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Hu X, Zhu B, Vokes N, Fujimoto J, Rojas Alvarez FR, Heeke S, Moreira AL, Solis LM, Haymaker C, Velcheti V, Sterman DH, Pass HI, Cheng C, Lee JJ, Zhang J, Wei Z, Wu J, Le X, Ostrin E, Toumazis I, Gibbons D, Su D, Fukuoka J, Antonoff MB, Gerber DE, Li C, Kadara H, Wang L, Davis M, Heymach JV, Hannash S, Wistuba I, Dubinett S, Alexandrov L, Lippman S, Spira A, Futreal AP, Reuben A, Zhang J. The evolution of lung adenocarcinoma precursors is associated with chromosomal instability and transition from innate to adaptive immune response/evasion. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4396272. [PMID: 38798564 PMCID: PMC11118701 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4396272/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Studying lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) early carcinogenesis is challenging, primarily due to the lack of LUAD precursors specimens. We amassed multi-omics data from 213 LUAD and LUAD precursors to identify molecular features underlying LUAD precancer evolution. We observed progressively increasing mutations, chromosomal aberrations, whole genome doubling and genomic instability from precancer to invasive LUAD, indicating aggravating chromosomal instability (CIN). Telomere shortening, a crucial genomic alteration linked to CIN, emerged at precancer stage. Moreover, later-stage lesions demonstrated increasing cancer stemness and decreasing alveolar identity, suggesting epithelial de-differentiation during early LUAD carcinogenesis. The innate immune cells progressively diminished from precancer to invasive LUAD, concomitant with a gradual recruitment of adaptive immune cells (except CD8+ and gamma-delta T cells that decreased in later stages) and upregulation of numerous immune checkpoints, suggesting LUAD precancer evolution is associated with a shift from innate to adaptive immune response and immune evasion mediated by various mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bo Zhu
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Natalie Vokes
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Frank R. Rojas Alvarez
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Simon Heeke
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Andre L. Moreira
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, 10012, USA
| | - Luisa M. Solis
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cara Haymaker
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Vamsidhar Velcheti
- Department of Medical oncology, New York University, New York, 10012, USA
| | | | - Harvey I. Pass
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Population Science, Baylor College of Medicine. Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jack J. Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhubo Wei
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiuning Le
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Edwin Ostrin
- Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Iakovos Toumazis
- Department of Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Don Gibbons
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dan Su
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Junya Fukuoka
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 8528523, Japan
| | - Mara B. Antonoff
- Department of Thoracic & Cardiovasc Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David E. Gerber
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Chenyang Li
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Humam Kadara
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Linghua Wang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mark Davis
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - John V. Heymach
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Samir Hannash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ignacio Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Steven Dubinett
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of California Los Angeles and Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ludmil Alexandrov
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Scott Lippman
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Avrum Spira
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, and Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Andrew P. Futreal
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alexandre Reuben
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Lead contact
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cancer vaccines are one of the most extensively studied immunotherapy type in solid tumors. Despite favorable presuppositions, so far, the use of cancer vaccines has been associated with disappointing results. However, a new generation of vaccines has been developed, promising to revolutionize the immunotherapy field. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we aim to highlight the advances in cancer vaccines and the remaining hurdles to overcome. Cancer vaccination has experienced tremendous progress in the last decade, with myriad promising developments. Future efforts should focus on optimization of target identification, streamlining of most appropriate vaccination strategies, and adjuvant development, as well as predictive biomarker identification. Cautious optimism is warranted in the face of early successes seen in recent clinical trials for oncolytic vaccines. If an approach were to prove successful, it could revolutionize cancer therapy the way ICIs did in the previous decade.
