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Das S, Dey MK, Devireddy R, Gartia MR. Biomarkers in Cancer Detection, Diagnosis, and Prognosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 24:37. [PMID: 38202898 PMCID: PMC10780704 DOI: 10.3390/s24010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Biomarkers are vital in healthcare as they provide valuable insights into disease diagnosis, prognosis, treatment response, and personalized medicine. They serve as objective indicators, enabling early detection and intervention, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced costs. Biomarkers also guide treatment decisions by predicting disease outcomes and facilitating individualized treatment plans. They play a role in monitoring disease progression, adjusting treatments, and detecting early signs of recurrence. Furthermore, biomarkers enhance drug development and clinical trials by identifying suitable patients and accelerating the approval process. In this review paper, we described a variety of biomarkers applicable for cancer detection and diagnosis, such as imaging-based diagnosis (CT, SPECT, MRI, and PET), blood-based biomarkers (proteins, genes, mRNA, and peptides), cell imaging-based diagnosis (needle biopsy and CTC), tissue imaging-based diagnosis (IHC), and genetic-based biomarkers (RNAseq, scRNAseq, and spatial transcriptomics).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manas Ranjan Gartia
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (S.D.); (M.K.D.); (R.D.)
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2
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Al-Maghrabi JA, Khabaz MN. Clinical significance of galectin-3 expression in urinary bladder carcinoma. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231153323. [PMID: 36748414 PMCID: PMC9909066 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231153323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To uncover the clinical significance of galectin-3 in the evolution of urinary bladder cancer by defining galectin-3 expression and examining the relationship between its expression in a group of urothelial carcinomas versus normal tissues along with clinicopathological factors. METHODS This retrospective study included histopathological reports and archival blocks and slides of all patients with urinary bladder cancer treated at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). An anti-galectin-3 monoclonal antibody was used for immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarray slides comprising 128 cases of urothelium carcinoma and 24 specimens of normal bladder mucosa. RESULTS Galectin-3 was downregulated during transformation, with positive expression found in 50 (39%) urinary bladder neoplasms, of which 33 (66%) showed weak immunostaining. All positively-stained malignant tumor and normal bladder mucosa samples showed cytoplasmic staining; a few samples also showed nuclear staining. No correlation was noted between galectin-3 and histotype, grade, stage, muscularis propria invasion, lymph node invasion, vascular invasion, or metastasis. A Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier survival curves did not show differences in survival on the basis of galectin-3 expression. CONCLUSION Galectin-3 is down-regulated in bladder cancer but is not a helpful marker for the diagnosis or prognosis of urinary bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaudah Ahmed Al-Maghrabi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Nidal Khabaz
- Department of Pathology, Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Mohamad Nidal Khabaz, Department of Pathology, Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Kim SJ, Chun KH. Non-classical role of Galectin-3 in cancer progression: translocation to nucleus by carbohydrate-recognition independent manner. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 32172730 PMCID: PMC7196190 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.4.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a carbohydrate-binding protein and regulates diverse functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation, mRNA splicing, apoptosis induction, immune surveillance and inflammation, cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and cancer-cell metastasis. Galectin-3 is also recommended as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker of various diseases, including heart disease, kidney disease, and cancer. Galectin-3 exists as a cytosol, is secreted in extracellular spaces on cells, and is also detected in nuclei. It has been found that galectin-3 has different functions in cellular localization: (i) Extracellular galectin-3 mediates cell attachment and detachment. (ii) cytosolic galectin-3 regulates cell survival by blocking the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, and (iii) nuclear galectin-3 supports the ability of the transcriptional factor for target gene expression. In this review, we focused on the role of galectin-3 on translocation from cytosol to nucleus, because it happens in a way independent of carbohydrate recognition and accelerates cancer progression. We also suggested here that intracellular galecin-3 could be a potent therapeutic target in cancer therapy. [BMB Reports 2020; 53(4): 173-180].
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Chosun University; Department of Life Science & Brain Korea 21 Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Chun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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4
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Martău GA, Mihai M, Vodnar DC. The Use of Chitosan, Alginate, and Pectin in the Biomedical and Food Sector-Biocompatibility, Bioadhesiveness, and Biodegradability. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1837. [PMID: 31717269 PMCID: PMC6918388 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, biopolymers as intelligent and active biopolymer systems in the food and pharmaceutical industry are of considerable interest in their use. With this association in view, biopolymers such as chitosan, alginate, pectin, cellulose, agarose, guar gum, agar, carrageenan, gelatin, dextran, xanthan, and other polymers have received significant attention in recent years due to their abundance and natural availability. Furthermore, their versatile properties such as non-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and flexibility offer significant functionalities with multifunctional applications. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most compatible biopolymers such as chitosan, alginate, and pectin, which are used for application in food, biotechnological processes, and biomedical applications. Therefore, chitosan, alginate, and pectin are biopolymers (used in the food industry as a stabilizing, thickening, capsular agent, and packaging) with great potential for future developments. Moreover, this review highlights their characteristics, with a particular focus on their potential for biocompatibility, biodegradability, bioadhesiveness, and their limitations on certain factors in the human gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe Adrian Martău
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3–5, 400372 Cluj–Napoca, Romania; (G.A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Mihaela Mihai
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3–5, 400372 Cluj–Napoca, Romania; (G.A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3–5, 400372 Cluj–Napoca, Romania; (G.A.M.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3–5, 400372 Cluj–Napoca, Romania
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5
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Nangia-Makker P, Hogan V, Raz A. Galectin-3 and cancer stemness. Glycobiology 2018; 28:172-181. [PMID: 29315388 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades galectin-3, a carbohydrate binding protein, with affinity for N-acetyllactosamine residues, has been unique due to the regulatory roles it performs in processes associated with tumor progression and metastasis such as cell proliferation, homotypic/heterotypic aggregation, dynamic cellular transformation, migration and invasion, survival and apoptosis. Structure-function association of galectin-3 reveals that it consists of a short amino terminal motif, which regulates its nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling; a collagen α-like domain, susceptible to cleavage by matrix metalloproteases and prostate specific antigen; accountable for its oligomerization and lattice formation, and a carbohydrate-recognition/binding domain containing the anti-death motif of the Bcl2 protein family. This structural complexity permits galectin-3 to associate with numerous molecules utilizing protein-protein and/or protein-carbohydrate interactions in the extra-cellular as well as intracellular milieu and regulate diverse signaling pathways, a number of which appear directed towards epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stemness. Self-renewal, differentiation, long-term culturing and drug-resistance potential characterize cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small cell subpopulation within the tumor that is thought to be accountable for heterogeneity, recurrence and metastasis of tumors. Despite the fact that association of galectin-3 to the tumor stemness phenomenon is still in its infancy, there is sufficient direct evidence of its regulatory roles in CSC-associated phenotypes and signaling pathways. In this review, we have highlighted the available data on galectin-3 regulated functions pertinent to cancer stemness and explored the opportunities of its exploitation as a CSC marker and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Nangia-Makker
