aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Trp-Kyn-AhR) immunosuppressive pathway in tumor cells. BiA blocks interferon-γ (IFNγ)-induced IDO1 protein expression in vitro and enhances T cell-mediated tumor cell killing in GBM stem-like cell co-culture models. PPRX-1701 reaches intracranial murine GBM and significantly improves survival in immunocompetent GBM models in vivo. Our results indicate that BiA improves survival in murine GBM models via effects on important immunotherapeutic targets in GBM and that it can be delivered efficiently via PPRX-1701, a nanoparticle injectable formulation of BiA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykola Zdioruk
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jorge-Luis Jimenez-Macias
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Michal Oskar Nowicki
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katherine E Manz
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Marilin S Koch
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tomer Finkelberg
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bin Wu
- Phosphorex, Inc, Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA; Cytodigm, Inc., Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA
| | | | | | - Weiyi Li
- Phosphorex, Inc, Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA
| | - Raziye Piranlioglu
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander L Ling
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sean E Lawler
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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16
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Colopi A, Fuda S, Santi S, Onorato A, Cesarini V, Salvati M, Balistreri CR, Dolci S, Guida E. Impact of age and gender on glioblastoma onset, progression, and management. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 211:111801. [PMID: 36996926 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, while its frequency in pediatric patients is 10-15%. For this reason, age is considered one of the major risk factors for the development of GBM, as it correlates with cellular aging phenomena involving glial cells and favoring the process of tumor transformation. Gender differences have been also identified, as the incidence of GBM is higher in males than in females, coupled with a worse outcome. In this review, we analyze age- and gender- dependent differences in GBM onset, mutational landscape, clinical manifestations, and survival, according to the literature of the last 20 years, focusing on the major risk factors involved in tumor development and on the mutations and gene alterations most frequently found in adults vs young patients and in males vs females. We then highlight the impact of age and gender on clinical manifestations and tumor localization and their involvement in the time of diagnosis and in determining the tumor prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Colopi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Fuda
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Samuele Santi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Onorato
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeriana Cesarini
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Translational Pharmacology-CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Salvati
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Cellular and Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Susanna Dolci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Eugenia Guida
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Orecchini E, Belladonna ML, Pallotta MT, Volpi C, Zizi L, Panfili E, Gargaro M, Fallarino F, Rossini S, Suvieri C, Macchiarulo A, Bicciato S, Mondanelli G, Orabona C. The signaling function of IDO1 incites the malignant progression of mouse B16 melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2170095. [PMID: 36733497 PMCID: PMC9888476 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2170095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a leader tryptophan-degrading enzyme, represents a recognized immune checkpoint molecule. In neoplasia, IDO1 is often highly expressed in dendritic cells infiltrating the tumor and/or in tumor cells themselves, particularly in human melanoma. In dendritic cells, IDO1 does not merely metabolize tryptophan into kynurenine but, after phosphorylation of critical tyrosine residues in the non-catalytic small domain, it triggers a signaling pathway prolonging its immunoregulatory effects by a feed-forward mechanism. We here investigated whether the non-enzymatic function of IDO1 could also play a role in tumor cells by using B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells transfected with either the wild-type Ido1 gene (Ido1WT ) or a mutated variant lacking the catalytic, but not signaling activity (Ido1H350A ). As compared to the Ido1WT -transfected counterpart (B16WT), B16-F10 cells expressing Ido1H350A (B16H350A) were characterized by an in vitro accelerated growth mediated by increased Ras and Erk activities. Faster growth and malignant progression of B16H350A cells, also detectable in vivo, were found to be accompanied by a reduction in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and an increase in Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Our data, therefore, suggest that the IDO1 signaling function can also occur in tumor cells and that alternative therapeutic approach strategies should be undertaken to effectively tackle this important immune checkpoint molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Orecchini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - ML Belladonna
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - MT Pallotta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Volpi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - L Zizi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - E Panfili
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Gargaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - F Fallarino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - S Rossini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Suvieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - S Bicciato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - G Mondanelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Orabona
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy,CONTACT C Orabona Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Severi, Perugia06129, Italy
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18
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Ziogas DC, Theocharopoulos C, Koutouratsas T, Haanen J, Gogas H. Mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma: What we have to overcome? Cancer Treat Rev 2023; 113:102499. [PMID: 36542945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Marching into the second decade after the approval of ipilimumab, it is clear that immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have dramatically improved the prognosis of melanoma. Although the current edge is already high, with a 4-year OS% of 77.9% for adjuvant nivolumab and a 6.5-year OS% of 49% for nivolumab/ipilimumab combination in the metastatic setting, a high proportion of patients with advanced melanoma have no benefit from immunotherapy, or experience an early disease relapse/progression in the first few months of treatment, surviving much less. Reasonably, the primary and acquired resistance to ICIs has entered into the focus of clinical research with positive (e.g., nivolumab and relatlimab combination) and negative feedbacks (e.g., nivolumab with pegylated-IL2, pembrolizumab with T-VEC, nivolumab with epacadostat, and combinatorial triplets of BRAF/MEK inhibitors with immunotherapy). Many intrinsic (intracellular or intra-tumoral) but also extrinsic (systematic) events are considered to be involved in the development of this resistance to ICIs: i) melanoma cell immunogenicity (e.g., tumor mutational burden, antigen-processing machinery and immunogenic cell death, neoantigen affinity and heterogeneity, genomic instability, melanoma dedifferentiation and phenotypic plasticity), ii) immune cell trafficking, T-cell priming, and cell death evasion, iii) melanoma neovascularization, cellular TME components(e.g., Tregs, CAFs) and extracellular matrix modulation, iv) metabolic antagonism in the TME(highly glycolytic status, upregulated CD39/CD73/adenosine pathway, iDO-dependent tryptophan catabolism), v) T-cell exhaustion and negative immune checkpoints, and vi) gut microbiota. In the present overview, we discuss how these parameters compromise the efficacy of ICIs, with an emphasis on the lessons learned by the latest melanoma studies; and in parallel, we describe the main ongoing approaches to overcome the resistance to immunotherapy. Summarizing this information will improve the understanding of how these complicated dynamics contribute to immune escape and will help to develop more effective strategies on how anti-tumor immunity can surpass existing barriers of ICI-refractory melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios C Ziogas
- First Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
| | - Charalampos Theocharopoulos
- First Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
| | - Tilemachos Koutouratsas
- First Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
| | - John Haanen
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Helen Gogas
- First Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
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19
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Reprogramming systemic and local immune function to empower immunotherapy against glioblastoma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:435. [PMID: 36702831 PMCID: PMC9880004 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35957-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited benefits of immunotherapy against glioblastoma (GBM) is closely related to the paucity of T cells in brain tumor bed. Both systemic and local immunosuppression contribute to the deficiency of tumor-infiltrating T cells. However, the current studies focus heavily on the local immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment but not on the co-existence of systemic immunosuppression. Here, we develop a nanostructure named Nano-reshaper to co-encapsulate lymphopenia alleviating agent cannabidiol and lymphocyte recruiting cytokine LIGHT. The results show that Nano-reshaper increases the number of systemic T cells and improves local T-cell recruitment condition, thus greatly increasing T-cell infiltration. When combined with immune checkpoint inhibitor, this therapeutic modality achieves 83.3% long-term survivors without recurrence in GBM models in male mice. Collectively, this work unveils that simultaneous reprogramming of systemic and local immune function is critical for T-cell based immunotherapy and provides a clinically translatable option for combating brain tumors.
