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Combined kinetic studies and computational analysis on kojic acid analogous as tyrosinase inhibitors. Molecules 2014; 19:9591-605. [PMID: 25004069 PMCID: PMC6271673 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19079591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in melanin synthesis and widely distributed in plants and animals tissues. In mammals, this enzyme is related to pigment production, involved in wound healing, primary immune response and it can also contribute to catecholamines synthesis in the brain. Consequently, tyrosinase enzyme represents an attractive and selective target in the field of the medicine, cosmetics and bio-insecticides. In this paper, experimental kinetics and computational analysis were used to study the inhibition of tyrosinase by analogous of Kojic acid. The main interactions occurring between inhibitors-tyrosinase complexes and the influence of divalent cation (Cu2+) in enzymatic inhibition were investigated by using molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulations and electrostatic binding free energy by using the Linear Interaction Energy (LIE) method. The results showed that the electrostatic binding free energy are correlated with values of constant inhibition (r2 = 0.97).Thus, the model obtained here could contribute to future studies of this important system and, therefore, eventually facilitate development of tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Altered mRNA expression related to the apoptotic effect of three xanthones on human melanoma SK-MEL-28 cell line. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:715603. [PMID: 24175297 PMCID: PMC3794626 DOI: 10.1155/2013/715603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that α-mangostin, γ-mangostin, and 8-deoxygartanin have significant cytotoxic effects on human melanoma SK-MEL-28 cell line. The current study revealed the underlying mechanisms. α-Mangostin (7.5 μg/mL) activated caspase activity, with a 3-fold and 4-fold increased caspase 8 and 9 activity, respectively. The molecular mechanisms were investigated by qRT-PCR for mRNA related to cell cycle arrest in G1 phase (p21WAF1 and cyclin D1), apoptosis (cytochrome C, Bcl-2, and Bax), and survival pathways (Akt1, NFκB, and IκBα). α-Mangostin significantly upregulated mRNA expression of cytochrome C and p21WAF1 and downregulated that of cyclin D1, Akt1, and NFκB. γ-Mangostin significantly downregulated mRNA expression of Akt1 and NFκB and upregulated p21WAF1 and IκBα. 8-Deoxygartanin significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of p21WAF1 and downregulated that of cyclin D1 and NFκB. The three xanthones significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of the BRAF V600E mutation. Moreover, α-mangostin and γ-mangostin significantly downregulated Akt phosphorylation at Ser473. In conclusion, the three xanthones induced an inhibitory effect on SK-MEL-28 cells by modulating the molecular targets involved in the apoptotic pathways.
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Rao AR, Sindhuja HN, Dharmesh SM, Sankar KU, Sarada R, Ravishankar GA. Effective inhibition of skin cancer, tyrosinase, and antioxidative properties by astaxanthin and astaxanthin esters from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:3842-51. [PMID: 23473626 DOI: 10.1021/jf304609j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin mono- (AXME) and diesters (AXDE) were characterized and examined for anticancer potency with total carotenoids (TC) and astaxanthin (AX) against UV-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced skin cancer model in rat. At 200 μg/kg bw, AXDE and AXME reduced UV-DMBA-induced tumor incidences up to 96 and 88%, respectively, when compared to AX (66%) and TC (85%). UV-DMBA has been known to generate high levels of free radicals and tyrosinase enzyme, leading to characteristic symptoms of skin pigmentation and tumor initiation. Intriguingly, ~7-fold increase in tyrosinase and 10-fold decrease in antioxidant levels were normalized by AXDE and AXME as opposed to only ~1.4-2.2-fold by AX and TC, respectively. This result together with the appearance of 72 and 58 ng/mL of retinol in the serum of respective AXE-treated (AXDE + AXME) and AX-treated animals suggested that better anticancer potency of AXEs could be due to increased bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambati Ranga Rao
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, ‡Biochemistry & Nutrition Department, and #Food Engineering Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute, CSIR , Mysore 570 020, Karnataka, India
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Srivastava AK, Bhatnagar P, Singh M, Mishra S, Kumar P, Shukla Y, Gupta KC. Synthesis of PLGA nanoparticles of tea polyphenols and their strong in vivo protective effect against chemically induced DNA damage. