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Said M, Gaál E, Farkas A, Molnár I, Bartoš J, Doležel J, Cabrera A, Endo TR. Gametocidal genes: from a discovery to the application in wheat breeding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1396553. [PMID: 38711610 PMCID: PMC11070591 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1396553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Some species of the genus Aegilops, a wild relative of wheat, carry chromosomes that after introducing to wheat exhibit preferential transmission to progeny. Their selective retention is a result of the abortion of gametes lacking them due to induced chromosomal aberrations. These chromosomes are termed Gametocidal (Gc) and, based on their effects, they are categorized into three types: mild, intense or severe, and very strong. Gc elements within the same homoeologous chromosome groups of Aegilops (II, III, or IV) demonstrate similar Gc action. This review explores the intriguing dynamics of Gc chromosomes and encompasses comprehensive insights into their source species, behavioral aspects, mode of action, interactions, suppressions, and practical applications of the Gc system in wheat breeding. By delving into these areas, this work aims to contribute to the development of novel plant genetic resources for wheat breeding. The insights provided herein shed light on the utilization of Gc chromosomes to produce chromosomal rearrangements in wheat and its wild relatives, thereby facilitating the generation of chromosome deletions, translocations, and telosomic lines. The Gc approach has significantly advanced various aspects of wheat genetics, including the introgression of novel genes and alleles, molecular markers and gene mapping, and the exploration of homoeologous relationships within Triticeae species. The mystery lies in why gametes possessing Gc genes maintain their normality while those lacking Gc genes suffer abnormalities, highlighting an unresolved research gap necessitating deeper investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Said
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Olomouc, Czechia
- Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eszter Gaál
- Agricultural Institute, Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN) Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - András Farkas
- Agricultural Institute, Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN) Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - István Molnár
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Olomouc, Czechia
- Agricultural Institute, Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN) Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Jan Bartoš
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Adoración Cabrera
- Genetics Department, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes (ETSIAM), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Marmiroli M, Marmiroli N, Pagano L. Nanomaterials Induced Genotoxicity in Plant: Methods and Strategies. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12101658. [PMID: 35630879 PMCID: PMC9145990 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, plant-nanomaterial interactions have been studied, highlighting their effects at physiological and molecular levels. Transcriptomics and proteomics studies have shown pathways and targets of nanomaterial exposure and plant response, with particular regard to abiotic stress and oxidative stress. Only little information has been reported on engineered nanomaterial (ENMs) interactions with plant genetic material, both at a genomic and organellar DNAs level. Plants can be useful experimental material, considering they both contain chloroplast and mitochondrial DNAs and several plant genomes have been completely sequenced (e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycoperiscum, Allium cepa, Zea mays, etc.). In this mini review, the methods and the evidence reported in the present literature concerning the level of genotoxicity induced by ENMs exposure have been considered. Consolidated and potential strategies, which can be applied to assess the nanomaterial genotoxicity in plants, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nelson Marmiroli
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per le Scienze Ambientali (CINSA), Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Pagano
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Kus A, Szymanowska-Pułka J, Kwasniewska J, Hasterok R. Detecting Brachypodium distachyon Chromosomes Bd4 and Bd5 in MH- and X-Ray-Induced Micronuclei Using mcFISH. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112848. [PMID: 31212692 PMCID: PMC6612364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronuclei are biomarkers of genotoxic effects and chromosomal instability. They are formed when chromosome fragments or whole chromosomes fail to disjoin into daughter nuclei. We present qualitative and quantitative analyses of the involvement of specific chromosome regions of chromosomes Bd4 and Bd5 in the formation of micronuclei of Brachypodium distachyon root tip cells following maleic hydrazide (MH) treatment and X-radiation. This is visualised by cytomolecular approaches using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridisation (mcFISH) in combination with 5S and 25S rDNA probes. The results showed that the long arm of submetacentric chromosome Bd4 forms micronuclei at twice the frequency of its short arm, suggesting that the former is more prone to double-strand breaks (DSBs). In contrast, no difference was observed in the frequency of micronuclei derived from the long and short arms of submetacentric chromosome Bd5. Interestingly, the proximal region of the short arm of Bd5 is more prone to DSBs than its distal part. This demonstrates that 5S rDNA and 35S rDNA loci are not "hot spots" for DNA breaks after the application of these mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arita Kus
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Joanna Szymanowska-Pułka
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Kwasniewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Robert Hasterok
