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Mahapatra S, Jonniya NA, Koirala S, Ursal KD, Kar P. The FGF/FGFR signalling mediated anti-cancer drug resistance and therapeutic intervention. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:13509-13533. [PMID: 36995019 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2191721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) ligands and their receptors are crucial factors driving chemoresistance in several malignancies, challenging the efficacy of currently available anti-cancer drugs. The Fibroblast growth factor/receptor (FGF/FGFR) signalling malfunctions in tumor cells, resulting in a range of molecular pathways that may impact its drug effectiveness. Deregulation of cell signalling is critical since it can enhance tumor growth and metastasis. Overexpression and mutation of FGF/FGFR induce regulatory changes in the signalling pathways. Chromosomal translocation facilitating FGFR fusion production aggravates drug resistance. Apoptosis is inhibited by FGFR-activated signalling pathways, reducing multiple anti-cancer medications' destructive impacts. Angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are facilitated by FGFRs-dependent signalling, which correlates with drug resistance and enhances metastasis. Further, lysosome-mediated drug sequestration is another prominent method of resistance. Inhibition of FGF/FGFR by following a plethora of therapeutic approaches such as covalent and multitarget inhibitors, ligand traps, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant FGFs, combination therapy, and targeting lysosomes and micro RNAs would be helpful. As a result, FGF/FGFR suppression treatment options are evolving nowadays. To increase positive impacts, the processes underpinning the FGF/FGFR axis' role in developing drug resistance need to be clarified, emphasizing the need for more studies to develop novel therapeutic options to address this significant problem. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasmita Mahapatra
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nisha Amarnath Jonniya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Suman Koirala
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kapil Dattatray Ursal
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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2
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Wang X, Ye CH, Li EM, Xu LY, Lin WQ, Chen GH. Discovery of octahydropyrrolo [3,2-b] pyridin derivative as a highly selective Type I inhibitor of FGFR3 over VEGFR2 by high-throughput virtual screening. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:221-238. [PMID: 36502529 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the aberrant activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is implicated in various cancers, the reported kinase inhibitors of FGFR3 tend to cause side effects resulting from the inhibitory activity on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Therefore, it is necessary to find a novel high-selective inhibitor of FGFR3 over VEGFR2 from the small-molecule compound database. In this study, integrated virtual screening protocols were established to screen for selective inhibitors of FGFR3 over VEGFR2 in Drugbank and Asinex databases by combining three-dimensional pharmacophore model, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MMPBSA) calculations. Finally, it is found that Asinex-5082, as an octahydropyrrolo[3,2-b] pyridin derivative, has larger binding free energy with FGFR3 (-39.3 kcal/mol) than reference drug Erdafitinib (-29.9 kcal/mol), while cannot bind with VEGFR2, resulting in considerable inhibitory selectivity. This is because Asinex-5082, unlike Erdafitinib, has not m-dimethoxybenzene with large steric hindrance, thus can enter the larger ATP-binding pocket of FGFR3 with DFG-in conformation to form hydrophobic interaction with residues Met529, Ile539, and Tyr557 as well as hydrogen bond with Ala558. On the other hand, due to the fact that the benzodioxane and N-heterocyclic rings are connected by carbonyl (C=O), Asinex-5082 cannot rotate freely so as to enter the smaller ATP binding pocket of VEGFR2 on the DFG-out conformation. The lead molecule Asinex-5082 may facilitate the rational design and development of novel selective inhibitors of FGFR3 over VEGFR2 as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Cheng-Hao Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - En-Min Li
- Medical Informatics Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- Medical Informatics Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wang-Qiang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Guang-Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Shantou, China
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3
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Stanzione F, Giangreco I, Cole JC. Use of molecular docking computational tools in drug discovery. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 60:273-343. [PMID: 34147204 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular docking has become an important component of the drug discovery process. Since first being developed in the 1980s, advancements in the power of computer hardware and the increasing number of and ease of access to small molecule and protein structures have contributed to the development of improved methods, making docking more popular in both industrial and academic settings. Over the years, the modalities by which docking is used to assist the different tasks of drug discovery have changed. Although initially developed and used as a standalone method, docking is now mostly employed in combination with other computational approaches within integrated workflows. Despite its invaluable contribution to the drug discovery process, molecular docking is still far from perfect. In this chapter we will provide an introduction to molecular docking and to the different docking procedures with a focus on several considerations and protocols, including protonation states, active site waters and consensus, that can greatly improve the docking results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilenia Giangreco