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Bagheri A, Nezafat N, Eslami M, Ghasemi Y, Negahdaripour M. Designing a therapeutic and prophylactic candidate vaccine against human papillomavirus through vaccinomics approaches. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:105084. [PMID: 34547435 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer, the 4th prominent cause of death in women globally. Previous vaccine development projects have led to several approved prophylactic vaccines available commercially, all of which are made using major capsid-based (L1). Administration of minor capsid protein (L2) gave rise to the second generation investigational prophylactic HPV vaccines, none of which are approved yet due to low immunogenicity provided by the L2 capsid protein. On the other hand, post-translation proteins, E6 and E7, have been utilized to develop experimental therapeutic vaccines. Here, in silico designing of a therapeutic and prophylactic vaccine against HPV16 is performed. METHODS In this study, several immunoinformatic and computational tools were administered to identify and design a vaccine construct with dual prophylactic and therapeutic applications consisting of several epitope regions on L2, E6, and E7 proteins of HPV16. RESULTS Immunodominant epitope regions (aa 12-23 and 78-78 of L2 protein, aa 11-27 of E6 protein, and aa 70-89 of E7 protein) were employed, which offered adequate immunogenicity to induce immune responses. Resuscitation-promoting factors (RpfB and RpfE) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were integrated in two separate constructs as TLR4 agonists to act as vaccine adjuvants. Following physiochemical and structural evaluations carried out by various bioinformatics tools, the designed constructs were modeled and validated, resulting in two 3D structures. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations suggested stable ligand-receptor interactions between the designed construct and TLR4. CONCLUSION Ultimately, this study led to suggest the designed construct as a potential vaccine candidate with both prophylactic and therapeutic applications against HPV by promoting Th1, Th2, CTL, and B cell immune responses, which should be further confirmed in experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Bagheri
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Eslami
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Mancuso JG, Foulkes WD, Pollak MN. Cancer Immunoprevention: A Case Report Raising the Possibility of "Immuno-interception". Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2021; 13:351-356. [PMID: 32241906 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade therapy provides substantial benefits for subsets of patients with advanced cancer, but its utility for cancer prevention is unknown. Lynch syndrome (MIM 120435) is characterized by defective DNA mismatch repair and predisposition to multiple cancers. A variant of Lynch syndrome, Muir-Torre syndrome (MIM 158320), is characterized by frequent gastrointestinal tumors and hyperplastic or neoplastic skin tumors. We report the case of a man with Muir-Torre syndrome who had 136 cutaneous or visceral hyperplastic or neoplastic lesions over a period of 19 years (mean 7.5 neoplasms/year, range 2-26) prior to receiving pembrolizumab immunotherapy as part of multi-modality treatment for invasive bladder cancer. He not only had a complete response of the bladder cancer, but also was noted to have an absence of new cancers during a 22-month follow-up period. This case adds to the rationale for exploring the utility of immune checkpoint blockade for cancer prevention, particularly for patients with DNA repair deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Mancuso
- Cancer Prevention Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Cancer Prevention Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael N Pollak
- Cancer Prevention Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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PD-1 blockade synergizes with intratumoral vaccination of a therapeutic HPV protein vaccine and elicits regression of tumor in a preclinical model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:1049-1062. [PMID: 33108473 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human papillomavirus (HPV) encoded oncoproteins E6 and E7 are constitutively expressed in HPV-associated cancers, making them logical therapeutic targets. Intramuscular immunization of patients with HPV16 L2E7E6 fusion protein vaccine (TA-CIN) is well tolerated and induces HPV-specific cellular immune responses. Efficacy of PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade correlates with the level of tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cells, yet most patients lack significant tumor infiltration of immune cells making immune checkpoint blockade suboptimal. We hypothesized that intratumoral vaccination with TA-CIN could increase the number of tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cells, synergize with PD-1 blockade and result in better control of tumors compared with either PD-1 blockade or vaccination alone. METHODS We examined the immunogenicity and antitumor effects of intratumoral vaccination with TA-CIN alone or in combination with PD-1 blockade in the TC-1 syngeneic murine tumor model expressing HPV16 E6/E7. RESULTS Intratumoral vaccination with TA-CIN induced stronger antigen-specific CD8 + T cell responses and antitumor effects. Intratumoral TA-CIN vaccination generated a systemic immune response that was able to control distal TC-1 tumors. Furthermore, intratumoral TA-CIN vaccination induced tumor infiltration of antigen-specific CD8 + T cells. Knockout of Batf3 abolished antigen-specific CD8 + T cell responses and antitumor effects of intratumoral TA-CIN vaccination. Finally, PD-1 blockade synergizes with intratumoral TA-CIN vaccination resulting in significantly enhanced antigen-specific CD8 + T cell responses and complete regression of tumors, whereas either alone failed to control established TC-1 tumor. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide rationale for future clinical testing of intratumoral TA-CIN vaccination in combination with PD-1 blockade for the control of HPV16-associated tumors.