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
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Ávila Robledillo L, Koblížková A, Novák P, Böttinger K, Vrbová I, Neumann P, Schubert I, Macas J. Satellite DNA in Vicia faba is characterized by remarkable diversity in its sequence composition, association with centromeres, and replication timing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5838. [PMID: 29643436 PMCID: PMC5895790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite DNA, a class of repetitive sequences forming long arrays of tandemly repeated units, represents substantial portions of many plant genomes yet remains poorly characterized due to various methodological obstacles. Here we show that the genome of the field bean (Vicia faba, 2n = 12), a long-established model for cytogenetic studies in plants, contains a diverse set of satellite repeats, most of which remained concealed until their present investigation. Using next-generation sequencing combined with novel bioinformatics tools, we reconstructed consensus sequences of 23 novel satellite repeats representing 0.008–2.700% of the genome and mapped their distribution on chromosomes. We found that in addition to typical satellites with monomers hundreds of nucleotides long, V. faba contains a large number of satellite repeats with unusually long monomers (687–2033 bp), which are predominantly localized in pericentromeric regions. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation with CenH3 antibody, we revealed an extraordinary diversity of centromeric satellites, consisting of seven repeats with chromosome-specific distribution. We also found that in spite of their different nucleotide sequences, all centromeric repeats are replicated during mid-S phase, while most other satellites are replicated in the first part of late S phase, followed by a single family of FokI repeats representing the latest replicating chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ávila Robledillo
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.,University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Koblížková
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Novák
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Katharina Böttinger
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.,University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Vrbová
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Neumann
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Ingo Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466, Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Jiří Macas
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.
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Kus A, Kwasniewska J, Hasterok R. Brachypodium distachyon - A Useful Model in the Qualification of Mutagen-Induced Micronuclei Using Multicolor FISH. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170618. [PMID: 28118403 PMCID: PMC5261735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) is now intensively utilized as a model grass species in various biological studies. Its favorable cytological features create a unique foundation for a convenient system in mutagenesis, thereby potentially enabling the 'hot spots' and 'cold spots' of DNA damage in its genome to be analyzed. The aim of this study was to analyze the involvement of 5S rDNA, 25S rDNA, the Arabidopsis-type (TTTAGGG)n telomeric sequence and the Brachypodium-originated centromeric BAC clone CB33J12 in the micronuclei formation in Brachypodium root tip cells that were subjected to the chemical clastogenic agent maleic hydrazide (MH). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first use of a multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) with four different DNA probes being used simultaneously to study plant mutagenesis. A quantitative analysis allowed ten types of micronuclei, which were characterized by the presence or absence of specific FISH signal(s), to be distinguished, thus enabling some specific rules governing the composition of the MH-induced micronuclei with the majority of them originating from the terminal regions of chromosomes, to be identified. The application of rDNA sequences as probes showed that 5S rDNA-bearing chromosomes are involved in micronuclei formation more frequently than the 25S rDNA-bearing chromosomes. These findings demonstrate the promising potential of Brachypodium to be a useful model organism to analyze the effects of various genotoxic agents on the plant nuclear genome stability, especially when the complex FISH-based and chromosome-specific approaches such as chromosome barcoding and chromosome painting will be applied in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arita Kus
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kwasniewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Hasterok
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Schubert I, Vu GTH. Genome Stability and Evolution: Attempting a Holistic View. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:749-757. [PMID: 27427334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The reason why the DNA content, chromosome number and shape, and gene content of eukaryotic genomes vary independently remains a matter of speculation. The same is true for the questions of whether there is a general tendency for increase or decrease of genome size and chromosome number and whether genome size and/or chromosome number have an adaptive value and, if so, what this value is. Here we assume that three strategies of genome evolution (shrinkage, expansion, and equilibrium) have developed to find the optimal balance between genomic stability and plasticity. We suggest various modes of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in combination with whole-genome duplication (WGD) and dysploid chromosome number alteration to explain the different strategies of genome size and karyotype evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D 06466 Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany.
