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Jedraszak G, Jobic F, Receveur A, Bilan F, Gilbert-Dussardier B, Tiffany B, Missirian C, Willems M, Odent S, Lucas J, Dubourg C, Schaefer E, Scheidecker S, Lespinasse J, Goldenberg A, Guerrot AM, Joly-Helas G, Chambon P, Le Caignec C, David A, Coutton C, Satre V, Vieville G, Amblard F, Harbuz R, Sanlaville D, Till M, Vincent-Delorme C, Colson C, Andrieux J, Naudion S, Toutain J, Rooryck C, de Fréminville B, Prieur F, Daire VC, Amram D, Kleinfinger P, Schulze MB, Raabe-Meyer G, Courage C, Lemke J, Stefanou EG, Loretta T, Emmanouil M, Tzeli SK, Sodowska H, Anderson J, Nandini A, Copin H, Garçon L, Liehr T, Morin G. Cat eye syndrome: Clinical, cytogenetics and familial findings in a large cohort of 43 patients highlighting the importance of congenital heart disease and inherited cases. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:e63476. [PMID: 37974505 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cat Eye Syndrome (CES) is a rare genetic disease caused by the presence of a small supernumerary marker chromosome derived from chromosome 22, which results in a partial tetrasomy of 22p-22q11.21. CES is classically defined by association of iris coloboma, anal atresia, and preauricular tags or pits, with high clinical and genetic heterogeneity. We conducted an international retrospective study of patients carrying genomic gain in the 22q11.21 chromosomal region upstream from LCR22-A identified using FISH, MLPA, and/or array-CGH. We report a cohort of 43 CES cases. We highlight that the clinical triad represents no more than 50% of cases. However, only 16% of CES patients presented with the three signs of the triad and 9% not present any of these three signs. We also highlight the importance of other impairments: cardiac anomalies are one of the major signs of CES (51% of cases), and high frequency of intellectual disability (47%). Ocular motility defects (45%), abdominal malformations (44%), ophthalmologic malformations (35%), and genitourinary tract defects (32%) are other frequent clinical features. We observed that sSMC is the most frequent chromosomal anomaly (91%) and we highlight the high prevalence of mosaic cases (40%) and the unexpectedly high prevalence of parental transmission of sSMC (23%). Most often, the transmitting parent has mild or absent features and carries the mosaic marker at a very low rate (<10%). These data allow us to better delineate the clinical phenotype associated with CES, which must be taken into account in the cytogenetic testing for this syndrome. These findings draw attention to the need for genetic counseling and the risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Jedraszak
- Constitutional Genetics Laboratory, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens, France
- UR4666, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Florence Jobic
- Clinical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens, France
| | - Aline Receveur
- Constitutional Genetics Laboratory, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens, France
| | - Frédéric Bilan
- Genetics Laboratory, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Busa Tiffany
- Medical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Chantal Missirian
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, University Hospital of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Marjolaine Willems
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Medical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Josette Lucas
- Genetics Laboratory, University Hospital of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Elise Schaefer
- Clinical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Alice Goldenberg
- Clinical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | | | | | - Pascal Chambon
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, University Hospital of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Cédric Le Caignec
- Medical Gentics Unit, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Albert David
- Clinical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Charles Coutton
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, University Hospital of Grenoble & INSERM U1209 Institute for Advanced Biosciences, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Véronique Satre
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, University Hospital of Grenoble & INSERM U1209 Institute for Advanced Biosciences, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Gaëlle Vieville
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, University Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Florence Amblard
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, University Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Radu Harbuz
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, University Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Marianne Till
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, University Hospital of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Catherine Vincent-Delorme
- Catherine Vincent Delorme, Clinical Genetics Unit Guy Fontaine, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cindy Colson
- Catherine Vincent Delorme, Clinical Genetics Unit Guy Fontaine, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Joris Andrieux
- Molecular Genetics Institute, University hospital of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sophie Naudion
- Clinical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jérome Toutain
- Clinical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Caroline Rooryck
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Fabienne Prieur
- Medical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint Etienne, France
| | | | - Daniel Amram
- Clinicial Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Creteil, Creteil, France
| | | | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | | | - Johannes Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eunice G Stefanou
- Cytogenetics Unit, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Thomaidis Loretta
- Developmental Assessment Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Sophia Kitsiou Tzeli
- Department of Medical Genetics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Henryka Sodowska
- Niepubliczny Zakład Opieki Zdrowotne "Genom", Ruda Slaska, Poland
| | - Jasen Anderson
- Cytogenetics Department, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adayapalam Nandini
- Department of Cytogenetics, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Henri Copin
- Constitutional Genetics Laboratory, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens, France
| | - Loïc Garçon
- Constitutional Genetics Laboratory, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens, France
- UR4666, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany
| | - Gilles Morin
- Clinical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens, France
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A De Novo sSMC (22) Characterized by High-Resolution Chromosome Microarray Analysis in a Chinese Boy with Cat-Eye Syndrome. Case Rep Genet 2021; 2021:8824184. [PMID: 33728075 PMCID: PMC7937470 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8824184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a 15-year-old boy with cat-eye syndrome (CES) without short stature or intellectual disorder. The boy was confirmed by cytogenetic and high-resolution chromosome microarray analysis (CMA). The G-banding karyotype confirmed the de novo of the patient. Also, the CMA result showed 1.76 Mb tetrasomy of proximal 22Q11.1 ⟶ 22Q11.21 consistent with CES {arr22q11.1q11.21 (16,888,899-18,644,241) X4}, a typical small type I CES chromosome. The patient has many of the basic characteristics of CES; however, he is taller than his peers instead of shorter. It is rarely reported in the past since short stature is a common feature of this syndrome. Furthermore, the boy has no intellectual disorder and attends a normal school since he was six-year-old. What bothered him most were recurrent respiratory infections, retromicrognathia, and heart defects.
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Cecr2 mutant mice as a model for human cat eye syndrome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3111. [PMID: 33542446 PMCID: PMC7862319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82556-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cat eye syndrome (CES), a human genetic disorder caused by the inverted duplication of a region on chromosome 22, has been known since the late 1890s. Despite the significant impact this disorder has on affected individuals, models for CES have not been produced due to the difficulty of effectively duplicating the corresponding chromosome region in an animal model. However, the study of phenotypes associated with individual genes in this region such as CECR2 may shed light on the etiology of CES. In this study we have shown that deleterious loss of function mutations in mouse Cecr2 effectively demonstrate many of the abnormal features present in human patients with CES, including coloboma and specific skeletal, kidney and heart defects. Beyond phenotypic analyses we have demonstrated the importance of utilizing multiple genetic backgrounds to study disease models, as we see major differences in penetrance of Cecr2-related abnormal phenotype between mouse strains, reminiscent of the variability in the human syndrome. These findings suggest that Cecr2 is involved in the abnormal features of CES and that Cecr2 mice can be used as a model system to study the wide range of phenotypes present in CES.