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Negahdaripour M, Nezafat N, Heidari R, Erfani N, Hajighahramani N, Ghoshoon MB, Shoolian E, Rahbar MR, Najafipour S, Dehshahri A, Morowvat MH, Ghasemi Y. Production and Preliminary In Vivo Evaluations of a Novel in silico-designed L2-based Potential HPV Vaccine. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:316-324. [PMID: 31729940 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666191114104850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L2-based Human Papillomavirus (HPV) prophylactic vaccines, containing epitopes from HPV minor capsid proteins, are under investigation as second-generation HPV vaccines. No such vaccine has passed clinical trials yet, mainly due to the low immunogenicity of peptide vaccines; so efforts are being continued. A candidate vaccine composed of two HPV16 L2 epitopes, flagellin and a Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 4 agonist (RS09) as adjuvants, and two universal T-helper epitopes was designed in silico in our previous researches. METHODS The designed vaccine construct was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and purified through metal affinity chromatography. Following mice vaccination, blood samples underwent ELISA and flow cytometry analyses for the detection of IgG and seven Th1 and Th2 cytokines. RESULTS Following immunization, Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) type cytokines, as well as IgG, were induced significantly compared with the PBS group. Significant increases in IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-5 levels were observed in the vaccinated group versus Freund's adjuvant group. CONCLUSION The obtained cytokine induction profile implied both cellular and humoral responses, with a more Th-1 favored trend. However, an analysis of specific antibodies against L2 is required to confirm humoral responses. No significant elevation in inflammatory cytokines, (IL-6 and TNF-α), suggested a lack of unwanted inflammatory side effects despite using a combination of two TLR agonists. The designed construct might be capable of inducing adaptive and innate immunity; nevertheless, comprehensive immune tests were not conducted at this stage and will be a matter of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manica Negahdaripour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasrollah Erfani
- Cancer Immunology Group, Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasim Hajighahramani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad B Ghoshoon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Eskandar Shoolian
- Charité University of Medicine, Campus Research House of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Biotechnology incubator center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad R Rahbar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sohrab Najafipour
- Microbiology Department, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Ali Dehshahri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad H Morowvat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
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7
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Hollingsworth RE, Jansen K. Turning the corner on therapeutic cancer vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:7. [PMID: 30774998 PMCID: PMC6368616 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in several areas are rekindling interest and enabling progress in the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. These advances have been made in target selection, vaccine technology, and methods for reversing the immunosuppressive mechanisms exploited by cancers. Studies testing different tumor antigens have revealed target properties that yield high tumor versus normal cell specificity and adequate immunogenicity to affect clinical efficacy. A few tumor-associated antigens, normal host proteins that are abnormally expressed in cancer cells, have been demonstrated to serve as good targets for immunotherapies, although many do not possess the needed specificity or immunogenicity. Neoantigens, which arise from mutated proteins in cancer cells, are truly cancer-specific and can be highly immunogenic, though the vast majority are unique to each patient's cancer and thus require development of personalized therapies. Lessons from previous cancer vaccine expeditions are teaching us the type and magnitude of immune responses needed, as well as vaccine technologies that can achieve these responses. For example, we are learning which vaccine approaches elicit the potent, balanced, and durable CD4 plus CD8 T cell expansion necessary for clinical efficacy. Exploration of interactions between the immune system and cancer has elucidated the adaptations that enable cancer cells to suppress and evade immune attack. This has led to breakthroughs in the development of new drugs, and, subsequently, to opportunities to combine these with cancer vaccines and dramatically increase patient responses. Here we review this recent progress, highlighting key steps that are bringing the promise of therapeutic cancer vaccines within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathrin Jansen
- Vaccines Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA
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Mazumder S, Johnson JM, Swank V, Dvorina N, Martelli E, Ko J, Tuohy VK. Primary Immunoprevention of Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma by Vaccination against the Extracellular Domain of Anti-Müllerian Hormone Receptor II. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2018; 10:612-624. [PMID: 29093011 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) is the most prevalent form of ovarian cancer in the United States, representing approximately 85% of all cases and causing more deaths than any other gynecologic malignancy. We propose that optimized control of EOC requires the incorporation of a vaccine capable of inducing safe and effective preemptive immunity in cancer-free women. In addition, we hypothesize that ovarian-specific self-proteins that are "retired" from autoimmune-inducing expression levels as ovaries age but are expressed at high levels in emerging EOC may serve as vaccine targets for mediating safe and effective primary immunoprevention. Here, we show that expression of the extracellular domain of anti-Müllerian hormone receptor II (AMHR2-ED) in normal tissues is confined exclusively to the human ovary, drops to nonautoimmune inducing levels in postmenopausal ovaries, and is at high levels in approximately 90% of human EOC. We found that AMHR2-ED vaccination significantly inhibits growth of murine EOC and enhances overall survival without inducing oophoritis in aged female mice. The observed inhibition of EOC growth was mediated substantially by induction of AMHR2-ED-specific IgG antibodies that agonize receptor signaling of a Bax/caspase-3-dependent proapoptotic cascade. Our results indicate that AMHR2-ED vaccination may be particularly useful in providing safe and effective preemptive immunity against EOC in women at high genetic or familial risk who have the greatest need for a preventive vaccine and ultimately in cancer-free postmenopausal women who account for 75% of all EOC cases. Cancer Prev Res; 10(11); 612-24. ©2017 AACRSee related editorial by Shoemaker et al., p. 607.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparna Mazumder