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Victor Hogan
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Avraham Raz
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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6
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Long B, Yu Z, Zhou H, Ma Z, Ren Y, Zhan H, Li L, Cao H, Jiao Z. Clinical characteristics and prognostic significance of galectins for patients with gastric cancer: A meta-analysis. Int J Surg 2018; 56:242-249. [PMID: 29940258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the relationships between the expression level of different galectins and its prognostic value for patients with gastric cancer. METHODS The PubMed, EMbase, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases were systematically searched. All the eligible studies were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the relevant data was extracted by two independent researchers. The quality assessment was conducted according to the evaluation of the quality of prognosis study which published by Harden in 2006. The STATA 12.0 software was used to perform a meta-analysis. RESULTS All of 8 retrospective case-controlled studies involving 2093 patients with gastric cancer were included in this study. The results of meta-analysis presented that the elevated galectin-1 which is related to the poor overall survival (HR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.33-2.58; P < 0.001) may predicted a larger tumor size (OR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.35-3.35; P = 0.001) and was positively associated with the higher expression of VEGF (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.14-1.82; P = 0.002). Moreover, the decreased galectin-3 (HR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.36-0.67; P < 0.001), galectin-8 (HR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.36-0.67; P < 0.001) and galectin-9 (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.66-0.92; P = 0.003) were also significantly associated with poorer prognosis. Our meta-analysis also showed that lower expression of galectin-3 was also related to lymphatic vessel invasion (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.26-0.89; P = 0.018), worse TNM stages (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.32-0.40; P < 0.001), deeper invasive depth (OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.21-0.51; P < 0.001) and poorer differentiation grade (OR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.04-0.25; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS High expression of galectin-1 or low expression of galectin-3, -8 and -9 were significantly related to a poorer prognosis for patients with gastric cancer. The expression level of galectins was associated with clinical characteristics and were potential independent prognostic predictor for GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Long
- The First Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Zeyuan Yu
- The First Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Huinian Zhou
- The First Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Zhijian Ma
- The First Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yanxian Ren
- The First Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Hao Zhan
- The First Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Long Li
- The First Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Hongtai Cao
- The First Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Zuoyi Jiao
- The First Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
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Sciacchitano S, Lavra L, Morgante A, Ulivieri A, Magi F, De Francesco GP, Bellotti C, Salehi LB, Ricci A. Galectin-3: One Molecule for an Alphabet of Diseases, from A to Z. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020379. [PMID: 29373564 PMCID: PMC5855601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) regulates basic cellular functions such as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. It is not surprising, therefore, that this protein is involved in the pathogenesis of many relevant human diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, chronic inflammation and scarring affecting many different tissues. The papers published in the literature have progressively increased in number during the last decades, testifying the great interest given to this protein by numerous researchers involved in many different clinical contexts. Considering the crucial role exerted by Gal-3 in many different clinical conditions, Gal-3 is emerging as a new diagnostic, prognostic biomarker and as a new promising therapeutic target. The current review aims to extensively examine the studies published so far on the role of Gal-3 in all the clinical conditions and diseases, listed in alphabetical order, where it was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Lavra
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Morgante
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fiorenza Magi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gian Paolo De Francesco
- Department of Oncological Science, Breast Unit, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bellotti
- Operative Unit Surgery of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Leila B Salehi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alberto Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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8
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Tseng PC, Chen CL, Shan YS, Lin CF. An increase in galectin-3 causes cellular unresponsiveness to IFN-γ-induced signal transduction and growth inhibition in gastric cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:15150-60. [PMID: 26934444 PMCID: PMC4924776 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β facilitates interferon (IFN)-γ signaling by inhibiting Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase (SHP) 2. Mutated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) cause AKT activation and GSK-3β inactivation to induce SHP2-activated cellular unresponsiveness to IFN-γ in human gastric cancer AGS cells. This study investigated the potential role of galectin-3, which acts upstream of AKT/GSK-3β/SHP2, in gastric cancer cells. Increasing or decreasing galectin-3 altered IFN-γ signaling. Following cisplatin-induced galectin-3 upregulation, surviving cells showed cellular unresponsiveness to IFN-γ. Galectin-3 induced IFN-γ resistance independent of its extracellular β-galactoside-binding activity. Galectin-3 expression was not regulated by PI3K activation or by a decrease in PTEN. Increased galectin-3 may cause GSK-3β inactivation and SHP2 activation by promoting PDK1-induced AKT phosphorylation at a threonine residue. Overexpression of AKT, inactive GSK-3βR96A, SHP2, or active SHP2D61A caused cellular unresponsiveness to IFN-γ in IFN-γ-sensitive MKN45 cells. IFN-γ-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in AGS cells were observed until galectin-3 expression was downregulated. These results demonstrate that an increase in galectin-3 facilitates AKT/GSK-3β/SHP2 signaling, causing cellular unresponsiveness to IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chun Tseng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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9
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Estevam RB, Wood da Silva NMJ, Wood da Silva, Fonseca FM, Oliveira AGD, Nogueira, Pereira SADL, Pereira TL, Adad SJ, Rodrigues VJ, Rodrigues DBR. Modulation of Galectin-3 and Galectin 9 in gastric mucosa of patients with chronic gastritis and positive Helicobacter pylori infection. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:1276-1281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE Galectin-3, a member of the galectin family, is an endogenous β-galactoside-binding lectin. It plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple malignancies and its expression strongly also affects the outcomes of cancer patients. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical significance of the serum levels of galectin-3 in gastric cancer patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 58 patients with diagnosis of gastric cancer were enrolled into this study. Serum galectin-3 concentrations were determined by the solid-phase sandwich ELISA method. Age- and sex-matched 30 healthy controls were included in the analysis. RESULTS The median age at diagnosis was 59.5 years, range 32 to 82 years. There was no significant difference in the baseline serum galectin-3 levels between gastric cancer patients and healthy controls (p = 0.357). The older patients had elevated galectin-3 levels compared with younger ones (p = 0.02). The other known clinical variables including gender, site of lesion, histopathology, tumor size, lymph node involvement, and stage of disease were not correlated with serum galectin-3 concentrations (p > 0.05). Moreover, no relationship was shown between serum galectin-3 level and chemotherapy responsiveness (p = 0.36). Likewise, serum galectin-3 concentrations were not associated with prognosis on survival (p = 0.54). CONCLUSION Serum levels of galectin-3 have no diagnostic, predictive and prognostic roles in gastric cancer patients.