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Xue H, Chen X, Lin M, Lin N, Huang H, Yu A, Xu L. Prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic identification of small supernumerary marker chromosomes: analysis of three prenatal cases using chromosome microarray analysis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:2135-2148. [PMID: 33318309 PMCID: PMC7880375 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Small supernumerary marker chromosomes cannot be accurately identified by G-banding, and the related phenotypes vary greatly. It is essential to specify the origin, size, and gene content of marker chromosomes using molecular cytogenetic techniques. Herein, three fetuses with de novo marker chromosomes were initially identified by G-banding. Single nucleotide polymorphism array and fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed to characterize the origins of the marker chromosomes. The karyotypes of the three fetuses were 47,XY,+mar, 46,X,+mar[32]/45,X[68], and 45,X[62]/46,X,+mar[9]. In case 1, the karyotype was confirmed as 47,XY,+ idic(22)(q11.2). Therefore, the sSMC originated from chromosome 22 and was associated with cat eye syndrome. In case 2, the marker chromosome derived from ring chromosome X, and the karyotype was interpreted as 45,X[68]/46,X,+r(X)(p11.1q21.31)[32]. Meanwhile, the karyotype of case 3 was defined as 45,X[62]/46,X,idic(Y)(q11.2) and the marker chromosome originated from chromosome Y. Case 1 continued the pregnancy, whereas the other two pregnancies underwent elective termination. The detailed characterization of marker chromosomes can facilitate informed decision making, prevent uncertainty, and provide proper prognostic assessments. Our findings emphasize the importance for combining cytogenetic and molecular genetic techniques in marker chromosome characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Xue
- Department of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Na Lin
- Department of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Huang
- Department of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Aili Yu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Liangpu Xu
- Department of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
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Katz B, Enright J, Couch S, Harocopos G, Lee AR. Atypical presentation of Cat Eye Syndrome in an infant with Peters anomaly and microphthalmia with cyst. Ophthalmic Genet 2020; 41:645-649. [PMID: 32865081 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2020.1814346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a unique ocular presentation of Cat Eye Syndrome and review the ocular and systemic findings associated with the syndrome. METHODS Case report with multimodal imaging. RESULTS A newborn female presented with a unilateral Peters anomaly with contralateral microphthalmia with cyst. The patient's other systemic findings included a hypoplastic right heart, persistent ductus arteriosus, intrauterine growth retardation, bilateral anotia, preauricular ear pits and skin tags, micrognathia, hypoplastic female genitalia, and unilateral cranial nerve VII palsy. Chromosomal microarray testing showed tetrasomy of chromosome 22 in the q11.1-q11.21 region consistent with Cat Eye Syndrome. The patient ultimately underwent a successful optical iridectomy on one side and orbitotomy with excision of the cystic mass on the other. CONCLUSIONS The co-occurrence of unilateral Peters anomaly with contralateral microphthalmia with cyst in Cat Eye Syndrome is rare and demonstrative of the syndrome's phenotypic variability. The medical and surgical management of these patients may require a multidisciplinary approach and must be tailored to the individual findings and overall systemic health of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Katz
- John F Hardesty Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer Enright
- John F Hardesty Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven Couch
- John F Hardesty Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO, USA
| | - George Harocopos
- John F Hardesty Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew R Lee
- John F Hardesty Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO, USA
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Valencia-Peña C, Jiménez-Sanchez P, Saldarriaga W, Payán-Gómez C. Optic nerve coloboma as extension of the phenotype of 22q11.23 duplication syndrome: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:333. [PMID: 32807111 PMCID: PMC7433184 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01603-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 duplication syndrome (Dup22q11.2) has reduced penetrance and variable expressivity. Those affected may have intellectual disabilities, dysmorphic facial features, and ocular alterations such as ptosis, hypertelorism, nystagmus, and chorioretinal coloboma. The prevalence of this syndrome is unknown, there are only approximately 100 cases reported. However Dup22q11.2 should have a similar prevalence of DiGeorge syndrome (1 in each 4000 new-borns), in which the same chromosomal region that is duplicated in Dup22q11.2 is deleted. CASE PRESENTATION We report a patient with intellectual disability, psychomotor development delay, hearing loss with disyllable pronunciation only, hyperactivity, self-harm, hetero-aggressive behaviour, facial dysmorphism, left facial paralysis, post-axial polydactyly, and for the first time in patients with Dup22q11.2, optic nerve coloboma and dysplasia in optic nerve. Array comparative genomic hybridization showed a 22q11.23 duplication of 1.306 million base pairs. CONCLUSIONS New ocular findings in Dup22q11.2 syndrome, such as coloboma and dysplasia in the optic nerve, are reported here, contributing to the phenotypic characterization of a rarely diagnosed genetic syndrome. A complete characterization of the phenotype is necessary to increase the rate of clinical suspicion and then the genetic diagnostic. In addition, through bioinformatics analysis of the genes mapped to the 22q11.2 region, it is proposed that deregulation of the SPECC1L gene could be implicated in the development of ocular coloboma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Valencia-Peña
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Wilmar Saldarriaga
- Departments of Morphology and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.,Obstetrician Gynaecologist at Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - César Payán-Gómez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Hou HT, Chen HX, Wang XL, Yuan C, Yang Q, Liu ZG, He GW. Genetic characterisation of 22q11.2 variations and prevalence in patients with congenital heart disease. Arch Dis Child 2020; 105:367-374. [PMID: 31666243 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2018-316634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is considered the most frequent chromosomal microdeletion syndrome in humans and the second leading chromosomal cause of congenital heart disease (CHD). We aimed to identify the prevalence and the detailed genetic characterisation of 22q11.2 region in children with CHD including simple defects and to explore the genotype-phenotype relationship between deletion/amplification type and clinical data. METHODS Patients with CHD for surgery were screened by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and capillary electrophoresis methods. Universal Probe Library technology was applied for validation. RESULTS In 354 patients with CHD, 40 (11.3%) carried different levels of deletions/amplifications at the 22q11.2 region with various phenotypes. The affected genes at this region include CDC45 (15 patients), TBX1 (8), USP18 (8), RTDR1 (7), SNAP29 (6), TOP3B (6), ZNF74 (4) and other genes with less frequency. Among those, two patients carried 3 Mb typically deleted region from CLTCL1 to LZTR1 (low copy repeats A-D) or 1.5 Mb deletions from CLTCL1 to MED15 (low copy repeats A-C). Clinical facial manifestations were found in 12 patients. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed an unexpected high prevalence of chromosome 22q11.2 variations in patients with CHD even in simple defects. The genotype-phenotype relationship analysis suggests that genetic detection of 22q11.2 may become necessary in all patients with CHD and that detection of unique deletions or amplifications may provide useful insight into personalised management in patients with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Hou
- Center for Basic Medical Research & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan-Xin Chen
- Center for Basic Medical Research & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- Center for Basic Medical Research & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Center for Basic Medical Research & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Center for Basic Medical Research & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Center for Basic Medical Research & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Guo-Wei He
- Center for Basic Medical Research & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China .,Zhejiang University & Wannan Medical College, Hangzhou & Wuhu, China.,Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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AlSubaihin A, VanderMeulen J, Harris K, Duck J, McCready E. Müllerian Agenesis in Cat Eye Syndrome and 22q11 Chromosome Abnormalities: A Case Report and Literature Review. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2018; 31:158-161. [PMID: 28919146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Müllerian agenesis is the second most common cause of primary amenorrhea the underlying etiology in most cases is unknown. Müllerian agenesis has been reported as a rare finding associated with chromosomal aberrations of the 22q11 chromosomal region including at least 1 individual with cat eye syndrome (CES) and 10 individuals with deletions or duplications of the 22q11.2 region. However, a potential link between 22q11 abnormalities and uterine malformations has been difficult to adequately ascertain because of the limited case reports in the literature. CASE We report a second case of Müllerian agenesis in a girl with CES. A 16-year-old girl presented with bilateral colobomata, primary amenorrhea, and absence of the uterus and upper vagina on pelvic magnetic resonance imaging. Microarray analysis showed tetrasomy of the pericentromeric region of chromosome 22 diagnostic of CES. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Müllerian aplasia/hypoplasia might represent a rare feature in CES and should be considered in the investigation of young girls with this syndrome. An increasing number of cases with 22q11 chromosome abnormalities and Müllerian agenesis further highlights the possibility of a gene within the 22q11 region that might mediate normal Müllerian development in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmajeed AlSubaihin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - John VanderMeulen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kate Harris
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Duck
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth McCready
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Whole-exome sequencing in the molecular diagnosis of individuals with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract and identification of a new causative gene. Genet Med 2016; 19:412-420. [PMID: 27657687 PMCID: PMC5362362 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2016.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the utility of whole-exome sequencing (WES) to define a molecular diagnosis in patients clinically diagnosed with congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Methods WES was performed in 62 families with CAKUT. WES data were analyzed for Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs) in 35 known CAKUT genes, putatively deleterious sequence changes in new candidate genes, and potentially disease-associated copy-number variants (CNVs). Results In approximately 5% of families, pathogenic SNVs were identified in PAX2, HNF1B, and EYA1. Observed phenotypes in these families expand the current understanding about the role of these genes in CAKUT. Four pathogenic CNVs were also identified using two CNV detection tools. In addition, we found one deleterious de novo SNV in FOXP1 among the 62 families with CAKUT. Database of clinical BMGL laboratory was queried and seven additional unrelated individuals with novel de novo SNVs in FOXP1 were identified. Six of these 8 individuals with FOXP1 SNVs, have syndromic urinary tract defects, implicating this gene in urinary tract development. Conclusion We conclude that WES can be used to identify the molecular etiology (SNVs, CNVs) in a subset of individuals with CAKUT. WES can also help identify novel CAKUT genes.