| | - Giang T H Vu
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D 06466 Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany
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Rocha LC, Mittelmann A, Houben A, Techio VH. Fragile sites of 45S rDNA of Lolium multiflorum are not hotspots for chromosomal breakages induced by X-ray. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:659-65. [PMID: 27174104 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sites of 45S rDNA of Lolium are regions denominated fragile sites (FSs), constituting regions slightly stained with DAPI due to increased DNA unpacking in metaphasic chromosomes. Considered to be fragile regions in the genome, the FSs might be more responsive to induced breaks and result in chromosomal fragments and rearrangements, unless repairing mechanisms such as recombination or de novo telomere formation play a role at the break site of the DNA. Thus, this study aimed at investigating if SFs from Lolium are hotspots for the occurrence of breakages induced by X-ray and if they are regions favorable to synthesize new telomeres, using Hordeum vulgare as a comparative model. Lolium multiflorum and H. vulgare seedlings were irradiated with 20 and 50 Gy X-ray and evaluated one day following the irradiation and at 7-days intervals for a 28-days period, using FISH technique with 45S rDNA and Arabidopsis-type telomere probes in order to investigate the presence of chromosomal breakages and new telomere formation. H. vulgare did not survive after a few days of irradiation due to the increased rate of abnormalities. L. multiflorum also exhibited chromosomal abnormalities following the exposure, yet over the 28-days trial it had a decrease in the chromosomal damage rate and formation of de novo telomere has not been detected along this time. Despite being considered to be fragile regions in the genome, the 45S rDNA sites of Lolium are not hotspots to chromosomal breakages after the induction of breakages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiane Corsini Rocha
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras - UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andrea Mittelmann
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle/Embrapa Temperate Agriculture, Juiz de Fora/Pelotas, Minas Gerais State/Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Andreas Houben
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, 06466, StadtSeeland, Germany.
| | - Vânia Helena Techio
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras - UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Braszewska-Zalewska A, Tylikowska M, Kwasniewska J, Szymanowska-Pulka J. Epigenetic chromatin modifications in barley after mutagenic treatment. J Appl Genet 2014; 55:449-56. [PMID: 24939040 PMCID: PMC4185110 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-014-0226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their normal developmental processes, plants have evolved complex genetic and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms to cope with various environmental stresses. It has been shown that both DNA methylation and histone modifications are involved in DNA damage response to various types of stresses. In this study, we focused on the involvement of two mutagenic agents, chemical (maleic acid hydrazide; MH) and physical (gamma rays), on the global epigenetic modifications of chromatin in barley. Our results indicate that both mutagens strongly influence the level of histone methylation and acetylation. Moreover, we found that gamma irradiation, in contrast to MH, has a more robust influence on the DNA methylation level. This is the first study that brings together mutagenic treatment along with its impact at the level of epigenetic modifications examined using the immunohistochemical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Braszewska-Zalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, Katowice, 40-032, Poland,
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Yang X, Zhang W, Dong M, Boubriak I, Huang Z. The achene mucilage hydrated in desert dew assists seed cells in maintaining DNA integrity: adaptive strategy of desert plant Artemisia sphaerocephala. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24346. [PMID: 21912689 PMCID: PMC3166310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite proposed ecological importance of mucilage in seed dispersal, germination and seedling establishment, little is known about the role of mucilage in seed pre-germination processes. Here we investigated the role of mucilage in assisting achene cells to repair DNA damage during dew deposition in the desert. Artemisia sphaerocephala achenes were first treated γ-irradiation to induce DNA damage, and then they were repaired in situ in the desert dew. Dew deposition duration can be as long as 421 min in early mornings. Intact achenes absorbed more water than demucilaged achenes during dew deposition and also carried water for longer time following sunrise. After 4-d dew treatment, DNA damage of irradiated intact and demucilaged achenes was reduced to 24.38% and 46.84%, respectively. The irradiated intact achenes exhibited much higher DNA repair ratio than irradiated demucilaged achenes. Irradiated intact achenes showed an improved germination and decreased nonviable achenes after dew treatment, and significant differences in viability between the two types of achenes were detected after 1020 min of dew treatment. Achene mucilage presumably plays an ecologically important role in the life cycle of A. sphaerocephala by aiding DNA repair of achene cells in genomic-stressful habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ivan Boubriak