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11
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Al-Maghrabi J, Abdelrahman AS, Ghabrah T, Butt NS, Al-Maghrabi B, Khabaz MN. Immunohistochemical expression of galectin-3 is significantly associated with grade, stage and differentiation of endometrial carcinomas. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:348-352. [PMID: 28215640 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study describes galectin-3 immunohistochemical phenotype and its association with clinicopathological factors in the carcinoma of endometrium. Seventy one cases of endometrial carcinoma and 30 cases of benign and normal endometrium were employed for the detection of galectin-3 protein using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry staining. Thirty nine (55%) cases, including 54.2% of endometrioid adenocarcinomas and 55.5% serous carcinomas, were positively stained for galectin-3. Brown granular expression of this glycoprotein was detected in transformed epithelial cells of 36 cases including 28 cases with membranous and cytoplasmic staining and 8 cases with only cytoplasmic staining; nuclear expression was present in stromal cells of the remaining 3 cases. Twenty-four (80%) control cases showed granular cytoplasmic and membranous expression, and six control cases were negative. Tumor grade, stage and differentiation were significantly associated with galectin-3 immunoreactivity (p-values are 0.043, 0.016, and 0.044 respectively), cases with membranous and cytoplasmic staining is significantly associated with grade I and stage II, while cases with loss of staining are more frequent in grade II, III and poorly differentiated tumors. No significant association of galectin-3 staining was observed with age, diagnosis, recurrence and alive status. The current study supports the tumor suppression role of galectin-3 in endometrial carcinoma. Greater galectin-3 immunostaining has been found in control endometrial tissues compared to endometrial tumors. Loss or decreased galectin-3 immunoexpression gives a sign for poor prognoses in endometrial carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaudah Al-Maghrabi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Shafie Abdelrahman
- Department of Pathology, Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80205, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tawfik Ghabrah
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Shafique Butt
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basim Al-Maghrabi
- Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Nidal Khabaz
- Department of Pathology, Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80205, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Ahmed RA, Shebl AM, Habashy HO. Expression levels of β-catenin and galectin-3 in meningioma and their effect on brain invasion and recurrence: a tissue microarray study. Cancer Biol Med 2017; 14:319-326. [PMID: 28884048 PMCID: PMC5570608 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2017.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Meningiomas are neoplasms that arise from the meninges of the central nervous system (CNS). They constitute about 25.6% of CNS tumors diagnosed in Egypt. Some morphological variants of meningiomas display aggressive behavior, leading to brain-invasive growth pattern. Although meningiomas are usually treated by complete surgical excision, the risk of postoperative recurrence remains. Hence, additional biomarkers for predicting aggressive behavior must be discovered. This study aims to explore the clinical and biological relevance of the protein expression levels of β-catenin and galectine-3 in meningioma and to understand the pathobiology of this neoplasm. Methods: This retrospective study was carried out on 153 cases of meningioma by using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry for β-catenin and galectine-3. Results: High β-catenin expression was significantly associated with transitional and meningiotheliomatous meningiomas, low tumor grade, low recurrence rate, and low incidence of brain invasion. Meanwhile, high galectin-3 expression was associated with brain invasion, recurrence, high tumor grade, and tumor type. Logistic regression analysis indicated that among all variables included in the model, β-catenin and galactin-3 expression levels were significant predictors of tumor recurrence (P<0.001). Conclusions: Galectin-3 and β-catenin are involved in meningioma recurrencebut not in brain invasion. These molecules could be important potential therapeutic targets and predictors for meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Allah Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura DK 35516, Egypt
| | - Abdelhadi M Shebl
- Department of Pathology, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura DK 35516, Egypt
| | - Hany Onsy Habashy
- Department of Pathology, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura DK 35516, Egypt
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13
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Extracellular galectin-3 counteracts adhesion and exhibits chemoattraction in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric cancer cells. Microbiology (Reading) 2016; 162:1360-1366. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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14
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Subhash VV, Ho B. Galectin 3 acts as an enhancer of survival responses in H. pylori-infected gastric cancer cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 32:23-35. [PMID: 27044250 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Galectin 3 (Gal-3) is upregulated in gastric epithelial cells as a host response to Helicobacter pylori infection. However, the significance of Gal-3 expression in H. pylori-infected cells is not well established. We analyzed Gal-3 intracellular expression, localization, and its effects in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. The predominantly nuclear confined Gal-3 was shown to be upregulated and exported out to the cytoplasm in H. pylori-infected AGS cells. The nuclear export was channeled through CRM-1 (exportin-1) protein. Interestingly, knock down of Gal-3 expression led to reduced NF-κB promoter activity and interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion, suggesting its pro-inflammatory roles. Furthermore, Gal-3 was found to be pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic in nature, as its knock down caused a reduction in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptosis, respectively. Taken together, our data suggest the expression and upregulation of Gal-3 as a critical endogenous event in H. pylori infection that interferes with various intracellular events, causing prolonged cell survival, which is characteristic in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Vijay Subhash
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bow Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Wang L, Guo XL. Molecular regulation of galectin-3 expression and therapeutic implication in cancer progression. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 78:165-171. [PMID: 26898438 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3, a multifunctional protein, distributes inside and outside cells and plays an important role in tumor cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and metastasis in multiple tumors. Changes in galectin-3 expression are commonly seen in cancer and pre-cancerous conditions. Therefore, to understand the molecular regulation of galectin-3 expression could aid the development of new approach for cancer treatment. This review summarizes different expression of galectin-3 in cancer cells and patients' serum, the regulation mechanism and the potential therapeutic targets of galectin-3 in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Xiu-Li Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China.