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jason C Cole
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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4
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Chandana SR, Babiker HM, Mahadevan D. Clinical complexity of utilizing FGFR inhibitors in cancer therapeutics. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:1413-1429. [PMID: 33074030 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1838484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR 1-4) are a highly conserved family of receptor tyrosine kinases, involved in several physiological processes. Genetic aberrations of FGFRs and their ligands, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are involved in several pathological processes including cancer. The FGF-FGFR axis has emerged as a treatment target in oncology. Because these aberrations drive cancer progression, the development of FGFR targeted therapies have been accelerated. AREAS COVERED In this comprehensive review, we evaluate molecular pathology and targeted therapies to FGFRs. We reviewed the evidence for safety and efficacy from preclinical and clinical studies (phase I-III) of FGFR targeted therapies. We also discuss potential challenges in bringing these targeted therapies from bench to bedside and the potential opportunities. EXPERT OPINION Despite the challenges of the clinical development of FGFR targeted therapies, two FGFR small-molecule inhibitors, namely Erdafitinib and Pemigatinib, are FDA approved for urothelial cancer and cholangiocarcinoma, respectively. Understanding and detection of FGFR genomic aberrations, protein overexpression and the development of isoform-specific inhibitors are factors in the clinical success of these therapies. An enhanced understanding of patient selection based on a gene signatures or biomarkers is key to success of FGFR targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasa R Chandana
- Phase I Program, START Midwest , Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer and Hematology Centers of Western Michigan , Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Department of Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hani M Babiker
- Early Phase Clinical Trials Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center , Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Daruka Mahadevan
- Early Phase Clinical Trials Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center , Tucson, AZ, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA
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5
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Kuriwaki I, Kameda M, Hisamichi H, Kikuchi S, Iikubo K, Kawamoto Y, Moritomo H, Kondoh Y, Amano Y, Tateishi Y, Echizen Y, Iwai Y, Noda A, Tomiyama H, Suzuki T, Hirano M. Structure-based drug design of 1,3,5-triazine and pyrimidine derivatives as novel FGFR3 inhibitors with high selectivity over VEGFR2. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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Murray CW, Newell DR, Angibaud P. A successful collaboration between academia, biotech and pharma led to discovery of erdafitinib, a selective FGFR inhibitor recently approved by the FDA. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9md90044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The winners of the Malcolm Campbell Memorial Prize for 2019 discuss the discovery of erdafitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R. Newell
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle
- UK
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7
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Malchers F, Ercanoglu M, Schütte D, Castiglione R, Tischler V, Michels S, Dahmen I, Brägelmann J, Menon R, Heuckmann JM, George J, Ansén S, Sos ML, Soltermann A, Peifer M, Wolf J, Büttner R, Thomas RK. Mechanisms of Primary Drug Resistance in FGFR1-Amplified Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017. [PMID: 28630215 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The 8p12-p11 locus is frequently amplified in squamous cell lung cancer (SQLC); the receptor tyrosine kinase fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) being one of the most prominent targets of this amplification. Thus, small molecules inhibiting FGFRs have been employed to treat FGFR1-amplified SQLC. However, only about 11% of such FGFR1-amplified tumors respond to single-agent FGFR inhibition and several tumors exhibited insufficient tumor shrinkage, compatible with the existence of drug-resistant tumor cells.Experimental Design: To investigate possible mechanisms of resistance to FGFR inhibition, we studied the lung cancer cell lines DMS114 and H1581. Both cell lines are highly sensitive to three different FGFR inhibitors, but exhibit sustained residual cellular viability under treatment, indicating a subpopulation of existing drug-resistant cells. We isolated these subpopulations by treating the cells with constant high doses of FGFR inhibitors.Results: The FGFR inhibitor-resistant cells were cross-resistant and characterized by sustained MAPK pathway activation. In drug-resistant H1581 cells, we identified NRAS amplification and DUSP6 deletion, leading to MAPK pathway reactivation. Furthermore, we detected subclonal NRAS amplifications in 3 of 20 (15%) primary human FGFR1-amplified SQLC specimens. In contrast, drug-resistant DMS114 cells exhibited transcriptional upregulation of MET that drove MAPK pathway reactivation. As a consequence, we demonstrate that rational combination therapies resensitize resistant cells to treatment with FGFR inhibitors.Conclusions: We provide evidence for the existence of diverse mechanisms of primary drug resistance in FGFR1-amplified lung cancer and provide a rational strategy to improve FGFR inhibitor therapies by combination treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 23(18); 5527-36. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Malchers
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Meryem Ercanoglu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Schütte