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20
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Wu S, Li X, Hong F, Chen Q, Yu Y, Guo S, Xie Y, Xiao N, Kong X, Mo W, Wang Z, Chen S, Zeng F. Integrative analysis of single-cell transcriptomics reveals age-associated immune landscape of glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1028775. [PMID: 36761752 PMCID: PMC9903136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1028775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant tumor in center nervous system. Clinical statistics revealed that senior GBM patients had a worse overall survival (OS) comparing with that of patients in other ages, which is mainly related with tumor microenvironment including tumor-associated immune cells in particular. However, the immune heterogeneity and age-related prognosis in GBM are under studied. Here we developed a machine learning-based method to integrate public large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets to establish a comprehensive atlas of immune cells infiltrating in cross-age GBM. We found that the compositions of the immune cells are remarkably different across ages. Brain-resident microglia constitute the majority of glioblastoma-associated macrophages (GAMs) in patients, whereas dramatic elevation of extracranial monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) is observed in GAMs of senior patients, which contributes to the worse prognosis of aged patients. Further analysis suggests that the increased MDMs arisen from excessive recruitment and proliferation of peripheral monocytes not only lead to the T cell function inhibition in GBM, but also stimulate tumor cells proliferation via VEGFA secretion. In summary, our work provides new cues for the correlational relationship between the immune microenvironment of GBM and aging, which might be insightful for precise and effective therapeutic interventions for senior GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Xuewen Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Precision Treatment, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Fujian, China,National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Fan Hong
- Department of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Precision Treatment, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Fujian, China,National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Precision Treatment, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Fujian, China,National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Yingying Yu
- Department of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Precision Treatment, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Fujian, China,National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Shuanghui Guo
- Department of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Precision Treatment, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Fujian, China,National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Fujian, China,Department of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Precision Treatment, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Naian Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Fujian, China,Department of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Precision Treatment, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Xuwen Kong
- Department of Automation, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Mo
- Department of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Precision Treatment, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Fujian, China,National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Zhanxiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Fujian, China,Department of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Precision Treatment, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Fujian, China,*Correspondence: Feng Zeng, ; Shaoxuan Chen, ; Zhanxiang Wang,
| | - Shaoxuan Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Precision Treatment, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Fujian, China,National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China,*Correspondence: Feng Zeng, ; Shaoxuan Chen, ; Zhanxiang Wang,
| | - Feng Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Fujian, China,Department of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Precision Treatment, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Fujian, China,Department of Automation, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Fujian, China,*Correspondence: Feng Zeng, ; Shaoxuan Chen, ; Zhanxiang Wang,
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21
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Heimberger AB, Lukas RV. The kynurenine pathway implicated in patient delirium: possible indications for indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase inhibitors. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:164577. [PMID: 36647830 PMCID: PMC9843043 DOI: 10.1172/jci164577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism plays a central role in sleep, mood, and immune system regulation. The kynurenine pathway (KP), which is regulated by the enzymes tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), which catalyze the conversion of Trp to kynurenine (Kyn), facilitates immune regulation and influences neurocognition. Notably, Kyn metabolites bind the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), essential for memory encoding, and in turn, cognition. Aberrant NMDAR activity through agonist binding influences excitability and cell death. In this issue of the JCI, Watne and authors demonstrate that KP pathway end products were elevated in the serum and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of subjects with delirium. This observation provides insight regarding the basis of a variety of commonly observed clinical conditions including sundowning, abnormal sleep-wake cycles in hospitalized patients, neurodegenerative cognitive impairment, radiation-induced cognitive impairment, neurocognitive symptomatology related to COVID-19, and clinical outcomes observed in patients with CNS tumors, such as gliomas.
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22
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Ju G, Zeng K, Lu L, Diao H, Wang H, Li X, Zhou T. Identification and validation of the cellular senescence-related molecular subtypes of triple negative breast cancer via integrating bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:569-588. [PMID: 36895975 PMCID: PMC9989623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) reportedly benefit from immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. However, the subtype-specific vulnerabilities of ICB in TNBC remain unclear. As the complex interplay between cellular senescence and anti-tumor immunity has been previously discussed, we aimed to identify markers related to cellular senescence that may serve as potential predictors of response to ICB in TNBC. We used three transcriptomic datasets derived from ICB-treated breast cancer samples at both scRNA-seq and bulk-RNA-seq levels to define the subtype-specific vulnerabilities of ICB in TNBC. Differences in the molecular features and immune cell infiltration among the different TNBC subtypes were further explored using two scRNA-seq, three bulk-RNA-seq, and two proteomic datasets. 18 TNBC samples were collected and utilized to verify the association between gene expression and immune cell infiltration by multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC). A specific type of cellular senescence was found to be significantly associated with response to ICB in TNBC. We employed the expression of four senescence-related genes, namely CDKN2A, CXCL10, CCND1, and IGF1R, to define a distinct senescence-related classifier using the non-negative matrix factorization approach. Two clusters were identified, namely the senescence-enriching cluster (C1; CDKN2A high CXCL10 high CCND1 low IGF1R low) and proliferating-enriching cluster (C2; CDKN2A low CXCL10 low CCND1 high IGF1R high). Our results indicated that the C1 cluster responds better to ICB and behaves with higher CD8+ T cell infiltration than the C2 cluster. Altogether, in this study, we developed a robust cellular senescence-related classifier of TNBC based on the expression of CDKN2A, CXCL10, CCND1, and IGF1R. This classifier act as a potential predictor of clinical outcomes and response to ICB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoda Ju
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis & Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute Beijing 100142, China
| | - Kai Zeng
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Linlin Lu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Diao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University Jining 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Yancheng TCM Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Yancheng 224002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200080, China
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23
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Bollu L, Bommi PV, Monsen PJ, Zhai L, Lauing KL, Bell A, Kim M, Ladomersky E, Yang X, Platanias LC, Matei DE, Bonini MG, Munshi HG, Hashizume R, Wu JD, Zhang B, James CD, Chen P, Kocherginsky M, Horbinski C, Cameron MD, Grigorescu AA, Yamini B, Lukas RV, Schiltz GE, Wainwright DA. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Protein Degrader for Glioblastoma. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15642-15662. [PMID: 36410047 PMCID: PMC9743093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a potent immunosuppressive enzyme that inhibits the antitumor immune response through both tryptophan metabolism and non-enzymatic functions. To date, most IDO1-targeted approaches have focused on inhibiting tryptophan metabolism. However, this class of drugs has failed to improve the overall survival of patients with cancer. Here, we developed and characterized proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) that degrade the IDO1 protein. IDO1-PROTACs were tested for their effects on IDO1 enzyme and non-enzyme activities. After screening a library of IDO1-PROTAC derivatives, a compound was identified that potently degraded the IDO1 protein through cereblon-mediated proteasomal degradation. The IDO1-PROTAC: (i) inhibited IDO1 enzyme activity and IDO1-mediated NF-κB phosphorylation in cultured human glioblastoma (GBM) cells, (ii) degraded the IDO1 protein within intracranial brain tumors in vivo, and (iii) mediated a survival benefit in mice with well-established brain tumors. This study identified and characterized a new IDO1 protein degrader with therapeutic potential for patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi
R. Bollu
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Prashant V. Bommi
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Paige J. Monsen