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Thijssen VL, Heusschen R, Caers J, Griffioen AW. Galectin expression in cancer diagnosis and prognosis: A systematic review. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:235-47. [PMID: 25819524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of proteins that bind to specific glycans thereby deciphering the information captured within the glycome. In the last two decades, several galectin family members have emerged as versatile modulators of tumor progression. This has initiated the development and preclinical assessment of galectin-targeting compounds. With the first compounds now entering clinical trials it is pivotal to gain insight in the diagnostic and prognostic value of galectins in cancer as this will allow a more rational selection of the patients that might benefit most from galectin-targeted therapies. Here, we present a systematic review of galectin expression in human cancer patients. Malignant transformation is frequently associated with altered galectin expression, most notably of galectin-1 and galectin-3. In most cancers, increased galectin-1 expression is associated with poor prognosis while elevated galectin-9 expression is emerging as a marker of favorable disease outcome. The prognostic value of galectin-3 appears to be tumor type dependent and the other galectins require further investigation. Regarding the latter, additional studies using larger patient cohorts are essential to fully unravel the diagnostic and prognostic value of galectin expression. Furthermore, to better compare different findings, consensus should be reached on how to assess galectin expression, not only with regard to localization within the tissue and within cellular compartments but also regarding alternative splicing and genomic variations. Finally, linking galectin expression and function to aberrant glycosylation in cancer cells will improve our understanding of how these versatile proteins can be exploited for diagnostic, prognostic and even therapeutic purposes in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Thijssen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Roy Heusschen
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jo Caers
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Background The identification of cancer biomarkers can advance the possibility for early detection and better monitoring of tumor progression. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum galectin-3(Gal-3) in patients with gastric cancer (GC). Material/Methods We measured serum Gal-3 levels using ELISA method in 87 patients with GC, 53 patients with benign gastric lesions, and 51 healthy controls. Results Serum levels of Gal-3 in patients with GC were significantly higher than those in benign disease patients and healthy controls (P<0.001), but no difference was found between benign disease patients and healthy controls (P=0.635). Additionally, serum Gal-3 level was associated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.001) and distant metastasis (P<0.001), whereas it was not related to gender (P=0.204), age (P=0.269), tumor size (P=0.399), location (P=0.715), TNM stage (P=0.385), differentiation (P=0.135), or invasion depth (P=0.273). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that overall survival rates in patients with high Gal-3 levels were not significantly different that those with low Gal-3 levels (P=0.099). Conclusions Results of the current study suggests that serum Gal-3 represents a potential diagnostic marker for patients with GC, and may be an adjunct to determine the individual prognosis of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daye Cheng
- Department of Transfusion, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Bin Liang
- Biochip Center, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Yunhui Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, No. 202 Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
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Leal MF, Calcagno DQ, Chung J, de Freitas VM, Demachki S, Assumpção PP, Chammas R, Burbano RR, Smith MC. Deregulated expression of annexin-A2 and galectin-3 is associated with metastasis in gastric cancer patients. Clin Exp Med 2014; 15:415-20. [PMID: 25034653 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-014-0299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the second highest cause of cancer mortality worldwide. However, nowadays, most of the studies aiming to understand the gastric carcinogenesis analyzed tumors of individuals from Asian population and, thus, may not reflect the distinct biological and clinical behaviors among GC processes. Since several membrane proteins have been implicated in carcinogenesis, we aimed to evaluate ANXA2 and GAL3 role in gastric tumors and GC cell lines of individuals from northern Brazil. The cellular localization of ANXA2 and GAL3 in the GC cell lines was evaluated by immunofluorescence. Gene expression was evaluated by real-time reverse-transcription PCR and protein expression by Western blot in gastric adenocarcinomas and non-neoplastic gastric samples, as well as in GC cell lines. ANXA2 and GAL3 were presented as dots in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm in ACP02 and ACP03 cell lines. ANXA2 mRNA expression was up-regulated in 32.14 % of gastric tumors compared to non-neoplastic tissues. ANXA2 up-regulation was associated with the metastasis process in vivo and with cell line invasive behavior. GAL3 protein expression was at least 1.5-fold reduced in 50 % of gastric tumors. The reduced GAL3 expression was associated with the presence of distant metastasis and with a higher invasive phenotype in vitro. Our study shows that ANXA2 and GAL3 deregulated expression was associated with an invasive phenotype in GC cell lines and may contribute to metastasis in GC patients. Therefore, these proteins may have potential prognostic relevance for GC of individuals from northern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferreira Leal
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 740, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04023-900, Brazil,
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von Klot CA, Kramer MW, Peters I, Hennenlotter J, Abbas M, Scherer R, Herrmann TR, Stenzl A, Kuczyk MA, Serth J, Merseburger AS. Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 mRNA expression in renal cell carcinoma. BMC Clin Pathol 2014; 14:15. [PMID: 24708743 PMCID: PMC4026056 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-14-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Galectins are known to regulate cell differentiation and growth as well as cell adhesion and apoptosis. Galectins have been discussed as possible prognosticators for survival in renal cell cancer (RCC) and other urological tumors. They might also play an emerging role as possible new marker-proteins for RCC. In this study, we analyzed the expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 mRNA in order to further investigate their clinical significance in RCC. Methods Tissue samples were obtained from 106 patients undergoing surgery for RCC. The expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 mRNA in normal kidney and corresponding cancer tissue was analyzed using quantitative real time PCR. Differences in expression levels of paired tissue samples were assessed using paired two-sample tests. Associations of relative mRNA expression levels in tumor tissues with clinical findings were analyzed using univariate logistic regression. Results The expression of galectin-1 (p < 0.001) and -3 (p < 0.001) mRNA were significantly higher in RCC when compared to the adjacent normal kidney tissue. For clear cell RCC, an association of male gender with higher galectin-1 and galectin-3 mRNA expression (p = 0.054, p = 0.034) was detected. For all RCCs, galectin-1 mRNA expression failed to show a significant association with advanced disease as well as a higher rate of lymph node metastases (p = 0.058, p = 0.059). Conclusion The mRNA expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 is significantly increased in RCC cancer tissue. The higher mRNA expression in tumor tissue of male patients raises the question of a functional connection between galectins and the higher prevalence of RCC in men. Associations with advanced disease might lead to new ways of identifying patients at higher risk of recurrent disease and might even facilitate early metastasectomy with curative intent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph-A von Klot
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mario W Kramer
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Peters
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Mahmoud Abbas
- Department of Pathology, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralph Scherer
- Institute for Biometry, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Rw Herrmann
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Markus A Kuczyk
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Juergen Serth
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel S Merseburger
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Galectin-3 in cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 431:185-91. [PMID: 24530298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) plays important roles in cell proliferation, adhesion, differentiation, angiogenesis and apoptosis in normal and pathologic tissues. Accumulated evidences indicate that Gal-3 is closely involved in tumor cell transformation, migration, invasion and metastasis. In this review, the associations of the expression and localization of Gal-3 as well as its potential action mechanism in tumorigenesis in a variety of cancers were summarized and concluded. Gal-3 is gaining its attraction as a potential new biomarker for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of certain tumors.