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Zhang J, Ma D, Wang Y, Cao L, Wu Y, Qiao F, Liu A, Li L, Lin Y, Liu G, Liu C, Hu P, Xu Z. Analysis of chromosome 22q11 copy number variations by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification for prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defect. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:100. [PMID: 26715944 PMCID: PMC4693415 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart defects (CHD) represent one of the most common birth defects. This study aimed to evaluate the value of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) as a tool to detect the copy number variations (CNVs) of 22q11 in fetuses with CHD. RESULTS A large cohort of 225 fetuses with CHD was screened by fetal echocardiography. Once common chromosome abnormalities in 30 fetuses were screened out by conventional G-banding analysis, the CNVs of chromosome 22q11 in the remaining 195 fetuses were determined by MLPA for prenatal genetic counseling. In 195 CHD fetuses with normal karyotype, 11 cases had pathological CNVs, including 22q11.2 deletion (seven cases), the deletion of 22q11 cat eye syndrome (CES) region (one case), 22q11.2 duplication (one case), 22q13.3 deletion (one case) and 17p13.3 deletion (one case). In total, our findings from MLPA screening represented 4.9 % in our cohort. Among these, three cases were inherited CNVs, and eight cases were de novo. These CNVs were further verified by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-array analysis, and their chromosomal location was refined. CONCLUSION This study indicated that MLPA could serve as an effective test for routine prenatal diagnosis of 22q11 in fetuses with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Dingyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Ultrasound, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Fengchang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - An Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Cuiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Zhengfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
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11
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Jafari-Ghahfarokhi H, Moradi-Chaleshtori M, Liehr T, Hashemzadeh-Chaleshtori M, Teimori H, Ghasemi-Dehkordi P. Small supernumerary marker chromosomes and their correlation with specific syndromes. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:140. [PMID: 26322288 PMCID: PMC4544121 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.161542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) is a structurally abnormal chromosome. It is an additional chromosome smaller than one chromosome most often lacking a distinct banding pattern and is rarely identifiable by conventional banding cytogenetic analysis. The origin and composition of an sSMC is recognizable by molecular cytogenetic analysis. These sSMCs are seen in different shapes, including the ring, centric minute, and inverted duplication shapes. The effects of sSMCs on the phenotype depend on factors such as size, genetic content, and the level of the mosaicism. The presence of an sSMC causes partial tris- or tetrasomy, and 70% of the sSMC carriers are clinically normal, while 30% are abnormal in some way. In 70% of the cases the sSMC is de novo, in 20% it is inherited from the mother, and in 10% it is inherited from the father. An sSMC can be causative for specific syndromes such as Emanuel, Pallister-Killian, or cat eye syndromes. There may be more specific sSMC-related syndromes, which may be identified by further investigation. These 10 syndromes can be useful for genetic counseling after further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Jafari-Ghahfarokhi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Faculty, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Moradi-Chaleshtori
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Faculty, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | | | - Hossein Teimori
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Faculty, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Payam Ghasemi-Dehkordi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Faculty, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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12
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Severe psychomotor delay in a severe presentation of cat-eye syndrome. Case Rep Genet 2015; 2015:943905. [PMID: 25648072 PMCID: PMC4310452 DOI: 10.1155/2015/943905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cat-eye syndrome is a rare genetic syndrome of chromosomal origin. Individuals with cat-eye syndrome are characterized by the presence of preauricular pits and/or tags, anal atresia, and iris coloboma. Many reported cases also presented with variable congenital anomalies and intellectual disability. Most patients diagnosed with CES carry a small supernumerary bisatellited marker chromosome, resulting in partial tetrasomy of 22p-22q11.21. There are two types of small supernumerary marker chromosome, depending on the breakpoint site. In a very small proportion of cases, other cytogenetic anomalies are reportedly associated with the cat-eye syndrome phenotype. Here, we report a patient with cat-eye syndrome caused by a type 1 small supernumerary marker chromosome. The phenotype was atypical and included a severe developmental delay. The use of array comparative genomic hybridization ruled out the involvement of another chromosomal imbalance in the neurological phenotype. In the literature, only a few patients with cat-eye syndrome present with a severe developmental delay, and all of the latter carried an atypical partial trisomy 22 or an uncharacterized small supernumerary marker chromosome. Hence, this is the first report of a severe neurological phenotype in cat-eye syndrome with a typical type 1 small supernumerary marker chromosome. Our observation clearly complicates prognostic assessment, particularly when cat-eye syndrome is diagnosed prenatally.
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13
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Haltrich I, Pikó H, Kiss E, Tóth Z, Karcagi V, Fekete G. A de novo atypical ring sSMC(22) characterized by array CGH in a boy with cat-eye syndrome. Mol Cytogenet 2014; 7:37. [PMID: 24959203 PMCID: PMC4067088 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-7-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microduplications 22q11 have been characterized as a genomic duplication syndrome mediated by nonallelic homologous recombination between region-specific low-copy repeats. Here we report on a 19 years old boy with intellectual disability having an unexpected structurally complex ring small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) originated from a larger trisomy and a smaller tetrasomy of proximal 22q11 harboring additional copies of cat eye syndrome critical regions genes. RESULTS PRINCIPAL CLINICAL FEATURES WERE: anorectal and urogenital malformations, total anomalous pulmonary venous return with secundum ASD, hearing defect, preauricular pits, seizure and eczema. The proband also presented some rare or so far not reported clinical findings such as hyperinsulinaemia, severe immunodeficiency and grave cognitive deficits. Chromosome analysis revealed a mosaic karyotype with the presence of a small ring-like marker in 60% of cells. Array CGH detected approximately an 1,2 Mb single and a 0,2 Mb double copy gain of the proximal long arm of chromosome 22. The 1,3 Mb intervening region of chromosome 22 from centromere to the breakpoints showed no copy alteration. The karyotype of the patient was defined as 47,XY,+mar[60]/46,XY[40].ish idic r(22)(q11.1.q11.21) × 4.arr 22q11(17,435, 645-18,656,678) × 3,(17,598,642-17,799,783) × 4 dn. CONCLUSIONS The present report is the first one with a detailed description of clinical presentation in a patient carrying an atypical size ring sSMC (22) analyzed by array CGH. The specialty of the finding is emphasized by the fact that although the patient had a mosaic sSMC and the amplified region was smaller than in typical cat eye syndrome cases, the clinical presentation was severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irén Haltrich
- 2nd Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 7-9, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Henriett Pikó
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kiss
- 2nd Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 7-9, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Tóth
- 2nd Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 7-9, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Veronika Karcagi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Fekete
- 2nd Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 7-9, Budapest 1094, Hungary
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14
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Abstract
A full-term female baby, a product of non-consanguineous marriage, was born at 37 weeks of gestation with a birth weight of 2.08 kg. Antenatal scan at 31 weeks revealed complex congenital heart disease with a hypoplastic right ventricle, pulmonary atresia and an intact septum. Immediately after birth, the infant was shifted to the nursery and was started on intravenous fluids and infusion prostaglandin E1 (Alprostidil). On examination, she had microcephaly, periorbital puffiness, a long philtrum, a broad nasal bridge and retrognathia, up slanting palpebral fissures, widely spaced nipples, a sacral dimple and right upper limb postaxial polydactyly. Postnatal echocardiography confirmed a large ostium secundum atrial septal defect with left to right shunt, right ventricle hypoplasia, pulmonary atresia with an intact septum and a large vertical patent ductus arteriosus. Ophthalmological examination showed a bilateral chorioretinal coloboma sparing disc and fovea. Karyotyping showed an extra small marker chromosome suggestive of the Cat eye syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Sharma
- Department of Neonatology, Fernandez Hospital, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Srinivas Murki
- Department of Neonatology, Fernandez Hospital, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Tejo Pratap
- Department of Neonatology, Fernandez Hospital, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Madhavi Vasikarla
- Department of Neonatology, Fernandez Hospital, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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15
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Watson CT, Marques-Bonet T, Sharp AJ, Mefford HC. The genetics of microdeletion and microduplication syndromes: an update. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2014; 15:215-244. [PMID: 24773319 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-091212-153408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities, including microdeletions and microduplications, have long been associated with abnormal developmental outcomes. Early discoveries relied on a common clinical presentation and the ability to detect chromosomal abnormalities by standard karyotype analysis or specific assays such as fluorescence in situ hybridization. Over the past decade, the development of novel genomic technologies has allowed more comprehensive, unbiased discovery of microdeletions and microduplications throughout the human genome. The ability to quickly interrogate large cohorts using chromosome microarrays and, more recently, next-generation sequencing has led to the rapid discovery of novel microdeletions and microduplications associated with disease, including very rare but clinically significant rearrangements. In addition, the observation that some microdeletions are associated with risk for several neurodevelopmental disorders contributes to our understanding of shared genetic susceptibility for such disorders. Here, we review current knowledge of microdeletion/duplication syndromes, with a particular focus on recurrent rearrangement syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey T Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra/CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew J Sharp
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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16
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Quintero-Rivera F, Martinez-Agosto JA. Hemifacial microsomia in cat-eye syndrome: 22q11.1-q11.21 as candidate loci for facial symmetry. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1985-91. [PMID: 23794175 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cat-Eye syndrome (CES), (OMIM 115470) also known as chromosome 22 partial tetrasomy or inverted duplicated 22q11, was first reported by Haab [1879] based on the primary features of eye coloboma and anal atresia. However, >60% of the patients lack these primary features. Here, we present a 9-month-old female who at birth was noted to have multiple defects, including facial asymmetry with asymmetric retrognathia, bilateral mandibular hypoplasia, branchial cleft sinus, right-sided muscular torticollis, esotropia, and an atretic right ear canal with low-to-moderate sensorineural hearing loss, bilateral preauricular ear tag/pits, and two skin tags on her left cheek. There were no signs of any colobomas or anal atresia. Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) was suspected clinically. Chromosome studies and FISH identified an extra marker originated from 22q11 consistent with CES, and this was confirmed by aCGH. This report expands the phenotypic variability of CES and includes partial tetrasomy of 22q11.1-q11.21 in the differential diagnosis of HFM. In addition, our case as well as the previous association of 22q11.2 deletions and duplications with facial asymmetry and features of HFM, supports the hypothesis that this chromosome region harbors genes important in the regulation of body plan symmetry, and in particular facial harmony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Quintero-Rivera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Rao KP, Belogolovkin V. Marker chromosomes. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2013; 32:97-112. [PMID: 22587446 DOI: 10.3109/15513815.2012.681425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Marker chromosomes are a morphologically heterogeneous group of structurally abnormal chromosomes that pose a significant challenge in prenatal diagnosis. Phenotypes associated with marker chromosomes are highly variable and range from normal to severely abnormal. Clinical outcomes are very difficult to predict when marker chromosomes are detected prenatally. In this review, we outline the classification, etiology, cytogenetic characterization, and clinical consequences of marker chromosomes, as well as practical approaches to prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Prabhaker Rao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