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Justin M Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Biology, Geology and Environment Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Valerie Swank
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nina Dvorina
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Elizabeth Martelli
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jennifer Ko
- Cleveland Clinic Central Biorepository, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Vincent K Tuohy
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Biology, Geology and Environment Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
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9
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Stanley M. Tumour virus vaccines: hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0268. [PMID: 28893935 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the most important human oncogenic viruses are hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV). HBV infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982; vaccination of neonates and infants is highly effective, resulting already in decreased rates of new infections, chronic liver disease and hepato-cellular carcinoma. Nonetheless, HBV remains a global public health problem with high rates of vertical transmission from mother to child in some regions. Prophylactic HPV vaccines composed of virus-like particles (VLPs) of the L1 capsid protein have been licensed since 2006/2007. These target infection by the oncogenic HPVs 16 and 18 (the cause of 70% of cervical cancers); a new vaccine licensed in 2014/2015 additionally targets HPVs 31, 33, 45, 52, 58. HPV vaccines are now included in the national immunization programmes in many countries, with young adolescent peri-pubertal girls the usual cohort for immunization. Population effectiveness in women is now being demonstrated in countries with high vaccine coverage with significant reductions in high-grade cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (a surrogate for cervical cancer), genital warts and vaccine HPV type genoprevalence. Herd effects in young heterosexual men and older women are evident. Cancers caused by HBV and HPV should, in theory, be amenable to immunotherapies and various therapeutic vaccines for HPV in particular are in development and/or in clinical trial.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Stanley
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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10
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Abstract
In this review, we address selected areas that are central to the state-of-the-art of cancer prevention science. The emphasis on prevention as a viable and critical approach to decreasing cancer mortality has gained traction in recent years, evidenced by its inclusion in the US Vice President's Cancer Initiative (also termed 'Moonshot'). Cancer prevention occurs by arresting, slowing down, or reversing the carcinogenic process before invasion into surrounding tissue or by avoiding or blocking causative exposure. An important challenge is to identify individuals who will benefit most from preventive interventions with the least possible harm. Preventive interventions range from avoiding known carcinogens (e.g., tobacco or asbestos) to intervening with anticarcinogenic strategies (behavioral modifications , such as diet and exercise; medications; nutritional agents; and vaccination against causative agents). Here, we focus on active intervention with measures involving pharmaceutical and immunological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Dunn
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention, 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9787, Bethesda, MD 20892-9787, USA
| | - Barnett S Kramer
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention, 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9787, Bethesda, MD 20892-9787, USA
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11
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Cladel NM, Budgeon LR, Cooper TK, Balogh KK, Christensen ND, Myers R, Majerciak V, Gotte D, Zheng ZM, Hu J. Mouse papillomavirus infections spread to cutaneous sites with progression to malignancy. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2520-2529. [PMID: 28942760 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report secondary cutaneous infections in the mouse papillomavirus (MmuPV1)/mouse model. Our previous study demonstrated that cutaneous MmuPV1 infection could spread to mucosal sites. Recently, we observed that mucosal infections could also spread to various cutaneous sites including the back, tail, muzzle and mammary tissues. The secondary site lesions were positive for viral DNA, viral capsid protein and viral particles as determined by in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy analyses, respectively. We also demonstrated differential viral production and tumour growth at different secondarily infected skin sites. For example, fewer viral particles were detected in the least susceptible back tissues when compared with those in the infected muzzle and tail, although similar amounts of viral DNA were detected. Follow-up studies demonstrated that significantly lower amounts of viral DNA were packaged in the back lesions. Lavages harvested from the oral cavity and lower genital tracts were equally infectious at both cutaneous and mucosal sites, supporting the broad tissue tropism of this papillomavirus. Importantly, two secondary skin lesions on the forearms of two mice displayed a malignant phenotype at about 9.5 months post-primary infection. Therefore, MmuPV1 induces not only dysplasia at mucosal sites such as the vagina, anus and oral cavity but also skin carcinoma at cutaneous sites. These findings demonstrate that MmuPV1 mucosal infection can be spread to cutaneous sites and suggest that the model could serve a useful role in the study of the viral life cycle and pathogenesis of papillomavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Cladel