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Decreased galectin-9 and increased Tim-3 expression are related to poor prognosis in gastric cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81799. [PMID: 24339967 PMCID: PMC3858245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Galectin-9 (Gal-9) induces adhesion and aggregation of certain cell types and inhibits the metastasis of tumor cells. T-cell immunoglobulin–and mucin domain-3–containing molecule 3 (TIM-3) plays a pivotal role in immune regulation. The aim of this study is to investigate Gal-9 and TIM-3 alterations in gastric cancer and their prognostic values. Methods Gal-9 and Tim-3 expression was evaluated using a tissue microarray immunohistochemistry method in 305 gastric cancers, of which 84 had paired adjacent normal samples. Cell lines SGC-7901, BGC-823, MGC-803, MKN45 and GES-1 were also stained. Correlations were analyzed between expression levels of Gal-9 and Tim-3 protein and tumor parameters or clinical outcomes. Results Gal-9 and Tim-3 stained positive on tumor cells in 86.2% (263/305), and 60.0% (183/305) patients with gastric cancer, respectively. Gal-9 expression was significantly higher in cancer than in normal mucosa (P<0.001). Reduced Gal-9 expression was associated with lymph-vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and worse TNM staging (P = 0.034, P = 0.009, P = 0.002 and P = 0.043, respectively). In contrast, Tim-3 expression was significantly lower in cancer than in control mucosa (P<0.001). Patients with lymph-vascular invasion had higher expression levels of Tim-3 (P<0.001). Moreover, multivariate analysis shows that both high Gal-9 expression and low Tim-3 expression were significantly associated with long overall survival (P = 0.002, P = 0.010, respectively); the combination of Gal-9 and Tim-3 expression was an independent prognostic predictor for patients with gastric cancer (RR: 0.43; 95%CI: 0.20–0.93). H.pylori infection status was not associated with Gal-9 and Tim-3 expression (P = 0.102, P = 0.565). Conclusion The results suggest that expression of Gal-9 and Tim-3 in tumor cells may be a potential, independent prognostic factor for patients with gastric cancer. Gal-9 and TIM-3 may play an important part in the gastric carcinogenesis.
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Kim SJ, Kim DC, Kim MC, Jung GJ, Kim KH, Jang JS, Kwon HC, Kim YM, Jeong JS. Fascin expression is related to poor survival in gastric cancer. Pathol Int 2013; 62:777-84. [PMID: 23252866 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fascin is an actin-binding protein that provides mechanical support and cell motility, and involves cancer cell metastasis. We investigated fascin protein expression in gastric cancer and assessed their relationship with clinicopathologic parameters and survival rates. In addition, we researched galectin-3 protein expression to study fascin action mechanisms. We performed immunohistochemisty with fascin and galectin-3 antibodies in 471 gastric carcinomas, using tissue microarrays. Fascin was positive in 14.9% (70/471) of the samples, and fascin expression was related to worse survival rates (P < 0.001), high clinical stage (P < 0.001), high T stage (P < 0.001), nodal metastasis (P < 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (P= 0.001) and the intestinal type of Lauren classification (P= 0.015). Galectin-3 protein expression was positive in 83.9% (395/471) of the samples and was reversely correlated with fascin protein expression (P= 0.020). Galectin-3 expression was related to low clinical stage (P < 0.001), but not to survival rates in multivariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, fascin expression was related to worse survival rates (HR = 1.56, P= 0.036), and can be an independent poor prognostic factor in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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23
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Munarin F, Tanzi M, Petrini P. Advances in biomedical applications of pectin gels. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:681-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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The effect of galectin-3 genetic variants on the susceptibility and prognosis of gliomas in a Chinese population. Neurosci Lett 2012; 518:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Tanca A, Addis MF, Simula MP, Pagnozzi D, Biosa G, Pisanu S, Garziera M, Cannizzaro R, Canzonieri V, De Re V, Uzzau S. Evaluation of the suitability of archival Bouin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens to proteomic investigation. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1375-84. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Tanca
- Proteomics Laboratory; Porto Conte Ricerche Srl; Tramariglio; Alghero; Italy
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Proteomics Laboratory; Porto Conte Ricerche Srl; Tramariglio; Alghero; Italy
| | - Maria Paola Simula
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit; CRO Centro di Riferimento Oncologico; IRCCS National Cancer Institute; Aviano; PN; Italy
| | - Daniela Pagnozzi
- Proteomics Laboratory; Porto Conte Ricerche Srl; Tramariglio; Alghero; Italy
| | - Grazia Biosa
- Proteomics Laboratory; Porto Conte Ricerche Srl; Tramariglio; Alghero; Italy
| | - Salvatore Pisanu
- Proteomics Laboratory; Porto Conte Ricerche Srl; Tramariglio; Alghero; Italy
| | - Marica Garziera
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit; CRO Centro di Riferimento Oncologico; IRCCS National Cancer Institute; Aviano; PN; Italy
| | - Renato Cannizzaro
- Gastroenterology; CRO Centro di Riferimento Oncologico; IRCCS National Cancer Institute; Aviano; PN; Italy
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology; CRO Centro di Riferimento Oncologico; IRCCS National Cancer Institute; Aviano; PN; Italy
| | - Valli De Re
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit; CRO Centro di Riferimento Oncologico; IRCCS National Cancer Institute; Aviano; PN; Italy
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Comprehensive analysis of cellular galectin-3 reveals no consistent oncogenic function in pancreatic cancer cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20859. [PMID: 21698183 PMCID: PMC3116838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a 31 kDa member of the family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins, has been implicated in the progression of different human cancers. However, the proposed roles differ widely, ranging from tumor-promoting cellular functions and negative impact on patient prognosis to tumor-suppressive properties and positive prognostic impact. We and others have previously identified Gal-3 as overexpressed in pancreatic cancer as compared to chronic pancreatitis and normal pancreatic tissue. The purpose of this study was thus the comprehensive analysis of putative cellular functions of Gal-3 by transient as well as stable silencing or overexpression of Gal-3 in a panel of 6 well-established pancreatic cancer cell lines. Our results confirm that galectin-3 is upregulated at the mRNA level in pancreatic cancer and strongly expressed in the majority of pancreatic cancer cell lines. In individual cell lines, transient knockdown of Gal-3 expression resulted in moderate inhibitory effects on proliferation, migration or anchorage-independent growth of the cells, but these effects were not consistent across the spectrum of analyzed cell lines. Moreover, functional effects of the modulation of Gal-3 expression were not observed in stable knockdown or overexpression approaches in vitro and did not alter the growth characteristics of nude mouse xenograft tumors in vivo. Our data thus do not support a direct functional role of Gal-3 in the malignant transformation of pancreatic epithelial cells, although paracrine or systemic effects of Gal-3 expression are not excluded.
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Modified apple polysaccharide prevents against tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer: role of galectin-3 and apoptosis in cancer prevention. Eur J Nutr 2011; 51:107-17. [PMID: 21516492 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and preventable cancers. Regular consumption of apples is conducive to reduction in CRC risk. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate effects of modified apple polysaccharide (MAP) on tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer. METHODS One hundred male ICR mice were administered with 1, 2-dimethyl-hydrazine (DMH) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Forty mice were given no further treatment, the rest were fed basal diet blended with three different doses of MAP; 2.5, 5, and 10% (20 mice in each group). RESULTS MAP significantly protected ICR mice against DMH/DSS-induced tumorigenesis. The incidence of tumor development was 90% (18/20) in the mice treated with DMH/DSS, but that was reduced to 25% (5/20), 15% (3/20), and 5% (1/20), respectively, in the mice treated with basal diets plus 2.5, 5, and 10% of MAP. Study of apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells revealed that MAP moderately increased apoptosis, suggesting that the anti-tumor potency of MAP was probably attributed to its ability to induce apoptosis. Western blot analysis demonstrated that carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-3 changed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm during the process from colitis to colon cancer in the model. And MAP could inhibit the binding of galectin-3 to its ligand: this is, at least in part, the possible mechanism of MAP by enhancing apoptosis and preventing tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that MAP has a potential role in clinical prevention and treatment for colon cancer.