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Verena Tischler
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Michels
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ilona Dahmen
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Brägelmann
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Julie George
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sascha Ansén
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin L Sos
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alex Soltermann
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Peifer
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wolf
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Roman K Thomas
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Perera TP, Jovcheva E, Mevellec L, Vialard J, De Lange D, Verhulst T, Paulussen C, Van De Ven K, King P, Freyne E, Rees DC, Squires M, Saxty G, Page M, Murray CW, Gilissen R, Ward G, Thompson NT, Newell DR, Cheng N, Xie L, Yang J, Platero SJ, Karkera JD, Moy C, Angibaud P, Laquerre S, Lorenzi MV. Discovery and Pharmacological Characterization of JNJ-42756493 (Erdafitinib), a Functionally Selective Small-Molecule FGFR Family Inhibitor. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1010-1020. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Approaches targeting the FGF-FGFR system: a review of the recent patent literature and associated advanced therapeutic agents. Pharm Pat Anal 2015; 3:585-612. [PMID: 25489913 DOI: 10.4155/ppa.14.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and associated ligands (FGFs) are a family of well-validated targets for therapeutic interventions notably in cancer diseases in relation to their prominent roles in cell growth, survival, differentiation and angiogenesis. This patent review encompasses all different approaches (modulators of FGF or FGFR expression, anti-FGF antibodies, anti-FGFR antibodies, FGF traps, tyrosine-kinase (TK) inhibitors, allosteric modulators) used to block completely or partially the activities of the FGF-FGFR complexes resulting in clinical drug candidates or tool agents. Comparative analysis of biochemical, pharmacological or clinical data will be discussed for each class of molecules together with some perspectives.
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10
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Heinzle C, Erdem Z, Paur J, Grasl-Kraupp B, Holzmann K, Grusch M, Berger W, Marian B. Is fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 a suitable target of cancer therapy? Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:2881-98. [PMID: 23944363 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and their tyrosine kinase receptors (FGFR) support cell proliferation, survival and migration during embryonic development, organogenesis and tissue maintenance and their deregulation is frequently observed in cancer development and progression. Consequently, increasing efforts are focusing on the development of strategies to target FGF/FGFR signaling for cancer therapy. Among the FGFRs the family member FGFR4 is least well understood and differs from FGFRs1-3 in several aspects. Importantly, FGFR4 deletion does not lead to an embryonic lethal phenotype suggesting the possibility that its inhibition in cancer therapy might not cause grave adverse effects. In addition, the FGFR4 kinase domain differs sufficiently from those of FGFRs1-3 to permit development of highly specific inhibitors. The oncogenic impact of FGFR4, however, is not undisputed, as the FGFR4-mediated hormonal effects of several FGF ligands may also constitute a tissue-protective tumor suppressor activity especially in the liver. Therefore it is the purpose of this review to summarize all relevant aspects of FGFR4 physiology and pathophysiology and discuss the options of targeting this receptor for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brigitte Marian
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Di Stefano AL, Fucci A, Frattini V, Labussiere M, Mokhtari K, Zoppoli P, Marie Y, Bruno A, Boisselier B, Giry M, Savatovsky J, Touat M, Belaid H, Kamoun A, Idbaih A, Houillier C, Luo FR, Soria JC, Tabernero J, Eoli M, Paterra R, Yip S, Petrecca K, Chan JA, Finocchiaro G, Lasorella A, Sanson M, Iavarone A. Detection, Characterization, and Inhibition of FGFR-TACC Fusions in IDH Wild-type Glioma. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3307-17. [PMID: 25609060 PMCID: PMC4506218 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oncogenic fusions consisting of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and TACC are present in a subgroup of glioblastoma (GBM) and other human cancers and have been proposed as new therapeutic targets. We analyzed frequency and molecular features of FGFR-TACC fusions and explored the therapeutic efficacy of inhibiting FGFR kinase in GBM and grade II and III glioma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Overall, 795 gliomas (584 GBM, 85 grades II and III with wild-type and 126 with IDH1/2 mutation) were screened for FGFR-TACC breakpoints and associated molecular profile. We also analyzed expression of the FGFR3 and TACC3 components of the fusions. The effects of the specific FGFR inhibitor JNJ-42756493 for FGFR3-TACC3-positive glioma were determined in preclinical experiments. Two patients with advanced FGFR3-TACC3-positive GBM received JNJ-42756493 and were assessed for therapeutic response. RESULTS Three of 85 IDH1/2 wild-type (3.5%) but none of 126 IDH1/2-mutant grade II and III gliomas harbored FGFR3-TACC3 fusions. FGFR-TACC rearrangements were present in 17 of 584 GBM (2.9%). FGFR3-TACC3 fusions were associated with strong and homogeneous FGFR3 immunostaining. They are mutually exclusive with IDH1/2 mutations and EGFR amplification, whereas they co-occur with CDK4 amplification. JNJ-42756493 inhibited growth of glioma cells harboring FGFR3-TACC3 in vitro and in vivo. The two patients with FGFR3-TACC3 rearrangements who received JNJ-42756493 manifested clinical improvement with stable disease and minor response, respectively. CONCLUSIONS RT-PCR sequencing is a sensitive and specific method to identify FGFR-TACC-positive patients. FGFR3-TACC3 fusions are associated with uniform intratumor expression of the fusion protein. The clinical response observed in the FGFR3-TACC3-positive patients treated with an FGFR inhibitor supports clinical studies of FGFR inhibition in FGFR-TACC-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luisa Di Stefano