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Lynn R Budgeon
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Karla K Balogh
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Neil D Christensen
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Roland Myers
- Section of Research Resources, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Vladimir Majerciak
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Deanna Gotte
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jiafen Hu
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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12
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Negahdaripour M, Eslami M, Nezafat N, Hajighahramani N, Ghoshoon MB, Shoolian E, Dehshahri A, Erfani N, Morowvat MH, Ghasemi Y. A novel HPV prophylactic peptide vaccine, designed by immunoinformatics and structural vaccinology approaches. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 54:402-416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Bucchi D, Stracci F, Buonora N, Masanotti G. Human papillomavirus and gastrointestinal cancer: A review. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7415-7430. [PMID: 27672265 PMCID: PMC5011658 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i33.7415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Exposure to HPV is very common, and an estimated 65%-100% of sexually active adults are exposed to HPV in their lifetime. The majority of HPV infections are asymptomatic, but there is a 10% chance that individuals will develop a persistent infection and have an increased risk of developing a carcinoma. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has found that the following cancer sites have a strong causal relationship with HPV: cervix uteri, penis, vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx, including the base of the tongue and the tonsils. However, studies of the aetiological role of HPV in colorectal and esophageal malignancies have conflicting results. The aim of this review was to organize recent evidence and issues about the association between HPV infection and gastrointestinal tumours with a focus on esophageal, colorectal and anal cancers. The ultimate goal was to highlight possible implications for prognosis and prevention.
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14
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Basu P, Bhatla N, Ngoma T, Sankaranarayanan R. Less than 3 doses of the HPV vaccine - Review of efficacy against virological and disease end points. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1394-402. [PMID: 26933961 PMCID: PMC4964672 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1146429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
World Health Organization (WHO) recommended 2 doses of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine for girls below 15 y on the basis of the immune-bridging studies demonstrating non-inferior immune response of 2 doses in the adolescent girls compared to 3 doses in the young adult women in whom the efficacy against disease is established. The biological nature of the antigens (virus-like particles) constituting the HPV vaccine is responsible for the vigorous antibody response that may make the third dose redundant. The protection offered by 2 doses has been demonstrated in non-randomized clinical trials to be comparable to that offered by 3 doses against incident and persistent infections of vaccine targeted HPV types. However, results emerging from the ecological and nested case-control studies embedded in the population based screening programs of different countries indicate reduced efficacy of 2 doses against virological and disease end points. Some recent studies observed the protective effect of single dose of the vaccine against incident and persistent infections of the vaccine targeted HPV types to be similar to 3 doses in spite of immunological inferiority. The sample size, duration of follow-ups and number of events were limited in these studies. Longer follow ups of the less than 3 doses cohorts in the ongoing studies as well as appropriately designed and ethically justifiable randomized studies are needed to establish the protection offered by the alternative schedules at least beyond 10 y of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Basu
- Screening Group, Early Detection and Prevention Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Neerja Bhatla
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Twalib Ngoma
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan
- Screening Group, Early Detection and Prevention Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
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15
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Jiang RT, Schellenbacher C, Chackerian B, Roden RBS. Progress and prospects for L2-based human papillomavirus vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:853-62. [PMID: 26901354 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1157479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a worldwide public health problem, particularly in resource-limited countries. Fifteen high-risk genital HPV types are sexually transmitted and cause 5% of all cancers worldwide, primarily cervical, anogenital and oropharyngeal carcinomas. Skin HPV types are generally associated with benign disease, but a subset is linked to non-melanoma skin cancer. Licensed HPV vaccines based on virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from L1 major capsid antigen of key high risk HPVs are effective at preventing these infections but do not cover cutaneous types and are not therapeutic. Vaccines targeting L2 minor capsid antigen, some using capsid display, adjuvant and fusions with early HPV antigens or Toll-like receptor agonists, are in development to fill these gaps. Progress and challenges with L2-based vaccines are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie T Jiang
- a Department of Pathology , The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Christina Schellenbacher