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Balan V, Nangia-Makker P, Raz A. Galectins as cancer biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:592-610. [PMID: 23658855 PMCID: PMC3645499 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2020592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a group of proteins that bind β-galactosides through evolutionarily conserved sequence elements of the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Proteins similar to galectins can be found in very primitive animals such as sponges. Each galectin has an individual carbohydrate binding preference and can be found in cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus. They also can be secreted through non-classical pathways and function extracellularly. Experimental and clinical data demonstrate a correlation between galectin expression and tumor progression and metastasis, and therefore, galectins have the potential to serve as reliable tumor markers. In this review, we describe the expression and role of galectins in different cancers and their clinical applications for diagnostic use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Avraham Raz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 110 E. Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; E-Mails: (V.B.); (P.N.M.)
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Kim SJ, Choi IJ, Cheong TC, Lee SJ, Lotan R, Park SH, Chun KH. Galectin-3 increases gastric cancer cell motility by up-regulating fascin-1 expression. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1035-45.e1-2. [PMID: 19818782 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Galectin-3 is a beta-galactoside-binding protein that increases gastric cancer cell motility in response to integrin signaling and is highly expressed in gastric tumor cells. Galectin-3 induces cytoskeletal remodeling to increase cell motility, but the mechanisms of this process are not understood. We investigated the effects of galectin-3 on fascin-1, an actin-bundling protein. METHODS We collected malignant and normal tissues from gastric cancer patients and examined the expression levels of galectin-3 and fascin-1. We silenced galectin-3 expression in human gastric cancer cell lines using small interfering RNA and lenti-viral constructs and determined the effects on fascin-1 expression, cell motility, and invasion. RESULTS Malignant gastric tissues expressed high levels of galectin-3 and fascin-1, compared with normal gastric tissues. Silencing of galectin-3 resulted in altered cancer cell morphology, reduced fascin-1 expression, decreased cell motility, and reduced malignant cell invasion. Galectin-3 overexpression reversed these effects. Silencing of fascin-1 also reduced cell motility and caused changes in cell shape, as did silencing of galectin-3. Furthermore, galectin-3 silencing inhibited the interaction between glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta, beta-catenin, and T-cell factor (TCF) 4, and the binding of beta-catenin/TCF-4 to the fascin-1 promoter. Nuclear localization of GSK-3beta and beta-catenin were not detected when galectin-3 was silenced. Overexpression of mutated galectin-3 (with mutations in the GSK-3beta binding and phosphorylation motifs) did not increase fascin-1 levels, in contrast to overexpression of wild-type galectin-3. CONCLUSIONS Galectin-3 increases cell motility by up-regulating fascin-1 expression. Galectin-3 might be a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jun Kim
- Gastric Cancer Branch, Division of Translational and Clinical Research I, National Cancer Center Research Institute and Hospital, Jungbalsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Cheong TC, Shin JY, Chun KH. Silencing of galectin-3 changes the gene expression and augments the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Cancer Sci 2009; 101:94-102. [PMID: 19843071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is known to modulate cell proliferation and apoptosis and is highly expressed in human cancers, but its function in gastric cancer is still controversial. Here, we examined the role of galectin-3 in gastric cancer cells by silencing it with synthetic double-stranded siRNA. After silencing of galectin-3, cell numbers decreased and cell shape changed. Galectin-3 siRNA treatment also induced G(1) arrest. DNA microarray analysis was used to assess changes in gene expression following galectin-3 silencing. We found that silencing of galectin-3 caused changes in gene expression. RT-PCR and real-time PCR were utilized for validation of the changes found in microarray studies. Western blot analysis confirmed changes in the expression of proteins of interest: cyclin D1, survivin, XIAP, XAF, PUMA, and GADD45alpha. Generally, it tended to increase the expression of several pro-apoptotic genes, and to decrease the expression of cell cycle progressive genes. We also confirmed that changes in the expression of these genes were caused by galectin-3 overexpression. Finally, we demonstrated that silencing of galectin-3 enhanced apoptosis induction with chemotherapeutic agents by further reducing the expression of anti-apoptotic and/or cell survival molecules such as survivin, cyclin D1, and XIAP, and increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic XAF-1. We conclude that galectin-3 is involved in cancer progression and malignancy by modulating the expression of several relevant genes, and inhibition of galectin-3 may be an approach to improve chemotherapy of gastric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teak-Chin Cheong
- Gastric Cancer Branch, Division of Translational and Clinical Research I, National Cancer Center Research Institute and Hospital, Madu1-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Pinto LS, Nagano CS, Oliveira TM, Moura TR, Sampaio AH, Debray H, Pinto VP, Dellagostin OA, Cavada BS. Purification and molecular cloning of a new galactose-specific lectin from Bauhinia variegata seeds. J Biosci 2008; 33:355-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-008-0055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Demetter P, Nagy N, Martin B, Mathieu A, Dumont P, Decaestecker C, Salmon I. The galectin family and digestive disease. J Pathol 2008; 215:1-12. [PMID: 18335458 DOI: 10.1002/path.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The soluble-type lectins or galectins constitute a family of proteins defined by shared consensus amino acid sequence and affinity for beta-galactose-containing oligosaccharides. These molecules are widely distributed in the animal kingdom; to date, 15 mammalian galectins have been described but more are likely to be discovered. These proteins are involved in many biological processes including cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, growth regulation, signaling, and cytokine secretion. Over the last decade, a vast amount of reports has shown the importance of several galectins in the development and progression of malignancies in the digestive tract, mainly colorectal cancers. More recent data indicate that some of these molecules are also involved in inflammatory bowel diseases. This review focuses on the current knowledge of galectin expression and putative functions in the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon. It also highlights that the rapid accumulation of research data promises future scenarios in which individual members of the galectin family and/or their ligands will be used as diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for neoplastic as well as inflammatory disorders. However, the concretization of these potential modalities requires substantial improvements in terms of standardization of galectin expression evaluation together with prospective validation of the present data.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Demetter
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Li-cadherin is inversely correlated with galectin-3 expression in gastric cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:1811-7. [PMID: 17999183 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-0080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine the expressions of Li-cadherin and Galectin-3 in gastric cancer, and the correlation between Li-cadherin and Galectin-3 in gastric cancer was also analyzed. The present study investigated the expression level of Li-cadherin and Galectin-3 by immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and correlated this with clinicopathologic parameters in 91 cases of gastric cancer. The correlation between expression levels of Li-cadherin and Galectin-3 was analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis. The expression level of Li-cadherin mRNA was correlated to differentiation and lymph node metastasis, and the expression level of Galectin-3 was related to TNM staging, differentiation and lymph node metastasis. On Spearman correlation analysis, a definitive negative correlation was found between the expression levels of Li-cadherin and Galectin-3 in gastric cancerous tissues. We postulate that interaction between Li-cadherin and Galectin-3 may play an important role in the development of gastric cancer.