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:1451-62. [PMID: 23717041 PMCID: PMC3663489 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s26364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of proficient results of several phytochemicals in preclinical settings, the conversion rate from bench to bedside is not very encouraging. Many reasons are attributed to this limited success, including inefficient systemic delivery and bioavailability under in vivo conditions. To achieve improved efficacy, polyphenolic constituents of black (theaflavin [TF]) and green (epigallocatechin-3-gallate [EGCG]) tea in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (PLGA-NPs) were entrapped with entrapment efficacy of ~18% and 26%, respectively. Further, their preventive potential against 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced DNA damage in mouse skin using DNA alkaline unwinding assay was evaluated. Pretreatment (topically) of mouse skin with either TF or EGCG (100 μg/mouse) doses exhibits protection of 45.34% and 28.32%, respectively, against DMBA-induced DNA damage. However, pretreatment with TF-loaded PLGA-NPs protects against DNA damage 64.41% by 1/20th dose of bulk, 71.79% by 1/10th dose of bulk, and 72.46% by 1/5th dose of bulk. Similarly, 51.28% (1/20th of bulk), 57.63% (1/10th of bulk), and 63.14% (1/5th of bulk) prevention was noted using EGCG-loaded PLGA-NP doses. These results showed that tea polyphenol-loaded PLGA-NPs have ~30-fold dose-advantage than bulk TF or EGCG doses. Additionally, TF- or EGCG-loaded PLGA-NPs showed significant potential for induction of DNA repair genes (XRCC1, XRCC3, and ERCC3) and suppression of DNA damage responsive genes (p53, p21, MDM2, GADD45α, and COX-2) as compared with respective bulk TF or EGCG doses. Taken together, TF- or EGCG-loaded PLGA-NPs showed a superior ability to prevent DMBA-induced DNA damage at much lower concentrations, thus opening a new dimension in chemoprevention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Srivastava
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR), Lucknow, India
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Hamid RA, Othman F, Anthony JJ, Ting YL. Chemopreventive effect of Ardisia crispa hexane fraction on the peri-initiation phase of mouse skin tumorigenesis. Med Princ Pract 2013; 22:357-61. [PMID: 23391778 PMCID: PMC5586746 DOI: 10.1159/000346622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the chemopreventive effect of the hexane extract of Ardisia crispa during the peri-initiation phase of mouse skin tumorigenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted for 12 weeks on two-stage 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)-anthracene (DMBA)-induced tumor initiation followed by croton-oil-induced tumor promotion in mice. A. crispa root hexane extract (ACRH) was applied at various doses (30, 100, 300 mg/kg) 7 days prior to and after DMBA treatment. Throughout the study, morphological observations, i.e., tumor incidence, tumor volume and tumor burden were measured for each of the treated groups. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed and their skin tissues were examined histopathologically. RESULTS The highest dose of ACRH (300 mg/kg) significantly delayed tumor formation (week 9, p < 0.05) and exhibited the lowest tumor volume (0.71 ± 0.00 mm(3), p < 0.05), tumor burden (2.00 ± 0.00, p < 0.05), and tumor incidence (16.67%, p < 0.05) compared to other doses of ACRH. A 100-mg/kg dose produced tumor latency at week 7, tumor volume of 2.44 ± 0.88 mm(3) (p < 0.05), tumor burden of 1.60 ± 0.60 (p < 0.05), and tumor incidence of 50%; 30 mg/kg produced tumor latency at week 8, tumor volume of 2.04 ± 0.45 mm(3) (p < 0.05), tumor burden of 2.17 ± 0.54, tumor incidence of 60% and carcinogen control (tumor latency at week 7; tumor volume, 3.56 mm(3); tumor incidence of 66.67%). CONCLUSION The highest dose of A. crispa hexane extract delayed tumor development, thus showing a chemopreventive effect on mouse skin tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslida Abdul Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Stahl W, Sies H. β-Carotene and other carotenoids in protection from sunlight. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:1179S-84S. [PMID: 23053552 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.034819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection against skin damage from sunlight by nutritional means has been examined. Likewise, there has been work on the topical application of phytochemicals to the skin. This review focuses on the nutritional aspect of phytochemicals in humans-ie, the provision of carotenoid micronutrients by dietary means to the skin and their role in protection. Human intervention studies have documented protective effects for β-carotene or for lycopene provided either by a carotenoid-rich diet or by supplementation. In exposed tissues, light induces primary and secondary photooxidative processes. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species is considered to be a mechanism of action underlying the protective activity of carotenoids. However, food comprises a complex mixture of numerous constituents, so that other components may also contribute to the observed activity. Molecules with suitable structures absorb UV light and prevent direct damage of cellular targets. Phytoene and phytofluene are precursor molecules of higher unsaturated carotenoids and occur in various fruit and vegetables. Their absorption spectra cover the UVB and UVA range, respectively, thus potentially contributing to photoprotective effects of carotenoid-rich food. Because of the physiologic turnover time of skin, several weeks are required for protective effects to appear. Photoprotection through individual dietary components such as β-carotene or lycopene in terms of sun protection factor is considerably lower than that achieved by using topical sunscreens. However, an optimal supply of antioxidant micronutrients in the skin increases basal dermal defense against UV irradiation, supports longer-term protection, and contributes to maintenance of skin health and appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Stahl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Medicine and the Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Madhunapantula SV, Robertson GP. Chemoprevention of melanoma. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2012; 65:361-98. [PMID: 22959032 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397927-8.00012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in drug discovery programs and molecular approaches for identifying drug targets, incidence and mortality rates due to melanoma continue to rise at an alarming rate. Existing preventive strategies generally involve mole screening followed by surgical removal of the benign nevi and abnormal moles. However, due to lack of effective programs for screening and disease recurrence after surgical resection, there is a need for better chemopreventive agents. Although sunscreens have been used extensively for protecting from UV-induced melanomas, results of correlative population-based studies are controversial, with certain studies suggest increased skin cancer risk in sunscreen users. Therefore, these studies require further authentication to conclusively confirm the chemoprotective efficacy of sunscreens. This chapter reviews the current understanding regarding melanoma chemoprevention and the various strategies used to accomplish this objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbarao V Madhunapantula
- Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara Medical College, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Cibin TR, Devi DG, Abraham A. Chemoprevention of two-stage skin cancer in vivo by Saraca asoca. Integr Cancer Ther 2011; 11:279-86. [PMID: 21771821 DOI: 10.1177/1534735411413264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Saraca asoca (Family Caesalpiniaceae) has been widely used in traditional Indian medicine especially due to its wound-healing property. The present study investigates the chemopreventive property of flavonoids from Saraca asoca (flowers) on 2-stage skin carcinogenesis in mice models. Skin cancer was induced in Swiss albino mice by single topical application of 7,12-dimethyl benzanthracene (100 µg/50 µL of acetone) followed by thrice a week treatment of croton oil for 20 weeks. The topical pretreatment of the flavonoid fraction from S asoca (FF S asoca) was 30 minutes prior to the application of croton oil thrice weekly for 20 weeks. At the end of the experimental period the animals were sacrificed, and the tumor statistics and various marker parameters were studied (enzyme assays, Western blotting). The pretreatment of the FF of S asoca caused significant reduction in the number of tumors per mouse and the percentage of tumor-bearing mice. Also, the latency period for the appearance of the first tumor was delayed by S asoca pretreatment. In plant-treated animals there was a significant increase in the levels of reduced glutathione, catalase, and protein in skin when compared with the untreated animals. Conversely, there was a significant decrease in the lipid peroxidation levels. A significant reduction in the expression of ornithine decarboxylase, a key enzyme in the promotion stage of 2-stage skin cancer, in the plant-treated group was also observed. These findings suggest the chemopreventive activity of flavonoids from S asoca on 2-stage skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Cibin
- University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Cibin TR, Devi DG, Abraham A. Chemoprevention of skin cancer by the flavonoid fraction of Saraca asoka. Phytother Res 2010; 24:666-72. [PMID: 19610029 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Saraca asoka (Family - Caesalpiniaceae) has been widely used in the Ayurvedic (traditional Indian) system of medicine especially due to its wound healing property. The present study investigated the chemopreventive property of flavonoids from the flowers of Saraca asoka on 7,12 dimethyl benz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced skin cancer in mice models. A single topical application of DMBA (100 microg/50 microL of acetone) followed after 2 weeks by three times a week treatment with croton oil (1% in acetone), for 20 weeks resulted in tumor induction. The topical application of the flavonoid fraction of S. asoka (FF S. asoka), 30 min prior to the application of croton oil thrice weekly for 20 weeks, caused a significant reduction in the number of tumors per mouse and the percentage of tumor-bearing mice. Also the latency period for the appearance of the first tumor was delayed by S. asoka pretreatment. In the flavonoid fraction (5 mg and 10 mg/kg body weight) treated animals, the levels of biochemical markers - rhodanese, myeloperoxidase, beta-D-glucuronidase, sialic acid, hexokinase and caspase 3 were significantly restored to near normal levels. These findings suggest the chemopreventive activity of flavonoids from S. asoka on two stage skin carcinogenesis. Histological data also support the chemopreventive potential of S. asoka.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Cibin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Nigam N, George J, Srivastava S, Roy P, Bhui K, Singh M, Shukla Y. Induction of apoptosis by [6]-gingerol associated with the modulation of p53 and involvement of mitochondrial signaling pathway in B[a]P-induced mouse skin tumorigenesis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 65:687-96. [PMID: 19629484 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-1074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive potential of [6]-gingerol, a pungent ingredient of ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae), against benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced mouse skin tumorigenesis. METHODS Topical treatment of [6]-gingerol (2.5 muM/animal) was given to the animals 30 min prior and post to B[a]P (5 mug/animal) for 32 weeks. At the end of the study period, the skin tumors/tissues were dissected out and examined histopathologically. Flow cytometry