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lijie Zhai
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Kristen L. Lauing
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - April Bell
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Miri Kim
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University
Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, United
States
| | - Erik Ladomersky
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Xinyu Yang
- WuXi
AppTec, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leonidas C. Platanias
- Department
of Medicine—Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Daniela E. Matei
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Marcelo G. Bonini
- Department
of Medicine—Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Hidayatullah G. Munshi
- Department
of Medicine—Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Rintaro Hashizume
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics − Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem
Cell Transplantation, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Jennifer D. Wu
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg
School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department
of Medicine—Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Charles David James
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Peiwen Chen
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Masha Kocherginsky
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Michael D. Cameron
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The
Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Arabela A. Grigorescu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern
University Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bakhtiar Yamini
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Division of the Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Rimas V. Lukas
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg
School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Gary E. Schiltz
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Derek A. Wainwright
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Medicine—Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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24
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Lukas RV, Chmura SJ, Parney IF, Mammoser A, Smith SM, Li J. Neuro-oncology at the American Society for Clinical Oncology 2022 Annual Meeting. Neurooncol Pract 2022; 9:552-558. [PMID: 36388417 PMCID: PMC9665054 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npac071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the following brief report, we highlight the advances in the neuro-oncology space from the ASCO 2022 Annual Meeting. We put into context the phase 2 and 3 trials and how these may alter the standard of care going forward. In addition, we highlight some other earlier work that will lead to future and potentially practice-changing trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimas V Lukas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Steven J Chmura
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ian F Parney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aaron Mammoser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sonali M Smith
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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25
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Advances in Preclinical/Clinical Glioblastoma Treatment: Can Nanoparticles Be of Help? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194960. [PMID: 36230883 PMCID: PMC9563739 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As one of the most lethal human cancers, glioblastoma treatment is a real challenge because of several resistance mechanisms, including limited drug entry into the central nervous system through the blood–brain barrier and the vast heterogeneity of this family of tumors. In the development of precision medicine, various nanoconstructs are being proposed to cross the BBB, specifically target GB tumors, release the therapeutic cargo in a controlled manner, and reduce therapeutic resistance. This review summarizes the different families of nanoparticles and approaches followed so far pursuing these aims. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GB) is the most aggressive and frequent primary malignant tumor in the central nervous system (CNS), with unsatisfactory and challenging treatment nowadays. Current standard of care includes surgical resection followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, these treatments do not much improve the overall survival of GB patients, which is still below two years (the 5-year survival rate is below 7%). Despite various approaches having been followed to increase the release of anticancer drugs into the brain, few of them demonstrated a significant success, as the blood brain barrier (BBB) still restricts its uptake, thus limiting the therapeutic options. Therefore, enormous efforts are being devoted to the development of novel nanomedicines with the ability to cross the BBB and specifically target the cancer cells. In this context, the use of nanoparticles represents a promising non-invasive route, allowing to evade BBB and reducing systemic concentration of drugs and, hence, side effects. In this review, we revise with a critical view the different families of nanoparticles and approaches followed so far with this aim.
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26
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Sass D, Vera E, Choi A, Acquaye A, Briceno N, Christ A, Grajkowska E, Jammula V, Levine J, Lindsley M, Reyes J, Roche K, Rogers JL, Timmer M, Boris L, Burton E, Lollo N, Panzer M, Penas-Prado M, Pillai V, Polskin L, Theeler BJ, Wu J, Gilbert MR, Armstrong TS, Leeper H. Evaluation of the key geriatric assessment constructs in primary brain tumor population - a descriptive study. J Geriatr Oncol 2022; 13:1194-1202. [PMID: 36041994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite an increasing aging population, older adults (≥ 65 years) with primary brain tumors (PBTs) are not routinely assessed for geriatric vulnerabilities. Recent reports of geriatric assessment (GA) in patients with glioblastomas demonstrated that GA may serve as a sensitive prognosticator of overall survival. Yet, current practice does not include routine evaluation of geriatric vulnerabilities and the relevance of GA has not been previously evaluated in broader cohorts of PBT patients. The objective of this descriptive study was to assess key GA constructs in adults with PBT dichotomized into older versus younger groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of data collected from 579 participants with PBT recruited between 2016 and 2020, dichotomized into older (≥ 65 years, n = 92) and younger (≤ 64 years, n = 487) from an ongoing observational trial. GA constructs were evaluated using socio-demographic characteristics, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), polypharmacy (>5 daily medications), Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), Neurologic Function Score (NFS), and patient-reported outcome assessments including general health, functional status, symptom burden and interference, and mood. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, chi-square tests, and Pearson correlations were used to evaluate differences between age groups. RESULTS Older participants were more likely to have problems with mobility (58% vs. 44%), usual activities (64% vs 50%) and self-care (38% vs 26%) compared to the younger participants (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.3-1.4, ps < 0.05), while older participants were less likely to report feeling distressed (OR = 0.4, p < 0.05). Older participants also had higher CCI and were more likely to have polypharmacy (OR = 1.7, ps < 0.05). Increasing age strongly correlated with worse KPS score (r = -0.232, OR = 1.4, p < 0.001) and worse NFS (r = 0.210, OR = 1.5, p < 0.001). No differences were observed in overall symptom burden, symptom interference, and anxiety/depression scores. DISCUSSION While commonly used GA tools were not available, the study employed patient- and clinician-reported outcomes to identify potential future research directions for the use of GA in the broader neuro-oncology population. Findings illustrate missed opportunities in neuro-oncology practice and underscore the need for incorporation of GA into routine care of this population. Future studies are warranted to further evaluate the prognostic utility of GA and to better understand functional aging outcomes in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilorom Sass
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Vera
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna Choi
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alvina Acquaye
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Briceno
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexa Christ
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ewa Grajkowska
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Varna Jammula
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason Levine
- Office of Information Technology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Lindsley
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Reyes
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kayla Roche
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James L Rogers
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Timmer
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Boris
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Eric Burton
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Lollo
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marissa Panzer
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marta Penas-Prado
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Valentina Pillai
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lily Polskin
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brett J Theeler
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Terri S Armstrong
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heather Leeper
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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27