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Abdel-Aziz HO, Murai Y, Takasaki I, Tabuchi Y, Zheng HC, Nomoto K, Takahashi H, Tsuneyama K, Kato I, Hsu DK, Liu FT, Hiraga K, Takano Y. Targeted disruption of the galectin-3 gene results in decreased susceptibility to NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis: an oligonucleotide microarray study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 134:777-88. [PMID: 18204863 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-007-0345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Galectin-3, a beta-galactoside-binding animal lectin is a multifunctional protein, which regulates cell growth, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, and in turn contributes to tumorigenesis and metastasis. The aim of this study was to clarify the role or related mechanisms of galectin-3 in lung carcinogenesis. METHODS We administrated 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyle)-1-butanone (NNK), a powerful chemical carcinogen into galectin-3 wild-type (gal3+/+) and galectin-3 knock-out (gal3-/-) CD1 mice by intraperitoneal injection, examined the expression status of 22,690 mouse genes of the NNK-induced tumors using Affymetrix GeneChip mouse expression 430 A arrays, and then analyzed functional network and gene ontology by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Real-time PCR was also employed to partially confirm the genechip data. RESULTS Compared with the gal3+/+ mice, the incidence of lung tumors was significantly low in gal3-/- mice after 32 weeks (28.6 vs 52.1%, P < 0.05). Pathway analysis indicated that galectin-3 up-regulated carcinogenesis-related genes (e.g. B-cell receptor, ERK/MAPK, and PPAR signalings) in normal condition, and lung cancer and NNK-induced gene expression associated with cellular growth (e.g. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling) or immunological disease (e.g. EGF and PDGF signalings) in lung carcinogenesis with or without the galectin-3 control, respectively. CONCLUSION Disrupted galectin-3 may attenuate the lung carcinogenesis due to its regulatory role in the B-cell receptor, ERK/MAPK, and PPAR signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hekmat Osman Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Johnson KD, Glinskii OV, Mossine VV, Turk JR, Mawhinney TP, Anthony DC, Henry CJ, Huxley VH, Glinsky GV, Pienta KJ, Raz A, Glinsky VV. Galectin-3 as a potential therapeutic target in tumors arising from malignant endothelia. Neoplasia 2007; 9:662-70. [PMID: 17786185 PMCID: PMC1950436 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiosarcoma (ASA) in humans and hemangiosarcoma (HSA) in dogs are deadly neoplastic diseases characterized by an aggressive growth of malignant cells with endothelial phenotype, widespread metastasis, and poor response to chemotherapy. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a beta-galactoside-binding lectin implicated in tumor progression and metastasis, endothelial cell biology and angiogenesis, and regulation of apoptosis and neoplastic cell response to cytotoxic drugs, has not been studied before in tumors arising from malignant endothelia. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Gal-3 could be widely expressed in human ASA and canine HSA and could play an important role in malignant endothelial cell biology. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that 100% of the human ASA (10 of 10) and canine HSA (17 of 17) samples analyzed expressed Gal-3. Two carbohydrate-based Gal-3 inhibitors, modified citrus pectin (MCP) and lactulosyl-l-leucine (LL), caused a dose-dependent reduction of SVR murine ASA cell clonogenic survival through the inhibition of Gal-3 antiapoptotic function. Furthermore, both MCP and LL sensitized SVR cells to the cytotoxic drug doxorubicin to a degree sufficient to reduce the in vitro IC(50) of doxorubicin by 10.7-fold and 3.6-fold, respectively. These results highlight the important role of Gal-3 in the biology of ASA and identify Gal-3 as a potential therapeutic target in tumors arising from malignant endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim D Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Hematology/Oncology Division, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Dowling P, Meleady P, Dowd A, Henry M, Glynn S, Clynes M. Proteomic analysis of isolated membrane fractions from superinvasive cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1774:93-101. [PMID: 17085086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The superinvasive phenotype exhibited by paclitaxel-selected variants of an in vitro invasive clonal population of the human cancer cell line, MDA-MB-435S were examined using DIGE (Fluorescence 2-D Difference Gel Electrophoresis) and mass spectrometry. Isolation of membrane proteins from the MDA-MB-435S-F/Taxol-10p4p and parental populations was performed by temperature-dependent phase partitioning using the detergent Triton X-114. Subsequent DIGE-generated data analysed using Decyder software showed many differentially-expressed proteins in the membrane fraction. 16 proteins showing statistically significant upregulation in the superinvasive cells were identified by MALDI-ToF. Proteins upregulated in the superinvasive population include Galectin-3, Cofilin, ATP synthase beta subunit, voltage-dependent anion channel 1, voltage dependent anion channel 2, ER-60 protein, MHC class II antigen DR52, Beta actin, TOMM40 protein, Enolase 1, Prohibitin, Guanine nucleotide-binding protein, Annexin II, Heat shock 70 kDa protein, Stomatin-like protein 2 and Chaperonin. Many of these proteins are associated with inhibition of apoptosis, the progression of cancer, tumourigenicity, metastasis, actin remodelling at the leading edge of cells, polarized cell growth, endocytosis, phagocytosis, cellular activation, cytokinesis, and pathogen intracellular motility. These results suggest a correlation between the increased abundance of these proteins with the superinvasive phenotype of the paclitaxel-selected MDA-MB-435S-F/Taxol-10p4p population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dowling
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Stock M, Otto F. Gene deregulation in gastric cancer. Gene 2005; 360:1-19. [PMID: 16154715 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite its decreasing frequency in the Western world during recent decades, gastric cancer is still one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Due to the oligosymptomatic course of early gastric cancer, most cases are diagnosed in the advanced stages of the disease. The curative potential of current standard treatment continues to be unsatisfactory, despite multimodal approaches involving surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Novel therapeutics including small molecules and monoclonal antibodies are being developed and have been partially introduced into clinical use in connection with neoplastic diseases such as chronic myeloid leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and colorectal cancer. Thorough understanding of the changes in gene expression occurring during gastric carcinogenesis may help to develop targeted therapies and improve the treatment of this disease. Novel molecular biology techniques have generated a wealth of data on up- and down-regulation, activation and inhibition of specific pathways in gastric cancer. Here, we provide an overview of the different aspects of aberrant gene expression patterns in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stock
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have suggested that galectin-3 immunohistochemistry may be useful in the fine needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma as it has been reported to selectively stain carcinomas and not adenomas or goitres. METHODS Fifty-one patients were included in a prospective study of galectin-3 in thyroid FNA; 88.2% were female and 11.8% male, mean age 53 years, range 25-87 years. Cell blocks were prepared and stained for galectin-3 if any cells were present in needle washings from the respective FNAs. RESULTS Twelve of 51 (23.5%) of cell blocks contained epithelial cells. One benign and one inadequate FNA were negative for galectin-3 staining. One of five non-diagnostic FNA cases, a papillary carcinoma on final histology showed positive staining. Four follicular neoplasm/suspicious of carcinoma cases showed negative staining. One malignant FNA case, a papillary carcinoma showed positive staining with galectin-3 but three further carcinomas, two papillary and one follicular were galectin-3 negative. CONCLUSION Galectin-3 immunohistochemistry does not appear to be a useful adjunct to diagnosis in thyroid FNA as it does not reliably distinguish malignant and benign lesions. Many thyroid aspirates are of low cellularity and are not suitable for cell block immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Mills