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM CNRS, U1127, UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France. AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2, Paris, France. Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Veronique Frattini
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Marianne Labussiere
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM CNRS, U1127, UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Karima Mokhtari
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM CNRS, U1127, UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France. AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Laboratoire de Neuropathologie R Escourolle, Paris, France. AP-HP Onconeurothèque, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Pietro Zoppoli
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Yannick Marie
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM CNRS, U1127, UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France. Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Plateforme de Génotypage Séquençage, Paris, France
| | - Aurelie Bruno
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM CNRS, U1127, UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Boisselier
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM CNRS, U1127, UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Marine Giry
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM CNRS, U1127, UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France
| | | | - Mehdi Touat
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Paris, France
| | - Hayat Belaid
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Department of Neurosurgery, Paris, France
| | - Aurelie Kamoun
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs (CIT), Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM CNRS, U1127, UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France. AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Houillier
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2, Paris, France
| | - Feng R Luo
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Jean-Charles Soria
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Paris, France
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marica Eoli
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosina Paterra
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Stephen Yip
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kevin Petrecca
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | - Anna Lasorella
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York. Department of Pediatrics and Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Marc Sanson
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM CNRS, U1127, UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France. AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2, Paris, France. AP-HP Onconeurothèque, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York. Department of Neurology and Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
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12
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Murray CW, Berdini V, Buck IM, Carr ME, Cleasby A, Coyle JE, Curry JE, Day JEH, Day PJ, Hearn K, Iqbal A, Lee LYW, Martins V, Mortenson PN, Munck JM, Page LW, Patel S, Roomans S, Smith K, Tamanini E, Saxty G. Fragment-Based Discovery of Potent and Selective DDR1/2 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:798-803. [PMID: 26191369 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The DDR1 and DDR2 receptor tyrosine kinases are activated by extracellular collagen and have been implicated in a number of human diseases including cancer. We performed a fragment-based screen against DDR1 and identified fragments that bound either at the hinge or in the back pocket associated with the DFG-out conformation of the kinase. Modeling based on crystal structures of potent kinase inhibitors facilitated the "back-to-front" design of potent DDR1/2 inhibitors that incorporated one of the DFG-out fragments. Further optimization led to low nanomolar, orally bioavailable inhibitors that were selective for DDR1 and DDR2. The inhibitors were shown to potently inhibit DDR2 activity in cells but in contrast to unselective inhibitors such as dasatinib, they did not inhibit proliferation of mutant DDR2 lung SCC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W. Murray
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Valerio Berdini
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Ildiko M. Buck
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Maria E. Carr
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Anne Cleasby
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Joseph E. Coyle
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Jayne E. Curry
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - James E. H. Day
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Phillip J. Day
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Keisha Hearn
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Aman Iqbal
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Lydia Y. W. Lee
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Vanessa Martins
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Paul N. Mortenson
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Joanne M. Munck
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Lee W. Page
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Sahil Patel
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Susan Roomans
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Kirsten Smith
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Emiliano Tamanini
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Gordon Saxty