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18
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Córdova-Fletes C, Domínguez M, Vázquez-Cárdenas A, Figuera L, Neira V, Rojas-Martínez A, Ortiz-López R. A de novo sSMC(22) Characterized by High-Resolution Arrays in a Girl with Cat-Eye Syndrome without Coloboma. Mol Syndromol 2012; 3:131-135. [PMID: 23112755 PMCID: PMC3473349 DOI: 10.1159/000341632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cat-eye syndrome (CES) results from trisomy or tetrasomy of proximal 22q originated by a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC). Two critical regions for the major clinical features of CES (CESCRs) have been suggested; however, CES clinical presentation often does not correlate with the sSMC genetic content. We report here a CES girl without coloboma and carrier of a de novo type I sSMC(22) as determined by G- and C-banding, NOR staining and microarrays. This sSMC included 6 distal genes outside the original CESCR and led to a tetrasomy for 22q11.1-22q11.21. The patient's final karyotype was 47,XX,+psu dic(22)(q11.21).arr 22q11.1q11.21(15,250,000-17,035,860)×4 dn. The amplified region outside of CESCR included some genes that may be related to neurologic, heart and renal abnormalities. Conversely, even though the amplification included the CECR2 gene, a major candidate for eye features, there was no coloboma in the patient. The genetic delineation of the present sSMC further strengthens that the CES clinical presentation does not fit completely with the duplicated genetic content and that CES is actually a genomic disorder. Furthermore, since we observed no mosaicism, we believe that other mechanisms might be behind the variability of CES phenotypes as well, mainly those related with functional interactions among amplified genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Córdova-Fletes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Guadalajara, México
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Secuenciación, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Guadalajara, México
| | - M.G. Domínguez
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, CMNO-IMSS, Guadalajara, México
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - A. Vázquez-Cárdenas
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - L.E. Figuera
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, CMNO-IMSS, Guadalajara, México
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - V.A. Neira
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - A. Rojas-Martínez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Guadalajara, México
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Secuenciación, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Guadalajara, México
| | - R. Ortiz-López
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Guadalajara, México
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Secuenciación, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Guadalajara, México
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Belangero SI, Pacanaro ANX, Bellucco FT, Christofolini DM, Kulikowski LD, Guilherme RS, Bortolai A, Dutra ARN, Piazzon FB, Cernach MC, Melaragno MI. Wide clinical variability in cat eye syndrome patients: four non-related patients and three patients from the same family. Cytogenet Genome Res 2012; 138:5-10. [PMID: 22890013 DOI: 10.1159/000341570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) derived from chromosome 22 is a relatively common cytogenetic finding. This sSMC typically results in tetrasomy for a chromosomal region that spans the chromosome 22p arm and the proximal 2 Mb of 22q11.21. Using classical cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, and array techniques, 7 patients with sSMCs derived from chromosome 22 were studied: 4 non-related and 3 from the same family (mother, daughter, and son). The sSMCs in all patients were dicentric and bisatellited chromosomes with breakpoints in the chromosome 22 low-copy repeat A region, resulting in cat eye syndrome (CES) due to chromosome 22 partial tetrasomy 22pter→q11.2 including the cat eye chromosome region. Although all subjects presented the same chromosomal abnormality, they showed a wide range of phenotypic differences, even in the 3 patients from the same family. There are no previous reports of CES occurring within 3 patients in the same family. Thus, the clinical and follow-up data presented here contribute to a better delineation of the phenotypes and outcomes of CES patients and will be useful for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Belangero
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Tzetis M, Stefanaki K, Syrmou A, Kosma K, Leze E, Giannikou K, Oikonomakis V, Sofocleous C, Choulakis M, Kolialexi A, Makrythanasis P, Kitsiou-Tzeli S. An unusual case of Cat-Eye syndrome phenotype and extragonadal mature teratoma: review of the literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 94:561-6. [PMID: 22730277 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cat-Eye syndrome (CES) with teratoma has not been previously reported. We present the clinical and molecular findings of a 9-month-old girl with features of CES and also a palpable midline neck mass proved to be an extragonadal mature teratoma, additionally characterized by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). RESULTS High resolution oligonucleotide-based aCGH confirmed that the supernumerary marker chromosome (SMC) derived from chromosome 22, as was indicated by molecular cytogenetic analysis with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Additionally, aCGH clarified the size, breakpoints, and gene content of the duplication (dup 22q11.1q11.21; size:1.6 Mb; breakpoints: 15,438,946-17,041,773; hg18). The teratoma tissue was also tested with aCGH, in which the CES duplication was not found, but the analysis revealed three aberrations: del Xp22.3 (108,864-2788,689; 2.7 Mb hg18), dup Yp11.2 (6688,491-7340,982; 0.65 Mb, hg18), and dup Yq11.2q11.23 (12,570,853-27,177,133; 14.61 Mb, hg18). These results indicated 46 XY (male) karyotype of the teratoma tissue, making this the second report of mature extragonadal teratoma in a female neonate, probably deriving from an included dizygotic twin of opposite sex (fetus in fetu). CONCLUSIONS Our findings extend the phenotypic spectrum of CES syndrome, a disorder with clinical variability, pointing out specific dosage-sensitive genes that might contribute to specific phenotypic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tzetis
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
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21
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Kvarnung M, Lindstrand A, Malmgren H, Thåström A, Jacobson L, Dahl N, Lundin J, Blennow E. Inherited mosaicism for the supernumerary marker chromosome in cat eye syndrome: Inter- and intra-individual variation and correlation to the phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:1111-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Ko JM, Kim JB, Pai KS, Yun JN, Park SJ. Partial tetrasomy of chromosome 22q11.1 resulting from a supernumerary isodicentric marker chromosome in a boy with cat-eye syndrome. J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25:1798-801. [PMID: 21165297 PMCID: PMC2995236 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.12.1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22q11 region has been implicated in chromosomal rearrangements that result in altered gene dosage, leading to three different congenital malformation syndromes: DiGeorge syndrome, cat-eye syndrome (CES), and der(22) syndrome. Although DiGeorge syndrome is a common genomic disorder on 22q11, CES is quite rare, and there has been no report of Korean CES cases with molecular cytogenetic confirmation. In this study, we present the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of a 3-month-old boy with CES. Clinical findings included micropthalmia, multiple colobomata, and renal and genital anomalies. Cytogenetic analyses showed the presence of a supernumerary marker chromosome, which was identified as a bisatellited and isodicentric chromosome derived from an acrocentric chromosome. The results of array comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization studies confirmed the karyotype as 47,XY,+mar.ish idic(22)(q11.1) (D22S43+).arr 22q11.1(15,500,000-15,900,000)x4, resulting in a partial tetrasomy of 22q11.1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in Korea of CES confirmed by cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Ko
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou Medical Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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23
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Scott SA, Cohen N, Brandt T, Warburton PE, Edelmann L. Large inverted repeats within Xp11.2 are present at the breakpoints of isodicentric X chromosomes in Turner syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:3383-93. [PMID: 20570968 PMCID: PMC2916707 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) results from whole or partial monosomy X and is mediated by haploinsufficiency of genes that normally escape X-inactivation. Although a 45,X karyotype is observed in half of all TS cases, the most frequent variant TS karyotype includes the isodicentric X chromosome alone [46,X,idic(X)(p11)] or as a mosaic [46,X,idic(X)(p11)/45,X]. Given the mechanism of idic(X)(p11) rearrangement is poorly understood and breakpoint sequence information is unknown, this study sought to investigate the molecular mechanism of idic(X)(p11) formation by determining their precise breakpoint intervals. Karyotype analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping of eight idic(X)(p11) cell lines and three unbalanced Xp11.2 translocation lines identified the majority of breakpoints within a 5 Mb region, from approximately 53 to 58 Mb, in Xp11.1-p11.22, clustering into four regions. To further refine the breakpoints, a high-resolution oligonucleotide microarray (average of approximately 350 bp) was designed and array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was performed on all 11 idic(X)(p11) and Xp11.2 translocation lines. aCGH analyses identified all breakpoint regions, including an idic(X)(p11) line with two potential breakpoints, one breakpoint shared between two idic(X)(p11) lines and two Xp translocations that shared breakpoints with idic(X)(p11) lines. Four of the breakpoint regions included large inverted repeats composed of repetitive gene clusters and segmental duplications, which corresponded to regions of copy-number variation. These data indicate that the rearrangement sites on Xp11.2 that lead to isodicentric chromosome formation and translocations are probably not random and suggest that the complex repetitive architecture of this region predisposes it to rearrangements, some of which are recurrent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lisa Edelmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University, New York 10029, USA
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24
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Tan TY, Gordon CT, Amor DJ, Farlie PG. Developmental perspectives on copy number abnormalities of the 22q11.2 region. Clin Genet 2010; 78:201-18. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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25
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Belangero SIN, Bellucco FTDS, Cernach MCSP, Hacker AM, Emanuel BS, Melaragno MI. Interrupted aortic arch type B in A patient with cat eye syndrome. Arq Bras Cardiol 2010; 92:e29-31, e56-8. [PMID: 19629279 DOI: 10.1590/s0066-782x2009000500016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a patient with cat eye syndrome and interrupted aortic arch type B, a typical finding in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Chromosomal analysis and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) showed a supernumerary bisatellited isodicentric marker chromosome derived from chromosome 22. The segment from 22pter to 22q11.2 in the supernumerary chromosome found in our patient does not overlap with the region deleted in patients with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. However, the finding of an interrupted aortic arch type B is unusual in CES, although it is a frequent heart defect in the 22q11 deletion syndrome.