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Hu W, Liu H, Li Z, Liu J, Chen L. Impact of molecular and clinical variables on survival outcome with immunotherapy for glioblastoma patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1476-1491. [PMID: 35822692 PMCID: PMC9437230 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given that only a subset of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) responds to immuno-oncology, this study aimed to assess the impact of multiple factors on GBM immunotherapy prognosis and investigate the potential predictors. METHODS A quantitative meta-analysis was conducted using the random-effects model. Several potential factors were also reviewed qualitatively. RESULTS A total of 39 clinical trials were included after screening 1317 papers. Patients with O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation [hazard ratio (HR) for overall survival (OS) = 2.30, p < 0.0001; HR for progression-free survival (PFS) = 2.10, p < 0.0001], gross total resection (HR for OS = 0.70, p = 0.02; HR for PFS = 0.56, p = 0.004), and no baseline steroid use (HR for OS = 0.52, p = 0.0002; HR for PFS = 0.61, p = 0.02) had a relatively significant favorable OS and PFS following immunotherapy. Patients with a Karnofsky Performance Status score < 80 (HR = 1.73, p = 0.0007) and undergoing two prior relapses (HR = 2.08, p = 0.003) were associated with worse OS. Age, gender, tumor programmed death-ligand 1 expression, and history of chemotherapy were not associated with survival outcomes. Notably, immunotherapy significantly improved the OS among patients undergoing two prior recurrences (HR = 0.40, p = 0.008) but not among patients in any other subgroups, as opposed to non-immunotherapy. CONCLUSION Several factors were associated with prognostic outcomes of GBM patients receiving immunotherapy; multiple recurrences might be a candidate predictor. More marker-driven prospective studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Hu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jialin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Obara-Michlewska M. The tryptophan metabolism, kynurenine pathway and oxidative stress - Implications for glioma pathobiology. Neurochem Int 2022; 158:105363. [PMID: 35667490 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway receives increasing attention due to its involvement in central nervous system pathologies, i.a. neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, but also due to the contribution to the pathomechanism of neoplasms, including brain tumors.The present review focuses on kynurenine pathway activity in gliomas, brain tumors of glial origin. The upregulation of kynurenine pathway enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), resulting in a decreased level of tryptophan and augmented kynurenine synthesis (increased (KYN/Trp ratio) are the most recognised hallmark of malignant transformation, characterised with immunomodulatory adaptations, providing an escape from defence mechanisms of the host, growth-beneficial milieu and resistance to some therapeutics. The review addresses, however, the oxidative/nitrosative stress-associated mechanisms of tryptophan catabolism, mainly the kynurenine pathway activity, linking them with glioma pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Obara-Michlewska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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29
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Rabin EE, Kim M, Mozny A, Cardoza K, Bell AC, Zhai L, Bommi P, Lauing KL, King AL, Armstrong TS, Walunas TL, Fang D, Roy I, Peipert JD, Sieg E, Mi X, Amidei C, Lukas RV, Wainwright DA. A systematic review of pharmacologic treatment efficacy for depression in older patients with cancer. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 21:100449. [PMID: 35368609 PMCID: PMC8968450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Wee CW, In Yoon H, Lee SW, Lim DH. Current trend of radiotherapy for glioblastoma in the elderly: a survey study by the brain tumor Committee of the Korean Radiation Oncology Group (KROG 21-05). Jpn J Clin Oncol 2022; 52:843-849. [PMID: 35453150 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the current variability in radiotherapy practice for elderly glioblastoma patients. METHODS A questionnaire comprising general information on elderly glioblastoma, treatment selection, radiotherapy and 16 clinical case-scenario-based questions (based on age, performance, extent of resection and MGMT promoter methylation) was sent to brain tumor radiation oncologists. RESULTS Twenty-one responses were recorded. Most (71.4%) stated that 70 years is an adequate cut-off for 'elderly' individuals. The most preferred hypofractionated short-course radiotherapy schedule was 40-45 Gy over 3 weeks (81.3%). The median margin for high-dose target volume was 5 mm (range, 0-20 mm) from the T1-enhancement for short-course radiotherapy. The case-scenario-based questions revealed a near-perfect consensus on 6-week standard radiotherapy plus concurrent/adjuvant temozolomide as the most appropriate adjuvant treatment in good performing patients aged 65-70 years, regardless of surgery and MGMT promoter methylation. Notably, in 75-year-old patients with good performance, the most preferred treatment was 6-week radiotherapy (81.0-90.5%) plus concurrent/adjuvant temozolomide (71.4-95.2%) rather than short-course radiotherapy or radiotherapy alone. Although the use of 3-week short-course radiotherapy increased with age and decreased performance status (all P < 0.05), 6-week radiotherapy was adopted in a significant proportion of responders (14.3-23.8%) even for wheelchair-bound, 75-year-old patients. Temozolomide use was affected by age, performance and MGMT promoter (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A high level of consensus was observed in treating elderly glioblastoma patients with good performance status. However, the variability increased, especially for older patients and those with poor performance. This study serves as a basis for designing future clinical trials in elderly glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Woo Wee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong In Yoon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sea-Won Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hoon Lim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Garcia MG, Deng Y, Murray C, Reyes RM, Padron A, Bai H, Kancharla A, Gupta H, Shen-Orr S, Curiel TJ. Immune checkpoint expression and relationships to anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade cancer immunotherapy efficacy in aged versus young mice. AGING AND CANCER 2022; 3:68-83. [PMID: 36876140 PMCID: PMC9980712 DOI: 10.1002/aac2.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Aging is the biggest cancer risk, and immune checkpoint (IC) inhibition (ICI) is a revolutionary cancer immunotherapy approach. Nonetheless, there are limited preclinical/clinical data regarding aging effects on ICI outcomes or age effects on IC expression in different organs or tumors. Methods Flow cytometry assessed IC on immune and non-immune cells in various organs in young and aged BL6 mice. Comparisons: aged versus young naïve WT versus interferon-γ KO mice and WT challenged with B16F10 melanoma and treated with αPD-1 or αPD-L1 ICI. We co-cultured young and aged T cells and myeloid cells in vitro and used OMIQ analyses to test cell-cell interactions. Results αPD-1 ICI treated melanoma in young and aged hosts, whereas αPD-L1 ICI was only effective in young. We found considerable, previously undescribed age effects on expression of various IC molecules participating in the ICI treatment, including PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, and CD80, in distinct organs and in the tumor. These data help explain differential ICI efficacy in young and aged hosts. Host interferon-γ influenced age effects on IC expression in both directions depending on specific IC molecule and tissue. IC expression was further affected by tumor challenge on immune, non-immune, and tumor cells in tumor and other organs. In in vitro co-culture, αPD-1 versus αPD-L1 distinctly influenced polyclonal T cells in young versus aged, suggesting mechanisms for distinct age-related ICI outcomes. Conclusion Age affects IC expression on specific immune cells in an organ- and tissue-specific manner. ICs were generally higher on aged immune cells. High immune-cell PD-1 could help explain αPD-1 efficacy in aged. High co-expression of CD80 with PD-L1 on dendritic cells could help explain lack of αPD-L1 efficacy in aged hosts. Factors other than myeloid cells and interferon-γ also affect age-related IC expression and T cell function, meriting additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna G Garcia
- South Texas Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Yilun Deng
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Clare Murray
- South Texas Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ryan M Reyes
- South Texas Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Alvaro Padron
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Haiyan Bai
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Aravind Kancharla
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Senda Biosciences, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Harshita Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Shai Shen-Orr
- Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- South Texas Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Clayton Foundation for Research, Houston, Texas, USA.,Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Yang K, Wu Z, Zhang H, Zhang N, Wu W, Wang Z, Dai Z, Zhang X, Zhang L, Peng Y, Ye W, Zeng W, Liu Z, Cheng Q. Glioma targeted therapy: insight into future of molecular approaches. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:39. [PMID: 35135556 PMCID: PMC8822752 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the common type of brain tumors originating from glial cells. Epidemiologically, gliomas occur among all ages, more often seen in adults, which males are more susceptible than females. According to the fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (WHO CNS5), standard of care and prognosis of gliomas can be dramatically different. Generally, circumscribed gliomas are usually benign and recommended to early complete resection, with chemotherapy if necessary. Diffuse gliomas and other high-grade gliomas according to their molecule subtype are slightly intractable, with necessity of chemotherapy. However, for glioblastoma, feasible resection followed by radiotherapy plus temozolomide chemotherapy define the current standard of care. Here, we discuss novel feasible or potential targets for treatment of gliomas, especially IDH-wild type glioblastoma. Classic targets such as the p53 and retinoblastoma (RB) pathway and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene alteration have met failure due to complex regulatory network. There is ever-increasing interest in immunotherapy (immune checkpoint molecule, tumor associated macrophage, dendritic cell vaccine, CAR-T), tumor microenvironment, and combination of several efficacious methods. With many targeted therapy options emerging, biomarkers guiding the prescription of a particular targeted therapy are also attractive. More pre-clinical and clinical trials are urgently needed to explore and evaluate the feasibility of targeted therapy with the corresponding biomarkers for effective personalized treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,One-Third Lab, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wantao Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyu Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun Peng