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Zhenying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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10
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Schubert I. 'Sex and crime' in evolution - why sexuality was so successful. Genes Genet Syst 2011; 86:1-6. [PMID: 21498917 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.86.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Components of sexuality have fore-runners already in prokaryotes, for instance conjugation, recombination- repair and the molecular constituents needed for nuclear division. For eukaryotes, the basic and predominant mode of propagation is via sexuality, although it is highly complex and costly. Many interactions between individual cells are detrimental for one partner and might be considered as a 'criminal' act performed by the active partner. For instance, the irreversible and non-reciprocal processes of phagocytosis or endocellular parasitism but also the irreversible, asymmetric and sustainable endosymbiosis with a benefit bias in favour of the active partner represent such events. Contrary to this, sexuality in general represents an indirectly reversible, reciprocal, sustainable (by reiteration) and mutually beneficial interaction between equal-ranking cells. After fertilization, a doubled set of genetic information protects against loss of essential genes, while the haplophase allows ridding lethal mutations. Resorting of parental chromosome sets, recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, and new combination of alleles during fertilization, mediate a high genetic variability at a minimum risk of deleterious variants, thus promoting evolutionary adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleban, Germany.
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Watanabe K, Pacher M, Dukowic S, Schubert V, Puchta H, Schubert I. The STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOMES 5/6 complex promotes sister chromatid alignment and homologous recombination after DNA damage in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:2688-99. [PMID: 19737979 PMCID: PMC2768936 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.060525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sister chromatids are often arranged as incompletely aligned entities in interphase nuclei of Arabidopsis thaliana. The STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOMES (SMC) 5/6 complex, together with cohesin, is involved in double-strand break (DSB) repair by sister chromatid recombination in yeasts and mammals. Here, we analyzed the function of genes in Arabidopsis. The wild-type allele of SMC5 is essential for seed development. Each of the two SMC6 homologs of Arabidopsis is required for efficient repair of DNA breakage via intermolecular homologous recombination in somatic cells. Alignment of sister chromatids is enhanced transiently after X-irradiation (and mitomycin C treatment) in wild-type nuclei. In the smc5/6 mutants, the x-ray-mediated increase in sister chromatid alignment is much lower and delayed. The reduced S phase-established cohesion caused by a knockout mutation in one of the alpha-kleisin genes, SYN1, also perturbed enhancement of sister chromatid alignment after irradiation, suggesting that the S phase-established cohesion is a prerequisite for correct DSB-dependent cohesion. The radiation-sensitive51 mutant, deficient in heteroduplex formation during DSB repair, showed wild-type frequencies of sister chromatid alignment after X-irradiation, implying that the irradiation-mediated increase in sister chromatid alignment is a prerequisite for, rather than a consequence of, DNA strand exchange between sister chromatids. Our results suggest that the SMC5/6 complex promotes sister chromatid cohesion after DNA breakage and facilitates homologous recombination between sister chromatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Watanabe
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Michael Pacher
- Botanical Institute II, University Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dukowic
- Botanical Institute II, University Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Veit Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Holger Puchta