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26
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Allotey J, Lacaille F, Lees MM, Strautnieks S, Thompson RJ, Davenport M. Congenital bile duct anomalies (biliary atresia) and chromosome 22 aneuploidy. J Pediatr Surg 2008; 43:1736-40. [PMID: 18779018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Biliary atresia is a disease of unknown etiology but not usually thought to have a significant genetic predisposition. We report 5 infants with various forms of chromosome 22 aneuploidy as follows: 2 infants who have classical cat-eye syndrome, 2 who have partial duplication of chromosome 22 (supernumerary der(22) syndrome), and 1 who is mosaic for trisomy 22. All of these infants had significant congenital bile duct anomalies (specifically biliary atresia, n = 4)-that was the most important component of their clinical presentation. We consider whether this has possible implications about the genetic contribution to the etiology of biliary atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Allotey
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, King's College Hospital, SE5 9RS London, United Kingdom
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27
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Interstitial 22q13 deletions: genes other than SHANK3 have major effects on cognitive and language development. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16:1301-10. [DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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28
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Tsuchiya KD, Opheim KE, Hannibal MC, Hing AV, Glass IA, Raff ML, Norwood T, Torchia BA. Unexpected structural complexity of supernumerary marker chromosomes characterized by microarray comparative genomic hybridization. Mol Cytogenet 2008; 1:7. [PMID: 18471320 PMCID: PMC2375883 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs) are structurally abnormal extra chromosomes that cannot be unambiguously identified by conventional banding techniques. In the past, SMCs have been characterized using a variety of different molecular cytogenetic techniques. Although these techniques can sometimes identify the chromosome of origin of SMCs, they are cumbersome to perform and are not available in many clinical cytogenetic laboratories. Furthermore, they cannot precisely determine the region or breakpoints of the chromosome(s) involved. In this study, we describe four patients who possess one or more SMCs (a total of eight SMCs in all four patients) that were characterized by microarray comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH). RESULTS In at least one SMC from all four patients, array CGH uncovered unexpected complexity, in the form of complex rearrangements, that could have gone undetected using other molecular cytogenetic techniques. Although array CGH accurately defined the chromosome content of all but two minute SMCs, fluorescence in situ hybridization was necessary to determine the structure of the markers. CONCLUSION The increasing use of array CGH in clinical cytogenetic laboratories will provide an efficient method for more comprehensive characterization of SMCs. Improved SMC characterization, facilitated by array CGH, will allow for more accurate SMC/phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D Tsuchiya
- Department of Laboratories, Children's Hospital & Regional Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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29
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Jamieson RV, Farrar N, Stewart K, Perveen R, Mihelec M, Carette M, Grigg JR, McAvoy JW, Lovicu FJ, Tam PPL, Scambler P, Lloyd IC, Donnai D, Black GCM. Characterization of a familial t(16;22) balanced translocation associated with congenital cataract leads to identification of a novel gene, TMEM114, expressed in the lens and disrupted by the translocation. Hum Mutat 2007; 28:968-77. [PMID: 17492639 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Molecular characterization of chromosomal rearrangements is a powerful resource in identification of genes associated with monogenic disorders. We describe the molecular characterization of a balanced familial chromosomal translocation, t(16;22)(p13.3;q11.2), segregating with congenital lamellar cataract. This led to the discovery of a cluster of lens-derived expressed sequence tags (ESTs) close to the 16p13.3 breakpoint. This region harbors a locus associated with cataract and microphthalmia. Long-range PCR and 16p13.3 breakpoint sequencing identified genomic sequence in a human genome sequence gap, and allowed identification of a novel four-exon gene, designated TMEM114, which encodes a predicted protein of 223 amino acids. The breakpoint lies in the promoter region of TMEM114 and separates the gene from predicted eye-specific upstream transcription factor binding sites. There is sequence conservation among orthologs down to zebrafish. The protein is predicted to contain four transmembrane domains with homology to the lens intrinsic membrane protein, LIM2 (also known as MP20), in the PMP-22/EMP/MP20 family. TMEM114 mutation screening in 130 congenital cataract patients revealed missense mutations leading to the exchange of highly-conserved amino acids in the first extracellular domain of the protein (p.I35T, p.F106L) in two separate patients and their reportedly healthy sibling and mother, respectively. In the lens, Tmem114 shows expression in the lens epithelial cells extending into the transitional zone where early fiber differentiation occurs. Our findings implicate dysregulation of expression of this novel human gene, TMEM114, in mammalian cataract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn V Jamieson
- Academic Unit of Medical Genetics and Regional Genetic Service, University of Manchester, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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30
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Shaikh TH. Oligonucleotide arrays for high-resolution analysis of copy number alteration in mental retardation/multiple congenital anomalies. Genet Med 2007; 9:617-25. [PMID: 17873650 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e318148bb81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic diseases arising from microdeletions and microduplications lead to copy number alterations of genomic regions containing one or more genes. Clinically, these rearrangements may be detected by routine cytogenetic testing, which may include karyotype analysis, subtelomeric analysis with fluorescence in situ hybridization, and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization directed at known chromosomal rearrangement-based disorders. The major limitations of these tests are low resolution and limited coverage of the genome. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization has recently become a widely used approach in the genome-wide analysis of copy number alterations in children with mental retardation and/or multiple congenital anomalies. Oligonucleotide-based arrays provide a genome-wide coverage at a much higher resolution than microarrays currently used in clinical diagnostics, greatly improving the rate of detection of submicroscopic copy number alterations in children with mental retardation and/or multiple congenital anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamim H Shaikh
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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31
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Jackson EM, Shaikh TH, Gururangan S, Jones MC, Malkin D, Nikkel SM, Zuppan CW, Wainwright LM, Zhang F, Biegel JA. High-density single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis in patients with germline deletions of 22q11.2 and malignant rhabdoid tumor. Hum Genet 2007; 122:117-27. [PMID: 17541642 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-007-0386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/19/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant rhabdoid tumors are highly aggressive neoplasms found primarily in infants and young children. The majority of rhabdoid tumors arise as a result of homozygous inactivating deletions or mutations of the INI1 gene located in chromosome band 22q11.2. Germline mutations of INI1 predispose to the development of rhabdoid tumors of the brain, kidney and extra-renal tissues, consistent with its function as a tumor suppressor gene. We now describe five patients with germline deletions in chromosome band 22q11.2 that included the INI1 gene locus, leading to the development of rhabdoid tumors. Two patients had phenotypic findings that were suggestive but not diagnostic for DiGeorge/Velocardiofacial syndrome (DGS/VCFS). The other three infants had highly aggressive disease with multiple tumors at the time of presentation. The extent of the deletions was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization and high-density oligonucleotide based single nucleotide polymorphism arrays. The deletions in the two patients with features of DGS/VCFS were distal to the region typically deleted in patients with this genetic disorder. The three infants with multiple primary tumors had smaller but overlapping deletions, primarily involving INI1. The data suggest that the mechanisms underlying the deletions in these patients may be similar to those that lead to DGS/VCFS, as they also appear to be mediated by related, low copy repeats (LCRs) in 22q11.2. These are the first reported cases in which an association has been established between recurrent, interstitial deletions mediated by LCRs in 22q11.2 and a predisposition to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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32
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Shaikh TH, O’Connor RJ, Pierpont ME, McGrath J, Hacker AM, Nimmakayalu M, Geiger E, Emanuel BS, Saitta SC. Low copy repeats mediate distal chromosome 22q11.2 deletions: sequence analysis predicts breakpoint mechanisms. Genome Res 2007; 17:482-91. [PMID: 17351135 PMCID: PMC1832095 DOI: 10.1101/gr.5986507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genomic disorders contribute significantly to genetic disease and, as detection methods improve, greater numbers are being defined. Paralogous low copy repeats (LCRs) mediate many of the chromosomal rearrangements that underlie these disorders, predisposing chromosomes to recombination errors. Deletions of proximal 22q11.2 comprise the most frequently occurring microdeletion syndrome, DiGeorge/Velocardiofacial syndrome (DGS/VCFS), in which most breakpoints have been localized to a 3 Mb region containing four large LCRs. Immediately distal to this region, there are another four related but smaller LCRs that have not been characterized extensively. We used paralog-specific primers and long-range PCR to clone, sequence, and examine the distal deletion breakpoints from two patients with de novo deletions mapping to these distal LCRs. Our results present definitive evidence of the direct involvement of LCRs in 22q11 deletions and map both breakpoints to the BCRL module, common to most 22q11 LCRs, suggesting a potential region for LCR-mediated rearrangement both in the distal LCRs and in the DGS interval. These are the first reported cases of distal 22q11 deletions in which breakpoints have been characterized at the nucleotide level within LCRs, confirming that distal 22q11 LCRs can and do mediate rearrangements leading to genomic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamim H. Shaikh
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Ronald J. O’Connor
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Mary Ella Pierpont