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Teaching and Research Section of Clinical Nursing, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weijie Ye
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjing Zeng
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Wee CW. Radiotherapy for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma in the Elderly: What Is the Standard? Brain Tumor Res Treat 2022; 10:12-21. [PMID: 35118843 PMCID: PMC8819463 DOI: 10.14791/btrt.2022.10.e34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly half of the patients with newly diagnosed glioblastomas are aged ≥65 years. Unfortunately, these elderly patients with glioblastoma (GBM-e) demonstrate detrimental survival. However, the optimal treatment for GBM-e after surgery remains controversial. Conventionally fractionated radiotherapy (CFRT) of 60 Gy, hypofractionated radiotherapy (HFRT), temozolomide (TMZ), or a combination of these treatments with or without tumor treating fields can be considered. Although evidence has indicated a non-inferiority of HFRT compared to CFRT in GBM-e treated with radiotherapy (RT) alone throughout the past, the optimal RT scheme (CFRT vs. HFRT), when combined with TMZ, has never been investigated in a prospective randomized fashion for GBM-e patients suitable for radiochemotherapy. Several other issues make the treatment of GBM-e even more challenging. In this review, current evidence regarding RT in GBM-e, as well as issues that need to be addressed, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Woo Wee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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34
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Cardinale A, De Luca CD, Locatelli F, Velardi E. Thymic Function and T-Cell Receptor Repertoire Diversity: Implications for Patient Response to Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752042. [PMID: 34899700 PMCID: PMC8652142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity of T cells to recognize and mount an immune response against tumor antigens depends on the large diversity of the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire generated in the thymus during the process of T-cell development. However, this process is dramatically impaired by immunological insults, such as that caused by cytoreductive cancer therapies and infections, and by the physiological decline of thymic function with age. Defective thymic function and a skewed TCR repertoire can have significant clinical consequences. The presence of an adequate pool of T cells capable of recognizing specific tumor antigens is a prerequisite for the success of cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade therapy. However, while this approach has improved the chances of survival of patients with different types of cancer, a large proportion of them do not respond. The limited response rate to checkpoint blockade therapy may be linked to a suboptimal TCR repertoire in cancer patients prior to therapy. Here, we focus on the role of the thymus in shaping the T-cell pool in health and disease, discuss how the TCR repertoire influences patients’ response to checkpoint blockade therapy and highlight approaches able to manipulate thymic function to enhance anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Cardinale
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Velardi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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35
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Zhai L, Bell A, Ladomersky E, Lauing KL, Bollu L, Nguyen B, Genet M, Kim M, Chen P, Mi X, Wu JD, Schipma MJ, Wray B, Griffiths J, Unwin RD, Clark SJ, Acharya R, Bao R, Horbinski C, Lukas RV, Schiltz GE, Wainwright DA. Tumor Cell IDO Enhances Immune Suppression and Decreases Survival Independent of Tryptophan Metabolism in Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:6514-6528. [PMID: 34479957 PMCID: PMC8639612 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) is an incurable primary brain tumor that has not benefited from immunotherapy to date. More than 90% of GBM expresses the tryptophan (Trp) metabolic enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO). This observation supported the historical hypothesis that IDO suppresses the antitumor immune response solely through a mechanism that requires intratumoral Trp depletion. However, recent findings led us to investigate the alternative hypothesis that IDO suppresses the anti-GBM immune response independent of its association with Trp metabolism. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IDO-deficient GBM cell lines reconstituted with IDO wild-type or IDO enzyme-null cDNA were created and validated in vitro and in vivo. Microarray analysis was conducted to search for genes that IDO regulates, followed by the analysis of human GBM cell lines, patient GBM and plasma, and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Ex vivo cell coculture assays, syngeneic and humanized mouse GBM models, were used to test the alternative hypothesis. RESULTS Nonenzymic tumor cell IDO activity decreased the survival of experimental animals and increased the expression of complement factor H (CFH) and its isoform, factor H like protein 1 (FHL-1) in human GBM. Tumor cell IDO increased CFH and FHL-1 expression independent of Trp metabolism. Increased intratumoral CFH and FHL-1 levels were associated with poorer survival among patients with glioma. Similar to IDO effects, GBM cell FHL-1 expression increased intratumoral regulatory T cells (Treg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells while it decreased overall survival in mice with GBM. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals a nonmetabolic IDO-mediated enhancement of CFH expression and provides a new therapeutic target for patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - April Bell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kristen L Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lakshmi Bollu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brenda Nguyen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matthew Genet
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Miri Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Peiwen Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xinlei Mi
- Department of Preventive Medicine at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jennifer D Wu
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matthew J Schipma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian Wray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John Griffiths
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D Unwin
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Clark
- University Eye Clinic, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh Acharya
- University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Riyue Bao
- University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rimas V Lukas
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gary E Schiltz
- Department of Chemistry, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Smith PL, Piadel K, Dalgleish AG. Directing T-Cell Immune Responses for Cancer Vaccination and Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1392. [PMID: 34960140 PMCID: PMC8708201 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccination and immunotherapy revolutionised the treatment of cancer, a result of decades of research into the immune system in health and disease. However, despite recent breakthroughs in treating otherwise terminal cancer, only a minority of patients respond to cancer immunotherapy and some cancers are largely refractive to immunotherapy treatment. This is due to numerous issues intrinsic to the tumour, its microenvironment, or the immune system. CD4+ and CD8+ αβ T-cells emerged as the primary effector cells of the anti-tumour immune response but their function in cancer patients is often compromised. This review details the mechanisms by which T-cell responses are hindered in the setting of cancer and refractive to immunotherapy, and details many of the approaches under investigation to direct T-cell function and improve the efficacy of cancer vaccination and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lawrence Smith
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. Georges University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK; (K.P.); (A.G.D.)
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Wang M, Jia J, Cui Y, Peng Y, Jiang Y. Molecular and Clinical Characterization of a Novel Prognostic and Immunologic Biomarker GPSM3 in Low-Grade Gliomas. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111529. [PMID: 34827528 PMCID: PMC8615402 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: as the most common malignancy of the central nervous system, low-grade glioma (LGG) patients suffered a poor prognosis. Tumor microenvironment, especially immune components, plays an important role in the progression of tumors. Thus, it is critical to explore the key immune-related genes, a comprehensive understanding of the TME in LGG helps us find novel cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Methods: the GPSM3 expression level and the correlations between clinical characteristics and GPSM3 levels were analyzed with the data from CGGA and TCGA dataset. Univariate and multivariate cox regression model were built to predict the prognosis of LGG patients with multiple factors. Then the correlation between GPSM3 with immune cell infiltration was explored by ESTIMATE, CIBERSORT and TIMER2.0. At last, the correlation analyzed between GPSM3 expression and immune checkpoint related genes were also analyzed. Results: GPSM3 expression was overexpressed in LGG and negatively correlated to the GPSM3 DNA methylation. Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis demonstrated that GPSM3 expression was an independent prognostic factor in LGG patients. Functional characterization of GPSM3 revealed that it was associated with many immune processes to tumor cells. GPSM3 expression was positive related to the immune score, Stromal scores and ESTIMATE scores, but negative related to the Tumor purity. Immune features in the TME of GPSM3-high LGG group is characterized by a higher infiltrating of regulatory T cells, neutrophils, macrophages M2, and a lower proportion of monocytes than to the GPSM3-low group. Furthermore, GPSM3 expression exhibited significant correlations with the immune checkpoint-related genes, especially PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, CTLA4 and TIM3. Conclusions: these findings proved that GPSM3 could serve as a prognostic biomarker and potential immunotherapy target for LGG.