- b Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology , Medical University Vienna (MUW) , Vienna , Austria
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- c Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , University of New Mexico School of Medicine , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Richard B S Roden
- a Department of Pathology , The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Department of Oncology , The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.,e Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics , The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
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16
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Peng S, Qiu J, Yang A, Yang B, Jeang J, Wang JW, Chang YN, Brayton C, Roden RBS, Hung CF, Wu TC. Optimization of heterologous DNA-prime, protein boost regimens and site of vaccination to enhance therapeutic immunity against human papillomavirus-associated disease. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:16. [PMID: 26918115 PMCID: PMC4766698 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as the primary etiologic factor of cervical cancer as well as subsets of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. The two HPV viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, are uniquely and consistently expressed in all HPV infected cells and are therefore promising targets for therapeutic vaccination. Both recombinant naked DNA and protein-based HPV vaccines have been demonstrated to elicit HPV-specific CD8+ T cell responses that provide therapeutic effects against HPV-associated tumor models. Here we examine the immunogenicity in a preclinical model of priming with HPV DNA vaccine followed by boosting with filterable aggregates of HPV 16 L2E6E7 fusion protein (TA-CIN). Results We observed that priming twice with an HPV DNA vaccine followed by a single TA-CIN booster immunization generated the strongest antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response compared to other prime-boost combinations tested in C57BL/6 mice, whether naïve or bearing the HPV16 E6/E7 transformed syngeneic tumor model, TC-1. We showed that the magnitude of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response generated by the DNA vaccine prime, TA-CIN protein vaccine boost combinatorial strategy is dependent on the dose of TA-CIN protein vaccine. In addition, we found that a single booster immunization comprising intradermal or intramuscular administration of TA-CIN after priming twice with an HPV DNA vaccine generated a comparable boost to E7-specific CD8+ T cell responses. We also demonstrated that the immune responses elicited by the DNA vaccine prime, TA-CIN protein vaccine boost strategy translate into potent prophylactic and therapeutic antitumor effects. Finally, as seen for repeat TA-CIN protein vaccination, we showed that the heterologous DNA prime and protein boost vaccination strategy is well tolerated by mice. Conclusions Our results provide rationale for future clinical testing of HPV DNA vaccine prime, TA-CIN protein vaccine boost immunization regimen for the control of HPV-associated diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13578-016-0080-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Peng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jin Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Andrew Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Benjamin Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jessica Jeang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Joshua W Wang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Yung-Nien Chang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Cory Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Richard B S Roden
- Department of Pathology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - T-C Wu
- Departments of Pathology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, CRBII Room 309, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA
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17
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Wojtowicz ME, Dunn BK, Umar A. Immunologic approaches to cancer prevention-current status, challenges, and future perspectives. Semin Oncol 2015; 43:161-172. [PMID: 26970135 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The potential of the immune system to recognize and reject tumors has been investigated for more than a century. However, only recently impressive breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy have been seen with the use of checkpoint inhibitors. The experience with various immune-based strategies in the treatment of late cancer highlighted the importance of negative impact advanced disease has on immunity. Consequently, use of immune modulation for cancer prevention rather than therapy has gained considerable attention, with many promising results seen already in preclinical and early clinical studies. Although not without challenges, these results provide much excitement and optimism that successful cancer immunoprevention could be within our reach. In this review we will discuss the current state of predominantly primary and secondary cancer immunoprevention, relevant research, potential barriers, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata E Wojtowicz
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Barbara K Dunn
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Asad Umar
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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Geukes Foppen MH, Donia M, Svane IM, Haanen JBAG. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes for the treatment of metastatic cancer. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1918-35. [PMID: 26578452 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years melanoma incidence has been rising steadily, resulting in an increase in melanoma related mortality. Until recently, therapeutic options for metastatic melanoma were scarce. Chemotherapy and, in some countries, IL-2 were the only registered treatment modalities. In the last five years, treatment with immunotherapy (anti CTLA-4, anti PD-1, or the combination of these antibodies) has shown very promising results and was able to improve survival in patients with metastatic melanoma. Adoptive cell therapy using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is yet another, but highly promising, immunotherapeutic strategy for patients with metastatic melanoma. This review will discuss the development of TIL as a treatment option for melanoma, its mode of action and simplification over time, and the possibilities to expand this therapy to other types of cancer. Also, the future directions of TIL based therapies will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Geukes Foppen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M Donia