was employed for cell cycle analysis. Further immunohistochemical localization of p53 and regulation of related apoptogenic proteins were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Chemopreventive properties of [6]-gingerol were reflected by delay in onset of tumorigenesis, reduced cumulative number of tumors, and reduction in tumor volume. Cell cycle analysis revealed that the appearance of sub-G1 peak was significantly elevated in [6]-gingerol treated animals with post treatment showing higher efficacy in preventing tumorigenesis induced by B[a]P. Moreover, elevated apoptotic propensity was observed in tumor tissues than the corresponding non-tumor tissues. Western blot analysis also showed the same pattern of chemoprevention with [6]-gingerol treatment increasing the B[a]P suppressed p53 levels, also evident by immunohistochemistry, and Bax while decreasing the expression of Bcl-2 and Survivin. Further, [6]-gingerol treatment resulted in release of Cytochrome c, Caspases activation, increase in apoptotic protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) as mechanism of apoptosis induction. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the results we conclude that [6]-gingerol possesses apoptotic potential in mouse skin tumors as mechanism of chemoprevention hence deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Nigam
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR), M.G. Marg, P.O. Box 80, Lucknow 226001, India
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Lupeol induces p53 and cyclin-B-mediated G2/M arrest and targets apoptosis through activation of caspase in mouse skin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 381:253-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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de Gruijl FR, Rebel H. Early Events in UV Carcinogenesis—DNA Damage, Target Cells and Mutant p53 Foci. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:382-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ding M, Feng R, Wang SY, Bowman L, Lu Y, Qian Y, Castranova V, Jiang BH, Shi X. Cyanidin-3-glucoside, a natural product derived from blackberry, exhibits chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:17359-17368. [PMID: 16618699 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600861200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that consumption of fruits and vegetables has been associated with a lower incidence of cancer. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), a compound found in blackberry and other food products, was shown to possess chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity in the present study. In cultured JB6 cells, C3G was able to scavenge ultraviolet B-induced *OH and O2-* radicals. In vivo studies indicated that C3G treatment decreased the number of non-malignant and malignant skin tumors per mouse induced by 12-O-tetradecanolyphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated mouse skin. Pretreatment of JB6 cells with C3G inhibited UVB- and TPA-induced transactivation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. These inhibitory effects appear to be mediated through the inhibition of MAPK activity. C3G also blocked TPA-induced neoplastic transformation in JB6 cells. In addition, C3G inhibited proliferation of a human lung carcinoma cell line, A549. Animal studies showed that C3G reduced the size of A549 tumor xenograft growth and significantly inhibited metastasis in nude mice. Mechanistic studies indicated that C3G inhibited migration and invasion of A549 tumor cells. These finding demonstrate for the first time that a purified compound of anthocyanin inhibits tumor promoter-induced carcinogenesis and tumor metastasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ding
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505.
| | - Rentian Feng
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Shiow Y Wang
- Fruit Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Linda Bowman
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Yongju Lu
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Yong Qian
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Bing-Hua Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Xianglin Shi
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
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Kyriazi M, Yova D, Rallis M, Lima A. Cancer chemopreventive effects of Pinus Maritima bark extract on ultraviolet radiation and ultraviolet radiation-7,12,dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced skin carcinogenesis of hairless mice. Cancer Lett 2005; 237:234-41. [PMID: 16019129 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The bark extract of Pinus Maritima (PBE), a rich in phenolic acids, polyphenols and in particular flavonoids mixture, was examined for skin cancer preventive action that was evaluated in two different experimental animal tumor models induced by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and combination of UVR with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Significant decrease in the number of animals bearing tumors and the number of tumors per animal was observed in the PBE treated animals. In the same time significant increase in the viability of these animals was also observed. Furthermore, PBE delayed the appearance of tumors. These results provide strong evidence about the preventive anticancer activity of this extract on non-melanoma skin cancer and its protective effect not only from UVR, but also from more potent carcinogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kyriazi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, Zografou Campus, 157 80 Athens, Greece.