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38
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Kim M, Ladomersky E, Mozny A, Kocherginsky M, O'Shea K, Reinstein ZZ, Zhai L, Bell A, Lauing KL, Bollu L, Rabin E, Dixit K, Kumthekar P, Platanias LC, Hou L, Zheng Y, Wu J, Zhang B, Hrachova M, Merrill SA, Mrugala MM, Prabhu VC, Horbinski C, James CD, Yamini B, Ostrom QT, Johnson MO, Reardon DA, Lukas RV, Wainwright DA. Glioblastoma as an age-related neurological disorder in adults. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab125. [PMID: 34647022 PMCID: PMC8500689 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced age is a major risk factor for the development of many diseases including those affecting the central nervous system. Wild-type isocitrate dehydrogenase glioblastoma (IDHwt GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain cancer and accounts for ≥90% of all adult GBM diagnoses. Patients with IDHwt GBM have a median age of diagnosis at 68–70 years of age, and increasing age is associated with an increasingly worse prognosis for patients with this type of GBM. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results, The Cancer Genome Atlas, and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas databases were analyzed for mortality indices. Meta-analysis of 80 clinical trials was evaluated for log hazard ratio for aging to tumor survivorship. Results Despite significant advances in the understanding of intratumoral genetic alterations, molecular characteristics of tumor microenvironments, and relationships between tumor molecular characteristics and the use of targeted therapeutics, life expectancy for older adults with GBM has yet to improve. Conclusions Based upon the results of our analysis, we propose that age-dependent factors that are yet to be fully elucidated, contribute to IDHwt GBM patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andreas Mozny
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Masha Kocherginsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kaitlyn O'Shea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zachary Z Reinstein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - April Bell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kristen L Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lakshmi Bollu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Erik Rabin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Karan Dixit
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Priya Kumthekar
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yinan Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer Wu
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maya Hrachova
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Sarah A Merrill
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Maciej M Mrugala
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Vikram C Prabhu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Charles David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bakhtiar Yamini
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center & Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Quinn T Ostrom
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret O Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rimas V Lukas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Zhang C, Lei L, Yang X, Ma K, Zheng H, Su Y, Jiao A, Wang X, Liu H, Zou Y, Shi L, Zhou X, Sun C, Hou Y, Xiao Z, Zhang L, Zhang B. Single-cell sequencing reveals antitumor characteristics of intratumoral immune cells in old mice. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002809. [PMID: 34642245 PMCID: PMC8513495 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging has long been thought to be a major risk factor for various types of cancers. However, accumulating evidence indicates increased resistance of old animals to tumor growth. An in-depth understanding of how old individuals defend against tumor invasion requires further investigations. Methods We revealed age-associated alterations in tumor-infiltrating immune cells between young and old mice using single-cell RNA and coupled T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing analysis. Multiple bioinformatics methods were adopted to analyze the characteristics of the transcriptome between two groups. To explore the impacts of young and old CD8+ T cells on tumor growth, mice were treated with anti-CD8 antibody every 3 days starting 7 days after tumor inoculation. Flow cytometry was used to validate the differences indicated by sequencing analysis between young and old mice. Results We found a higher proportion of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, naturally occurring Tregs, conventional dendritic cell (DC), and M1-like macrophages in tumors of old mice compared with a higher percentage of exhausted CD8+ T cells, induced Tregs, plasmacytoid DC, and M2-like macrophages in young mice. Importantly, TCR diversity analysis showed that top 10 TCR clones consisted primarily of exhausted CD8+ T cells in young mice whereas top clones were predominantly cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in old mice. Old mice had more CD8+ T cells with a ‘progenitor’ and less ‘terminally’ exhausted phenotypes than young mice. Consistently, trajectory inference demonstrated that CD8+ T cells preferentially differentiated into cytotoxic cells in old mice in contrast to exhausted cells in young mice. Importantly, elimination of CD8+ T cells in old mice during tumor growth significantly accelerated tumor development. Moreover, senescent features were demonstrated in exhausted but not cytotoxic CD8+ T cells regardless of young and old mice. Conclusions Our data revealed that a significantly higher proportion of effector immune cells in old mice defends against tumor progression, providing insights into understanding the altered kinetics of cancer development and the differential response to immunotherapeutic modulation in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cangang Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Kaili Ma
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Huiqiang Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanhong Su
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Anjun Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yujing Zou
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenming Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuzhu Hou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhengtao Xiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China .,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China .,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, China
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Insulin/IGF-1 signaling promotes immunosuppression via the STAT3 pathway: impact on the aging process and age-related diseases. Inflamm Res 2021; 70:1043-1061. [PMID: 34476533 PMCID: PMC8572812 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway has a major role in the regulation of longevity both in Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian species, i.e., reduced activity of this pathway extends lifespan, whereas increased activity accelerates the aging process. The insulin/IGF-1 pathway controls protein and energy metabolism as well as the proliferation and differentiation of insulin/IGF-1-responsive cells. Insulin/IGF-1 signaling also regulates the functions of the innate and adaptive immune systems. The purpose of this review was to elucidate whether insulin/IGF-1 signaling is linked to immunosuppressive STAT3 signaling which is known to promote the aging process. METHODS Original and review articles encompassing the connections between insulin/IGF-1 and STAT3 signaling were examined from major databases including Pubmed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. RESULTS The activation of insulin/IGF-1 receptors stimulates STAT3 signaling through the JAK and AKT-driven signaling pathways. STAT3 signaling is a major activator of immunosuppressive cells which are able to counteract the chronic low-grade inflammation associated with the aging process. However, the activation of STAT3 signaling stimulates a negative feedback response through the induction of SOCS factors which not only inhibit the activity of insulin/IGF-1 receptors but also that of many cytokine receptors. The inhibition of insulin/IGF-1 signaling evokes insulin resistance, a condition known to be increased with aging. STAT3 signaling also triggers the senescence of both non-immune and immune cells, especially through the activation of p53 signaling. CONCLUSIONS Given that cellular senescence, inflammaging, and counteracting immune suppression increase with aging, this might explain why excessive insulin/IGF-1 signaling promotes the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, KYS, P.O. Box 100, 70029, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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41
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Wang GM, Cioffi G, Patil N, Waite KA, Lanese R, Ostrom Q, Kruchko C, Berens ME, Connor JR, Lathia JD, Rubin JB, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. Importance of the intersection of age and sex to understand variation in incidence and survival for primary malignant gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2021; 24:302-310. [PMID: 34387331 PMCID: PMC8804884 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gliomas are the most common type of malignant brain and other CNS tumors, accounting for 80.8% of malignant primary brain and CNS tumors. They cause significant morbidity and mortality. This study investigates the intersection between age and sex to better understand variation of incidence and survival for glioma in the United States. Methods Incidence data from 2000 to 2017 were obtained from CBTRUS, which obtains data from the NPCR and SEER, and survival data from the CDC’s NPCR. Age-adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRR) per 100 000 were generated to compare male-to-female incidence by age group. Cox proportional hazard models were performed by age group, generating hazard ratios to assess male-to-female survival differences. Results Overall, glioma incidence was higher in males. Male-to-female incidence was lowest in ages 0-9 years (IRR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.07, P = .003), increasing with age, peaking at 50-59 years (IRR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.53-1.59, P < .001). Females had worse survival for ages 0-9 (HR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.87-0.99), though male survival was worse for all other age groups, with the difference highest in those 20-29 years (HR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.28-1.44). Incidence and survival differences by age and sex also varied by histological subtype of glioma. Conclusions To better understand the variation in glioma incidence and survival, investigating the intersection of age and sex is key. The current work shows that the combined impact of these variables is dependent on glioma subtype. These results contribute to the growing understanding of sex and age differences that impact cancer incidence and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Ming Wang