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Haematology and Oncology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - I M Svane
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Haematology and Oncology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - J B A G Haanen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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19
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Wang JW, Jiang R, Peng S, Chang YN, Hung CF, Roden RBS. Immunologic Control of Mus musculus Papillomavirus Type 1. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005243. [PMID: 26495972 PMCID: PMC4619818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent papillomas developed in ~10% of out-bred immune-competent SKH-1 mice following MusPV1 challenge of their tail, and in a similar fraction the papillomas were transient, suggesting potential as a model. However, papillomas only occurred in BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice depleted of T cells with anti-CD3 antibody, and they completely regressed within 8 weeks after depletion was stopped. Neither CD4+ nor CD8+ T cell depletion alone in BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice was sufficient to permit visible papilloma formation. However, low levels of MusPV1 were sporadically detected by either genomic DNA-specific PCR analysis of local skin swabs or in situ hybridization of the challenge site with an E6/E7 probe. After switching to CD3+ T cell depletion, papillomas appeared upon 14/15 of mice that had been CD4+ T cell depleted throughout the challenge phase, 1/15 of CD8+ T cell depleted mice, and none in mice without any prior T cell depletion. Both control animals and those depleted with CD8-specific antibody generated MusPV1 L1 capsid-specific antibodies, but not those depleted with CD4-specific antibody prior to T cell depletion with CD3 antibody. Thus, normal BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice eliminate the challenge dose, whereas infection is suppressed but not completely cleared if their CD4 or CD8 T cells are depleted, and recrudescence of MusPV1 is much greater in the former following treatment with CD3 antibody, possibly reflecting their failure to generate capsid antibody. Systemic vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with DNA vectors expressing MusPV1 E6 or E7 fused to calreticulin elicits potent CD8 T cell responses and these immunodominant CD8 T cell epitopes were mapped. Adoptive transfer of a MusPV1 E6-specific CD8+ T cell line controlled established MusPV1 infection and papilloma in RAG1-knockout mice. These findings suggest the potential of immunotherapy for HPV-related disease and the importance of host immunogenetics in the outcome of infection. While most patients clear human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, some develop persistent papillomas, especially if immunocompromised. Likewise, we find a fraction of outbred SKH-1 mice challenged with Mus musculus papillomavirus type 1 (MusPV1/MmuPV1) develop persistent papillomas, whereas most SKH-1 mice, as seen for the inbred C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains, clear the infection. Viral clearance requires both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and depletion of either subset permits persistent but subclinical infection. In C57BL/6 mice, CD8+ T cell epitopes were mapped to MusPV1 E6 and E7; however the CD8+ T cell response to E6 dominated and correlated with spontaneous regression. A MusPV1 E6-specific CD8+ T cell line was developed by vaccination and culture in vitro, and its systemic administration once was sufficient to effect papilloma clearance in an immunodeficient mouse. Our observations in inbred and outbred mice challenged with MusPV1 suggest promise for immunotherapy to treat HPV-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W. Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rosie Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shiwen Peng
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yung-Nien Chang
- Research and Development Department, Papivax LLC, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Immunotherapy Division, Papivax Biotech Inc., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard B. S. Roden
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Jagu S, Karanam B, Wang JW, Zayed H, Weghofer M, Brendle SA, Balogh KK, Tossi KP, Roden RBS, Christensen ND. Durable immunity to oncogenic human papillomaviruses elicited by adjuvanted recombinant Adeno-associated virus-like particle immunogen displaying L2 17-36 epitopes. Vaccine 2015; 33:5553-5563. [PMID: 26382603 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination with the minor capsid protein L2, notably the 17-36 neutralizing epitope, induces broadly protective antibodies, although the neutralizing titers attained in serum are substantially lower than for the licensed L1 VLP vaccines. Here we examine the impact of other less reactogenic adjuvants upon the induction of durable neutralizing serum antibody responses and protective immunity after vaccination with HPV16 and HPV31 L2 amino acids 17-36 inserted at positions 587 and 453 of VP3, respectively, for surface display on Adeno-Associated Virus 2-like particles [AAVLP (HPV16/31L2)]. Mice were vaccinated three times subcutaneously with AAVLP (HPV16/31L2) at two week intervals at several doses either alone or formulated with alum, alum and MPL, RIBI adjuvant or Cervarix. The use of adjuvant with AAVLP (HPV16/31L2) was necessary in mice for the induction of L2-specific neutralizing antibody and protection against vaginal challenge with HPV16. While use of alum was sufficient to elicit durable protection (>3 months after the final immunization), antibody titers were increased by addition of MPL and RIBI adjuvants. To determine the breadth of immunity, rabbits were immunized three times with AAVLP (HPV16/31L2) either alone, formulated with alum±MPL, or RIBI adjuvants, and after serum collection, the animals were concurrently challenged with HPV16/31/35/39/45/58/59 quasivirions or cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) at 6 or 12 months post-immunization. Strong protection against all HPV types was observed at both 6 and 12 months post-immunization, including robust protection in rabbits receiving the vaccine without adjuvant. In summary, vaccination with AAVLP presenting HPV L2 17-36 epitopes at two sites on their surface induced cross-neutralizing serum antibody, immunity against HPV16 in the genital tract, and long-term protection against skin challenge with the 7 most common oncogenic HPV types when using a clinically relevant adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini Jagu