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Gali-Muhtasib HU, Abou Kheir WG, Kheir LA, Darwiche N, Crooks PA. Molecular pathway for thymoquinone-induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in neoplastic keratinocytes. Anticancer Drugs 2004; 15:389-99. [PMID: 15057144 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200404000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ), the most abundant constituent in black seed, was shown to possess potent chemopreventive activities against DMBA-initiated TPA-promoted skin tumors in mice. Despite the potential interest in TQ as a skin antineoplastic agent, its mechanism of action has not been examined yet. Using primary mouse keratinocytes, papilloma (SP-1) and spindle (I7) carcinoma cells, we studied the cellular and molecular events involved in TQ's antineoplastic activity. We show that non-cytotoxic concentrations of TQ reduce the proliferation of neoplastic keratinocytes by 50%. The sensitivity of cells to TQ treatment appears to be stage dependent such that papilloma cells are twice as sensitive to the growth inhibitory effects of TQ as the spindle cancer cells. TQ treatment of SP-1 cells induced G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest, which correlated with sharp increases in the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16 and a decrease in cyclin D1 protein expression. TQ-induced growth inhibition in I7 cells by inducing G2/M cell-cycle arrest, which was associated with an increase in the expression of the tumor suppressor protein p53 and a decrease in cyclin B1 protein. At longer times of incubation, TQ induced apoptosis in both cell lines by remarkably increasing the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression and decreasing Bcl-xL protein. The apoptotic effects of TQ were more pronounced in SP-1 than in I7 cells. Collectively, these findings support a potential role for TQ as a chemopreventive agent, particularly at the early stages of skin tumorigenesis.
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Saleem M, Afaq F, Adhami VM, Mukhtar H. Lupeol modulates NF-kappaB and PI3K/Akt pathways and inhibits skin cancer in CD-1 mice. Oncogene 2004; 23:5203-14. [PMID: 15122342 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chemoprevention has become an effective cancer control modality; however, the search for novel agent(s) for the armamentarium of cancer chemoprevention continues. We argue that agents capable for inhibition of promotion stage of tumorigenesis with the ability to intervene at several critical pathways in the tumorigenesis process will have greater advantage over other single-target agents. Lupeol, a triterpene, is the principal constituent of common fruit plants such as olive, mango, fig and medicinal herbs that have been used to treat skin aliments. Lupeol has been reported to possess a wide range of medicinal properties that include strong antioxidant, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic effects. In the present study, we show that Lupeol possesses antitumor-promoting effects in a mouse skin tumorigenesis model. We first determined the effect of topical application of Lupeol to CD-1 mouse against 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced conventional markers and other novel markers of skin tumor promotion. We found that topical application of Lupeol (1-2 mg/mouse) 30 min prior to TPA (3.2 nmol/mouse) application onto the skin of CD-1 mice afforded significant inhibition, in a time- and dose-dependent manner, against TPA-mediated increase in (i) skin edema and hyperplasia, (ii) epidermal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, and (iii) protein expression of ODC, cyclo-oxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase. As of the role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling in tumor promotion, we next determined the effect of topical application of Lupeol to mouse skin against these signaling pathways. We found that Lupeol treatment to mouse skin resulted in the inhibition of TPA-induced (i) activation of PI3K, (ii) phosphorylation of Akt at Thr(308), (iii) activation of NF-kappaB and IKKalpha, and (iv) degradation and phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha. The animals pretreated with Lupeol showed significantly reduced tumor incidence, lower tumor body burden and a significant delay in the latency period for tumor appearance. At the termination of the experiment at 28 weeks, 100% of the animals in TPA-treated group exhibited seven to eight tumors/mouse, whereas only 53% of the mice receiving Lupeol prior to TPA treatment exhibited one to three tumors/mouse. These results for the first time provide evidence that Lupeol possesses antiskin tumor-promoting effects in CD-1 mouse and inhibits conventional as well as novel biomarkers of tumor promotion. We suggest that Lupeol is an attractive antitumor-promoting agent that must be evaluated in tumor models other than skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Wolf R. Doctor, Is It Something I Ate? Skinmed 2004; 3:73-4. [PMID: 15010631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-9740.2004.02564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronni Wolf
- Dermatology Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, Rechovot 76100, Israel.
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