- Botanical Institute II, University Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ingo Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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Nahon S, Charles F, Pruski AM. Improved Comet assay for the assessment of UV genotoxicity in Mediterranean sea urchin eggs. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2008; 49:351-359. [PMID: 18418869 DOI: 10.1002/em.20391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gametes and embryos of broadcast spawners are exposed to a wide range of chemical and physical stressors which may alone, or in conjunction, have serious consequences on reproductive outcomes. In this study, two Mediterranean echinoid species, Paracentrotus lividus and Sphaerechinus granularis, were chosen as models to study the genotoxicity of UV radiation (UVR) on the eggs of broadcast-spawning marine invertebrates. The single cell gel electrophoresis, or Comet assay, was successfully adapted to assess DNA strand breakage in sea urchin eggs. The results demonstrated that the genetic material of sea urchin eggs is susceptible to environmentally realistic UV exposure. The induction of DNA damage in the irradiated unfertilized eggs suggests that the previously described defense mechanisms in sea urchin eggs do not completely protect the egg's DNA against UV toxicity. Taken together, our results suggest that UV-impairment of the genetic integrity of the eggs might have a role in postfertilization failures and abnormal embryonic development. Although both species were vulnerable to UVR, embryonic development was less dramatically impaired in P.Lividus. This observation supports the postulation that species inhabiting shallower environments possess more efficient mechanisms to overcome UV-induced DNA alterations. The present demonstration of the utility and sensitivity of the Comet assay to evaluate DNA integrity in eggs from marine invertebrates opens new perspectives for monitoring the long-term effects of environmental exposure on populations and for the routine screening of substances for genotoxicity in marine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nahon
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7621, LOBB, Observatoire Océanologique, F-66651, Banyuls/mer, France
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Chankova SG, Dimova E, Dimitrova M, Bryant PE. Induction of DNA double-strand breaks by zeocin in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the role of increased DNA double-strand breaks rejoining in the formation of an adaptive response. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2007; 46:409-16. [PMID: 17639449 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-007-0123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to test the potential of the radiomimetic chemical zeocin to induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and "adaptive response" (AR) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain CW15 as a model system. The AR was measured as cell survival using a micro-colony assay, and by changes in rejoining of DSB DNA. The level of induced DSB was measured by constant field gel electrophoresis based on incorporation of cells into agarose blocks before cell lysis. This avoids the risk of accidental induction of DSB during the manipulation procedures. Our results showed that zeocin could induce DSB in C. reinhardtii strain CW15 in a linear dose-response fashion up to 100 microg ml(-1) which marked the beginning of a plateau. The level of DSB induced by 100 microg ml(-1) zeocin was similar to that induced by 250 Gy of gamma-ray irradiation. It was also found that, similar to gamma rays, zeocin could induce AR measured as DSB in C. reinhardtii CW15 and this AR involved acceleration of the rate of DSB rejoining, too. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that zeocin could induce AR in some low eukaryotes such as C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Chankova
- Central Laboratory of General Ecology-BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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14
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Juchimiuk J, Hering B, Maluszynska J. Multicolour FISH in an analysis of chromosome aberrations induced by N-nitroso-N-methylurea and maleic hydrazide in barley cells. J Appl Genet 2007; 48:99-106. [PMID: 17495342 DOI: 10.1007/bf03194666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study is a rare example of a detailed characterization of chromosomal aberrations by identification of individual chromosomes (or chromosome arms) involved in their formation in plant cells by using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). In addition, the first application of more than 2 DNA probes in FISH experiments in order to analyse chromosomal aberrations in plant cells is presented. Simultaneous FISH with 5S and 25S rDNA and, after reprobing of preparations, telomeric and centromeric DNA sequences as probes, were used to compare the cytogenetic effects of 2 chemical mutagens: N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU) and maleic hydrazide (MH) on root tip meristem cells of Hordeum vulgare (2n=14). The micronucleus (MN) test combined with FISH