- Children’s Hospital of Minnesota and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - James McGrath
- Departments of Comparative Medicine, Genetics and Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - April M. Hacker
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Manjunath Nimmakayalu
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth Geiger
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Beverly S. Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Sulagna C. Saitta
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Corresponding author.E-mail ; fax (215) 590-3764
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33
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Yan J, Bouchard EF, Samassekou O, Chen BZ. Identification of a human chromosome-specific interstitial telomere-like sequence (ITS) at 22q11.2 using double-strand PRINS. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 116:29-37. [PMID: 17268175 DOI: 10.1159/000097415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs), telomere-like repeats at intrachromosomal sites, are common in mammals and consist of tandem repeats of the canonical telomeric repeat, TTAGGG, or a repeat similar to this. We report that the ITS in human chromosome region 22q11.2 is, in the sequenced genome database, 101 tandem repeats of the sequence TTAGGGAGG. Using the primed in situ labeling (PRINS) technique and primers against the canonical telomeric repeat (TTAGGG), we illuminated telomeric sites for all chromosomes and an ITS locus at 22q11.2. Using the TTAGGGAGG sequence, we designed PRINS primers that efficiently and specifically illuminate the 22q11.2 ITS locus without illuminating telomeric and other ITS loci. The 22q11.2 locus has more repeat units than other ITSs loci enabling an unprecedented high detection frequency for this interstitial telomere locus. The 22q11.2 is associated with hot spots for disease-related chromosome breaks for multiple disorders, such as DiGeorge syndrome and chronic myeloid leukemia. We describe our findings that the ITS at 22q11.2 is in the same area of, and proximal to the common rearrangement region of multiple disorders. We suggest that the ITS might be involved in DNA repair processes in this area to protect the chromosome from more serious damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yan
- Service of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
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34
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Asai-Coakwell M, French CR, Berry KM, Ye M, Koss R, Somerville M, Mueller R, van Heyningen V, Waskiewicz AJ, Lehmann OJ. GDF6, a novel locus for a spectrum of ocular developmental anomalies. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80:306-15. [PMID: 17236135 PMCID: PMC1785352 DOI: 10.1086/511280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Colobomata represent visually impairing ocular closure defects that are associated with a diverse range of developmental anomalies. Characterization of a chromosome 8q21.2-q22.1 segmental deletion in a patient with chorioretinal coloboma revealed elements of nonallelic homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joining. This genomic architecture extends the range of chromosomal rearrangements associated with human disease and indicates that a broader spectrum of human chromosomal rearrangements may use coupled homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms. We also demonstrate that the segmental deletion encompasses GDF6, encoding a member of the bone-morphogenetic protein family, and that inhibition of gdf6a in a model organism accurately recapitulates the proband's phenotype. The spectrum of disorders generated by morpholino inhibition and the more severe defects (microphthalmia and anophthalmia) observed at higher doses illustrate the key role of GDF6 in ocular development. These results underscore the value of integrated clinical and molecular investigation of patients with chromosomal anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Asai-Coakwell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
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35
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To integrate knowledge on the embryologic and molecular basis of optic fissure closure with clinical observations in patients with uveal coloboma. RECENT FINDINGS Closure of the optic fissure has been well characterized and many genetic alterations have been associated with coloboma; however, molecular mechanisms leading to coloboma remain largely unknown. In the past decade, we have gained better understanding of genes critical to eye development; however, mutations in these genes have been found in few individuals with coloboma. CHD7 mutations have been identified in patients with CHARGE syndrome (coloboma, heart defects, choanal atresia, retarded growth, genital anomalies, and ear anomalies or deafness). Animal models are bringing us closer to a molecular understanding of optic fissure closure. SUMMARY Optic fissure closure requires precise orchestration in timing and apposition of two poles of the optic cup. The relative roles of genetics and environment on this process remain elusive. While most cases of coloboma are sporadic, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked inheritance patterns have been described. Genetically, colobomata demonstrate pleiotropy, heterogeneity, variable expressivity, and reduced penetrance. Coloboma is a complex disorder with a variable prognosis and requires regular examination to optimize visual acuity and to monitor for potential complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chang
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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36
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Brecevic L, Michel S, Starke H, Müller K, Kosyakova N, Mrasek K, Weise A, Liehr T. Multicolor FISH used for the characterization of small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) in commercially available immortalized cell lines. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 114:319-24. [PMID: 16954673 DOI: 10.1159/000094220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are only about 30 commercially available cell lines which include small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC). As approximately 2.5 million people worldwide are carriers of an sSMC, this small number of immortalized cell lines is hard to understand. sSMC cell lines provide practically unlimited material for continuing studies e.g. to learn more about marker chromosome formation, or karyotypic evolution. To obtain information about their genetic content, in the present study we analyzed by FISH and multicolor-FISH approaches 19 sSMC cell lines obtained from the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC). Microdissection and reverse painting, (sub-) centromere-specific multicolor-FISH (sub-)cenM-FISH, multicolor banding (MCB) and selected locus-specific FISH probes were applied. Thus, we were able to characterize comprehensively 14 out of 19 sSMC carrying cell lines; in the remaining five cases an sSMC could not be detected. Surprisingly, in six of the nine cell lines with sSMC previously characterized for their chromosomal origin by others, those results had to be revised. This has impact on the conclusions of previous studies, e.g. for uniparental disomy (UPD) in connection with sSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brecevic
- School of Medicine, Croation Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia.
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37
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Ming JE, Geiger E, James AC, Ciprero KL, Nimmakayalu M, Zhang Y, Huang A, Vaddi M, Rappaport E, Zackai EH, Shaikh TH. Rapid detection of submicroscopic chromosomal rearrangements in children with multiple congenital anomalies using high density oligonucleotide arrays. Hum Mutat 2006; 27:467-73. [PMID: 16619270 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements such as microdeletions and interstitial duplications are the underlying cause of many human genetic disorders. These disorders can manifest in the form of multiple congenital anomalies (MCA), which are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children. The major limitations of cytogenetic tests currently used for the detection of such chromosomal rearrangements are low resolution and limited coverage of the genome. Thus, it is likely that children with MCA may have submicroscopic chromosomal rearrangements that are not detectable by current techniques. We report the use of a commercially available, oligonucleotide-based microarray for genome-wide analysis of copy number alterations. First, we validated the microarray in patients with known chromosomal rearrangements. Next, we identified previously undetected, de novo chromosomal deletions in patients with MCA who have had a normal high-resolution karyotype and subtelomeric fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. These findings indicate that high-density, oligonucleotide-based microarrays can be successfully used as tools for the detection of chromosomal rearrangement in clinical samples. Their higher resolution and commercial availability make this type of microarray highly desirable for application in the diagnosis of patients with multiple congenital defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Ming
- Division of Human Genetics, Stokes Research Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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38
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Brunet A, Gabau E, Perich RM, Valdesoiro L, Brun C, Caballín MR, Guitart M. Microdeletion and microduplication 22q11.2 screening in 295 patients with clinical features of DiGeorge/Velocardiofacial syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:2426-32. [PMID: 17041934 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 region is susceptible to chromosomal rearrangements, leading to various types of congenital malformation and mental retardation. The most common anomaly is 22q11.2 microdeletion, associated with DiGeorge/Velocardiofacial syndrome (DG/VCFS). Recently the microduplication 22q11.2 syndrome has been identified. Some clinical features in patients with this new chromosomal disorder present a substantial overlap with DG/VCFS. The aim of this hospital-based study was to evaluate the incidence of deletions and duplications on 22q11.2 in patients with DG/VCFS features. We investigated a group of 295 patients with widely variable manifestations associated with DG/VCFS. Along with the clinical diagnoses different anomalies were noted such as conotruncal cardiac anomaly, velopharyngeal insufficiency, characteristic facial dysmorphic features, language impairment, developmental delay/learning difficulties, and immunologic anomalies or thymic hypoplasia. Laboratory studies included conventional cytogenetic and FISH testing. Metaphase and interphase cells were analyzed for the presence of 22q11.2 microdeletion or microduplication. There were 12 patients who carried 22q11.2 microdeletion and no microduplication in the region was identified. Other chromosomal anomalies were reported in five patients with an overlapped DG/VCFS phenotype. All patients with 22q11.2 microdeletion showed a characteristic phenotype of DG/VCFS. We did not identify 22q11.2 microduplication, suggesting that this is a rare event in patients with DG/VCFS features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brunet
- Laboratori de Genètica, UDIAT-Centre Diagnòstic, Servei de Pediatria, Fundació Parc Taulí Institut Universitari UAB, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain.