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Gino Cioffi
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.,Cleveland Center for Health Outcomes Research (CCHOR), Cleveland, OH.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.,Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS), Hinsdale, IL
| | - Nirav Patil
- Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS), Hinsdale, IL.,Research and Education Institute, University Hospitals Health System (UHHS), Cleveland, OH
| | - Kristin A Waite
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.,Cleveland Center for Health Outcomes Research (CCHOR), Cleveland, OH.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.,Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS), Hinsdale, IL
| | - Robert Lanese
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Quinn Ostrom
- Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS), Hinsdale, IL.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Carol Kruchko
- Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS), Hinsdale, IL
| | - Michael E Berens
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (Tgen), Phoenix, AZ
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Deparment of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Joshua B Rubin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.,Cleveland Center for Health Outcomes Research (CCHOR), Cleveland, OH.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.,Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS), Hinsdale, IL.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.,Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Cleveland, OH.,Research Health Analytics and Informatics, University Hospitals Health System (UHHS), Cleveland, OH
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Qin R, Zhao C, Wang CJ, Xu W, Zhao JY, Lin Y, Yuan YY, Lin PC, Li Y, Zhao S, Huang Y. Tryptophan potentiates CD8 + T cells against cancer cells by TRIP12 tryptophanylation and surface PD-1 downregulation. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002840. [PMID: 34326168 PMCID: PMC8323461 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tryptophan catabolites suppress immunity. Therefore, blocking tryptophan catabolism with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors is pursued as an anticancer strategy. METHODS The intracellular level of tryptophan and kynurenine was detected by mass spectrum analysis. The effect of tryptophan and IDO inhibitors on cell surface programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) level were measured by flow cytometry. A set of biochemical analyses were used to figure out the underlying mechanism. In vitro co-culture system, syngeneic mouse models, immunofluorescent staining, and flow cytometry analysis were employed to investigate the role of tryptophan and IDO inhibitor in regulating the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells. RESULTS Here, we reported that IDO inhibitors activated CD8+ T cells also by accumulating tryptophan that downregulated PD-1. Tryptophan and IDO inhibitors administration, both increased intracellular tryptophan, and tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WARS) overexpression decreased Jurkat and mice CD8+ T cell surface PD-1. Mechanistically, WARS tryptophanylated lysine 1136 of and activated E3 ligase TRIP12 to degrade NFATc1, a PD-1 transcription activator. SIRT1 de-tryptophanylated TRIP12 and reversed the effects of tryptophan and WARS on PD-1. Tryptophan or IDO inhibitors potentiated CD8+ T cells to induce apoptosis of co-cultured cancer cells, increased cancer-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and slowed down tumor growth of lung cancer in mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed the immune-activating efficacy of tryptophan, and suggested tryptophan supplemental may benefit IDO inhibitors and PD-1 blockade during anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Ji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Yuan Zhao
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lin
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Yuan Yuan
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Lin
- Key Laboratory for Tibet Plateau Phytochemistry of Qinghai Province, College of Pharmacy, Qinghai University for Nationalities, Xining, China
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China .,NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Carrano A, Juarez JJ, Incontri D, Ibarra A, Cazares HG. Sex-Specific Differences in Glioblastoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071783. [PMID: 34359952 PMCID: PMC8303471 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences have been well identified in many brain tumors. Even though glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults and has the worst outcome, well-established differences between men and women are limited to incidence and outcome. Little is known about sex differences in GBM at the disease phenotype and genetical/molecular level. This review focuses on a deep understanding of the pathophysiology of GBM, including hormones, metabolic pathways, the immune system, and molecular changes, along with differences between men and women and how these dimorphisms affect disease outcome. The information analyzed in this review shows a greater incidence and worse outcome in male patients with GBM compared with female patients. We highlight the protective role of estrogen and the upregulation of androgen receptors and testosterone having detrimental effects on GBM. Moreover, hormones and the immune system work in synergy to directly affect the GBM microenvironment. Genetic and molecular differences have also recently been identified. Specific genes and molecular pathways, either upregulated or downregulated depending on sex, could potentially directly dictate GBM outcome differences. It appears that sexual dimorphism in GBM affects patient outcome and requires an individualized approach to management considering the sex of the patient, especially in relation to differences at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carrano
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
| | - Juan Jose Juarez
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Edo. de México, Mexico; (J.J.J.); (D.I.); (A.I.)
| | - Diego Incontri
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Edo. de México, Mexico; (J.J.J.); (D.I.); (A.I.)
| | - Antonio Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Edo. de México, Mexico; (J.J.J.); (D.I.); (A.I.)
| | - Hugo Guerrero Cazares
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Mohan AA, Tomaszewski WH, Haskell-Mendoza AP, Hotchkiss KM, Singh K, Reedy JL, Fecci PE, Sampson JH, Khasraw M. Targeting Immunometabolism in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:696402. [PMID: 34222022 PMCID: PMC8242259 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.696402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have only recently begun to understand how cancer metabolism affects antitumor responses and immunotherapy outcomes. Certain immunometabolic targets have been actively pursued in other tumor types, however, glioblastoma research has been slow to exploit the therapeutic vulnerabilities of immunometabolism. In this review, we highlight the pathways that are most relevant to glioblastoma and focus on how these immunometabolic pathways influence tumor growth and immune suppression. We discuss hypoxia, glycolysis, tryptophan metabolism, arginine metabolism, 2-Hydroxyglutarate (2HG) metabolism, adenosine metabolism, and altered phospholipid metabolism, in order to provide an analysis and overview of the field of glioblastoma immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mustafa Khasraw
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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45
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Zhang J, Yin J, Luo L, Huang D, Zhai D, Wang G, Xu N, Yang M, Song Y, Zheng G, Zhang Q. Integrative Analysis of DNA Methylation and Transcriptome Identifies a Predictive Epigenetic Signature Associated With Immune Infiltration in Gliomas. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:670854. [PMID: 34136486 PMCID: PMC8203203 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.670854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor with poor prognosis and high mortality. The purpose of this study was to use the epigenetic signature to predict prognosis and evaluate the degree of immune infiltration in gliomas. We integrated gene expression profiles and DNA methylation data of lower-grade glioma and glioblastoma to explore epigenetic differences and associated differences in biological function. Cox regression and lasso analysis were used to develop an epigenetic signature based on eight DNA methylation sites to predict prognosis of glioma patients. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the overall survival time of high- and low-risk groups was significantly separated, and ROC analysis verified that the model had great predictive ability. In addition, we constructed a nomogram based on age, sex, 1p/19q status, glioma type, and risk score. The epigenetic signature was obviously associated with tumor purity, immune checkpoints, and tumor-immune infiltrating cells (CD8+ T cells, gamma delta T cells, M0 macrophages, M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages, activated NK cells, monocytes, and activated mast cells) and thus, it may find application as a guide for the evaluation of immune infiltration or in treatment decisions in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Zhang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of "Translational Medicine on Malignant Tumor Treatment", Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Yin
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of "Translational Medicine on Malignant Tumor Treatment", Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyun Luo
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of "Translational Medicine on Malignant Tumor Treatment", Guangzhou, China
| | - Danqing Huang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of "Translational Medicine on Malignant Tumor Treatment", Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongfeng Zhai
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of "Translational Medicine on Malignant Tumor Treatment", Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Wang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of "Translational Medicine on Malignant Tumor Treatment", Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of "Translational Medicine on Malignant Tumor Treatment", Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiang Yang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of "Translational Medicine on Malignant Tumor Treatment", Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Song