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
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13
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Zhou N, Xu Y, Liu X, Wang Y, Peng J, Luo X, Zheng M, Chen K, Jiang H. Combinatorial Pharmacophore-Based 3D-QSAR Analysis and Virtual Screening of FGFR1 Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13407-26. [PMID: 26110383 PMCID: PMC4490501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) signaling pathway plays crucial roles in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and survival. Aberration in FGFRs correlates with several malignancies and disorders. FGFRs have proved to be attractive targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer, and it is of high interest to find FGFR inhibitors with novel scaffolds. In this study, a combinatorial three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model was developed based on previously reported FGFR1 inhibitors with diverse structural skeletons. This model was evaluated for its prediction performance on a diverse test set containing 232 FGFR inhibitors, and it yielded a SD value of 0.75 pIC50 units from measured inhibition affinities and a Pearson’s correlation coefficient R2 of 0.53. This result suggests that the combinatorial 3D-QSAR model could be used to search for new FGFR1 hit structures and predict their potential activity. To further evaluate the performance of the model, a decoy set validation was used to measure the efficiency of the model by calculating EF (enrichment factor). Based on the combinatorial pharmacophore model, a virtual screening against SPECS database was performed. Nineteen novel active compounds were successfully identified, which provide new chemical starting points for further structural optimization of FGFR1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Bilolgy, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yulan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jianlong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Kaixian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Bilolgy, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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14
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Diaz C, Corentin H, Thierry V, Chantal A, Tanguy B, David S, Jean-Marc H, Pascual F, Françoise B, Edgardo F. Virtual screening on an α-helix to β-strand switchable region of the FGFR2 extracellular domain revealed positive and negative modulators. Proteins 2014; 82:2982-97. [PMID: 25082719 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The secondary structure of some protein segments may vary between α-helix and β-strand. To predict these switchable segments, we have developed an algorithm, Switch-P, based solely on the protein sequence. This algorithm was used on the extracellular parts of FGF receptors. For FGFR2, it predicted that β4 and β5 strands of the third Ig-like domain were highly switchable. These two strands possess a high number of somatic mutations associated with cancer. Analysis of PDB structures of FGF receptors confirmed the switchability prediction for β5. We thus evaluated if compound-driven α-helix/β-strand switching of β5 could modulate FGFR2 signaling. We performed the virtual screening of a library containing 1.4 million of chemical compounds with two models of the third Ig-like domain of FGFR2 showing different secondary structures for β5, and we selected 32 compounds. Experimental testing using proliferation assays with FGF7-stimulated SNU-16 cells and a FGFR2-dependent Erk1/2 phosphorylation assay with FGFR2-transfected L6 cells, revealed activators and inhibitors of FGFR2. Our method for the identification of switchable proteinic regions, associated with our virtual screening approach, provides an opportunity to discover new generation of drugs with under-explored mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantino Diaz
- Exploratory Unit, Sanofi-Aventis Research and Development, 195 Route d'Espagne, 31036, Toulouse, France
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15
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Morishita A, Gong J, Masaki T. Targeting receptor tyrosine kinases in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:4536-4545. [PMID: 24782606 PMCID: PMC4000490 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i16.4536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecularly targeted therapeutic agents are constantly being developed and have been shown to be effective in various clinical trials. One group of representative targeted oncogenic kinases, the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), has been associated with gastric cancer development. Trastuzumab, an inhibitor of ERBB2, has been approved for the treatment of gastric cancer, although other receptor tyrosine kinases, such as epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, c-Met, IGF-1R and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, are also activated in gastric cancer. The promising results of the trastuzumab clinical trial for gastric cancer resulted in the approval of trastuzumab-based therapy as a first-line treatment for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive patients. On the other hand, the trial examining bevacizumab in combination with conventional chemotherapy did not meet its primary goal of increasing the overall survival time of gastric cancer patients; however, a significantly higher response rate and a longer progression-free survival were observed in the bevacizumab arm of the trial. Other clinical trials, especially phase III trials that have tested drugs targeting RTKs, such as cetuximab, panitumumab, gefitinib, erlotinib, figitumumab, sorafenib, sunitinib and lapatinib, have shown that these drugs have modest effects against gastric cancer. This review summarizes the recent results from the clinical trials of molecularly targeted drugs and suggests that further improvements in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer can be achieved through the combination of conventional drugs with the new molecularly targeted therapies.