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39
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Abstract
Congenital colobomata of the eye are important causes of childhood visual impairment and blindness. Ocular coloboma can be seen in isolation and in an impressive number of multisystem syndromes, where the eye phenotype is often seen in association with severe neurological or craniofacial anomalies or other systemic developmental defects. Several studies have shown that, in addition to inheritance, environmental influences may be causative factors. Through work to identify genes underlying inherited coloboma, significant inroads are being made into understanding the molecular events controlling closure of the optic fissure. In general, severity of disease can be linked to the temporal expression of the gene, but this is modified by factors such as tissue specificity of gene expression and genetic redundancy.
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40
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Bartsch O, Rasi S, Hoffmann K, Blin N. FISH of supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs) identifies six diagnostically relevant intervals on chromosome 22q and a novel type of bisatellited SMC(22). Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 13:592-8. [PMID: 15756300 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs) are frequently found at pre- and postnatal cytogenetic diagnosis and require identification. A disproportionally large subset of SMCs is derived from the human chromosome 22 and confers tri- or tetrasomy for the cat eye chromosomal region (CECR, the proximal 2 Mb of chromosome 22q) and/or other segments of 22q. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and 15 different DNA probes, we studied nine unrelated patients with an SMC(22) that contained the CECR. Five patients showed the small (type I) cat eye syndrome (CES) chromosome and each one had the larger (type II) CES chromosome, small ring chromosome 22, der(22)t(11;22) extrachromosome, and a novel type of bisatellited SMC(22) with breakpoints outside the low-copy repeats (LCRs22). By size and morphology, the novel bisatellited SMC(22) resembled the typical (types I and II) CES chromosomes, but it might have been associated with the chromosome 22q duplication syndrome, not CES. This SMC included a marker from band 22q12.3 and conferred only one extra copy each of the 22 centromere, CECR, and common 22q11 deletion area. There has been no previous report of a bisatellited SMC(22) predicting the chromosome 22q duplication syndrome. Accounting for the cytogenetic resemblance to CES chromosomes but different makeup and prognosis, we propose naming this an atypical (type III) CES chromosome. In this study, we found six distinct intervals on 22q to be relevant for FISH diagnostics. We propose to characterize SMCs(22) using DNA probes corresponding to these intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bartsch
- Institute for Human Genetics, Mainz University School of Medicine, Mainz, Germany.
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41
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Wong A, Lese Martin C, Heretis K, Ruffalo T, Wilber K, King W, Ledbetter DH. Detection and calibration of microdeletions and microduplications by array-based comparative genomic hybridization and its applicability to clinical genetic testing. Genet Med 2005; 7:264-71. [PMID: 15834244 DOI: 10.1097/01.gim.0000160076.14102.ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Genome-wide telomere screening by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has revealed that approximately 6% of unexplained mental retardation is due to submicroscopic telomere imbalances. However, the use of FISH for telomere screening is labor intensive and time consuming, given that 41 telomeres are interrogated. We have evaluated the use of array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) as a more efficient tool for identifying telomere rearrangements. METHODS In this study, 102 individuals with unexplained mental retardation, with either normal or abnormal FISH results, were selected for a blinded retrospective study using aCGH. Results between the two methodologies were compared to ascertain the ability of aCGH to be used in a clinical diagnostics setting. RESULTS We detected 100% of all imbalances previously identified by FISH (n = 17) and identified two additional abnormalities, a 10q telomere duplication and an interstitial duplication of 22q11. Interphase FISH analysis verified all abnormal array results. We also demonstrated that aCGH can accurately calibrate the size of telomere imbalances by using an array with "molecular rulers" for the telomeric regions of 1p, 16p, 17p, and 22q. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that aCGH is an equivalent methodology to telomere FISH for detecting submicroscopic deletions. In addition, small duplications that are not easily visible by FISH can be accurately detected using aCGH. Because aCGH allows simultaneous interrogation of hundreds to thousands of DNA probes and is more amenable to automation, it offers an efficient and high-throughput alternative for detecting and calibrating unbalanced rearrangements, both of the telomere region, as well as other genomic locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wong
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Bartsch O, Loitzsch A, Kozlowski P, Mazauric ML, Hickmann G. Forty-two supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs) in 43 273 prenatal samples: chromosomal distribution, clinical findings, and UPD studies. Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 13:1192-204. [PMID: 16077735 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses were performed on supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs) detected in 43,273 prenatal diagnoses over a period of 11 years, 1993-2003. A total of 42 pregnancies with SMC were identified, indicating a prevalence of one in 1032. A total of 15 SMCs were endowed with detectable euchromatin (prevalence, 1/2884), including six SMCs containing the cat eye critical region (CECR) on chromosome 22q11.21 (1/7212). De novo SMCs were found in 29 pregnancies (1/1492), including 14 euchromatic SMCs (48.2%). Follow-up studies were available for 24 cases. Nine pregnancies (37.5%) were terminated; two children (8.3%) were born with Pallister-Killian syndrome and cat eye syndrome (CES), respectively; 13 children (54.1%) showed apparently normal development. Familial SMCs were identified in 13 pregnancies (1/3328) from 11 unrelated women. They were all acrocentric. In all, 10 were heterochromatic and one was an extra der(22)t(11;22) chromosome. A total of 12 cases were available for follow-up. One pregnancy was terminated due to anhydramnios, spina bifida, and cystic-dysplastic kidneys; one child suffered from a der(22) syndrome; 10 children (83.3%) appeared unaffected. Studies for uniparental disomy were performed on seven pregnancies and revealed a case of maternal heterodisomy for chromosome 22. So far this is the largest FISH study of prenatally ascertained SMCs and the first study with detailed data on the prevalence. Findings illustrate the spectrum and clinical outcomes of prenatally diagnosed SMCs, and indicate a higher frequency of SMCs than generally assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bartsch
- Institute for Human Genetics, Mainz University School of Medicine, Mainz, Germany.
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Yobb TM, Somerville MJ, Willatt L, Firth HV, Harrison K, MacKenzie J, Gallo N, Morrow BE, Shaffer LG, Babcock M, Chernos J, Bernier F, Sprysak K, Christiansen J, Haase S, Elyas B, Lilley M, Bamforth S, McDermid HE. Microduplication and triplication of 22q11.2: a highly variable syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 76:865-76. [PMID: 15800846 PMCID: PMC1199375 DOI: 10.1086/429841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 02/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 microduplications of a 3-Mb region surrounded by low-copy repeats should be, theoretically, as frequent as the deletions of this region; however, few microduplications have been reported. We show that the phenotype of these patients with microduplications is extremely diverse, ranging from normal to behavioral abnormalities to multiple defects, only some of which are reminiscent of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. This diversity will make ascertainment difficult and will necessitate a rapid-screening method. We demonstrate the utility of four different screening methods. Although all the screening techniques give unique information, the efficiency of real-time polymerase chain reaction allowed the discovery of two 22q11.2 microduplications in a series of 275 females who tested negative for fragile X syndrome, thus widening the phenotypic diversity. Ascertainment of the fragile X-negative cohort was twice that of the cohort screened for the 22q11.2 deletion. We also report the first patient with a 22q11.2 triplication and show that this patient's mother carries a 22q11.2 microduplication. We strongly recommend that other family members of patients with 22q11.2 microduplications also be tested, since we found several phenotypically normal parents who were carriers of the chromosomal abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twila M Yobb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Gentile M, Wuyts W, Grittani S, Di Carlo A, Cariola F, Verdyck P, Margari L, Perniola T, Buonadonna AL. Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular characterization of a patient with a de novo interstitial 22q12 duplication. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 127A:186-90. [PMID: 15108208 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report a 19-year-old woman with minor craniofacial anomalies, mild mental retardation, and foramina parietalia permagna (FPP) (OMIM 168500). Cytogenetic analysis showed a de novo interstitial chromosome 22 long arm duplication. FISH with a panel of chromosome 22q12-q13 bands-specific BAC clones refined the cytogenetic investigation, and restricted the duplicated segment to the q12 region. Mutation analysis of FPP genes identified an insertion mutation in the ALX4 gene (344insC) in the proband and her father with loss of function of the gene. The patient's phenotype is considered in the light of the results of the cytogenetic, FISH, and molecular investigations, and her features are compared with those of other patients with similar duplications. Finally, variable phenotypic findings due to different 22q duplicated chromosomal segments are discussed. Our report indicates that 22q12 interstitial duplications are associated with craniofacial anomalies and mild mental retardation, while life threatening malformations are usually not present. Although these phenotypic changes are common and non-specific, molecular study of our patient established more precise relationships between clinical findings and 22q duplicated region(s). This approach fosters better counseling of the families of patients with newly diagnosed, similar duplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gentile
- Department of Medical Genetics, I.R.C.C.S. Saverio de Bellis, via della Resistenza, 70013 Castellana Grotte (BA), Italy.