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of "Translational Medicine on Malignant Tumor Treatment", Guangzhou, China
| | - Guopei Zheng
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of "Translational Medicine on Malignant Tumor Treatment", Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of "Translational Medicine on Malignant Tumor Treatment", Guangzhou, China
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Tritz ZP, Ayasoufi K, Johnson AJ. Anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade monotherapy in the orthotopic GL261 glioma model: the devil is in the detail. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab066. [PMID: 34151268 PMCID: PMC8209580 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The GL261 cell line, syngeneic on the C57BL/6 background, has, since its establishment half a century ago in 1970, become the most commonly used immunocompetent murine model of glioblastoma. As immunotherapy has entered the mainstream of clinical discourse in the past decade, this model has proved its worth as a formidable opponent against various immunotherapeutic combinations. Although advances in surgical, radiological, and chemotherapeutic interventions have extended mean glioblastoma patient survival by several months, 5-year survival postdiagnosis remains below 5%. Immunotherapeutic interventions, such as the ones explored in the murine GL261 model, may prove beneficial for patients with glioblastoma. However, even common immunotherapeutic interventions in the GL261 model still have unclear efficacy, with wildly discrepant conclusions being made in the literature regarding this topic. Here, we focus on anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade monotherapy as an example of this pattern. We contend that a fine-grained analysis of how biological variables (age, sex, tumor location, etc.) predict treatment responsiveness in this preclinical model will better enable researchers to identify glioblastoma patients most likely to benefit from checkpoint blockade immunotherapy moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah P Tritz
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Corresponding Author: Aaron J. Johnson, PhD, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA ()
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Yusuf MB, Gaskins J, Rattani A, McKenzie G, Mandish S, Wall W, Farley A, Tennant P, Bumpous J, Dunlap N. Immune Status in Merkel Cell Carcinoma: Relationships With Clinical Factors and Independent Prognostic Value. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28:6154-6165. [PMID: 33852099 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-09944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppression (IS) currently is not considered in staging for Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). An analysis of the National Cancer Database (NCDB) was performed to investigate immune status as an independent predictor of overall survival (OS) for patients with MCC and to describe the relationship between immune status and other prognostic factors. METHODS The NCDB was queried for patients with a diagnosis of MCC from 2010 to 2016 who had known immune status. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to define factors associated with OS. Secondary models were constructed to assess the association between IS etiology and OS. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to characterize relationships between immune status and other factors. RESULTS The 3-year OS was lower for the patients with IS (44.6%) than for the immunocompetent (IC) patients (68.7%; p < 0.0001). Immunosuppression was associated with increased adjusted mortality hazard (hazard ratio [HR], 2.36, 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.03-2.75). The etiology of IS was associated with OS (p = 0.0015), and patients with solid-organ transplantation had the lowest 3-year OS (32.7%). Immunosuppression was associated with increased odds of greater nodal burden (odds ratio [OR], 1.70; 95% CI, 1.37-2.11) and lymphovascular invasion (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.23-2.03). CONCLUSIONS Immune status was independently prognostic for the OS of patients with localized MCC. The etiology of IS may be associated with differential survival outcomes. Multiple adverse prognostic factors were associated with increased likelihood of IS. Immune status, and potentially the etiology of IS, may be useful prognostic factors to consider for future MCC staging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran B Yusuf
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Jeremy Gaskins
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Abbas Rattani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Grant McKenzie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Steven Mandish
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Weston Wall
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Alyssa Farley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Paul Tennant
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, University of Louisville Hospital, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bumpous
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, University of Louisville Hospital, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Neal Dunlap
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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Yang P, Liu Q, Tao R, Shan X, Huang R, Wang K, Wang J. Integrated analysis of the genomic and transcriptional profile of high-grade gliomas in different age groups. Clin Immunol 2021; 226:108719. [PMID: 33819578 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age is a powerful prognostic factor of high-grade glioma (HGG). However, the underlying genetic mechanisms of the discrepant prognosis among different age groups remain elusive. METHODS A total of 953 and 559 HGG patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) cohorts were enrolled and assigned as young, intermediate, elderly groups. The data of clinicopathological characteristics, mRNA, mutation, copy number alteration was analyzed. RESULTS Transcriptomic analysis revealed that diverse biological processes including immune response are altered between the young and elderly groups. Combined with the analysis of infiltrating immune cells and immune checkpoints, our results suggest an immune suppression status in the elderly group. Patients from different age groups exhibit different mutation and copy number alteration profiles. CONCLUSIONS A multi-omics analysis is conducted to explore the biological basis of HGG patients of different age groups. This study suggests an immune-suppressive environment in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Shan
- Department of Radiotherapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kuanyu Wang
- Department of Gamma Knife Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiangfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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49
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Platten M, Friedrich M, Wainwright DA, Panitz V, Opitz CA. Tryptophan metabolism in brain tumors - IDO and beyond. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 70:57-66. [PMID: 33813026 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan is a key metabolic pathway that restricts antitumor immunity and is a drug development target for cancer immunotherapy. Tryptophan metabolism is active in brain tumors including gliomas and promotes a malignant phenotype and contributes to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In recent years, improved understanding of the regulation and downstream function of tryptophan metabolism has been significantly expanded beyond the initial in vitro observation that the enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) promotes the depletion of intracellular tryptophan. Here, we revisit the specific roles of tryptophan metabolites in regulating brain functioning and neuronal integrity as well as in the context of brain tumors. This review summarizes recent developments in identifying key regulators, as well as the cellular and molecular effects of tryptophan metabolism with a particular focus on potential therapeutic targets in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; DKTK CCU Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mirco Friedrich
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; DKTK CCU Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, Medicine - Division of Hematology/Oncology, and Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Verena Panitz
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christiane A Opitz
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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50
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Yeo ECF, Brown MP, Gargett T, Ebert LM. The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Shaping the Immune Microenvironment of Glioblastoma: Implications for Immunotherapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030607. [PMID: 33803414 PMCID: PMC8001644 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common form of primary brain tumour in adults. For more than a decade, conventional treatment has produced a relatively modest improvement in the overall survival of glioblastoma patients. The immunosuppressive mechanisms employed by neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells within the tumour can limit treatment efficacy, and this can include the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines. These factors can play a significant role in immune modulation, thus disabling anti-tumour responses and contributing to tumour progression. Here, we review the complex interplay between populations of immune and tumour cells together with defined contributions by key cytokines and chemokines to these intercellular interactions. Understanding how these tumour-derived factors facilitate the crosstalk between cells may identify molecular candidates for potential immunotherapeutic targeting, which may enable better tumour control and improved patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C. F. Yeo
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (E.C.F.Y.); (M.P.B.); (T.G.)
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Michael P. Brown
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (E.C.F.Y.); (M.P.B.); (T.G.)
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Tessa Gargett
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (E.C.F.Y.); (M.P.B.); (T.G.)
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Lisa M. Ebert
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (E.C.F.Y.); (M.P.B.); (T.G.)
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Correspondence:
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