allowed the quantitative analysis of the involvement of specific chromosome fragments in micronuclei formation and thus enabled the possible origin of mutagen-induced micronuclei to be explained. Terminal deletions were most frequently caused by MH and MNU. The analysis of the frequency of micronuclei with signals of the investigated DNA probes showed differences between the frequency of MH- and MNU-induced micronuclei with specific signals. The micronuclei with 2 signals, telomeric DNA and rDNA (5S and/or 25S rDNA), were the most frequently observed in the case of both mutagens, but with a higher frequency after treatment with MH (46%) than MNU (37%). Also, 10% of MH-induced micronuclei were characterized by the presence of only telomere DNA sequences, whereas there were almost 3-fold more in the case of MNU-induced micronuclei (28%). Additionally, by using FISH with the same probes, an attempt was made to identify the origin of chromosome fragments in mitotic anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Juchimiuk
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
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15
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Schubert V, Kim YM, Berr A, Fuchs J, Meister A, Marschner S, Schubert I. Random homologous pairing and incomplete sister chromatid alignment are common in angiosperm interphase nuclei. Mol Genet Genomics 2007; 278:167-76. [PMID: 17522894 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-007-0242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The chromosome arrangement in interphase nuclei is of growing interest, e.g., the spatial vicinity of homologous sequences is decisive for efficient repair of DNA damage by homologous recombination, and close alignment of sister chromatids is considered as a prerequisite for their bipolar orientation and subsequent segregation during nuclear division. To study the degree of homologous pairing and of sister chromatid alignment in plants, we applied fluorescent in situ hybridisation with specific bacterial artificial chromosome inserts to interphase nuclei. Previously we found in Arabidopsis thaliana and in A. lyrata positional homologous pairing at random, and, except for centromere regions, sister chromatids were frequently not aligned. To test whether these features are typical for higher plants or depend on genome size, chromosome organisation and/or phylogenetic affiliation, we investigated distinct individual loci in other species. The positional pairing of these loci was mainly random. The highest frequency of sister alignment (in >93% of homologues) was found for centromeres, some rDNA and a few other high copy loci. Apparently, somatic homologous pairing is not a typical feature of angiosperms, and sister chromatid aligment is not obligatory along chromosome arms. Thus, the high frequency of chromatid exchanges at homologous positions after mutagen treatment needs another explanation than regular somatic pairing of homologues (possibly an active search of damaged sites for homology). For sister chromatid exchanges a continuous sister chromatid alignment is not required. For correct segregation, permanent alignment of sister centromeres is sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, Gatersleben, Germany.
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16
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Pecinka A, Schubert V, Meister A, Kreth G, Klatte M, Lysak MA, Fuchs J, Schubert I. Chromosome territory arrangement and homologous pairing in nuclei of Arabidopsis thaliana are predominantly random except for NOR-bearing chromosomes. Chromosoma 2004; 113:258-69. [PMID: 15480725 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-004-0316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Revised: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Differential painting of all five chromosome pairs of Arabidopsis thaliana revealed for the first time the interphase chromosome arrangement in a euploid plant. Side-by-side arrangement of heterologous chromosome territories and homologous association of chromosomes 1, 3 and 5 (on average in 35-50% of nuclei) are in accordance with the random frequency predicted by computer simulations. Only the nucleolus organizing region (NOR)-bearing chromosome 2 and 4 homologs associate more often than randomly, since NORs mostly attach to a single nucleolus. Somatic pairing of homologous approximately 100 kb segments occurs less frequently than homolog association, not significantly more often than expected at random and not simultaneously along the homologs. Thus, chromosome arrangement in Arabidopsis differs from that in Drosophila (characterized by somatic pairing of homologs), in spite of similar genome size, sequence organization and chromosome number. Nevertheless, in up to 31.5% of investigated Arabidopsis nuclei allelic sequences may share positions close enough for homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Pecinka
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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