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Gentile M, De Sanctis S, Cariola F, Spezzi T, Di Carlo A, Tontoli F, Lista F, Buonadonna AL. FISH approach to determine cat eye syndrome chromosome breakpoints of a patient with cat eye syndrome type II. Eur J Med Genet 2005; 48:33-9. [PMID: 15953404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2005.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report a 19-year-old man with craniofacial dysmorphic features, anorectal malformations, eye colobomas, orthopaedic anomalies, and mild neurodevelopmental delay. Cat eye syndrome (CES) was suspected, and confirmed by cytogenetic analysis which showed the presence of a supernumerary bisatellited chromosome, identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) as invdup(22). The marker was further analyzed with six BAC clones located at the 22q11.1 and 22q11.2 regions; this analysis allowed correct assignment at low copy repeat 4 on chromosome 22 (LCR22-4) of the two breakpoints, confirming the presence of a CES chromosome type II. The patient's phenotype is considered in the light of the cytogenetic, and FISH investigations results and other patients reported in literature. Molecular definition of the breakpoints at the LCR22-4 copy confirms the role of different chromosome 22-specific LCRs in CES chromosomes generation, as well as in other chromosome 22 germ line rearrangements. Our report confirms that, unlike other conditions, i.e. the invdup(15) bisatellited dicentric marker, the CES phenotype does not appear to correlate with the size of the marker chromosome. Additional cases are necessary to be able to draw more specific genotype-phenotype correlations and to determine the outcome of patients with CES, especially when this rare condition is diagnosed in prenatal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gentile
- Department of Medical Genetics, I.R.C.C.S. Saverio de Bellis, 70013 Castellana Grotte (BA), Italy.
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46
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Cotter PD, Drexler K, Corley AL, Covert SM, Moland JS, Govberg IJ, Norton ME. Prenatal diagnosis of minute supernumerary marker chromosomes. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2005; 60:27-38. [PMID: 15689640 DOI: 10.1159/000083482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The identification of supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMC) at prenatal diagnosis is problematic, particularly for the prediction of phenotype. The assessment of phenotypic risk is based on the size, morphology and origin of the SMC. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) characterization and family studies are also employed to aid in determining the significance of a prenatally ascertained SMC. Generally, SMC containing euchromatin are more likely to be associated with abnormal phenotypes and SMC without euchromatin are more likely to result in normal phenotypes. The smallest of SMC, minute SMC (minSMC) appear as dot-like or centric fragments and are particularly difficult to identify and characterize. Previous empirical observations suggested that the risk of phenotypic abnormality in prenatally ascertained minSMC was < or = 5%. We identified minSMC in chorionic villus samples (CVS) or amniocytes from 11 unrelated pregnancies. The chromosomal origin of each minSMC was identified by sequential FISH analysis with chromosome-specific centromere probes. Further FISH analysis with whole chromosome paint probes was undertaken to assess each minSMC for the presence or absence of euchromatin, since the presence of euchromatin may be associated with a higher risk of abnormality. Two minSMC were shown to have euchromatin. The first, a minSMC(12) was found in CVS but not confirmed in amniocytes, indicating confined placental mosaicism. The second, a minSMC derived from chromosome 19, was associated with ultrasound abnormalities. Apart from a case with mild speech delay, the remaining minSMC cases without detectable euchromatin had a normal outcome at birth and/or on longer term follow-up. Additional FISH analyses with a telomeric repeat probe showed no signal on any of the minSMC tested, suggesting that they were ring chromosomes in structure. These data further support the concept that minSMC containing euchromatin are more likely to be associated with an abnormal phenotype, although as more data are collected, this may vary by chromosome of origin. The absence of detectable euchromatin, while not guaranteeing a normal result, is most likely to have a normal outcome. The present report and previous studies do not yet allow any significant adjustment of the empirical < or = 5% risk estimate for minSMC identified at prenatal diagnosis. However, reporting of additional cases with characterization of the minSMC and particularly with long-term follow-up will, in time, allow for more accurate risk estimates and provide prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Cotter
- Department of Pathology and Division of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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Godinho RN, Keogh IJ, Morales GM, Calixto N, Gonçalves TM. Partial Tetrasomy of Chromosome 22: Genetic and Surgical Implications for Otolaryngologists. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2004. [DOI: 10.1177/014556130408301110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Partial tetrasomy of chromosome 22 is a rare multiple congenital anomaly syndrome that is more commonly known as cat-eye syndrome (CES). It is caused by the duplication of a 2-million base region of chromosome 22 (22 pter → q 11·2). The phenotype is extremely variable, and its clinical characteristics include a combination of craniofacial, cardiac, renal, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary defects. We describe a rare occurrence of CES in a Brazilian family. Three siblings were affected—monozygotic twin boys and their younger brother. All 3 were born to healthy nonconsanguineous parents. On examination, all 3 were found to have strabismus, primary telecanthus, bilateral coloboma iridis, and low-set ears with posterior rotation of the pinnae. Partial tetrasomy of chromosome 22 was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such an occurrence in one family. We discuss the genotype and phenotype of CES, with particular reference to inheritance patterns and craniofacial defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo N. Godinho
- Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo M. Morales
- Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nassin Calixto
- Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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48
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Volpe P, Buonadonna AL, Campobasso G, Di Carlo A, Stanziano A, Gentile M. Cat-eye syndrome in a fetus with increased nuchal translucency: three-dimensional ultrasound and echocardiographic evaluation of the fetal phenotype. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2004; 24:485-487. [PMID: 15343614 DOI: 10.1002/uog.1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Volpe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Di Venere, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Kiyosawa H, Kawashima T, Silva D, Petrovsky N, Hasegawa Y, Sakai K, Hayashizaki Y. Systematic genome-wide approach to positional candidate cloning for identification of novel human disease genes. Intern Med J 2004; 34:79-90. [PMID: 15030454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0903.2004.00581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent large-scale genome projects afford a unique opportunity to identify many novel disease genes and thereby better understand the genetic basis of human disease. Functional Annotation of Mouse (FANTOM) 2, the largest mouse transcriptome project yet, provides a wealth of data on novel genes, splice variants and non-coding RNA, and provides a unique opportunity to identify novel human disease genes. AIMS To demonstrate the power of combining the FANTOM 2 cDNA dataset with a positional candidate approach and bioinformatics analysis to identify genes underlying human genetic disease. RESULTS By mapping all FANTOM 2 cDNA to the human genome, we were able to identify mouse clones that co-localised on the human genome with mapped but uncloned human disease loci. By this method we identified mouse and corresponding human genes mapping within the loci of 100 different human genetic diseases (mapped interval of <5 cM). Of particular interest was the elucidation through FANTOM 2 novel mouse gene data of candidate human genes for the following: (i) developmental -disorders: neural tube defect, Meckel syndrome, Wolf--Hirschhorn syndrome and keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans cum ophiasi; (ii) neurological disorders: benign familial infantile convulsions 3, early-onset cerebellar ataxia with retained tendon reflexes, infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia and vacuolar neuro-myopathy and (iii) cancer-related syndromes: tylosis with oesophageal cancer and low-grade B-cell chronic lymphatic leukaemia. CONCLUSIONS The FANTOM 2 data will dramatically accelerate efforts to identify genes underlying human disease. It will also facilitate the creation of transgenic mouse models to help elucidate the function of potential human disease genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kiyosawa
- Technology and Development team for Mammalian Cellular Dynamics, Bioresource Center, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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50
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Stankiewicz P, Cheung SW, Shaw CJ, Saleki R, Szigeti K, Lupski JR. The donor chromosome breakpoint for a jumping translocation is associated with large low-copy repeats in 21q21.3. Cytogenet Genome Res 2003; 101:118-23. [PMID: 14610351 DOI: 10.1159/000074166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2003] [Accepted: 07/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Jumping translocations (JTs) are very rare chromosome aberrations, usually identified in tumors. We report a constitutional JT between donor chromosome 21q21.3-->qter and recipients 13qter and 18qter, resulting in an approximately 15.5-Mb proximal deletion 21q in a girl with mild developmental delay and minor dysmorphic features. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies, we identified an approximately 550-kb complex inter- and intra-chromosomal low-copy repeat (LCR) adjacent to the 21q21.3 translocation breakpoint. On the recipient chromosomes 13qter and 18qter, the telomeric sequences TTAGGG were retained. Genotyping revealed that the deletion was of maternal origin. We propose that genome architecture involving LCRs may be a major mechanism responsible for the origin of jumping translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stankiewicz
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX, USA
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