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16
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Chung HW, Lim JB. Role of the tumor microenvironment in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:1667-1680. [PMID: 24587646 PMCID: PMC3930967 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i7.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma (GC) is the 4th most prevalent cancer and has the 2nd highest cancer-related mortality rate worldwide. Despite the incidence of GC has decreased over the past few decades, it is still a serious health problem. Chronic inflammatory status of the stomach, caused by the infection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and through the production of inflammatory mediators within the parenchyma is suspected to play an important role in the initiation and progression of GC. In this review, the correlation between chronic inflammation and H. pylori infection as an important factor for the development of GC will be discussed. Major components, including tumor-associated macrophages, lymphocytes, cancer-associated fibroblasts, angiogenic factors, cytokines, and chemokines of GC microenvironment and their mechanism of action on signaling pathways will also be discussed. Increasing our understanding of how the components of the tumor microenviroment interact with GC cells and the signaling pathways involved could help identify new therapeutic and chemopreventive targets.
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17
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Ghosh AK, Kay NE. Critical signal transduction pathways in CLL. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 792:215-39. [PMID: 24014299 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8051-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are cell-surface transmembrane receptors that contain regulated kinase activity within their cytoplasmic domain and play a critical role in signal transduction in both normal and malignant cells. Besides B cell receptor (BCR) signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), multiple RTKs have been reported to be constitutively active in CLL B cells, resulting in enhanced survival and resistance to apoptosis of the leukemic cells induced by chemotherapeutic agents. In addition to increased plasma levels of various types of cytokines/growth factors in CLL, we and others have detected that CLL B cells spontaneously produce multiple cytokines in vitro which may constitute an autocrine loop of RTK activation on the leukemic B cells. Moreover, aberrant expression and activation of non-RTKs, for example, Src/Syk kinases, induce resistance of the leukemic B cells to therapy. Based on current available knowledge, we detailed the impact of aberrant activities of various RTKs/non-RTKs on CLL B cell survival and the potential of using these signaling components as future therapeutic targets in CLL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish K Ghosh
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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18
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Abstract
In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Guagnano and colleagues use a large and diverse annotated collection of cancer cell lines, the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, to correlate whole-genome expression and genomic alteration datasets with cell line sensitivity data to the novel pan-fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor NVP-BGJ398. Their findings underscore not only the preclinical use of such cell line panels in identifying predictive biomarkers, but also the emergence of the FGFRs as valid therapeutic targets, across an increasingly broad range of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Loch
- Cancer Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
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19
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Current strategies for inhibiting FGFR activities in clinical applications: opportunities, challenges and toxicological considerations. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:51-62. [PMID: 23932951 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aberrations in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling are instrumental to the pathophysiology of several malignancies and disorders. Hence, FGFR inhibitors are explored in therapeutics with early candidates developed as competitors for the ATP-binding pocket in the kinase domain. More recent programs yielded compounds of diverse scaffolds with alternative binding modes. Concurrently, monoclonal antibodies and peptide-based agents provide independent options for clinical development. Notwithstanding this rapid progress, we contemplate the toxicological impact of FGFR inhibition based on the defined role of FGFR family members in physiology and homeostasis. The high homology among FGFR1-4 and also with other kinase subfamilies creates an additional challenge in developing selective inhibitors. It orchestrates an ongoing conundrum of moderating a balance between synergism through multitargeting kinase inhibition and minimizing off-target toxicities.