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Joshua W Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Health Sciences Department, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Sarah A Brendle
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Karla K Balogh
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Richard B S Roden
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neil D Christensen
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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21
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Wu WH, Alkutkar T, Karanam B, Roden RBS, Ketner G, Ibeanu OA. Capsid display of a conserved human papillomavirus L2 peptide in the adenovirus 5 hexon protein: a candidate prophylactic hpv vaccine approach. Virol J 2015; 12:140. [PMID: 26362430 PMCID: PMC4566294 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection by any one of 15 high risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) types causes most invasive cervical cancers. Their oncogenic genome is encapsidated by L1 (major) and L2 (minor) coat proteins. Current HPV prophylactic vaccines are composed of L1 virus-like particles (VLP) that elicit type restricted immunity. An N-terminal region of L2 protein identified by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies comprises a protective epitope conserved among HPV types, but it is weakly immunogenic compared to L1 VLP. The major antigenic capsid protein of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) is hexon which contains 9 hypervariable regions (HVRs) that form the immunodominant neutralizing epitopes. Insertion of weakly antigenic foreign B cell epitopes into these HVRs has shown promise in eliciting robust neutralizing antibody responses. Thus here we sought to generate a broadly protective prophylactic HPV vaccine candidate by inserting a conserved protective L2 epitope into the Ad5 hexon protein for VLP-like display. Methods Four recombinant adenoviruses were generated without significant compromise of viral replication by introduction of HPV16 amino acids L2 12–41 into Ad5 hexon, either by insertion into, or substitution of, either hexon HVR1 or HVR5. Results Vaccination of mice three times with each of these L2-recombinant adenoviruses induced similarly robust adenovirus-specific serum antibody but weak titers against L2. These L2-specific responses were enhanced by vaccination in the presence of alum and monophoryl lipid A adjuvant. Sera obtained after the third immunization exhibited low neutralizing antibody titers against HPV16 and HPV73. L2-recombinant adenovirus vaccination without adjuvant provided partial protection of mice against HPV16 challenge to either the vagina or skin. In contrast, vaccination with each L2-recombinant adenovirus formulated in adjuvant provided robust protection against vaginal challenge with HPV16, but not against HPV56. Conclusion We conclude that introduction of HPV16 L2 12–41 epitope into Ad5 hexon HVR1 or HVR5 is a feasible method of generating a protective HPV vaccine, but further optimization is required to strengthen the L2-specific response and broaden protection to the more diverse hrHPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Hong Wu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Tanwee Alkutkar
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - Richard B S Roden
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Gary Ketner
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Okechukwu A Ibeanu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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22
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Khanal S, Ferraris ED, Zahin M, Joh J, Ghim SJ, Jenson AB. Targeting synthetic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) L2 disulfide-induced N-terminus conformational epitopes for pan-HPV vaccine development. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:330-4. [PMID: 26134615 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current vaccines against Human Papillomavirus (HPV) are highly effective and based on recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) of the major capsid protein L1. Since these vaccines are HPV type-specific and expensive for global implementation, an alternative, broader-spectrum immunogen would be the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 that induces low titered broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies. Here we analyzed the reactivity of different synthetic L2 peptides containing N-terminus amino acids 17-36 in order to test their antigenicity. METHODS Different synthetic peptides were designed to target the 17-36 amino acid sequences, present in highly antigenic amino-terminus of L2 protein. Six different peptides including Cys22-Cys28 disulfide bonded cyclized L2 peptide were examined for their antigenicity against mouse monoclonal antibody RG-1 and rabbit polyclonal antisera to HPV L2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Here we report that the cyclized form of synthetic L2 peptide, which is formed through Cys22-Cys28 disulfide bridges, has the highest reactivity to antibodies than other synthetic L2 peptides. CONCLUSION A cyclized L2 peptide has potential to be an excellent candidate to formulate a low-cost, broadly protective pan-oncogenic HPV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujita Khanal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Eric Daniel Ferraris
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Emergency Medicine Associate, Vancouver, WA, USA.
| | - Maryam Zahin
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Joongho Joh
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Shin-je Ghim
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Alfred Bennett Jenson
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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