- Department of Cytology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Cosham, Portsmouth, UK
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van den Brûle F, Califice S, Castronovo V. Expression of galectins in cancer: a critical review. Glycoconj J 2004. [PMID: 14758077 DOI: 10.1023/b: glyc.0000014083.48508.6a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A large body of literature has examined and described galectin expression in cancer. Discrepancies have been observed in the reported data, which hampered clear understanding of the expression profiles. This relates to the use of different types of methods that evaluate either global or specific gene expression in heterogeneous cancer tissue samples, type of antibodies used in immunohistochemistry and procedures of comparison of gene expression. In this manuscript, we review the main data concerning expression of galectins in human cancer. Only galectin-1 and galectin-3, the most abundant and examined galectins, will be examined here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric van den Brûle
- Metastasis Research Laboratory and Center for Research in Experimental Cancerology, Pathology B23, Sart Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Niepceron E, Simian-Lermé F, Louisot P, Biol-N'garagba MC. Expression and localization of galectin 4 in rat stomach during postnatal development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:909-19. [PMID: 15006643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2003.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2003] [Revised: 10/08/2003] [Accepted: 10/14/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are lectins implicated in cell-cell or cell-matrix adhesion, cell growth, the cell cycle, transcription processes, and apoptosis, and some of them are differentially regulated during pre- or post-natal development. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the expression of galectin 4 is relevant to developmental processes during postnatal development in the rat stomach. Galectin 4 expression in the rat gastric mucosa, between birth and adulthood, was studied at the protein and mRNA levels by western and northern blotting, respectively. This lectin was localized precisely by immunoelectron microscopy. In the gastric mucosa, galectin 4 protein was present at lower levels in suckling than in weaned rats, but mRNA levels did not change significantly during postnatal development. This suggests possible differences in mRNA stability or in the translation regulation. Immunocytochemical examination of galectin 4 confirmed more highly elevated levels of the protein in endocrine, parietal, and chief cells in weaned rats than in suckling rats. Galectin 4 was more strongly localized in weaned rats than in suckling rats in the nuclei of all cell types and in or over secretory granules in endocrine and chief cells, suggesting that galectin 4 is implicated in nuclear events and perhaps in secretory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Niepceron
- Département de Biochimie, Unité INSERM 189-alliée CNRS, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud, BP 12, 69600 Oullins, France
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Buttery R, Monaghan H, Salter DM, Sethi T. Galectin-3: differential expression between small-cell and non-small-cell lung cancer. Histopathology 2004; 44:339-44. [PMID: 15049899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the histological expression of galectin-3 in different lung cancers, including small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the UK. Galectin-3 is a beta-galactoside binding protein with a controversial role in malignant transformation. SCLC metastasizes early and is initially chemosensitive; NSCLC metastasizes later, offering the chance of surgical cure, but is much less chemosensitive. Mixed tumours present a diagnostic and therapeutic problem, with a poorer response to therapy. Insight into the cellular mechanisms that govern metastasis and chemoresistance will profoundly influence the future management of this disease. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study the histological expression of galectin-3 was assessed in a panel of lung tumour specimens, using the indirect streptavidin-biotin method. A striking difference in galectin-3 expression was observed between tumours, with high expression in NSCLC (42/47 samples) and low expression in SCLC (negative in 13/18, weak in 5/18). CONCLUSION This differential expression of galectin-3 between histological types of lung carcinoma suggests that galectin-3 may have an important influence on tumour cell adhesion, apoptosis and the response of tumours to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Buttery
- Division of Pathology, School of Sciences and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Abstract
Meningiomas have mesenchymal differentiation and studies have confirmed that meningiomas express intermediate filaments of both mesenchymal and epithelial types including vimentin and keratin. To further characterize their mesenchymal properties, particularly the role of factors requiring adhesion, extracellular matrix degradation, and migration, meningiomas were examined for a panel of extracellular matrix markers. Immunoreactivity to the matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, and their tissue inhibitor, TIMP-1, and to an adhesion factor, galectin-3 were found in the majority of cases. The present study suggests that expression of these factors in benign meningiomas is ubiquitous and unrelated to tumor location. Therefore, these factors of the extracellular matrix may be potential targets of future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Das
- Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
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43
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Abstract
A large body of literature has examined and described galectin expression in cancer. Discrepancies have been observed in the reported data, which hampered clear understanding of the expression profiles. This relates to the use of different types of methods that evaluate either global or specific gene expression in heterogeneous cancer tissue samples, type of antibodies used in immunohistochemistry and procedures of comparison of gene expression. In this manuscript, we review the main data concerning expression of galectins in human cancer. Only galectin-1 and galectin-3, the most abundant and examined galectins, will be examined here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric van den Brûle
- Metastasis Research Laboratory and Center for Research in Experimental Cancerology, Pathology B23, Sart Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Abstract
Galectin-3 is a carbohydrate binding protein involved in multiple processes including cell-cycle regulation and apoptosis. The ability of galectin-3 to protect cells from apoptosis is dependent upon a region of the protein known as a BH-1 domain for its homology to the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Here, we show that a monoclonal antibody (MAb) to the human tumor suppressor protein p16INK4A recognizes a post-translationally modified form of human galectin-3. The modified form is detectable in only a subset of cell types expressing galectin-3, indicating that the modification is cell-type-specific. Although there is little amino acid sequence homology between p16INK4a and galectin-3, we show by epitope mapping that the modification directly affects the structure of galectin-3's BH-1 domain. Elucidation of the nature of this modification might provide further insight into galectin-3 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gump
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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