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20
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Liang G, Liu Z, Wu J, Cai Y, Li X. Anticancer molecules targeting fibroblast growth factor receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:531-41. [PMID: 22884522 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family includes four highly conserved receptor tyrosine kinases: FGFR1-4. Upon ligand binding, FGFRs activate an array of downstream signaling pathways, such as the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways. These FGFR cascades play crucial roles in tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and survival. The combination of knockdown studies and pharmaceutical inhibition in preclinical models demonstrates that FGFRs are attractive targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Multiple FGFR inhibitors with various structural skeletons have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated. Reviews on FGFRs have recently focused on FGFR signaling, pathophysiology, and functions in cancer or other diseases. In this article, we review recent advances in structure-activity relationships (SAR) of FGFR inhibitors, as well as the FGFR-targeting drug design strategies currently employed in targeting deregulated FGFRs by antibodies and small molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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21
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Chell V, Balmanno K, Little AS, Wilson M, Andrews S, Blockley L, Hampson M, Gavine PR, Cook SJ. Tumour cell responses to new fibroblast growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and identification of a gatekeeper mutation in FGFR3 as a mechanism of acquired resistance. Oncogene 2012; 32:3059-70. [PMID: 22869148 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) can act as driving oncoproteins in certain cancers, making them attractive drug targets. Here we have characterized tumour cell responses to two new inhibitors of FGFR1-3, AZ12908010 and the clinical candidate AZD4547, making comparisons with the well-characterized FGFR inhibitor PD173074. In a panel of 16 human tumour cell lines, the anti-proliferative activity of AZ12908010 or AZD4547 was strongly linked to the presence of deregulated FGFR signalling, indicating that addiction to deregulated FGFRs provides a therapeutic opportunity for selective intervention. Acquired resistance to targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors is a growing problem in the clinic but has not yet been explored for FGFR inhibitors. To assess how FGFR-dependent tumour cells adapt to long-term FGFR inhibition, we generated a derivative of the KMS-11 myeloma cell line (FGFR(Y373C)) with acquired resistance to AZ12908010 (KMS-11R cells). Basal phosphorylated FGFR and FGFR-dependent downstream signalling were constitutively elevated and refractory to drug in KMS-11R cells. Sequencing of FGFR3 in KMS-11R cells revealed the presence of a heterozygous mutation at the gatekeeper residue, encoding FGFR3(V555M); consistent with this, KMS-11R cells were cross-resistant to AZD4547 and PD173074. These results define the selectivity and efficacy of two new FGFR inhibitors and identify a secondary gatekeeper mutation as a mechanism of acquired resistance to FGFR inhibitors that should be anticipated as clinical evaluation proceeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Chell
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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22
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Murray CW, Verdonk ML, Rees DC. Experiences in fragment-based drug discovery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:224-32. [PMID: 22459076 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) has become established in both industry and academia as an alternative approach to high-throughput screening for the generation of chemical leads for drug targets. In FBDD, specialised detection methods are used to identify small chemical compounds (fragments) that bind to the drug target, and structural biology is usually employed to establish their binding mode and to facilitate their optimisation. In this article, we present three recent and successful case histories in FBDD. We then re-examine the key concepts and challenges of FBDD with particular emphasis on recent literature and our own experience from a substantial number of FBDD applications. Our opinion is that careful application of FBDD is living up to its promise of delivering high quality leads with good physical properties and that in future many drug molecules will be derived from fragment-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Murray
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, UK.
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23
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Wong H, Yau T. Targeted therapy in the management of advanced gastric cancer: are we making progress in the era of personalized medicine? Oncologist 2012; 17:346-58. [PMID: 22334453 PMCID: PMC3316920 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death. With greater understanding of the molecular basis of carcinogenesis, targeted agents have led to a modest improvement in the outcome of advanced gastric cancer (AGC) patients. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted an overview of the published evidence regarding the use of targeted therapy in AGC patients. Thus far, the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) pathway, angiogenic pathway, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin pathway have emerged as potential avenues for targeted therapy in AGC patients. The promising efficacy results of the Trastuzumab for Gastric Cancer trial led to the approved use of trastuzumab-based therapy as first-line treatment for patients with HER-2+ AGC. On the other hand, the Avastin® in Gastric Cancer trial evaluating bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy did not meet its primary endpoint of a longer overall survival duration despite a significantly higher response rate and longer progression-free survival time in patients in the bevacizumab arm. Phase III data are awaited for other targeted agents, including cetuximab, panitumumab, lapatinib, and everolimus. CONCLUSION Recent progress in targeted therapy development for AGC has been modest. Further improvement in the outcome of AGC patients will depend on the identification of biomarkers in different patient populations to facilitate the understanding of gastric carcinogenesis, combining different targeted agents with chemotherapy, and unraveling new molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Wong
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Thomas Yau
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
- Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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